[2013] 3 S.C.R. 1172 A R. SHAJI v.. STATE OF KERALA. (Criminal Appeal No. 1774 of 2010) FEBRUARY 4, 2013 B [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN AND V. GOPALA GOWDA, JJ.] Penal Code, 1860 - s.302 rlw s.1208 - Murder -Criminal conspiracy -Dismembered parts of victim's body C recovered from a lake - Case based on circumstantial evidence against accused-appellant and other accused persons - Conviction of appellant - Justification - Held: Justified - Evidence on record clearly established that appellant had adequate reason to harbour animosity towards o the victim 'P', as he may well have been unable to tolerate the intimacy that 'P' had developed with appellant's wife - PW testified that appellant had threatened that in the event that he was able to lay his hands on 'P', he would chop him up into pieces - The motive thus stood proved - Victim last seen E with appellant (A-1) and A-2 - Recovery of chopper at the behest of appellant - Injuries revealed by post-mortem report established that dismemberment of parts of the body was possible by using a weapon like chopper· - Victim's skull recovered on basis of disclosure statement of appellant -F Use of vehicle in the crime also stood proved - Appellant clearly involved in conspiracy ·to eliminate 'P' - Prosecution proved its case beyond reasonable doubt. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - ss.161 and 164 -Statements uls.161 and u/s.164 - Difference - Held:

G Statements uls.161 can be used only for the purpose of contradiction - Statements u/s. 164, however, can be used for both corroboration and contradiction - Evidence Act, 1872 -s.157. 1172H R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1173 Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - s.164 - Object of- A Discussed. Criminal Law - Criminal conspiracy - Proof - Held: Offence of criminal conspiracy can be proved, either by adducing circumstantial evidence, or by way of necessary B implication - However, if the circumstantial evidence is incomplete or vague, it becomes necessary for the prosecution to provide adequate proof, by adducing substantive evidence in court - In order to constitute the offence of conspiracy, it is not necessary that the person C involved has knowledge of all the stages of action - Mere knowledge of the main object/purpose of conspiracy, would warrant the attraction of relevant penal provisions.

Evidence - Weapon of offence - Recovered at the behest of the accused - Blood stuck on the weapon - Failure D by sero/ogist to detect origin of the blood due to dis-integration of the serum - Effect - Held: It does not mean that the blood stuck on the weapon of offence could not have been human blood at all - Sometimes it is possible, either because the stain is insufficient in itself, or due to haematological changes E and plasmatic coagulation, that a serologist may fail to detect the origin of the blood in question - However, in such a case, unless the doubt is of a reasonable dimension, which a judicially conscientious mind may entertain with some objectivity, no benefit can be claimed by the accused in this F regard - Once recovery was made in pursuance of disclosure by the accused, the matching or non-matching of the blood group (s) lost its' significance. '· Evidence Act, 1872 - s.3 - Appreciation of evidence -Jn civil case and in criminal case - Held: Basis for G appreciating evidence in a civil or criminal case is same -However, since in a criminal case, the life and liberty of a person is involved, by way of judicial interpretation, courts have created the requirement of a high degree of proof. H 1174 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013) 3 S.C.R.

A Evidence Act, 1872 - s.9 - Test identification parade -Held.· Conducting a test identification parade is meaningless if the witnesses know the accused, or if they have been shown his photographs, or if he has been exposed by the media to the public - In the instant case, just after the incident took B place, the main accused being a highly ranked police official, wide publicity was given to the same by the media - Moreover, the witnesses made it clear that they were acquainted with the appellant - In such fact-situation, holding/ non-holding of Test Identification Parade lost its significance. c Evidence Act, 1872 - s.134 - Evidence of witness -Appreciation of - Held: It is not the number of witnesses, but the quality of their evidence which is important - Evidence must be weighed and not counted.

o The prosecution cc.se was based on circumstantial evidence. A chopper (M.0.4) used for dismembering the victim ('P') was recovered at the instance of the appellant. A Maruti Van (M.0.5) was also similarly recovered. Charge sheet was filed against five persons, including the E appellant. The trial however, could be conducted only against two persons, as all the others were absconding. The appellant (A-1) was convicted under Section 302 read with Section 120-8 of IPC, and sentenced to life imprisonment. A-2 too was sentenced to undergo F imprisonment for life. Both the accused were also convicted under Section 201 read with Section 120-B IPC and also under Section 364 read with Section 120-B IPC. Aggrieved, both of them preferred Criminal Appeal which was dismissed by the High Court. G

In the instant appeal, the conviction of appellant was inter alia challenged on grounds - that there was no motive for the appellant to cause death of 'P'; that though appellant/A-1 and A-2 were arrested, no Test Identification H Parade was conducted; that the statements of witnesses R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1175 as recorded under Section 164 CrPC were not exhibited A before the court for purpose of corroboration and confrontation; and that as the blood group of the blood stains found on the alleged weapon of offence i.e. the chopper could not be ascertained, the recovery of the chopper could not be relied upon. B The question that therefore arose for consideration was whether anyone apart from the appellant could have committed the murder of 'P' and that the various circumstances that stood proved, pointed only towards cthe guilt of the appellant. Dismissing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1.1. 'P' (deceased), was a victim of homicide, and the dismembered parts of the body recovered from D the lake were those of 'P', as the same stood proved by the DNA report. The recovery of other articles also stood proved. Some police officers collected samples of blood stains from the floor of a van and also some hair. The said hair did in fact, belong to 'P'(deceased), and thus, the use Eof the said vehicle in the crime stood proved. The recovery of the chopper (M.0.4) stood proved by PW.5. [Paras 6,7, 8 and 9J [1189-D-E-G; 1190-E-F, HJ

1.2. As per the deposition of PW.77, the appellant made a disclosure statement to the effect that P's body F was mutilated using the chopper (M.0.4). The said chopper was recovered from the lake on the basis of such disclosure statement made by the appellant as he had exclusive knowledge as regards the place of concealment. Recovery of the said chopper at the behest of the appellant G cannot be doubted. [Para 10J [1191-B-C, DJ 1.3. The chopper (M.0.4) was recovered by a Scientific Assistant, who deposed that the. chopper had blood stains and hair stuck on it. PW. 71, a Forensic Surgeon H 1176 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R. A deposed that the dismemberment of the body of the deceased could certainly have been possible with the said chopper. So far as the recovery of the skull of 'P' (deceased) is concerned, the same was also made on the basis of the disclosure statement of the appellant. A glove B and a plastic rope were also recovered at his behest, and in light of the aforementioned circumstances, it cannot be doubted that the said recoveries suffered from any illegality. [Para 11] [1191-E-F, G] 2.1. Statements under Section 161 Cr.P.C. can be C used only for the purpose of contradiction and statements under Section 164 CrPC can be used for both corroboration and contradiction. [Para 14] [1193-D]

2.2. So far as the statement of witnesses recorded D under Section 164 is concerned, the object is two fold; in the first place, to deter the witness from changing his stand by denying the contents of his previously recorded statement, and secondly, to tide over immunity from prosecution by the witness under Section 164. [Para 15] E [1193-F-G] Jogendra Nahak & Ors. v. State of Orissa & Ors. AIR 1999 SC 2565: 1999 (1) Suppl. SCR 39; Assistant Collector of Central Excise, Rajamundry v. Duncan Agro Industries Ltd & Ors. AIR 2000 SC 2901: 2000 (2) Suppl. SCR 162; Ram F Charan & Ors. v. The State of U.P. AIR 1968 SC 1270: 1958 SCR 354 and Dhanabal & Anr. v. State of Tamil Nadu AIR 1980 SC 628: 1980 (2) SCR 754 - relied on. Mamand v. Emperor AIR 1946 PC 45; Bhuboni Sahu v. G King AIR 1949 PC 257 - referred to. 3.1. Once a recovery is made in pursuance of a disclosure statement made by the accused, the matching or non-matching of blood group (s) loses significance. H [Para 17] [1194-H; 1195-A] R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1177 3.2. No advantage can be conferred upon the A accused to enable him to claim any benefit, and the report of dis-integration of blood etc. cannot be termed as a missing link, on the basis of which the chain of circumstances may be presumed to be broken. [Para 18] [1195-C-D] B

Prabhu Babaji Navie v. State of Bombay AIR 1956 SC 51; Raghav Prapanna Tripathi v. State of UP. AIR 1963 SC 74: 1963 SCR 239; State of Rajasthan v. Teja Ram AIR 1999 SC 1776: 1999 (2) SCR 29; Gura Singh v. State of Rajasthan C AIR 2001 SC 330: 2000 (5) Suppl. SCR 408; John Pandian v. State represented by Inspector of Police, Tamil Nadu (2010) 14 SCC 129 and Dr. Sunil Clifford Daniel v. State of Punjab JT 2012 (8) SC 639 - relied on. 4. In a case of circumstantial evidence, motive may D be considered as a circumstance, which is a relevant factor for the purpose of assessing evidence, in the event that there is no unambiguous evidence to prove the guilt of the accused. However, the absence of motive in a case depending entirely on circumstantial evidence, is a factor E that weighs in favour of the accused as it "often forms the fulcrum of the prosecution story". [Para 19] [1195-E-G] Babu v. State of Kera/a (2010) 9 SCC 189: 2010 (9) SCR 1039; Kulvinder Singh & Anr. v. State of Haryana AIR 2i>11 FSC 1777: 2011 (4) SCR 817 and Dandu Jaggaraju v. State of A.P. AIR 2011 SC 3387: 2011 SCR 342 - relied on. 5. In the instant case, the evidence on record clearly established, that the appellant had adequate reason to harbour animosity towards 'P', as he may well have been G unable to tolerate the intimacy that the deceased had developed with his wife. [Para 20] [1195-H; 1196-A] 6. In the matter of appreciation of evidence of witnesses, it is not the number of witnes.ses, but the H

1178 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R. A quality of their evidence which is important, as there is no requirement in the law of evidence stating that a particular number of witnesses must be examined in order to prove/disprove a fact. It is a time-honoured principle, that evidence must be weighed and not B counted. The test is whether the evidence has a ring of truth, is cogent, credible and trustworthy, or otherwise. It is the quality and not quantity, which determines the adequacy of evidence, as has been provided by Section 134 of the Evidence Act. [Para 22] [1197-E-G] c Vadivelu Thevar v. State of Madras AIR 1957 SC 614; Jagdish Prasad v. State of M.P. AIR 1994 SC 1251; Sunil Kumar v. State Govt. of NCT of Delhi AIR 2004 SC 552: 2003 (4) Suppl. SCR 767; Namdeo v. State of Maharashtra AIR 2007 SC (Supp) 100; Kunju @ Balachandran v. State of D Tamil Nadu AIR 2008 SC 1381: 2008 (1) SCR 781; Bipin Kumar Monda/ v. State of West Bengal AIR 2010 SC 3638: 2010 (8) SCR 1036; Mahesh & Anr. v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2011) 9 SCC 626 and Kish an Chand v. State of Haryana JT 2013(1) SC 222 - relied on. E

7. It is a settled legal proposition that the conviction of a person accused of committing an offence, is generally based solely on evidence that is either oral or documentary, but in exceptional circumstances, such F conviction may also be based solely on circumstantial evidence. For this to happen, the prosecution must establish its case beyond reasonable doubt, and cannot derive any strength from the weaknesses in the defence put up by the accused. [Para 23] [1198-C-D] G Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra AIR 1984 SC 1622: 1985 (1) SCR 88; Paramjeet Singh @ Pamma v. State of Uttarakhand AIR 2011 SC 200: 2010 (11) SCR 1064 - relied on. H 8. A criminal conspiracy is generally hatched in R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1179 secrecy, owing to which, direct evidence is difficult to A obtain. The offence can therefore be proved, either by adducing circumstantial evidence, or by way of necessary implication. However, in the event that the circumstantlal evidence is incomplete or vague, it becomes necessary for the prosecution to provide adequate proof regarding B the meeting of minds, which is essential in order to hatch a criminal conspiracy, by adducing substantive evidence in court. Thus, an agreement between two persons to do, or to cause an illegal act, is the basic requirement of the offence of conspiracy under the penal statute. [Para 31) c [1203-F-H; 1204-A-B]

Mir Nagvi Askari v. CBI AIR 2010 SC 528: 2009 (13) SCR 124; Ba/dev Singh v. State of Punjab AIR 2009 SC Supp. 1629: 2009 (7) SCR 855; State of MP. v. Sheet/a Sahai AIR 2009 SC Supp. 1744:; R. Venkatkrishnan v. CBI D AIR 2010 SC 1812: 2009 (12) SCR 762; S. Arul Raja v. State of T.N. (2010) 8 SCC 233; Monica Bedi v. State of A.P. (2011) 1 SCC 284: 2010 (13) SCR 522 and Sushi/ Suri v. CBI AIR 2011 SC 1713: 2011 (8) SCR 1 - relied on. E 9. It cannot be said that as the witnesses PW.8 and PW.11 have admitted in their cross-examination, that they have been the accused persons in certain other criminal cases, their testimony should not have been relied upon by the courts below, for the reason that the law does not F prohibit taking into consideration even the evidence provided by an accomplice, who has not been put to trial. The evidence provided by a person who has not been put to trial, and who could not have been tried jointly with the accused can be considered, if the court finds his G evidence reliable, and conviction can also safely be based upon it. However, such evidence is required to be considered with care and caution. [Para 32) [1204-C-F] Laxmipat Choraria & Ors. v. State of Maharashtra AIR 1968 SC 938: 1968 SCR 624; Chandran alias Manichan H 1180 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R A alias Maniyan & Ors. v. State of Kera/a AIR 2011 SC 1594: 2011 (8) SCR 273 and Prithipal Singh & Ors. v. State of Punjab & Anr. (2012) 1 SCC 10: 2012 (14) SCR 862 - relied on.

10.1. The evidence from a test identification parade B is admissible under Section 9 of the Evidence Act, 1872. A test identification parade cannot be claimed by an accused as a matter of right. Mere identification of an accused in a test identification parade is only a circumstance corroborative of the identification of the C accused in court. Further, conducting a test identification parade is meaningless if the witnesses know the accused, or if they have been shown his photographs, or it he has been exposed by the media to the public. [Para 33] [1205-B-E] 10.2. In the instant case, the witnesses, particularly PW.8, PW.9, PW.11 and PW.12, made it clear that they were acquainted with the appellant since he was posted in the control room of their city. Moreover, just after the incident took place, the same being a sensitive case L wherein the main accused was a highly ranked official of the police department, wide publicity was given to the same by the media. In light of the aforementioned fact-situation, the holding/non-holding of a Test Identification Parade loses its significance. Moreover, the defence did not put any question to PW.77, the investigating officer in relation to why such Tl Parade was not held. (Para 34] ["1205-F-G] Vijay@ Chinee v. State of MP. (2010) 8 SCC 191: 2010

(8) SCR 1150; Santokh Singh v. lzhar Hussain & Anr. AIR G 1973 SC 2190: 1974 (1) SCR 78; State of Himachal Pradesh v. Lekh Raj & Anr. AIR 1999 SC 3916: 1999 (4) Suppl. SCR 286; Ma/khan Singh & Ors. v. State of MP. AIR 2003 SC 2669: 2003 (1) Suppl. SCR 443 and Munna Kumar Upadhyay v. State of A.P. AIR 2012 SC 2470: 2012 (6) SCC H 174 ··-relied on. R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1181 11. The prime witness of the prosecution has no doubt A been PW.12, and in relation to him, the submission advanced on behalf of the appellant that the High Court had entirely disbelieved his testimony, is factually incorrect. There is no cogent reason to disbelieve the testimony of PW12 in toto. [Para 35] [1205-H; 1206-A-B, C] B Case Law Reference: 1999 (1) Suppl. SCR 39 relied on Para 15 2000 (2) Suppl. SCR 162 relied on Para 15 c AIR 1946 PC 45 referred to Para 16 AIR 1949 PC 257 referred to Para 16 1968 SCR 354 relied on Para 16 D 1980 (2) SCR 754 relied on Para 16 AIR 1956 SC 51 relied on Para 17 1963 SCR 239 relied on Para 17 1999 (2) SCR 29 relied on Para 17 E 2000 (5) Suppl. SCR 408 relied on Para17 (2010) 14 sec 129 relied on Para 17 JT 2012 (8) SC 639 relied on Para 17 F 2010 (9) SCR 1039 relied on Para 19 2011 (4) SCR 817 relied on Para 19 2011 SCR 342 relied on Para 19 G AIR 1957 SC 614 relied on Para 22 AIR 1994 SC 1251 relied on Para 22 2003 (4) Suppl. SCR 767 relied on Para 22 H 1182 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R.

A AIR 2007 SC (Supp) 100 relied on Para 22 2008 (1) SCR 781 relied on Para 22 2010 (8) SCR 1036 relied on Para 22 (2011) 9 sec 626 relied on Para 228 JT 2013(1) SC 222 relied on Para 22 1985 (1) SCR 88 relied on Para 23 2010 (11) SCR 1064 relied on Para 23 c 2009 (13) SCR 124 relied on Para 31 2009 (7) SCR 855 relied on Para 31 AIR 2009 SC Supp. 1744 relied on Para 31 D 2009 (12) SCR 762 relied on Para 31 (2010) s sec 233 relied on Para 31 2010 (13) SCR 522 relied on Para 31 2011 (8) SCR 1 relied on Para 31E 1968 SCR 624 relied on Para 32 2011 (8) SCR 273 relied on Para 32 2012 (14) SCR 862 relied on Para 32 F 2010 (8) SCR 1150 relied on Para 33 1974 (1) SCR 78 relied on Para 33 1999 (4) Suppl. SCR 286 relied on Para 33 G 2003 (1) Suppl. SCR 443 relied on Para 33 2012 (6) sec 114 relied on Para 33 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 1774 of 2010.H R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1183 From the Judgment & Order dated 10.12.2009 of the High A Court of Kerala at Ernakulam in Crl. A.No. 86 of 2006. Dr. S. Gopakumaran Nair, T.G. Naray~nan Nair, K.N. Madhusoodhanan for. ttie Appellant.. R. Basanth, Ramesh Babu M.R., Karthik Ashok, P.V. B Dinesh for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DR. B.S: CHAUHAN, J. 1. This appeal has been preferred C against the judgment and order dated 10.12.2009 delivered by the Kerala High Court at Ernakulam in Criminal Appeal No. 86 of 2006, by way of which it has affirmed the judgment and order of the Sessions Court, Kottayam dated 3.1.2006, passed in Sessions Case No. 145 of 2005. D 2. Facts and circumstances giving rise to this appeal are: A. As per the case of the prosecution, the appellant at the relevant time had been working as the Deputy Superintendent of Police at Malappuram, and his wife was living at Palluruthy, E and was using a vehicle which was driven by Praveen (deceased). He was also related to the appellant. Praveen developed an illicit relationship with the appellant's wife, and the appellant was informed of this development by his Manager, . Aji. The appellant reached Palluruthy, and made enquiries about F the situation from Praveen and others, an!l his relatives tried to resolve the aforesaid matter. In the presence of other relatives, the matter was then amicably settled. Praveen (deceased}, was asked not to come to appellant's house thereafter, and thus Praveen left and began working in a shop G at Ettumanoor, as a driver. 8. During this period, on 25/26.11.2004, Vijayamma, relative of Praveen (deceased), and N. Sahadevan PW.2's father, informed Pavithran (PW.1), father of Praveen, that Praveen was in danger as Vijayamma had found out about the H

1184 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 3 S.C.R. A illicit relationship that Praveen had developed with the appellant's wife. C. N. Sahadevan, PW.2's father informed Pavithran (PW.1 ), Praveen's father who resided at Trivendrum, via the B telephone of this danger to Praveen's life. Pavithran (PW.1) immediately informed his brother and requested him to help Praveen, as he may not be spared by the appellant. N. Sahadevan, PW.2's father, went and brought Praveen to his own house, whilst informing everybody, that his mother was seriously ill. The appellant asked N. Sahadevan, PW.2's father, C in conversation over the telephone about Praveen, and directed him to bring Praveen back. PW.2's father then took Praveen back. When the meeting took place in the presence of various relatives, the appellant (A-1), attempted to assault Praveen, but they were separated by other persons. Praveen pleaded his D innocence, and told the appellant that Aji had played this dirty game for some personal gain. However, when Aji was called to participate in the said meeting, he stood by his version of events and stated that he had seen Praveen and the appellant's wife in a compromising position. The appellant told Praveen to E leave the said place and to not enter the city.

D. Praveen was brought by Jilesh M.S. (PW.2), and taken to Trivendrum for treatment. Praveen told his father after a period of 213 days that it was not safe for him to stay in hospital F as 2/3 gundas had been roaming around in the hospital. Thus, he went back to the city and sought employment. E. On 15.2.2005, Divakaran (PW.7), neighbour ofVinu (A-2), while coming out of a bus stop, saw Vinu (A-2) coming on a motor bike while Praveen was standing in the market. Vinu G (A-2), stopped the bike and took Praveen towards Kottayam. They then went to a bar, had drinks as were served to them by Saiju (PW.9), and came out of the bar at 8.30 p.m., after which they ate at a 'thattukada' (a small petty shop), where they were served by Jose (PW.8), an employee of the 'thattukada'. H R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1185 [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] Mohammed Sherif@ Monai (PW.13), who was the owner of A the 'thattukada', saw the appellant (A-1), coming in a Maruti car. In the said car, there were also some other persons. They had coffee, as was served to them by Jose (PW.8), and seen by Mohammed Sherif@ Monai (PW.13). The appellant (A-1) went back to the car and started driving. Other persons also 8 joined him, and Vinu (A-2), along with Praveen, left on a Motor Cycle. Vinu (A-2) lifted his hand and proceeded further. The Maruti Van followed them. They all left the city at about midnight, and drove into the jungle.

F. Shanavas (PW.12), an auto-rickshaw driver carrying C patients to the Medical College, Kottayam found one motor cycle parked on the side of the road. As he had slowed down seeing the vehicles on the road, he also saw two persons coming out of the van. The pillion rider of the motor cycle sat in the van and after he got into the van, the van left immediately. D The motor bike also started. He noted the registration number of the van, and also that of the motor bike. G. Mohan an (PW.10), another auto rickshaw driver saw the Maruti Van parked on the road and a person standing near E it. Mohanan (PW.10), stopped his auto and asked him what had happened, however he only replied that a person had gone nearby. Thus, Mohanan (PW.10) left the place. H. On 16.2.2005, a pair of human legs was found floating Fin the backwaters of the Vembanad lake (hereinafter referred to as the 'lake') at Kottayam, by a person who thereafter lodged a complaint to Subhah K. (PW.68), Sub-Inspector of the Kottayam West Police, on the basis of which, an FIR was registered. G I. On 18.2.2005, Pavithran (PW.1) lodged an FIR in the Police Station alleging that his son Praveen had gone missing, and that after he became aware of the same, he had spent the last 3/4 days searching for him, but had been still unable to trace him. H 1186 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 3 S.C.R.

A J. On 19.2.2005, a torso in a plastic bag, was seen floating on the eastern side of the lake. Upon obtaining requisite information, K.M. Antony (PW.17), Circle Inspector of Vaikom, reached the scene and Pavithran (PW.1) also identified the torso, to be that of his son. While the inquest of the torso was B being conducted, a pair of hands was seen floating in the lake. K.M. Antony (PW.17) recovered the same and conducted inquest. Pavithran (PW.1) identified the hands to be those of Praveen as well. C K. After the completion of the preliminary enquiry, the appellant and Vinu (A-2), were arrested on 24.2.2005. The house of the appellant (A-1) was searched by K.M. Anto (PW.74), Circle Inspector of Police, Kottayam West and there was recovery of M.Os. 13 to 18, under Exts. P.17 and 18 Mahazars. B. Muralidharan Nair (PW.77), Dy.S.P., Kottayam, D received information that a human head in a plastic cover, had been spotted on the shores of the back waters of the lake. The head was then recovered and inquest prepared. B. Muralidharan Nair (PW.77) obtained custody of the accused from court. The chopper (M.0.4), alleged to have been used in E the said crime was recovered at the instance of the appellant. A Maruti Van (M.0.5) was also recovered after information was furnished by the appellant (A-1), to the effect that the said Maruti Van had also been used.

F L. After having completed the investigation, a charge sheet was filed against five persons, including the appellant. The trial however, could be conducted only against two persons, i.e. the appellant (A-1) and Vi nu (A-2), as all the others were absconding. Subsequent to the trial of this case, A-3 and A-4 G were also apprehended, put to trial separately, and convicted under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (hereinafter referred to as the 'IPC'). A-5 is still absconding. M. So far as the present case is concerned, the appellant (A-1) was convicted under Section 302 read with Section 120-H R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1187 [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.]

B of the IPC, and was awarded a sentence of life imprisonment A and a fine of Rs. one lakh, in default of which, he would undergo SI for a period of one year. Vinu (A-2) was sentenced to undergo imprisonment for life and to pay a fine of Rs.5,000/-only, in default of which, he would undergo SI for 3 months. Both the accused were also convicted under Section 201 read with · 8 Section 120-B IPC, and sentenced to imprisonment for a period of 3 years, and a fine of Rs.2,000/- each, in default of which, they would undergo SI for a period of 3 months each. They were further convicted under Section 364 read with Section 120-B IPC, and sentenced to undergo RI for a period C of 7 years each, and to pay a fine of Rs.5,000/- each, in default of which, they would undergo SI for a period of one year. All the sentences were directed to run concurrently. N. Aggrieved, both of them preferred Criminal.Appeal No. 86 of 2006, which was dismissed by the High Court vide D judgment and order dated 10.12.2009. Hence, this appeal.

3. Sh~i S. Gopakumaran Nair, learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant, has submitted that there was no motive for the appellant to cause death of Praveen. It is a case E of circumstantial evidence as there is no eye-witness to the actual incident of killing. The chain of circumstances is not complete. Haridas (PW.14), an auto-rickshaw driver had seen the appellant and others only for a fleeting moment. Though the appellant and Vinu (A-2) were arrested, no Test Identification F Parade was conducted. The statements of witnesses were recorded under Section 164 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (hereinafter referred to as the 'Cr.P .C.') by a Magistrate who did not even mention the date of recording such statements, such statements were not exhibited before the G court for the purpose of corroboration and confrontation. Jose (PW.8), Shanavas (PW.12), and Mohamamed Sherif@ Monai (PW.13), identified Praveen (deceased), by seeing only his passport sized photograph. This is not enough as Shanavas (PW .12), had seen the appellant and others including Praveen · H 1188 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R

A (deceased), only for a brief moment and thus, was unablu to identify them in court after the lapse of a period of several months, during the course of the trial. Different parts of the body were found, and the identification of the dead body, merely on the basis of a mole on the leg of the body cannot be held to be s proper identification by the father, as the dead body was recovered after a lapse of 3/4 days. Different parts of the body were recovered O" different dates and by such time the skin would have ois-integrated entirely. Neither Vijayamma nor Radharima were examined. Aji, who had disclosed information c 'lertaining to the illicit relationship of Praveen with the appellant's wife, was also not examined. A DNA test was conducted on the dead body to determine whether the same was in fact, the body of Praveen (deceased). However, the FSL report disclosed that in respect of the chopper used for the D purpose of dismembering the parts of the body, no blood group could be detected. The whole case of the prosecution hence, becomes unbelievable, and the conviction of the appellant is liable, to be set aside.

4. Per contra, Mr. Basant R. learned senior counsel appearing for the State has opposed the appeal, contendingE that the various circumstances that stood proved, pointed only towards the guilt of the appellant, and that in the light of the facts and circumstances of the case, no one apart from the appellant could have committed the murder of Praveen (deceased). Tl'e DNA test established that the different parts of the body thatF were recovered from the lake were in fact, those of Praveer There was no reason for the prosecution witnesses, particular!•; Jose (PW.8), Mohanan (PW.10), Shanavas (PW.12) and Mohamamed Sherif @ Monai (PW.13), to depose against the G appellant and both the courts below also have found their evidence to be trustworthy. Jose (PW.8) and Mohamamed Sherif @ Monai (PW.13) knew the appellant, as well as Vinu (A-2) and Praveen (J.:.ceaseJ). Therefore, holding a Tl Parade would have been a mere formality. Though, Mohanan (PW.10) and Shanavas (PW.12), the auto rickshaw drivers, were ch<•r11ce H R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1189 [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.]

witnesses, their presence cannot be doubted as 1t is an A ordinary circumstance that patients are taken to the hospital even in the late hours of night, and the said incident had occurred on the road that led to the hospital. There was sufficient light on the road, and the High Court recorded a finding to the effect that Shanavas (PW.12), an auto rickshaw B driver, even if he had been unable to see Praveen, was still able to identify the appellant and others. 5. We have considered the rival submissions made by learned counsel for the parties and perused the record. 6. The courts below have appreciated the entire evidence C on record, including the evidence of the defence. The appellant . also examined Ajeesh M. Muraleedharan (DW.1 ), who was a Sub-Editor, Malayala Manorama and thereafter, the High Court concurred with the findings of fact recorded by the Sessions Court on various issues. There is no dispute that Praveen D (deceased), was a victim of homicide, and that the dismembered parts of the body recovered from the lake were those of Praveen, as the same stood proved by the DNA report. The High Court concurring with the opinion of the Sessions Court, held as under: E

"The DNA analysis made it clear that the blood samples of the parents of Praveen matched with the DNA of Praveen, deceased and the same proved and established the identity of the dead body as the DNA had also been extracted from the portion of the limbs recovered from the F lake and compared with that of DNA of parents." 7. The recovery of other articles also stood proved as the High Court yet again concurring with the finding recorded by the Sessions Court in this regard, held as under: G "The recovery has been made by the Investigating agency on the statement voluntarily made by the appellant in respect of various materials and the High Court took note of the fact that the appellant was the seasoned polir-officer and unless and until some of the links we.,, 1190 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ·. [2013} 3;S.C.R. ,_-... . I.

A identified and located, nobody c0uld doubt his involvement. · ·The.recovery witnesses have proved.the recoveries.:B. Muraleedharan Nair (P.W;77), stated thatthe seizure was at the behest of the appellant and the vehicle infact recovered belonged to the brother-in-law of Babu (PW.6) 8 and as the owner of the vehicle did not have enough space to park the vehicle in his house, the van was being parked in the compound of Babu (PW.6). The said PW.6 was familiar to the appellant who has deposed thatthe appellant ·had come to him on 15.2.2005 anc! told the said. witness c that the appellant's vehicle had developed some trouble and that is why he· wanted. to use the vehicle parked in the house of the said witness. The van was taken by the appellant as aliowed by Babu (PW.6) after taking·the ..• c<insent cif the owner and the w.itness further disclosed that D · · .··•· the,vari was brought back by the appellant afledew days.· · B. Muraleedharan Nair (PW.77) has stated that the vehicle ..... was identified by the appellant himself telling that this was · the van which had been used for committing the crime.· . ..· 8. ulldoubt~dly, the van was returned on 1S.2.2005 and E was recovered on 24.2.2005, and hence;· it might have been used in the interim period, but this does not affect the evidence on record. Some police officers collected samples of blood stains from the floor cif the.said vehicle and also some ti air; The hair and blood stains recovered during the investigation, were r F compared with the hair collected by the SCientific Officer from the deceased, whi~ established that the said hair did in fact, belong to Pravee(\ (deceased), arid thus, the use of the said vehicle· in the crim~stood proved. The recovery of the van was in ac:cOrdani:e wi.ltt the provisions of Section 27 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (hereinafter referred to as the 'Evidence' G Act'), and ea the same was.done at the behest of the appellant, his OJnduct was relevant under Section 8 of the Evidence Act. . 9. The recovery of the chopper (M.0.4) stood proved as the said chopper was crafted by Vijayakumar (PW.5), who H deposed that appellant was familiar with him and that the R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1191

[DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] · appellant had given him a leaf plate for the purpose of making A a chopper, as also, a kitchen knife. He prepared both, the chopper and the knife in accordance with instructions, and handed them over to the appellant in early January, 2005. Vijayakumar (PW.5) identified the chopper. 10. As per the deposition of B. Muraleedharan Nair B (PW.77), the appellant made a disclosure statement to the effect that Praveen's body was mutilated using the chopper (M.0.4). The said chopper was recovered from the southern side of the lake on the basis of such disclosure statement made by the appellant. The appellant had exclusive knowledge as C regards the place of concealment, and the evidence on record makes it clear that when he was in fact, taken to such place, the appellant himself got into the water and retrieved the chopper from there. No one else knew that the weapon was hidden in such a place, and the location was not one that was D frequented by the public at large. Therefore, recovery of the said chopper at the behest of the appellant cannot be doubted. 11. The chopper (M.0.4) was recovered by M.K.

Ajithkumar, Scientific Assistant, who deposed that at the time of recovery, the chopper had blood stains and hair stuck on it. E Dr. P. Babu (PW.71), a Forensic Surgeon deposed that the dismemberment of the body of the deceased could certainly have been possible with the said chopper. So far as the recovery of the skull of Praveen (deceased) is concerned, the same was also made on the basis of the disclosure statement F of the appellant. The investigating team was taken to the relevant place by the appellant, and it was on the basis of his disclosure statement that the skull was found. This happened after digging in a few places around the land of Ananda Kini. A glove and a plastic rope were also recovered at his behest, G and in light of the aforementioned circumstances, it cannot be doubted that the said recoveries suffered from any illegality. Some minor issues with respect to the above, were raised before the Sessions Court, as well as before the High Court, and the same have rightly been explained by the courts below. H 1192 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R. A Thus, they do not require any further discussion.

12. Learned senior counsel for the appellant has urged that statements of certain witnesses were recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C. before Magistrates, namely, Kalampasha (PW.61) and Dinesh M. Pillai (PW.62). The said statements were not B put on record before the trial court, and the same were not marked. Thus, the trial stood vitiated as the accused has been denied an opportunity to contradict the aforementioned statements of the witnesses, which were made under oath before the magistrates, which though are not in the nature of c substantive evidence, could well be used for the purpose of corroboration and contradiction. Denial of such opportunity is against the requisites of a fair trial.

13. Clause (iv) of Section 207 Cr.P.C. clearly provides that any statement recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C., shall be D made available to the accused alongwith all the other documents that have been filed alongwith the charge sheet. The appellant herein, has neither urged that the statements recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C. were not a part of such documents, before the trial court, nor was any issue raised by E him at the time of cross-examination of B. Muralidharan Nair (PW. 77), the investigating officer. The same is a question of fact. However, it appears from the documents on record that such documents, if the same were in fact, a part of the record, were not marked. The appellant raised this issue for the first F time before the High Court, and the High Court dealt with the same observing: "A reading of the judgment of the court below show that both sides referred to the same in detail and the court below has also referred to the same in its judgment. It is G well settled that the statement under Section 164 Cr. P. C. can be used both for corroboration and contradiction of the author of the statement and thus, did not find this ground worth acceptance. Even otherwise, it appears that statement recorded under Section 164 Cr.P. C. by the H Magistrate was not in detail. No question had been put R. SHAJI . v. STATE OF KERALA 1193 [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.]

to the witnesses whose statements had been recorded A nor an attempt had been made to extract answers from them and the witnesses were asked by the learned magistrates what they wanted to say and they had no clue as to what they had to speak. Therefore, they simply spoke what came to their mind at that point of time 8 whether it was relevant or irrelevant. The witnesses could not be deemed to carry so much of wisdom to enable them to know what are the essential facts they need to state before the learned magistrate. The witnesses whose statements were recorded before the magistrate were C simply asked "have you finished, you can go". 14. Evidence given in a court under oath has great sanctity, which is why the same is called substantive evidence. Statements under Section 161 Cr.P.C. can be used only for the purpose of contradiction and statements under Section 164 0 Cr.P.C. can be used for both corroboration and contradiction. In a case where the magistrate has to perform the duty of recording a statement under Section 164 Cr.P.C., he is under an obligation to elicit all information which the witness wishes to disclose, as a witness who may be an illiterate, rustic villager Emay not be aware of the purpose for which he has been brought, and what he must disclose in his statements under Section 164 Cr.P.C. Hence, the magistrate should ask the witness explanatory questions and obtain all possible information in relation to the said case. F

15. So far as the statement of witnesses recorded under Section 164 is concerned, the object is two fold; in the first place, to deter the witness from changing his stand by denying the contents of his previously recorded statement, and secondly, to tide over immunity from prosecution by the witness under G Section 164. A proposition to the effect that if a statement of a witness is recorded under Section 164, his evidence in Court should be discarded, is not at all warranted. (Vide: Jogendra Nahak & Ors. v. State of Orissa & Ors., AIR 1999 SC 2565; and Assistant Collector of Central Excise, Rajamundry v. H 1194 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R. A Duncan Agro Industries Ltd. & Ors., AIR 2000 SC 2901). 16. Section 157 of the Evidence Act makes it clear that a statement recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C., can be relied upon for the purpose of corroborating statements made by witnesses in the Committal Court or even to contradict the B same. As the defence had no opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses whose statements are recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C., such statements cannot be treated as substantive evidence.

During the investigation, the Police Officer may sometimes C feel that it is expedient to record the statement of a witness under Section 164 Cr.P.C. This usually happens when the witnesses to a crime are clearly connected to the accused, or where the accused is very influential, owing to which the witnesses may be influenced. (Vide: Mamand v. Emperor, AIR D 1946 PC 45; Bhuboni Sahu v. King, AIR 1949 PC 257; Ram Charan & Ors. v. The State of U.P., AIR 1968 SC 1270; and Dhanabal & Anr. v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1980 SC 628). 17. It has been argued by the learned counsel for the appellant, that as the blood group of the blood stains found on E the chopper could not be ascertained, the recovery of the said chopper cannot be relied upon. A failure by the serologist to detect the origin of the blood due to dis-integration of the serum, does not mean that the blood stuck on the axe could not have been F human blood at all. Sometimes it is possible, either because the stain is insufficient in itself, or due to haematological changes and plasmatic coagulation, that a serologist may fail to detect the origin of the blood in question. However, in such a case, unless the doubt is of a reasonable dimension, which G a judicially conscientious mind may entertain with some objectivity, no benefit can be claimed by the accused in this regard.

Once the recovery is made in pursuance of a disclosure H statement made by the accused, the matching or non-matching R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1195 [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] of blood group (s) loses significance. (Vide : Prabhu Babaji A Na vie v. State of Bombay, AIR 1956 SC 51; Raghav Prapanna Tripathi v. State of UP., AIR 1963 SC 74; State of Rajasthan v. Teja Ram, AIR 1999 SC 1776; Gura Singh v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 2001 SC-330; John Pandian v. State, represented by Inspector of Police, Tamil Nadu, (2010) 14 B SCC 129; and Dr. Sunil Clifford Daniel v. State of Punjab, JT 2012 (8) SC 639). 18. In view of the above, the Court finds that it is not possible to accept the submission that in the absence of a report regarding the origin of the blood, the accused cannot be c convicted, for it is only because of the lapse of time, that the blood could not be classified successfully. Therefore, no advantage can be conferred upon the accused to enable him to claim any benefit, and the report of dis-integration of blood etc. cannot be termed as a missing link, on the basis of which D the chain of circumstances may be presumed to be broken.

19. Motive is primarily known to the accused himself and it therefore, it may not be possible for the prosecution to explain . what actually prompted or excited the accused to commit a particular crime. In a case of circumstantial evidence, motive E may be considered as a circumstance, which is a relevant factor for the purpose of assessing evidence, in the event that there is no unambiguous evidence to prove the guilt of the accused. Motive loses all its significance in a case of direct evidence provided by eye-witnesses, where the same is F available, for the reason that in such a case, the absence or inadequacy of motive, cannot stand in the way of conviction. However, the absence of motive in a case depending entirely on circumstantial evidence, is a factor that weighs in favour of the accused as it "often forms the fulcrum of the prosecution G story". (Vide: Babu v. State of Kera/a, (2010) 9 SCC 189; Kulvinder Singh & Anr. v. State of Haryana, AIR 2011 SC 1777; Dandu Jaggaraju v. State of A.P., AIR 2011 SC 3387). 20. The evidence on record clearly established, that the appellant had adequate reason to harbour animosity towards H 1196 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R.

A Praveen. as he may well have been unable to tolerate the intimacy that the deceased had developed with his wife. In light of the fact that the appellant had absolute faith and trust in the deceased, and had hence allowed him to have free access and absolute freedom in his house, the alleged act of betrayal of B trust was committed by the deceased, which the appellant no doubt found gravely humiliating and agonizing.

Jilesh M.S. (PW.2) deposed, that when the appellant became aware of the illicit relationship between Praveen and his wife, he had said that in the event that he was able to lay C his hands on Praveen, he would chop him up into pieces. The said threat was followed by a tirade of abuses. Jilesh M.S. (PW.2) consulted Pavithran (PW.1 ), in this regard. Both of them have deposed as regards the manner in which the situation was handled by the relatives of the appellant and Praveen. D We do not find force in the submission made by Shri S. Gopakumaran Nair, learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant that the appellant had absolutely no grievance against his wife Smt. Shadi, and that even after the alleged incident, she had been accompanying her husband to all social events, E as Ajith (PW.3) has deposed that the appellant had attended the engagement ceremony of Vinu (A-2) along with his wife and son, and that too, only 3 days prior to the alleged murder, thus, it would be most unnatural for him to annihilate Praveen (deceased). It is further urged that Praveen (deceased) had in F fact, misbehaved with the appellant's wife, and the matter was settled upon the interference of several relatives, after which Praveen (deceased) was asked to quit his job and was also told not to enter in the city. In the event that the defence version is accepted, and it is believed that Praveen (deceased) had G in fact, misbehaved with the wife of the appellant, the same could actually lead to the inference that the appellant may have had an even stronger motive to eliminate Praveen (deceased). Further, there is no force in the submission advanced on behalf of the appellant that Shirdhi (PW.4), the son of the H appellant from his first wife, did not support the case of the R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1197

[DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] prosecution. His statement is only to the effect that when the A meeting took place on 26.11.2004 he did not attend the meeting and stayed upstairs. Thus, he has not deposed that the said meeting was not held. Additionally, his statement that Praveen (deceased) had tendered an apology and that upon the intervention of relatives and friends, the appellant had B actually pardoned him, cannot be believed, as the said witness was not present at the meeting owing to which he could not have been an eye-witness to the aforementioned part of the incident. 21. Undoubtedly, in this case Aji, the Manager of the appellant who had revealed the existence of the alleged C relationship between Praveen and the appellant's wife, has not been examined, but we are of the considered opinion that non-examination of the said witness will not adversely affect the case of the prosecution. The same is the position so far as Radhamma, the appellant's sister, Bijulal, nephew of the o appellant and Vijayamma, aunt of Jilesh M.S. (PW.2) are concerned, who could also have unfolded the factum of the said meeting being held in this respect

22. In the matter of appreciation of evidence of witnesses, it is not the number of witnesses, but the quality of their evidence E which is important, as there is no requirement in the law of evidence stating that a particular number of witnesses must be examined in order to prove/disprove a fact It is a time-honoured principle, that evidence must be weighed and not counted. The test is whether the evidence has a ring of truth, is cogent, F credible and trustworthy, or otherwise. The legal system has laid emphasis on the value provided by each witness, as opposed to the multiplicity or plurality of witnesses. It is thus, the quality and not quantity, which determines the adequacy of evidence, as has been provided by Section 134 of the Evidence Act G Where the law requires the examination of at least one attesting witness, it has been held that the number of witnesses produced over and above this, does not carry any weight (Vide: Vadivelu Thevar v. State of Madras; AIR 1957 SC 614; Jagdish Prasad v. State of MP. AIR 1994 SC 1251; Sunil Kumar v. State Govt. H 1198 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R. A of NCT of Delhi AIR 2004 SC 552; Namdeo v. State of Maharashtra AIR 2007 SC (Supp) 100; Kunju @ Balachandran v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 2008 SC 1381; Bipin Kumar Monda! v. State of West Bengal AIR 2010 SC 3638; Mahesh & Anr. v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2011) 9 B SCC 626; Kishan Chand v. State of Haryana JT 2013( 1) SC 222).

23. It is a settled legal proposition that the conviction of a person accused of committing an offence, is generally based solely on evidence that is either oral or documentary, but in c exceptional circumstances, such conviction may also be based solely on circumstantial evidence. For this to happen, the prosecution must establish its case beyond reasonable doubt, and cannot derive any strength from the weaknesses in the defence put up by the accused. However, a false defence may be brought to notice, only to lend assurance to the Court as0 regards the various links in the chain of circumstantial evidence, which are in themselves complete. The circumstances on the basis of which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn, must be fully established. The same must be of a conclusive nature, and E must exclude all possible hypothesis except the one to be proved. Facts so established must be consistent with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused, and the chain of evidence must be complete, so as not to leave any reasonable ground for a conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused, F and must further show, that in all probability the said offence must have been committed by the accused. (Vide: Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1984 SC 1622; and Paramjeet Singh @ Pam ma v. State of Uttarakhand, AIR 2011 SC 200).

G 24. Divakaran (PW.7), deposed that he knew Praveen (deceased) and Vinu (A-2) from childhood, and that on the fateful day Vinu (A-2) had taken Praveen on a motor cycle and had driven towards Kottayam. Jose (PW.8) was running a 'thattukada' (petty shop) during H the night. He deposed that on 15.2.2005 at 8.30 p.m., Pravepn R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1199 [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.]'

(deceased} came with Vinu (A-2) to his shop, and that the two, A after their meal, left for the theatre, on a motor cycle. At 11.45 p.m., the appellant and three others also came to his shop and had coffee. The appellant then returned to the van after which, the other three persons also got into the van. The appellant got into the driver's seat of the van. When most of the people had B left after watching the movie, the witness saw Vinu (A-2) and Praveen on !tie said motor cycle, riding towards Thirunakkara. Vinu (A-2) came close to the van, lifted his hand and then proceeded. Thereafter, the van in which the appellant (A-1) was sitting, followed them. During the cross-examination on behalf c of the appellant (A-1 ), the witness deposed that at the time when A-2 had lifted his hand, there was only a distance of 5 feet between the van and motorcycle. This witness further deposed that he had been shown only one photograph. He stated that A-1 had come to his shop and had remained there for 10-15 D minutes. During this cross-examination on behalf of A-2, the said witness ;;ilso deposed that he had told the police and magistrate that A-2 and Praveen had eaten a Bull's eye, and that he had accepted-cash from them and had also returned the balance. E

25. Baiju (PW.9), was working as the barman at Hotel Arcadia. He deposed that it was in fact, A-2 who had come with another person on the 15th February 2005, at about 6.30 p.m. to the Hotel and had consumed liquor. He stated that they had remained in the bar till about 8.30 p.m. and that A-2 had F paid the bill. The witness .had noticed the presence of the two because they were both highly intoxicated at the said time. 26. Mohanan (PW-10), an auto rickshaw driver, deposed that on 15th February 2005, he had seen an Omni Van along the eastern side of the Arpookara temple. That night, he was G driving from MCH, to Kottayam town via Panambalam road. While returning, he stated that he had seen the Omni Van some 200 metres east of the temple, and on the southern side of the road at about 12.30 -1 am. The van was green in colour with KL7 registration and 5855 number. Furthermore, a inan was H 1200 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 3 S.C.R. A also seen by him standing near the door of the driver's seat. Upon asking, the said man only replied that one person had gone up. He could not see much as the van was closed but, the vehicle was most certainly a van M0.5. During cross-examination on behalf of appellant (A-1 ), the witness deposed B that the person standing near the said van, had a North Malabari accent. '

27. Shanavas (PW.12) also an auto driver by profession, identified Shaji (A-1) and Vi nu (A-2). He deposed thathe had first seen them on 15th February 2005 while he was proceeding C in his auto from Baker Junction to MCH. He had seen an Omni Van and a motorcycle on the side of the road beyond Chemmanampadi, near the Medical College, and had seen two persons coming out of the said van. He further deposed that the two people had then caught hold of the pillion rider of the . D motor cycle, and had taken him to the van. Thereafter, the, van left the place and he followed the van to MCH. He identified A-1 as tfie person he had seen there and A-2, as the person who had been riding the motorcycle. During his cross examination by the appellant (A-1), the E witness deposed that he had in fact, seen three other persons there. However, he did not identify them.

28. Mohammad Sherif (PW.13) a businessman, deposed that he knew the appellant (A-1) and identified him as Shaji and also Vinu (A-2). At about 8.30 p.m. on 15th February 2005, A2 F and Praveen came to his petty shop from the Arcadia Bar premises, on a red coloured bike. Jose (PWS), an employee of PW13 was previously acquainted with the aecused (A-2) and Praveen (deceased), and hence, PWS introduced them as his friends. He further deposed that the Omni Van arrived in front G of the Arcadia Bar at 11.30 pm: A 1 got out of the driver seat and proceeded to the theatre. The three.other persons came out of the van and had black coffee at the witness's shop. All of them (including A~1) then returned to the van. Later, when A-2 and Praveen riding a bike, approached the Arcadia Bar,. H A-2 signaled to A-1 to follow him and rode in the direction of R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1201 [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] Thirunakkara. The van followed the bike and they headed to A MCH, Ettumanoor and Ernakulam. During the cross examination on behalf of the appellant (A-1), the witness deposed that he did not tell anybody about A 1 and that he did not even talk to Jose (PW.8), about the incident that occurred on 15/02/2005. He deposed that he did not know B A 1's friends, or the place to which A 1 belonged. He only stated that he knew A1 when he was the control room, S.I.

Mohammed Sherif (PW.13) denied having told the Police that Shaji Sir of Valiadu was the person he had seen on the road. He deposed that he knew S.l.s such as Satheesan and C Suseelan, and that tfley were also from the West Police Station. He further said that he knew of A 1 only as control room S.I. He had read about the incident in the subsequent days' newspaper. He further admitted that the help of the police, as well as that of the Municipality, was needed to run the petty shop which did D business from 8.00 p.m. to 1.30 a.m.

29. Reji (PW11) deposed that on 15.2.200.5 at about mid-night, he had gone to Baker Junction and there he had seen the appellant (A-1), getting out of the driver's seat of a green coloured van. He thereafter, crossed M.C. Road and went into E the Post Office and placed inland like material inside the post box. The appellant (A-1) returned to the van after crossing the road, got into the driver's seat and drove off towards Baker Junction. It appears that in the cross-examination, he did not support the case of the prosecution. However, his evidence is F not very relevant with respect to the issues involved in this case, as at the initial stage the witness had supported the case of the prosecution to the extent that it was in fact, the appellant (A-1 ), who had posted the letter in the name of the deceased's father, that was purported to have been written by Praveen G (deceased), stating that he was going to Bombay in search of employment. This letter seems to have been written to misdirect/mislead the deceased's family. The same became entirely insignificant, as immediately after the murder of Praveen, the dismembered parts of his body were recovered. Thereafter, H 1202 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R. A the incident became the talk of the town and the same was high-Jigflted by both, the print and the electronic media.

30. The evidence referred to hereinabove alongwith the material on record, reveals that Praveen (deceased) was a victim of homicide and further that there is no dispute regarding B the identification of his body and its parts thereof, as has been referred to hereinabove. The recoveries of a shirt (M0.1 ), underwear (MO .2) and of a watch (M0.3), belonging to Praveen (deceased) were identified by Pavithran (PW.1 ). His body was also identified by PWs.1 to 3 and the DNA report did not leave c any room for doubt with respect to the said identification. Same stood proved by super imposition. The injuries found on the body that were revealed by the post-mortem report established that the dismemberment of the parts of the body was possible by using a weapon like the D chopper (M0.4), as was explained/opined by Dr. Babu (PW.71). Praveen died in the intervening night between 15/ 16.2.2005. He was last seen on 15.2.2005 with Vinu (A-2) and the appellant (A-1 ). The motive as explained hereinabove stood proved. Vinu (A-2) and the appellant (A-1) were closely related E and together they had hatched a conspiracy to eliminate Praveen (deceased). Pavithran (PW.1) has stated in his deposition that Praveen (deceased) did not bear any animosity towards any person. In fact, in his statement under Section 313 Cr.P.C., the appellant has even admitted so. Praveen F (deceased) was seen by Divakaran (PW.7) talking to Vinu (A-

2) at his work place. Divakaran (PW.7) was acquainted with both Vinu (A-2) and Praveen (deceased) since childhood. The evidence of Baiju (PW.9) who was working at Hotel Arcadia at Kotlayam, revealed that he was the man who had G served drinks to Vinu (A-2) and Praveen (deceased). The Virca Report proved by Sujatha (PW.64), corroborated the same. Jose (PW.8) and Mohammed Sherif(PW.13) identified the appellant (A-1) and Vinu (A-2) and stated they knew both of them very well. Baiju (PW.9) was not acquainted with either H R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1203 [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] Vinu (A-2) or Praveen (deceased) but he did in fact, have an A opportunity to see them for a sufficient amount of time as he had served them food. Babu (PW.6) deposed that the appellant (A-1) was well acquainted with him. He stated that he had taken the Maruti Van (M0.5) from him on the afternoon of 15.2.2005, and had returned the same to him on the afternoon of 8 16.2.2005. Phone calls made by the appellant (A-1) to Babu (PW.6), were also not denied by the appellant in his cross-examination under Section 313 Cr.P.C. The aforementioned call details were duly proved. There is also material on record to show that the said van was used in the crime by the C appellant (A-1) and 3 others.

Vinu (A-2) and Praveen (deceased) after watching a movie at the cinema hall and having meals etc., proceeded towards Thirunakkara on the bike, and Vinu (A-2) signaled to the person in the van by raising his hand. The appellant (A-1) and three D other persons followed the bike in the van. On the way Praveen (deceased), was transferred from the bike to the van as deposed by Shanavas (PW.12) auto driver, who is a natural witness, and he also identified the appellant (A-1 ), Vi nu (A-2), and Praveen (deceased) by way of photographs. He stated that Ehe had seen the van standing in the middle of the road. The said witness turned hostile and did not support the prosecution case fully. Recoveries of all the material items/objects stood proved. 31. A criminal conspiracy is generally hatched in secrecy, F owing to which, direct evidence is difficult to obtain. The offence can therefore be proved, either by adducing circumstantial evidence, or by way of necessary implication. However, in the event that the circumstantial evidence is incomplete or vague, it becomes necessary for the prosecution to provide adequate G proof regarding the meeting of minds, which is essential in order to hatch a criminal conspiracy, by adducing substantive evidence in court. Furthermore, in order to constitute the offence of conspiracy, it is not necessary that the person involved has knowledge of all the stages of action. In fact, mere knowledge H 1204 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R

A of the main object/purpose of conspiracy, would warrant the attraction of relevant penal provisions. Thus. an agreement between two persons to do, or to cause an illegal act, is the basic requirement of the offence of conspiracy under the penal statute. (Vide: Mir Nagvi Askari v. CBI, AIR 2010 SC 528; Ba!dev Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 2009 SC Supp. 1629;B State of M.P. v. Sheet/a Sahai, AIR 2009 SC Supp. 1744; R. Venkatkrishnan v. CBI, AIR 2010 SC 1812; S. Arul Raja v. State of TN, (2010) 8 SCC 233; Monica Bedi v. State of A.P., (2011) 1 SCC 284; and Sushi/ Suri v. CBI, AIR 2011 SC c 1713). 32. An argument has been advanced by Shri S.

Gopokumaran Nair, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant, that as the witnesses PW.8 and PW.11 have admitted in their cross-examination, that they have been D the accused persons in certain other criminal cases, their testimony should not have been relied upon by the courts below. The argument seems to be rather attractive at the outset, but has no substance, for the reason that the law does not prohibit taking into consideration even the evidence provided by an accomplice, who has not been put to trial.E It is a settled legal proposition that the evidence provided by a person who has not been put to trial, and who could not have been tried jointly with the accused can be considered, if the court finds his evidence reliable, and conviction can also safely be based upon it. However, such evidence is requiredF to be considered with care and caution. An accomplice who has not been put to trial is a competent witness, as he deposes in court after taking an oath, and there is no prohibition under any law to act upon his deposition without corroboration. (Vide: G Laxmipat Choraria & Ors. v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1968 SC 938; Chandran alias Manichan alias Maniyan & Ors. v. State of Kera/a, AIR 2011 SC 1594; and Prithipa/ Singh & Ors. v. State of Punjab & Anr., (2012) 1 SCC 10). 33. It has further been submitted that the prosecution failed H to hold the test identification parade. Therefore, the prosecution R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1205

[DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] case itself becomes doubtful. A In Vijay@ Chinee v. State of M.P., (2010) 8 SCC 191, this Court, while dealing with the effect of non holding of a test identification parade, placed very heavy reliance upon the judgments of this Court in Santokh Singh v. lzhar Hussain & Anr, AIR 1973 SC 2190; State of Himachal Pradesh v. Lekh B Raj & Anr., AIR 1999 SC 3916; and Ma/khan Singh & Ors. v. State of M.P., AIR 2003 SC 2669 and held that, the evidence from a test identification parade is admissible under Section 9 of the Evidence Act, 1872. The identification parade is conducted by the police. The actual evidence regarding c identification, is that which is given by the witnesses in court. A test identification parade cannot be claimed by an accused as a matter of right. Mere identification of an accused in a test identification parade is only a circumstance corroborative of the identification of the accused in court. Further, conducting a test o identification parade is meaningless if the witnesses know the accused, or if they have been shown his photographs, or if he has been exposed by the media to the public. Holding a test identification parade may be helpful to the investigation to ascertain whether the investigation is being conducted in a Eproper manner and with proper direction. (See also: Munna Kumar Upadhyay v. State of A.P., AIR 2012 SC 2470)._

34. In the instant case, the witnesses, particularly Jose (PW.8), Baiju (PW.9), Reji (PW.11) and Shanavas (PW.12), made it clear that they were acquainted with the appellant since F he was posted in the control room of their city. Moreover, just after the incident took place, the same being a sensitive case wherein the main accused was a highly ranked official of the police department, wide publicity was given to the same by the media. In light of the aforementioned fact-situation, the holding/ G non-holding of a Test Identification Parade loses its significance. It is also pertinent to note that the defence did not put any question to B. Muralidharan Nair (PW.77), the investigating officer in relation to why such Tl Parade was not held. 35. The prime witness of the prosecution has no doubt H 1206 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 3 S.C.R. A been Shanavas (PW. 12), and in relation to him, the submission advanced on behalf of the appellant that the High Court had entirely disbelieved his testimony, is factually incorrect. In fact, the High Court re-appreciated the evidence of the said witness and held as under:

B "The act of identifying the victim from his passport size photograph seems to be unconvincing. But that does not mean that his evidence in toto has to be thrown out. The fact remains that at/east his evidence as regards the act of accused nos. 1 and 2 and others in forcing a person c from the motor bike into the van has to be accepted.· In view of the above, we do not find any cogent reason to dis-believe the testimony of Shanavas (PW.12) in toto. 36. Be that as it may, when a statement is recorded in court, and the wilnl:lss speaks under oath, after he understands D the sanctity of the oath taken by him either in the name of God or religion, ii is then left to the court to appreciate his evidence under Section 3 of the Evidence Act. The Judge must consider whether a prudent man would appreciate such evidence, and not appreciate the same in accordance with his own perception. E The basis for appreciating evidence in a civil or criminal case remains the same. However, in view of the fact that in a criminal case, the life and liberty of a person is involved, by way of judicial interpretation, courts have created the requirement of a high degree of proof.

F 37. In view of the above, we do not find any merit in the appeal and the same is dismissed accordingly. However, before parting with the case, we would like to mention that the courts below have appreciated the entire evidence meticulously, but it would have been desirable if all the G circumstances which completed the chain, rendering the accused liable for punishment could have been put together, to facilitate better understanding of the judgment. B.B.B. Appeal dismissed. H

[2013] 3 S.C.R. 1172 A R. SHAJI v.. STATE OF KERALA. (Criminal Appeal No. 1774 of 2010) FEBRUARY 4, 2013 B [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN AND V. GOPALA GOWDA, JJ.] Penal Code, 1860 - s.302 rlw s.1208 - Murder -Criminal conspiracy -Dismembered parts of victim's body C recovered from a lake - Case based on circumstantial evidence against accused-appellant and other accused persons - Conviction of appellant - Justification - Held: Justified - Evidence on record clearly established that appellant had adequate reason to harbour animosity towards o the victim 'P', as he may well have been unable to tolerate the intimacy that 'P' had developed with appellant's wife - PW testified that appellant had threatened that in the event that he was able to lay his hands on 'P', he would chop him up into pieces - The motive thus stood proved - Victim last seen E with appellant (A-1) and A-2 - Recovery of chopper at the behest of appellant - Injuries revealed by post-mortem report established that dismemberment of parts of the body was possible by using a weapon like chopper· - Victim's skull recovered on basis of disclosure statement of appellant -F Use of vehicle in the crime also stood proved - Appellant clearly involved in conspiracy ·to eliminate 'P' - Prosecution proved its case beyond reasonable doubt. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - ss.161 and 164 -Statements uls.161 and u/s.164 - Difference - Held:

G Statements uls.161 can be used only for the purpose of contradiction - Statements u/s. 164, however, can be used for both corroboration and contradiction - Evidence Act, 1872 -s.157. 1172H R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1173 Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - s.164 - Object of- A Discussed. Criminal Law - Criminal conspiracy - Proof - Held: Offence of criminal conspiracy can be proved, either by adducing circumstantial evidence, or by way of necessary B implication - However, if the circumstantial evidence is incomplete or vague, it becomes necessary for the prosecution to provide adequate proof, by adducing substantive evidence in court - In order to constitute the offence of conspiracy, it is not necessary that the person C involved has knowledge of all the stages of action - Mere knowledge of the main object/purpose of conspiracy, would warrant the attraction of relevant penal provisions.

Evidence - Weapon of offence - Recovered at the behest of the accused - Blood stuck on the weapon - Failure D by sero/ogist to detect origin of the blood due to dis-integration of the serum - Effect - Held: It does not mean that the blood stuck on the weapon of offence could not have been human blood at all - Sometimes it is possible, either because the stain is insufficient in itself, or due to haematological changes E and plasmatic coagulation, that a serologist may fail to detect the origin of the blood in question - However, in such a case, unless the doubt is of a reasonable dimension, which a judicially conscientious mind may entertain with some objectivity, no benefit can be claimed by the accused in this F regard - Once recovery was made in pursuance of disclosure by the accused, the matching or non-matching of the blood group (s) lost its' significance. '· Evidence Act, 1872 - s.3 - Appreciation of evidence -Jn civil case and in criminal case - Held: Basis for G appreciating evidence in a civil or criminal case is same -However, since in a criminal case, the life and liberty of a person is involved, by way of judicial interpretation, courts have created the requirement of a high degree of proof. H 1174 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013) 3 S.C.R.

A Evidence Act, 1872 - s.9 - Test identification parade -Held.· Conducting a test identification parade is meaningless if the witnesses know the accused, or if they have been shown his photographs, or if he has been exposed by the media to the public - In the instant case, just after the incident took B place, the main accused being a highly ranked police official, wide publicity was given to the same by the media - Moreover, the witnesses made it clear that they were acquainted with the appellant - In such fact-situation, holding/ non-holding of Test Identification Parade lost its significance. c Evidence Act, 1872 - s.134 - Evidence of witness -Appreciation of - Held: It is not the number of witnesses, but the quality of their evidence which is important - Evidence must be weighed and not counted.

o The prosecution cc.se was based on circumstantial evidence. A chopper (M.0.4) used for dismembering the victim ('P') was recovered at the instance of the appellant. A Maruti Van (M.0.5) was also similarly recovered. Charge sheet was filed against five persons, including the E appellant. The trial however, could be conducted only against two persons, as all the others were absconding. The appellant (A-1) was convicted under Section 302 read with Section 120-8 of IPC, and sentenced to life imprisonment. A-2 too was sentenced to undergo F imprisonment for life. Both the accused were also convicted under Section 201 read with Section 120-B IPC and also under Section 364 read with Section 120-B IPC. Aggrieved, both of them preferred Criminal Appeal which was dismissed by the High Court. G

In the instant appeal, the conviction of appellant was inter alia challenged on grounds - that there was no motive for the appellant to cause death of 'P'; that though appellant/A-1 and A-2 were arrested, no Test Identification H Parade was conducted; that the statements of witnesses R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1175 as recorded under Section 164 CrPC were not exhibited A before the court for purpose of corroboration and confrontation; and that as the blood group of the blood stains found on the alleged weapon of offence i.e. the chopper could not be ascertained, the recovery of the chopper could not be relied upon. B The question that therefore arose for consideration was whether anyone apart from the appellant could have committed the murder of 'P' and that the various circumstances that stood proved, pointed only towards cthe guilt of the appellant. Dismissing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1.1. 'P' (deceased), was a victim of homicide, and the dismembered parts of the body recovered from D the lake were those of 'P', as the same stood proved by the DNA report. The recovery of other articles also stood proved. Some police officers collected samples of blood stains from the floor of a van and also some hair. The said hair did in fact, belong to 'P'(deceased), and thus, the use Eof the said vehicle in the crime stood proved. The recovery of the chopper (M.0.4) stood proved by PW.5. [Paras 6,7, 8 and 9J [1189-D-E-G; 1190-E-F, HJ

1.2. As per the deposition of PW.77, the appellant made a disclosure statement to the effect that P's body F was mutilated using the chopper (M.0.4). The said chopper was recovered from the lake on the basis of such disclosure statement made by the appellant as he had exclusive knowledge as regards the place of concealment. Recovery of the said chopper at the behest of the appellant G cannot be doubted. [Para 10J [1191-B-C, DJ 1.3. The chopper (M.0.4) was recovered by a Scientific Assistant, who deposed that the. chopper had blood stains and hair stuck on it. PW. 71, a Forensic Surgeon H 1176 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R. A deposed that the dismemberment of the body of the deceased could certainly have been possible with the said chopper. So far as the recovery of the skull of 'P' (deceased) is concerned, the same was also made on the basis of the disclosure statement of the appellant. A glove B and a plastic rope were also recovered at his behest, and in light of the aforementioned circumstances, it cannot be doubted that the said recoveries suffered from any illegality. [Para 11] [1191-E-F, G] 2.1. Statements under Section 161 Cr.P.C. can be C used only for the purpose of contradiction and statements under Section 164 CrPC can be used for both corroboration and contradiction. [Para 14] [1193-D]

2.2. So far as the statement of witnesses recorded D under Section 164 is concerned, the object is two fold; in the first place, to deter the witness from changing his stand by denying the contents of his previously recorded statement, and secondly, to tide over immunity from prosecution by the witness under Section 164. [Para 15] E [1193-F-G] Jogendra Nahak & Ors. v. State of Orissa & Ors. AIR 1999 SC 2565: 1999 (1) Suppl. SCR 39; Assistant Collector of Central Excise, Rajamundry v. Duncan Agro Industries Ltd & Ors. AIR 2000 SC 2901: 2000 (2) Suppl. SCR 162; Ram F Charan & Ors. v. The State of U.P. AIR 1968 SC 1270: 1958 SCR 354 and Dhanabal & Anr. v. State of Tamil Nadu AIR 1980 SC 628: 1980 (2) SCR 754 - relied on. Mamand v. Emperor AIR 1946 PC 45; Bhuboni Sahu v. G King AIR 1949 PC 257 - referred to. 3.1. Once a recovery is made in pursuance of a disclosure statement made by the accused, the matching or non-matching of blood group (s) loses significance. H [Para 17] [1194-H; 1195-A] R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1177 3.2. No advantage can be conferred upon the A accused to enable him to claim any benefit, and the report of dis-integration of blood etc. cannot be termed as a missing link, on the basis of which the chain of circumstances may be presumed to be broken. [Para 18] [1195-C-D] B

Prabhu Babaji Navie v. State of Bombay AIR 1956 SC 51; Raghav Prapanna Tripathi v. State of UP. AIR 1963 SC 74: 1963 SCR 239; State of Rajasthan v. Teja Ram AIR 1999 SC 1776: 1999 (2) SCR 29; Gura Singh v. State of Rajasthan C AIR 2001 SC 330: 2000 (5) Suppl. SCR 408; John Pandian v. State represented by Inspector of Police, Tamil Nadu (2010) 14 SCC 129 and Dr. Sunil Clifford Daniel v. State of Punjab JT 2012 (8) SC 639 - relied on. 4. In a case of circumstantial evidence, motive may D be considered as a circumstance, which is a relevant factor for the purpose of assessing evidence, in the event that there is no unambiguous evidence to prove the guilt of the accused. However, the absence of motive in a case depending entirely on circumstantial evidence, is a factor E that weighs in favour of the accused as it "often forms the fulcrum of the prosecution story". [Para 19] [1195-E-G] Babu v. State of Kera/a (2010) 9 SCC 189: 2010 (9) SCR 1039; Kulvinder Singh & Anr. v. State of Haryana AIR 2i>11 FSC 1777: 2011 (4) SCR 817 and Dandu Jaggaraju v. State of A.P. AIR 2011 SC 3387: 2011 SCR 342 - relied on. 5. In the instant case, the evidence on record clearly established, that the appellant had adequate reason to harbour animosity towards 'P', as he may well have been G unable to tolerate the intimacy that the deceased had developed with his wife. [Para 20] [1195-H; 1196-A] 6. In the matter of appreciation of evidence of witnesses, it is not the number of witnes.ses, but the H

1178 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R. A quality of their evidence which is important, as there is no requirement in the law of evidence stating that a particular number of witnesses must be examined in order to prove/disprove a fact. It is a time-honoured principle, that evidence must be weighed and not B counted. The test is whether the evidence has a ring of truth, is cogent, credible and trustworthy, or otherwise. It is the quality and not quantity, which determines the adequacy of evidence, as has been provided by Section 134 of the Evidence Act. [Para 22] [1197-E-G] c Vadivelu Thevar v. State of Madras AIR 1957 SC 614; Jagdish Prasad v. State of M.P. AIR 1994 SC 1251; Sunil Kumar v. State Govt. of NCT of Delhi AIR 2004 SC 552: 2003 (4) Suppl. SCR 767; Namdeo v. State of Maharashtra AIR 2007 SC (Supp) 100; Kunju @ Balachandran v. State of D Tamil Nadu AIR 2008 SC 1381: 2008 (1) SCR 781; Bipin Kumar Monda/ v. State of West Bengal AIR 2010 SC 3638: 2010 (8) SCR 1036; Mahesh & Anr. v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2011) 9 SCC 626 and Kish an Chand v. State of Haryana JT 2013(1) SC 222 - relied on. E

7. It is a settled legal proposition that the conviction of a person accused of committing an offence, is generally based solely on evidence that is either oral or documentary, but in exceptional circumstances, such F conviction may also be based solely on circumstantial evidence. For this to happen, the prosecution must establish its case beyond reasonable doubt, and cannot derive any strength from the weaknesses in the defence put up by the accused. [Para 23] [1198-C-D] G Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra AIR 1984 SC 1622: 1985 (1) SCR 88; Paramjeet Singh @ Pamma v. State of Uttarakhand AIR 2011 SC 200: 2010 (11) SCR 1064 - relied on. H 8. A criminal conspiracy is generally hatched in R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1179 secrecy, owing to which, direct evidence is difficult to A obtain. The offence can therefore be proved, either by adducing circumstantial evidence, or by way of necessary implication. However, in the event that the circumstantlal evidence is incomplete or vague, it becomes necessary for the prosecution to provide adequate proof regarding B the meeting of minds, which is essential in order to hatch a criminal conspiracy, by adducing substantive evidence in court. Thus, an agreement between two persons to do, or to cause an illegal act, is the basic requirement of the offence of conspiracy under the penal statute. [Para 31) c [1203-F-H; 1204-A-B]

Mir Nagvi Askari v. CBI AIR 2010 SC 528: 2009 (13) SCR 124; Ba/dev Singh v. State of Punjab AIR 2009 SC Supp. 1629: 2009 (7) SCR 855; State of MP. v. Sheet/a Sahai AIR 2009 SC Supp. 1744:; R. Venkatkrishnan v. CBI D AIR 2010 SC 1812: 2009 (12) SCR 762; S. Arul Raja v. State of T.N. (2010) 8 SCC 233; Monica Bedi v. State of A.P. (2011) 1 SCC 284: 2010 (13) SCR 522 and Sushi/ Suri v. CBI AIR 2011 SC 1713: 2011 (8) SCR 1 - relied on. E 9. It cannot be said that as the witnesses PW.8 and PW.11 have admitted in their cross-examination, that they have been the accused persons in certain other criminal cases, their testimony should not have been relied upon by the courts below, for the reason that the law does not F prohibit taking into consideration even the evidence provided by an accomplice, who has not been put to trial. The evidence provided by a person who has not been put to trial, and who could not have been tried jointly with the accused can be considered, if the court finds his G evidence reliable, and conviction can also safely be based upon it. However, such evidence is required to be considered with care and caution. [Para 32) [1204-C-F] Laxmipat Choraria & Ors. v. State of Maharashtra AIR 1968 SC 938: 1968 SCR 624; Chandran alias Manichan H 1180 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R A alias Maniyan & Ors. v. State of Kera/a AIR 2011 SC 1594: 2011 (8) SCR 273 and Prithipal Singh & Ors. v. State of Punjab & Anr. (2012) 1 SCC 10: 2012 (14) SCR 862 - relied on.

10.1. The evidence from a test identification parade B is admissible under Section 9 of the Evidence Act, 1872. A test identification parade cannot be claimed by an accused as a matter of right. Mere identification of an accused in a test identification parade is only a circumstance corroborative of the identification of the C accused in court. Further, conducting a test identification parade is meaningless if the witnesses know the accused, or if they have been shown his photographs, or it he has been exposed by the media to the public. [Para 33] [1205-B-E] 10.2. In the instant case, the witnesses, particularly PW.8, PW.9, PW.11 and PW.12, made it clear that they were acquainted with the appellant since he was posted in the control room of their city. Moreover, just after the incident took place, the same being a sensitive case L wherein the main accused was a highly ranked official of the police department, wide publicity was given to the same by the media. In light of the aforementioned fact-situation, the holding/non-holding of a Test Identification Parade loses its significance. Moreover, the defence did not put any question to PW.77, the investigating officer in relation to why such Tl Parade was not held. (Para 34] ["1205-F-G] Vijay@ Chinee v. State of MP. (2010) 8 SCC 191: 2010

(8) SCR 1150; Santokh Singh v. lzhar Hussain & Anr. AIR G 1973 SC 2190: 1974 (1) SCR 78; State of Himachal Pradesh v. Lekh Raj & Anr. AIR 1999 SC 3916: 1999 (4) Suppl. SCR 286; Ma/khan Singh & Ors. v. State of MP. AIR 2003 SC 2669: 2003 (1) Suppl. SCR 443 and Munna Kumar Upadhyay v. State of A.P. AIR 2012 SC 2470: 2012 (6) SCC H 174 ··-relied on. R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1181 11. The prime witness of the prosecution has no doubt A been PW.12, and in relation to him, the submission advanced on behalf of the appellant that the High Court had entirely disbelieved his testimony, is factually incorrect. There is no cogent reason to disbelieve the testimony of PW12 in toto. [Para 35] [1205-H; 1206-A-B, C] B Case Law Reference: 1999 (1) Suppl. SCR 39 relied on Para 15 2000 (2) Suppl. SCR 162 relied on Para 15 c AIR 1946 PC 45 referred to Para 16 AIR 1949 PC 257 referred to Para 16 1968 SCR 354 relied on Para 16 D 1980 (2) SCR 754 relied on Para 16 AIR 1956 SC 51 relied on Para 17 1963 SCR 239 relied on Para 17 1999 (2) SCR 29 relied on Para 17 E 2000 (5) Suppl. SCR 408 relied on Para17 (2010) 14 sec 129 relied on Para 17 JT 2012 (8) SC 639 relied on Para 17 F 2010 (9) SCR 1039 relied on Para 19 2011 (4) SCR 817 relied on Para 19 2011 SCR 342 relied on Para 19 G AIR 1957 SC 614 relied on Para 22 AIR 1994 SC 1251 relied on Para 22 2003 (4) Suppl. SCR 767 relied on Para 22 H 1182 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R.

A AIR 2007 SC (Supp) 100 relied on Para 22 2008 (1) SCR 781 relied on Para 22 2010 (8) SCR 1036 relied on Para 22 (2011) 9 sec 626 relied on Para 228 JT 2013(1) SC 222 relied on Para 22 1985 (1) SCR 88 relied on Para 23 2010 (11) SCR 1064 relied on Para 23 c 2009 (13) SCR 124 relied on Para 31 2009 (7) SCR 855 relied on Para 31 AIR 2009 SC Supp. 1744 relied on Para 31 D 2009 (12) SCR 762 relied on Para 31 (2010) s sec 233 relied on Para 31 2010 (13) SCR 522 relied on Para 31 2011 (8) SCR 1 relied on Para 31E 1968 SCR 624 relied on Para 32 2011 (8) SCR 273 relied on Para 32 2012 (14) SCR 862 relied on Para 32 F 2010 (8) SCR 1150 relied on Para 33 1974 (1) SCR 78 relied on Para 33 1999 (4) Suppl. SCR 286 relied on Para 33 G 2003 (1) Suppl. SCR 443 relied on Para 33 2012 (6) sec 114 relied on Para 33 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 1774 of 2010.H R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1183 From the Judgment & Order dated 10.12.2009 of the High A Court of Kerala at Ernakulam in Crl. A.No. 86 of 2006. Dr. S. Gopakumaran Nair, T.G. Naray~nan Nair, K.N. Madhusoodhanan for. ttie Appellant.. R. Basanth, Ramesh Babu M.R., Karthik Ashok, P.V. B Dinesh for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DR. B.S: CHAUHAN, J. 1. This appeal has been preferred C against the judgment and order dated 10.12.2009 delivered by the Kerala High Court at Ernakulam in Criminal Appeal No. 86 of 2006, by way of which it has affirmed the judgment and order of the Sessions Court, Kottayam dated 3.1.2006, passed in Sessions Case No. 145 of 2005. D 2. Facts and circumstances giving rise to this appeal are: A. As per the case of the prosecution, the appellant at the relevant time had been working as the Deputy Superintendent of Police at Malappuram, and his wife was living at Palluruthy, E and was using a vehicle which was driven by Praveen (deceased). He was also related to the appellant. Praveen developed an illicit relationship with the appellant's wife, and the appellant was informed of this development by his Manager, . Aji. The appellant reached Palluruthy, and made enquiries about F the situation from Praveen and others, an!l his relatives tried to resolve the aforesaid matter. In the presence of other relatives, the matter was then amicably settled. Praveen (deceased}, was asked not to come to appellant's house thereafter, and thus Praveen left and began working in a shop G at Ettumanoor, as a driver. 8. During this period, on 25/26.11.2004, Vijayamma, relative of Praveen (deceased), and N. Sahadevan PW.2's father, informed Pavithran (PW.1), father of Praveen, that Praveen was in danger as Vijayamma had found out about the H

1184 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 3 S.C.R. A illicit relationship that Praveen had developed with the appellant's wife. C. N. Sahadevan, PW.2's father informed Pavithran (PW.1 ), Praveen's father who resided at Trivendrum, via the B telephone of this danger to Praveen's life. Pavithran (PW.1) immediately informed his brother and requested him to help Praveen, as he may not be spared by the appellant. N. Sahadevan, PW.2's father, went and brought Praveen to his own house, whilst informing everybody, that his mother was seriously ill. The appellant asked N. Sahadevan, PW.2's father, C in conversation over the telephone about Praveen, and directed him to bring Praveen back. PW.2's father then took Praveen back. When the meeting took place in the presence of various relatives, the appellant (A-1), attempted to assault Praveen, but they were separated by other persons. Praveen pleaded his D innocence, and told the appellant that Aji had played this dirty game for some personal gain. However, when Aji was called to participate in the said meeting, he stood by his version of events and stated that he had seen Praveen and the appellant's wife in a compromising position. The appellant told Praveen to E leave the said place and to not enter the city.

D. Praveen was brought by Jilesh M.S. (PW.2), and taken to Trivendrum for treatment. Praveen told his father after a period of 213 days that it was not safe for him to stay in hospital F as 2/3 gundas had been roaming around in the hospital. Thus, he went back to the city and sought employment. E. On 15.2.2005, Divakaran (PW.7), neighbour ofVinu (A-2), while coming out of a bus stop, saw Vinu (A-2) coming on a motor bike while Praveen was standing in the market. Vinu G (A-2), stopped the bike and took Praveen towards Kottayam. They then went to a bar, had drinks as were served to them by Saiju (PW.9), and came out of the bar at 8.30 p.m., after which they ate at a 'thattukada' (a small petty shop), where they were served by Jose (PW.8), an employee of the 'thattukada'. H R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1185 [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] Mohammed Sherif@ Monai (PW.13), who was the owner of A the 'thattukada', saw the appellant (A-1), coming in a Maruti car. In the said car, there were also some other persons. They had coffee, as was served to them by Jose (PW.8), and seen by Mohammed Sherif@ Monai (PW.13). The appellant (A-1) went back to the car and started driving. Other persons also 8 joined him, and Vinu (A-2), along with Praveen, left on a Motor Cycle. Vinu (A-2) lifted his hand and proceeded further. The Maruti Van followed them. They all left the city at about midnight, and drove into the jungle.

F. Shanavas (PW.12), an auto-rickshaw driver carrying C patients to the Medical College, Kottayam found one motor cycle parked on the side of the road. As he had slowed down seeing the vehicles on the road, he also saw two persons coming out of the van. The pillion rider of the motor cycle sat in the van and after he got into the van, the van left immediately. D The motor bike also started. He noted the registration number of the van, and also that of the motor bike. G. Mohan an (PW.10), another auto rickshaw driver saw the Maruti Van parked on the road and a person standing near E it. Mohanan (PW.10), stopped his auto and asked him what had happened, however he only replied that a person had gone nearby. Thus, Mohanan (PW.10) left the place. H. On 16.2.2005, a pair of human legs was found floating Fin the backwaters of the Vembanad lake (hereinafter referred to as the 'lake') at Kottayam, by a person who thereafter lodged a complaint to Subhah K. (PW.68), Sub-Inspector of the Kottayam West Police, on the basis of which, an FIR was registered. G I. On 18.2.2005, Pavithran (PW.1) lodged an FIR in the Police Station alleging that his son Praveen had gone missing, and that after he became aware of the same, he had spent the last 3/4 days searching for him, but had been still unable to trace him. H 1186 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 3 S.C.R.

A J. On 19.2.2005, a torso in a plastic bag, was seen floating on the eastern side of the lake. Upon obtaining requisite information, K.M. Antony (PW.17), Circle Inspector of Vaikom, reached the scene and Pavithran (PW.1) also identified the torso, to be that of his son. While the inquest of the torso was B being conducted, a pair of hands was seen floating in the lake. K.M. Antony (PW.17) recovered the same and conducted inquest. Pavithran (PW.1) identified the hands to be those of Praveen as well. C K. After the completion of the preliminary enquiry, the appellant and Vinu (A-2), were arrested on 24.2.2005. The house of the appellant (A-1) was searched by K.M. Anto (PW.74), Circle Inspector of Police, Kottayam West and there was recovery of M.Os. 13 to 18, under Exts. P.17 and 18 Mahazars. B. Muralidharan Nair (PW.77), Dy.S.P., Kottayam, D received information that a human head in a plastic cover, had been spotted on the shores of the back waters of the lake. The head was then recovered and inquest prepared. B. Muralidharan Nair (PW.77) obtained custody of the accused from court. The chopper (M.0.4), alleged to have been used in E the said crime was recovered at the instance of the appellant. A Maruti Van (M.0.5) was also recovered after information was furnished by the appellant (A-1), to the effect that the said Maruti Van had also been used.

F L. After having completed the investigation, a charge sheet was filed against five persons, including the appellant. The trial however, could be conducted only against two persons, i.e. the appellant (A-1) and Vi nu (A-2), as all the others were absconding. Subsequent to the trial of this case, A-3 and A-4 G were also apprehended, put to trial separately, and convicted under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (hereinafter referred to as the 'IPC'). A-5 is still absconding. M. So far as the present case is concerned, the appellant (A-1) was convicted under Section 302 read with Section 120-H R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1187 [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.]

B of the IPC, and was awarded a sentence of life imprisonment A and a fine of Rs. one lakh, in default of which, he would undergo SI for a period of one year. Vinu (A-2) was sentenced to undergo imprisonment for life and to pay a fine of Rs.5,000/-only, in default of which, he would undergo SI for 3 months. Both the accused were also convicted under Section 201 read with · 8 Section 120-B IPC, and sentenced to imprisonment for a period of 3 years, and a fine of Rs.2,000/- each, in default of which, they would undergo SI for a period of 3 months each. They were further convicted under Section 364 read with Section 120-B IPC, and sentenced to undergo RI for a period C of 7 years each, and to pay a fine of Rs.5,000/- each, in default of which, they would undergo SI for a period of one year. All the sentences were directed to run concurrently. N. Aggrieved, both of them preferred Criminal.Appeal No. 86 of 2006, which was dismissed by the High Court vide D judgment and order dated 10.12.2009. Hence, this appeal.

3. Sh~i S. Gopakumaran Nair, learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant, has submitted that there was no motive for the appellant to cause death of Praveen. It is a case E of circumstantial evidence as there is no eye-witness to the actual incident of killing. The chain of circumstances is not complete. Haridas (PW.14), an auto-rickshaw driver had seen the appellant and others only for a fleeting moment. Though the appellant and Vinu (A-2) were arrested, no Test Identification F Parade was conducted. The statements of witnesses were recorded under Section 164 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (hereinafter referred to as the 'Cr.P .C.') by a Magistrate who did not even mention the date of recording such statements, such statements were not exhibited before the G court for the purpose of corroboration and confrontation. Jose (PW.8), Shanavas (PW.12), and Mohamamed Sherif@ Monai (PW.13), identified Praveen (deceased), by seeing only his passport sized photograph. This is not enough as Shanavas (PW .12), had seen the appellant and others including Praveen · H 1188 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R

A (deceased), only for a brief moment and thus, was unablu to identify them in court after the lapse of a period of several months, during the course of the trial. Different parts of the body were found, and the identification of the dead body, merely on the basis of a mole on the leg of the body cannot be held to be s proper identification by the father, as the dead body was recovered after a lapse of 3/4 days. Different parts of the body were recovered O" different dates and by such time the skin would have ois-integrated entirely. Neither Vijayamma nor Radharima were examined. Aji, who had disclosed information c 'lertaining to the illicit relationship of Praveen with the appellant's wife, was also not examined. A DNA test was conducted on the dead body to determine whether the same was in fact, the body of Praveen (deceased). However, the FSL report disclosed that in respect of the chopper used for the D purpose of dismembering the parts of the body, no blood group could be detected. The whole case of the prosecution hence, becomes unbelievable, and the conviction of the appellant is liable, to be set aside.

4. Per contra, Mr. Basant R. learned senior counsel appearing for the State has opposed the appeal, contendingE that the various circumstances that stood proved, pointed only towards the guilt of the appellant, and that in the light of the facts and circumstances of the case, no one apart from the appellant could have committed the murder of Praveen (deceased). Tl'e DNA test established that the different parts of the body thatF were recovered from the lake were in fact, those of Praveer There was no reason for the prosecution witnesses, particular!•; Jose (PW.8), Mohanan (PW.10), Shanavas (PW.12) and Mohamamed Sherif @ Monai (PW.13), to depose against the G appellant and both the courts below also have found their evidence to be trustworthy. Jose (PW.8) and Mohamamed Sherif @ Monai (PW.13) knew the appellant, as well as Vinu (A-2) and Praveen (J.:.ceaseJ). Therefore, holding a Tl Parade would have been a mere formality. Though, Mohanan (PW.10) and Shanavas (PW.12), the auto rickshaw drivers, were ch<•r11ce H R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1189 [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.]

witnesses, their presence cannot be doubted as 1t is an A ordinary circumstance that patients are taken to the hospital even in the late hours of night, and the said incident had occurred on the road that led to the hospital. There was sufficient light on the road, and the High Court recorded a finding to the effect that Shanavas (PW.12), an auto rickshaw B driver, even if he had been unable to see Praveen, was still able to identify the appellant and others. 5. We have considered the rival submissions made by learned counsel for the parties and perused the record. 6. The courts below have appreciated the entire evidence C on record, including the evidence of the defence. The appellant . also examined Ajeesh M. Muraleedharan (DW.1 ), who was a Sub-Editor, Malayala Manorama and thereafter, the High Court concurred with the findings of fact recorded by the Sessions Court on various issues. There is no dispute that Praveen D (deceased), was a victim of homicide, and that the dismembered parts of the body recovered from the lake were those of Praveen, as the same stood proved by the DNA report. The High Court concurring with the opinion of the Sessions Court, held as under: E

"The DNA analysis made it clear that the blood samples of the parents of Praveen matched with the DNA of Praveen, deceased and the same proved and established the identity of the dead body as the DNA had also been extracted from the portion of the limbs recovered from the F lake and compared with that of DNA of parents." 7. The recovery of other articles also stood proved as the High Court yet again concurring with the finding recorded by the Sessions Court in this regard, held as under: G "The recovery has been made by the Investigating agency on the statement voluntarily made by the appellant in respect of various materials and the High Court took note of the fact that the appellant was the seasoned polir-officer and unless and until some of the links we.,, 1190 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ·. [2013} 3;S.C.R. ,_-... . I.

A identified and located, nobody c0uld doubt his involvement. · ·The.recovery witnesses have proved.the recoveries.:B. Muraleedharan Nair (P.W;77), stated thatthe seizure was at the behest of the appellant and the vehicle infact recovered belonged to the brother-in-law of Babu (PW.6) 8 and as the owner of the vehicle did not have enough space to park the vehicle in his house, the van was being parked in the compound of Babu (PW.6). The said PW.6 was familiar to the appellant who has deposed thatthe appellant ·had come to him on 15.2.2005 anc! told the said. witness c that the appellant's vehicle had developed some trouble and that is why he· wanted. to use the vehicle parked in the house of the said witness. The van was taken by the appellant as aliowed by Babu (PW.6) after taking·the ..• c<insent cif the owner and the w.itness further disclosed that D · · .··•· the,vari was brought back by the appellant afledew days.· · B. Muraleedharan Nair (PW.77) has stated that the vehicle ..... was identified by the appellant himself telling that this was · the van which had been used for committing the crime.· . ..· 8. ulldoubt~dly, the van was returned on 1S.2.2005 and E was recovered on 24.2.2005, and hence;· it might have been used in the interim period, but this does not affect the evidence on record. Some police officers collected samples of blood stains from the floor cif the.said vehicle and also some ti air; The hair and blood stains recovered during the investigation, were r F compared with the hair collected by the SCientific Officer from the deceased, whi~ established that the said hair did in fact, belong to Pravee(\ (deceased), arid thus, the use of the said vehicle· in the crim~stood proved. The recovery of the van was in ac:cOrdani:e wi.ltt the provisions of Section 27 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (hereinafter referred to as the 'Evidence' G Act'), and ea the same was.done at the behest of the appellant, his OJnduct was relevant under Section 8 of the Evidence Act. . 9. The recovery of the chopper (M.0.4) stood proved as the said chopper was crafted by Vijayakumar (PW.5), who H deposed that appellant was familiar with him and that the R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1191

[DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] · appellant had given him a leaf plate for the purpose of making A a chopper, as also, a kitchen knife. He prepared both, the chopper and the knife in accordance with instructions, and handed them over to the appellant in early January, 2005. Vijayakumar (PW.5) identified the chopper. 10. As per the deposition of B. Muraleedharan Nair B (PW.77), the appellant made a disclosure statement to the effect that Praveen's body was mutilated using the chopper (M.0.4). The said chopper was recovered from the southern side of the lake on the basis of such disclosure statement made by the appellant. The appellant had exclusive knowledge as C regards the place of concealment, and the evidence on record makes it clear that when he was in fact, taken to such place, the appellant himself got into the water and retrieved the chopper from there. No one else knew that the weapon was hidden in such a place, and the location was not one that was D frequented by the public at large. Therefore, recovery of the said chopper at the behest of the appellant cannot be doubted. 11. The chopper (M.0.4) was recovered by M.K.

Ajithkumar, Scientific Assistant, who deposed that at the time of recovery, the chopper had blood stains and hair stuck on it. E Dr. P. Babu (PW.71), a Forensic Surgeon deposed that the dismemberment of the body of the deceased could certainly have been possible with the said chopper. So far as the recovery of the skull of Praveen (deceased) is concerned, the same was also made on the basis of the disclosure statement F of the appellant. The investigating team was taken to the relevant place by the appellant, and it was on the basis of his disclosure statement that the skull was found. This happened after digging in a few places around the land of Ananda Kini. A glove and a plastic rope were also recovered at his behest, G and in light of the aforementioned circumstances, it cannot be doubted that the said recoveries suffered from any illegality. Some minor issues with respect to the above, were raised before the Sessions Court, as well as before the High Court, and the same have rightly been explained by the courts below. H 1192 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R. A Thus, they do not require any further discussion.

12. Learned senior counsel for the appellant has urged that statements of certain witnesses were recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C. before Magistrates, namely, Kalampasha (PW.61) and Dinesh M. Pillai (PW.62). The said statements were not B put on record before the trial court, and the same were not marked. Thus, the trial stood vitiated as the accused has been denied an opportunity to contradict the aforementioned statements of the witnesses, which were made under oath before the magistrates, which though are not in the nature of c substantive evidence, could well be used for the purpose of corroboration and contradiction. Denial of such opportunity is against the requisites of a fair trial.

13. Clause (iv) of Section 207 Cr.P.C. clearly provides that any statement recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C., shall be D made available to the accused alongwith all the other documents that have been filed alongwith the charge sheet. The appellant herein, has neither urged that the statements recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C. were not a part of such documents, before the trial court, nor was any issue raised by E him at the time of cross-examination of B. Muralidharan Nair (PW. 77), the investigating officer. The same is a question of fact. However, it appears from the documents on record that such documents, if the same were in fact, a part of the record, were not marked. The appellant raised this issue for the first F time before the High Court, and the High Court dealt with the same observing: "A reading of the judgment of the court below show that both sides referred to the same in detail and the court below has also referred to the same in its judgment. It is G well settled that the statement under Section 164 Cr. P. C. can be used both for corroboration and contradiction of the author of the statement and thus, did not find this ground worth acceptance. Even otherwise, it appears that statement recorded under Section 164 Cr.P. C. by the H Magistrate was not in detail. No question had been put R. SHAJI . v. STATE OF KERALA 1193 [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.]

to the witnesses whose statements had been recorded A nor an attempt had been made to extract answers from them and the witnesses were asked by the learned magistrates what they wanted to say and they had no clue as to what they had to speak. Therefore, they simply spoke what came to their mind at that point of time 8 whether it was relevant or irrelevant. The witnesses could not be deemed to carry so much of wisdom to enable them to know what are the essential facts they need to state before the learned magistrate. The witnesses whose statements were recorded before the magistrate were C simply asked "have you finished, you can go". 14. Evidence given in a court under oath has great sanctity, which is why the same is called substantive evidence. Statements under Section 161 Cr.P.C. can be used only for the purpose of contradiction and statements under Section 164 0 Cr.P.C. can be used for both corroboration and contradiction. In a case where the magistrate has to perform the duty of recording a statement under Section 164 Cr.P.C., he is under an obligation to elicit all information which the witness wishes to disclose, as a witness who may be an illiterate, rustic villager Emay not be aware of the purpose for which he has been brought, and what he must disclose in his statements under Section 164 Cr.P.C. Hence, the magistrate should ask the witness explanatory questions and obtain all possible information in relation to the said case. F

15. So far as the statement of witnesses recorded under Section 164 is concerned, the object is two fold; in the first place, to deter the witness from changing his stand by denying the contents of his previously recorded statement, and secondly, to tide over immunity from prosecution by the witness under G Section 164. A proposition to the effect that if a statement of a witness is recorded under Section 164, his evidence in Court should be discarded, is not at all warranted. (Vide: Jogendra Nahak & Ors. v. State of Orissa & Ors., AIR 1999 SC 2565; and Assistant Collector of Central Excise, Rajamundry v. H 1194 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R. A Duncan Agro Industries Ltd. & Ors., AIR 2000 SC 2901). 16. Section 157 of the Evidence Act makes it clear that a statement recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C., can be relied upon for the purpose of corroborating statements made by witnesses in the Committal Court or even to contradict the B same. As the defence had no opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses whose statements are recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C., such statements cannot be treated as substantive evidence.

During the investigation, the Police Officer may sometimes C feel that it is expedient to record the statement of a witness under Section 164 Cr.P.C. This usually happens when the witnesses to a crime are clearly connected to the accused, or where the accused is very influential, owing to which the witnesses may be influenced. (Vide: Mamand v. Emperor, AIR D 1946 PC 45; Bhuboni Sahu v. King, AIR 1949 PC 257; Ram Charan & Ors. v. The State of U.P., AIR 1968 SC 1270; and Dhanabal & Anr. v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1980 SC 628). 17. It has been argued by the learned counsel for the appellant, that as the blood group of the blood stains found on E the chopper could not be ascertained, the recovery of the said chopper cannot be relied upon. A failure by the serologist to detect the origin of the blood due to dis-integration of the serum, does not mean that the blood stuck on the axe could not have been F human blood at all. Sometimes it is possible, either because the stain is insufficient in itself, or due to haematological changes and plasmatic coagulation, that a serologist may fail to detect the origin of the blood in question. However, in such a case, unless the doubt is of a reasonable dimension, which G a judicially conscientious mind may entertain with some objectivity, no benefit can be claimed by the accused in this regard.

Once the recovery is made in pursuance of a disclosure H statement made by the accused, the matching or non-matching R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1195 [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] of blood group (s) loses significance. (Vide : Prabhu Babaji A Na vie v. State of Bombay, AIR 1956 SC 51; Raghav Prapanna Tripathi v. State of UP., AIR 1963 SC 74; State of Rajasthan v. Teja Ram, AIR 1999 SC 1776; Gura Singh v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 2001 SC-330; John Pandian v. State, represented by Inspector of Police, Tamil Nadu, (2010) 14 B SCC 129; and Dr. Sunil Clifford Daniel v. State of Punjab, JT 2012 (8) SC 639). 18. In view of the above, the Court finds that it is not possible to accept the submission that in the absence of a report regarding the origin of the blood, the accused cannot be c convicted, for it is only because of the lapse of time, that the blood could not be classified successfully. Therefore, no advantage can be conferred upon the accused to enable him to claim any benefit, and the report of dis-integration of blood etc. cannot be termed as a missing link, on the basis of which D the chain of circumstances may be presumed to be broken.

19. Motive is primarily known to the accused himself and it therefore, it may not be possible for the prosecution to explain . what actually prompted or excited the accused to commit a particular crime. In a case of circumstantial evidence, motive E may be considered as a circumstance, which is a relevant factor for the purpose of assessing evidence, in the event that there is no unambiguous evidence to prove the guilt of the accused. Motive loses all its significance in a case of direct evidence provided by eye-witnesses, where the same is F available, for the reason that in such a case, the absence or inadequacy of motive, cannot stand in the way of conviction. However, the absence of motive in a case depending entirely on circumstantial evidence, is a factor that weighs in favour of the accused as it "often forms the fulcrum of the prosecution G story". (Vide: Babu v. State of Kera/a, (2010) 9 SCC 189; Kulvinder Singh & Anr. v. State of Haryana, AIR 2011 SC 1777; Dandu Jaggaraju v. State of A.P., AIR 2011 SC 3387). 20. The evidence on record clearly established, that the appellant had adequate reason to harbour animosity towards H 1196 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R.

A Praveen. as he may well have been unable to tolerate the intimacy that the deceased had developed with his wife. In light of the fact that the appellant had absolute faith and trust in the deceased, and had hence allowed him to have free access and absolute freedom in his house, the alleged act of betrayal of B trust was committed by the deceased, which the appellant no doubt found gravely humiliating and agonizing.

Jilesh M.S. (PW.2) deposed, that when the appellant became aware of the illicit relationship between Praveen and his wife, he had said that in the event that he was able to lay C his hands on Praveen, he would chop him up into pieces. The said threat was followed by a tirade of abuses. Jilesh M.S. (PW.2) consulted Pavithran (PW.1 ), in this regard. Both of them have deposed as regards the manner in which the situation was handled by the relatives of the appellant and Praveen. D We do not find force in the submission made by Shri S. Gopakumaran Nair, learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant that the appellant had absolutely no grievance against his wife Smt. Shadi, and that even after the alleged incident, she had been accompanying her husband to all social events, E as Ajith (PW.3) has deposed that the appellant had attended the engagement ceremony of Vinu (A-2) along with his wife and son, and that too, only 3 days prior to the alleged murder, thus, it would be most unnatural for him to annihilate Praveen (deceased). It is further urged that Praveen (deceased) had in F fact, misbehaved with the appellant's wife, and the matter was settled upon the interference of several relatives, after which Praveen (deceased) was asked to quit his job and was also told not to enter in the city. In the event that the defence version is accepted, and it is believed that Praveen (deceased) had G in fact, misbehaved with the wife of the appellant, the same could actually lead to the inference that the appellant may have had an even stronger motive to eliminate Praveen (deceased). Further, there is no force in the submission advanced on behalf of the appellant that Shirdhi (PW.4), the son of the H appellant from his first wife, did not support the case of the R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1197

[DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] prosecution. His statement is only to the effect that when the A meeting took place on 26.11.2004 he did not attend the meeting and stayed upstairs. Thus, he has not deposed that the said meeting was not held. Additionally, his statement that Praveen (deceased) had tendered an apology and that upon the intervention of relatives and friends, the appellant had B actually pardoned him, cannot be believed, as the said witness was not present at the meeting owing to which he could not have been an eye-witness to the aforementioned part of the incident. 21. Undoubtedly, in this case Aji, the Manager of the appellant who had revealed the existence of the alleged C relationship between Praveen and the appellant's wife, has not been examined, but we are of the considered opinion that non-examination of the said witness will not adversely affect the case of the prosecution. The same is the position so far as Radhamma, the appellant's sister, Bijulal, nephew of the o appellant and Vijayamma, aunt of Jilesh M.S. (PW.2) are concerned, who could also have unfolded the factum of the said meeting being held in this respect

22. In the matter of appreciation of evidence of witnesses, it is not the number of witnesses, but the quality of their evidence E which is important, as there is no requirement in the law of evidence stating that a particular number of witnesses must be examined in order to prove/disprove a fact It is a time-honoured principle, that evidence must be weighed and not counted. The test is whether the evidence has a ring of truth, is cogent, F credible and trustworthy, or otherwise. The legal system has laid emphasis on the value provided by each witness, as opposed to the multiplicity or plurality of witnesses. It is thus, the quality and not quantity, which determines the adequacy of evidence, as has been provided by Section 134 of the Evidence Act G Where the law requires the examination of at least one attesting witness, it has been held that the number of witnesses produced over and above this, does not carry any weight (Vide: Vadivelu Thevar v. State of Madras; AIR 1957 SC 614; Jagdish Prasad v. State of MP. AIR 1994 SC 1251; Sunil Kumar v. State Govt. H 1198 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R. A of NCT of Delhi AIR 2004 SC 552; Namdeo v. State of Maharashtra AIR 2007 SC (Supp) 100; Kunju @ Balachandran v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 2008 SC 1381; Bipin Kumar Monda! v. State of West Bengal AIR 2010 SC 3638; Mahesh & Anr. v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2011) 9 B SCC 626; Kishan Chand v. State of Haryana JT 2013( 1) SC 222).

23. It is a settled legal proposition that the conviction of a person accused of committing an offence, is generally based solely on evidence that is either oral or documentary, but in c exceptional circumstances, such conviction may also be based solely on circumstantial evidence. For this to happen, the prosecution must establish its case beyond reasonable doubt, and cannot derive any strength from the weaknesses in the defence put up by the accused. However, a false defence may be brought to notice, only to lend assurance to the Court as0 regards the various links in the chain of circumstantial evidence, which are in themselves complete. The circumstances on the basis of which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn, must be fully established. The same must be of a conclusive nature, and E must exclude all possible hypothesis except the one to be proved. Facts so established must be consistent with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused, and the chain of evidence must be complete, so as not to leave any reasonable ground for a conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused, F and must further show, that in all probability the said offence must have been committed by the accused. (Vide: Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1984 SC 1622; and Paramjeet Singh @ Pam ma v. State of Uttarakhand, AIR 2011 SC 200).

G 24. Divakaran (PW.7), deposed that he knew Praveen (deceased) and Vinu (A-2) from childhood, and that on the fateful day Vinu (A-2) had taken Praveen on a motor cycle and had driven towards Kottayam. Jose (PW.8) was running a 'thattukada' (petty shop) during H the night. He deposed that on 15.2.2005 at 8.30 p.m., Pravepn R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1199 [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.]'

(deceased} came with Vinu (A-2) to his shop, and that the two, A after their meal, left for the theatre, on a motor cycle. At 11.45 p.m., the appellant and three others also came to his shop and had coffee. The appellant then returned to the van after which, the other three persons also got into the van. The appellant got into the driver's seat of the van. When most of the people had B left after watching the movie, the witness saw Vinu (A-2) and Praveen on !tie said motor cycle, riding towards Thirunakkara. Vinu (A-2) came close to the van, lifted his hand and then proceeded. Thereafter, the van in which the appellant (A-1) was sitting, followed them. During the cross-examination on behalf c of the appellant (A-1 ), the witness deposed that at the time when A-2 had lifted his hand, there was only a distance of 5 feet between the van and motorcycle. This witness further deposed that he had been shown only one photograph. He stated that A-1 had come to his shop and had remained there for 10-15 D minutes. During this cross-examination on behalf of A-2, the said witness ;;ilso deposed that he had told the police and magistrate that A-2 and Praveen had eaten a Bull's eye, and that he had accepted-cash from them and had also returned the balance. E

25. Baiju (PW.9), was working as the barman at Hotel Arcadia. He deposed that it was in fact, A-2 who had come with another person on the 15th February 2005, at about 6.30 p.m. to the Hotel and had consumed liquor. He stated that they had remained in the bar till about 8.30 p.m. and that A-2 had F paid the bill. The witness .had noticed the presence of the two because they were both highly intoxicated at the said time. 26. Mohanan (PW-10), an auto rickshaw driver, deposed that on 15th February 2005, he had seen an Omni Van along the eastern side of the Arpookara temple. That night, he was G driving from MCH, to Kottayam town via Panambalam road. While returning, he stated that he had seen the Omni Van some 200 metres east of the temple, and on the southern side of the road at about 12.30 -1 am. The van was green in colour with KL7 registration and 5855 number. Furthermore, a inan was H 1200 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 3 S.C.R. A also seen by him standing near the door of the driver's seat. Upon asking, the said man only replied that one person had gone up. He could not see much as the van was closed but, the vehicle was most certainly a van M0.5. During cross-examination on behalf of appellant (A-1 ), the witness deposed B that the person standing near the said van, had a North Malabari accent. '

27. Shanavas (PW.12) also an auto driver by profession, identified Shaji (A-1) and Vi nu (A-2). He deposed thathe had first seen them on 15th February 2005 while he was proceeding C in his auto from Baker Junction to MCH. He had seen an Omni Van and a motorcycle on the side of the road beyond Chemmanampadi, near the Medical College, and had seen two persons coming out of the said van. He further deposed that the two people had then caught hold of the pillion rider of the . D motor cycle, and had taken him to the van. Thereafter, the, van left the place and he followed the van to MCH. He identified A-1 as tfie person he had seen there and A-2, as the person who had been riding the motorcycle. During his cross examination by the appellant (A-1), the E witness deposed that he had in fact, seen three other persons there. However, he did not identify them.

28. Mohammad Sherif (PW.13) a businessman, deposed that he knew the appellant (A-1) and identified him as Shaji and also Vinu (A-2). At about 8.30 p.m. on 15th February 2005, A2 F and Praveen came to his petty shop from the Arcadia Bar premises, on a red coloured bike. Jose (PWS), an employee of PW13 was previously acquainted with the aecused (A-2) and Praveen (deceased), and hence, PWS introduced them as his friends. He further deposed that the Omni Van arrived in front G of the Arcadia Bar at 11.30 pm: A 1 got out of the driver seat and proceeded to the theatre. The three.other persons came out of the van and had black coffee at the witness's shop. All of them (including A~1) then returned to the van. Later, when A-2 and Praveen riding a bike, approached the Arcadia Bar,. H A-2 signaled to A-1 to follow him and rode in the direction of R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1201 [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] Thirunakkara. The van followed the bike and they headed to A MCH, Ettumanoor and Ernakulam. During the cross examination on behalf of the appellant (A-1), the witness deposed that he did not tell anybody about A 1 and that he did not even talk to Jose (PW.8), about the incident that occurred on 15/02/2005. He deposed that he did not know B A 1's friends, or the place to which A 1 belonged. He only stated that he knew A1 when he was the control room, S.I.

Mohammed Sherif (PW.13) denied having told the Police that Shaji Sir of Valiadu was the person he had seen on the road. He deposed that he knew S.l.s such as Satheesan and C Suseelan, and that tfley were also from the West Police Station. He further said that he knew of A 1 only as control room S.I. He had read about the incident in the subsequent days' newspaper. He further admitted that the help of the police, as well as that of the Municipality, was needed to run the petty shop which did D business from 8.00 p.m. to 1.30 a.m.

29. Reji (PW11) deposed that on 15.2.200.5 at about mid-night, he had gone to Baker Junction and there he had seen the appellant (A-1), getting out of the driver's seat of a green coloured van. He thereafter, crossed M.C. Road and went into E the Post Office and placed inland like material inside the post box. The appellant (A-1) returned to the van after crossing the road, got into the driver's seat and drove off towards Baker Junction. It appears that in the cross-examination, he did not support the case of the prosecution. However, his evidence is F not very relevant with respect to the issues involved in this case, as at the initial stage the witness had supported the case of the prosecution to the extent that it was in fact, the appellant (A-1 ), who had posted the letter in the name of the deceased's father, that was purported to have been written by Praveen G (deceased), stating that he was going to Bombay in search of employment. This letter seems to have been written to misdirect/mislead the deceased's family. The same became entirely insignificant, as immediately after the murder of Praveen, the dismembered parts of his body were recovered. Thereafter, H 1202 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R. A the incident became the talk of the town and the same was high-Jigflted by both, the print and the electronic media.

30. The evidence referred to hereinabove alongwith the material on record, reveals that Praveen (deceased) was a victim of homicide and further that there is no dispute regarding B the identification of his body and its parts thereof, as has been referred to hereinabove. The recoveries of a shirt (M0.1 ), underwear (MO .2) and of a watch (M0.3), belonging to Praveen (deceased) were identified by Pavithran (PW.1 ). His body was also identified by PWs.1 to 3 and the DNA report did not leave c any room for doubt with respect to the said identification. Same stood proved by super imposition. The injuries found on the body that were revealed by the post-mortem report established that the dismemberment of the parts of the body was possible by using a weapon like the D chopper (M0.4), as was explained/opined by Dr. Babu (PW.71). Praveen died in the intervening night between 15/ 16.2.2005. He was last seen on 15.2.2005 with Vinu (A-2) and the appellant (A-1 ). The motive as explained hereinabove stood proved. Vinu (A-2) and the appellant (A-1) were closely related E and together they had hatched a conspiracy to eliminate Praveen (deceased). Pavithran (PW.1) has stated in his deposition that Praveen (deceased) did not bear any animosity towards any person. In fact, in his statement under Section 313 Cr.P.C., the appellant has even admitted so. Praveen F (deceased) was seen by Divakaran (PW.7) talking to Vinu (A-

2) at his work place. Divakaran (PW.7) was acquainted with both Vinu (A-2) and Praveen (deceased) since childhood. The evidence of Baiju (PW.9) who was working at Hotel Arcadia at Kotlayam, revealed that he was the man who had G served drinks to Vinu (A-2) and Praveen (deceased). The Virca Report proved by Sujatha (PW.64), corroborated the same. Jose (PW.8) and Mohammed Sherif(PW.13) identified the appellant (A-1) and Vinu (A-2) and stated they knew both of them very well. Baiju (PW.9) was not acquainted with either H R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1203 [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] Vinu (A-2) or Praveen (deceased) but he did in fact, have an A opportunity to see them for a sufficient amount of time as he had served them food. Babu (PW.6) deposed that the appellant (A-1) was well acquainted with him. He stated that he had taken the Maruti Van (M0.5) from him on the afternoon of 15.2.2005, and had returned the same to him on the afternoon of 8 16.2.2005. Phone calls made by the appellant (A-1) to Babu (PW.6), were also not denied by the appellant in his cross-examination under Section 313 Cr.P.C. The aforementioned call details were duly proved. There is also material on record to show that the said van was used in the crime by the C appellant (A-1) and 3 others.

Vinu (A-2) and Praveen (deceased) after watching a movie at the cinema hall and having meals etc., proceeded towards Thirunakkara on the bike, and Vinu (A-2) signaled to the person in the van by raising his hand. The appellant (A-1) and three D other persons followed the bike in the van. On the way Praveen (deceased), was transferred from the bike to the van as deposed by Shanavas (PW.12) auto driver, who is a natural witness, and he also identified the appellant (A-1 ), Vi nu (A-2), and Praveen (deceased) by way of photographs. He stated that Ehe had seen the van standing in the middle of the road. The said witness turned hostile and did not support the prosecution case fully. Recoveries of all the material items/objects stood proved. 31. A criminal conspiracy is generally hatched in secrecy, F owing to which, direct evidence is difficult to obtain. The offence can therefore be proved, either by adducing circumstantial evidence, or by way of necessary implication. However, in the event that the circumstantial evidence is incomplete or vague, it becomes necessary for the prosecution to provide adequate G proof regarding the meeting of minds, which is essential in order to hatch a criminal conspiracy, by adducing substantive evidence in court. Furthermore, in order to constitute the offence of conspiracy, it is not necessary that the person involved has knowledge of all the stages of action. In fact, mere knowledge H 1204 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 3 S.C.R

A of the main object/purpose of conspiracy, would warrant the attraction of relevant penal provisions. Thus. an agreement between two persons to do, or to cause an illegal act, is the basic requirement of the offence of conspiracy under the penal statute. (Vide: Mir Nagvi Askari v. CBI, AIR 2010 SC 528; Ba!dev Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 2009 SC Supp. 1629;B State of M.P. v. Sheet/a Sahai, AIR 2009 SC Supp. 1744; R. Venkatkrishnan v. CBI, AIR 2010 SC 1812; S. Arul Raja v. State of TN, (2010) 8 SCC 233; Monica Bedi v. State of A.P., (2011) 1 SCC 284; and Sushi/ Suri v. CBI, AIR 2011 SC c 1713). 32. An argument has been advanced by Shri S.

Gopokumaran Nair, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant, that as the witnesses PW.8 and PW.11 have admitted in their cross-examination, that they have been D the accused persons in certain other criminal cases, their testimony should not have been relied upon by the courts below. The argument seems to be rather attractive at the outset, but has no substance, for the reason that the law does not prohibit taking into consideration even the evidence provided by an accomplice, who has not been put to trial.E It is a settled legal proposition that the evidence provided by a person who has not been put to trial, and who could not have been tried jointly with the accused can be considered, if the court finds his evidence reliable, and conviction can also safely be based upon it. However, such evidence is requiredF to be considered with care and caution. An accomplice who has not been put to trial is a competent witness, as he deposes in court after taking an oath, and there is no prohibition under any law to act upon his deposition without corroboration. (Vide: G Laxmipat Choraria & Ors. v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1968 SC 938; Chandran alias Manichan alias Maniyan & Ors. v. State of Kera/a, AIR 2011 SC 1594; and Prithipa/ Singh & Ors. v. State of Punjab & Anr., (2012) 1 SCC 10). 33. It has further been submitted that the prosecution failed H to hold the test identification parade. Therefore, the prosecution R. SHAJI v. STATE OF KERALA 1205

[DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] case itself becomes doubtful. A In Vijay@ Chinee v. State of M.P., (2010) 8 SCC 191, this Court, while dealing with the effect of non holding of a test identification parade, placed very heavy reliance upon the judgments of this Court in Santokh Singh v. lzhar Hussain & Anr, AIR 1973 SC 2190; State of Himachal Pradesh v. Lekh B Raj & Anr., AIR 1999 SC 3916; and Ma/khan Singh & Ors. v. State of M.P., AIR 2003 SC 2669 and held that, the evidence from a test identification parade is admissible under Section 9 of the Evidence Act, 1872. The identification parade is conducted by the police. The actual evidence regarding c identification, is that which is given by the witnesses in court. A test identification parade cannot be claimed by an accused as a matter of right. Mere identification of an accused in a test identification parade is only a circumstance corroborative of the identification of the accused in court. Further, conducting a test o identification parade is meaningless if the witnesses know the accused, or if they have been shown his photographs, or if he has been exposed by the media to the public. Holding a test identification parade may be helpful to the investigation to ascertain whether the investigation is being conducted in a Eproper manner and with proper direction. (See also: Munna Kumar Upadhyay v. State of A.P., AIR 2012 SC 2470)._

34. In the instant case, the witnesses, particularly Jose (PW.8), Baiju (PW.9), Reji (PW.11) and Shanavas (PW.12), made it clear that they were acquainted with the appellant since F he was posted in the control room of their city. Moreover, just after the incident took place, the same being a sensitive case wherein the main accused was a highly ranked official of the police department, wide publicity was given to the same by the media. In light of the aforementioned fact-situation, the holding/ G non-holding of a Test Identification Parade loses its significance. It is also pertinent to note that the defence did not put any question to B. Muralidharan Nair (PW.77), the investigating officer in relation to why such Tl Parade was not held. 35. The prime witness of the prosecution has no doubt H 1206 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 3 S.C.R. A been Shanavas (PW. 12), and in relation to him, the submission advanced on behalf of the appellant that the High Court had entirely disbelieved his testimony, is factually incorrect. In fact, the High Court re-appreciated the evidence of the said witness and held as under:

B "The act of identifying the victim from his passport size photograph seems to be unconvincing. But that does not mean that his evidence in toto has to be thrown out. The fact remains that at/east his evidence as regards the act of accused nos. 1 and 2 and others in forcing a person c from the motor bike into the van has to be accepted.· In view of the above, we do not find any cogent reason to dis-believe the testimony of Shanavas (PW.12) in toto. 36. Be that as it may, when a statement is recorded in court, and the wilnl:lss speaks under oath, after he understands D the sanctity of the oath taken by him either in the name of God or religion, ii is then left to the court to appreciate his evidence under Section 3 of the Evidence Act. The Judge must consider whether a prudent man would appreciate such evidence, and not appreciate the same in accordance with his own perception. E The basis for appreciating evidence in a civil or criminal case remains the same. However, in view of the fact that in a criminal case, the life and liberty of a person is involved, by way of judicial interpretation, courts have created the requirement of a high degree of proof.

F 37. In view of the above, we do not find any merit in the appeal and the same is dismissed accordingly. However, before parting with the case, we would like to mention that the courts below have appreciated the entire evidence meticulously, but it would have been desirable if all the G circumstances which completed the chain, rendering the accused liable for punishment could have been put together, to facilitate better understanding of the judgment. B.B.B. Appeal dismissed. H