[2013] 17 S.C.R. 667 MAHADEO S/O KERBA MASKE A v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA AND ANR. (Criminal Appeal No.6 of 2010) JULY 23, 2013 B [A.K. PATNAIK AND FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, JJ.] Penal Code, 1860 - ss. 363 and 376 - Kidnapping and rape - Of a girl abqut 15 years of age - Conviction by courts below concluding that prosecutrix was aged below 18 years - C Held: In view of the version of the prosecutrix, which was fully supported by chemical analyst report as well as medical evidence, appellant rightly convicted - Conviction upheld. Criminal Trial - Rape case - Determination of age of o prosecutrix - Opinion of doctor as regards age of prosecutrix - Cannot be relied on if such opinion is formed without scientific examination of prosecutrix such as ossification test - r.12(3)(b) of Juvenile Justice Rules specifically provides that medical opinion can be sought only in absence of alternative E methods described ulr. 12(3)(a)(i) and (iii) - Juvenile (Care and Pratection) Rules, 2007 - ss. 12(3)(a)(i) and (iii) and 12(3)(b) . .

Prosecution was initiated against the appellant-accused u/ss. 363, 376 and 506 IPC. The prosecution F case was that the prosecutrix (a 15 years old girl) who used to participate in programmes of 'Bhajan' singing, got acquainted with the appellant-accused, who was a musician and singer. He allured her to come along with him to prepare audio cassettes of her 'Bhajans' and G songs, which would fetch her a lot of money. One day he persuaded her to go along with him to another State and asked her to bring ornaments from her house. As a result, the prosecutrix took gold ornaments worth Rs. one Jakh · 667 H 668 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A and went with him. The accused confined her in a relative's house for more than one month 20 days and committed forcible sexual intercourse. When he came to know that missing report has been lodged, he brought the prosecutrix back to her place. Trial court convicted s the accused for the offences charged. High Court confirmed the conviction u/ss. 363 ar.d 376 IPC, but acquitted him u/s. 506. Hence the present appeal. Dismissing the appeal, the Court C HELD: 1.1. Every relevant factor required for arriving at a just conclusion about the age of the prosecutrix PW-3, was appropriately made and consequently the conclusion arrived at by the trial court and confirmed by the High Court that the prosecutrix was below 18 years D of age at the time of the occurrence, was perfectly justified. [Para 8] (673-C]

1.2. Merely based on the opinion of PW-8 (the doctor), who in her evidence stated that the age of the E prosecutrix could have been between 17 to 25 years, the age ofthe prosecutrix could not be acted upon. The trial court correctly found that to rely upon the said version of PW-8, scientific examination of the prosecutrix such as, ossification test to ascertain the exact age should have been conducted which was not done in the present case. F [Para 9] (673-D-F] 1.3. Under Rule 12(3)(b) of Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Rules, 2007 it is specifically provided that only in the absence of alternative methods described under G 12(3)(a)(i) to (iii), the medical opinion can be sought for. In the light of such a statutory rule prevailing for ascertainment of the age of a juvenile, the same yardstick can be rightly followed by the Courts for the purpose of ascertaining the age of a victim as well. (Para 11] (674-C-H D] MAHADEO v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA 669

1.4. In the instant case, there were certificates issued A by the school in which the prosecutrix did her Vth standard and in the school leaving certificate issued by the said school under Exhibit 54, the date of birth of the prosecutrix has been clearly noted as 20.05.1990, and this document was also proved by PW-11. Apart from the B transfer certificate as well as the admission form maintained by the primary school where the prosecutrix had her initial education, also confirmed the date of birth as 20.5.1990. The reliance placed upon the said evidence by the Courts below to arrive at the age of the prosecutrix c to hold that the prosecutrix was below 18 years of age at the time of the occurrence was perfectly justified. [Para 12) [67 4-E-G]

2.1. The Rrosecutrix PW-3, in her evidence had narrated every minute detail as to how the appellant D allured her by taking advantage of her contact with him while singing Bhajan songs, how he persuaded her by stating that recording of her bhajans in audio cassette would enable her to earn tons of money and in that pretext also tempted· her to take away the gold E ornaments from the house worth Rs.1 lakh and thus gained her confidence to go along with him and misused his company by keeping her in a place where she was not acquainted with the local language and ultimately, abused her physically at least for more than for a month F and twenty days. The vivid description of the behaviour of the appellant during the period when she was kept in his custody was clearly demonstrated by the prosecutrix and any amount of cross examination at the instance of the appellant, did not bring about any candid G contradiction in her statement in order to disbelieve her deposition. The version of the prosecutrix was fully supported by the chemical analyst report, as well as , the medical evidence. [Para 15] [676-C-G] H 670 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R.

A 16. In such circumstances, the trial court rightly found the appellant guilty of the offences charged against him. The conclusion of the trial court in having found the appellant guilty of offences u/ss. 363 and 376 IPC was further upheld by the High Court. The conclusion of the B High Court is also perfectly justified. [Paras 16 and 17] [676-H; 677-A-B] Lillu alias Rajesh and Anr. vs. State of Haryana AIR (2013) SC 1784 - relied on. Case Law Reference:c AIR (2013) SC 1784 relied on Para 18 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.6 of 2010. D From the Judgment and Order dated 05.03.2008 of the High Court of Judicature of Bombay, Bench at Aurangabad in Criminal Appeal No. 764 of 2006. Rameshwar Prasad Goyal for the Appellant. E Sushil Karanjkar, Sanjay Kharde, Asha Gopalan Nair for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, J. 1. The F sole appellant is before us. The challenge is to the judgment of the learned Single Judge of the High Court of Bombay, Bench at Aurangabad dated 05.03.2008, in Criminal Appeal No.764 of 2006. The appellant was proceeded against for the offences punishable under Sections 363, 376 and 506 of the G Indian Penal Code. He was sentenced to suffer rigorous imprisonment for three years, along with fine of Rs.3000/- and in default to suffer rigorous imprisonment for six months for the offence under Section 363 IPC; he was further sentenced to suffer rigorous imprisonment for seven years, along with fine H of Rs.5000/- and in default to suffer rigorous imprisonment for MAHADEO v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA 671 [FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, J.] two years for the offence under Section 376 IPC. The trial Court A also punished the appellant under Section 506 IPC and sentenced him to suffer rigorous imprisonment for one year, along with fine of Rs.1000/- with default sentence of tw<.; months' rigorous imprisonment. B 2. The f:ligh Court by the impugned judgment, though confirmed the conviction and sentence for the offences under Sections 363 and 376 IPC, set aside the sentence for the offence under Section 506 IPC.

3. Brief facts which are required to be stated are that PW- C 3,' the prosecutrix, was aged about 15 years at the time when the offence was· committed and she was doing her Xlth standard in a Junior College. Her father was a Police Head Constable. The prosecutrix was residing with her parents, sister and two younger brpthers in the government quarter of her D father in Police Line, at Latur. She had a flair for music and used to participate in singing Bhajans. The appellant who is also stated to be a musician and a singer, developed acquaintance with the prosecutrix due to her participation in Bhajan programmes along with him and he allured her by E stating that if she goes.along with him to Hyderabad to prepare audio cassettes of her Bhajans and songs, she can make lot of money.

4. On 18.09.2005, in the morning when the prosecutrix was all alone in her house, the appellant is alleged to have F approached her and persuaded her to go along with him to Hyderabad and when she informed him that she had no money to spend, the appellant is stated to have asked her to bring the ornaments from her house, which can be used for the purpose of going to Hyderabad and told her that a lot of money can be G earned through the recording of audio cassettes of the prosecutrix's Bhajan songs. The appellant is stated to have succeeded in his allurement and inducement, which ultimately resulted in the prosecutrix going along with the appellant and after going to Hyderabad and from there to a relative's house H 672 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013) 17 S.C.R. A at Karnool (Andhra Pradesh) in the wee hours, the appellant is alleged to have committed forcible sexual intercourse by confining her in the said place for a month and twenty days. Puring the said period, the appellant is stated to have indulged in the said offence repeatedly, till he himself brought her back B to Latur, when he came to know that a complaint has been lodged. It is in the above stated background that the appellant was proceeded against for the offence of kidnapping, rape and criminal intimidation, which ultimately resulted in his conviction and the sentence imposed upon him as confirmed by the High c Court in the impugned judgment.

5. In support of the case of the prosecution, PWs-1 to 13 were examined and a number of exhibits were also marked. For our present purpose, it will be sufficient to refer to the evidence of Tukaram Nagnath Surwase (PW-1), the prosecutrix D (PW-3) and Dr. Aruna Varte (PW-8), the doctor who examined the prosecutrix, the Head Mistress (PW-11) and the Head Master (PW-12) of the school in which the prosecutrix pursued her school education. E 6. PW-1, Tukaram Nagnath Surwase, who is the father of the prosecutrix, lodged the complaint, Exhibit -26. PW-3 is the prosecutrix. PW-8 is Dr. Aruna Varte, who examined PW-3 and through her Exhibit 38 the medical report was marked. PW-11 is the Head Mistress of Dnyneshwar Vidhyalaya where the F prosecutrix was admitted to Vth Standard. PW-11 produced Exhibit 54, the school leaving certificate, which disclosed the date of birth of the prosecutrix, as 20.05.1990. PW-12, Uttamrao Jadhav who is the Head Master of Jawahar Primary School, Latur stated that the prosecutrix was admitted in his school on 30.08.1995 in Isl standard, that at the time of G admission, the father of the prosecutrix produced a birth certificate issued by Gram Panchayat, disclosing the date of birth of prosecutrix as 20.05.1990. PW-12 produced the admission form Exhibit 56 and transfer certificate Exhibit 57 which mention the date of birth of the prosecutrix as 20.05.1990. H MAHADEO v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA 673 [FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, J.]

7. The trial Court considered the evidence of PWs-1, 11 A and 12, as well as Exhibits 53, 54, 55, 56 and 57 and concluded that at the time of the commission of the offence which commenced on 20.09.2005 and continued till 07.11.2005 the prosecutrix was aged about 15 years and 4 months. B 8. When we peruse the discussion made by the trial Court as regards the age factor of the appellant by analyzing the evidence of PW-11 and 12 along with Exhibits 50, 53, 54 to 57, we find that every relevant factor required for arriving at a just conclusion about the age of the prosecutrix PW-3, was appropriately made and consequently tl1e conclusion arrived at C by the trial Court and confirmed by the High Court that the prosecutrix was below 18 years of age at the time of the occurrence, was perfectly justified.

9. Though the learned counsel for the appellant attempted D to find fault with the said conclusion by making reference to the evidence of PW-8, the doctor, who examined the proseci.Jtrix and who in her evidence stated that on her examination she could state that the age of the prosecutrix could have been between 17 to 25 years, it will have to be held that the rejection E of the said submission even by the trial Court was perfectly in order and justified. The trial court has found that to rely upon the said version of PW-8, the doctor, scientific examination of the prosecutrix such as, ossification test to ascertain the exact age should have been conducted which was not done in the F present case and, therefore, merely based on the opinion of PW-8, the age of the prosecutrix, could not be acted upon. 10. We can also in this connection make a reference to a statutory provision contained in the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Rules, 2007, whereunder Rule 12, the procedure G to be followed in determinin~ the age of a juvenile has been set out. We can usefully refer to the said provision in this context, inasmuch as under Rule 12 (3) of the said Rules, it is stated that in every case concerning a child or juvenile in conflict with law, the age determination enquiry shall be conducted by H 674 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A the Court or the Board or, as the case may be, by the committee by seeking evidence by obtaining:-/

(a)(i) the matriculation 1or equivalent certificates, if available; and in the absence whereof; B (ii) the date of birth certificate from the school (other than a play school); first attended; and in the absence whereof; (iii) the birth certificate given by a corporation or a municipal authority or a panchayat; c 11. Under Rule 12 (3) (b), it is specifically provided that only in the absence of alternative methods described under 12 (3) (a) (i) to (iii), the medical opinion can be sought for. In the light of such a statutory rule prevailing for ascertainment of the age of a juvenile, in our considered opinion, the same yardstick D can be rightly followed by the Courts for the purpose of ascertaining the age of a victim as well.

12. In the light of our above reasoning, in the case on hand, there were certificates issued by the school in which the E prosecutrix did her Vth standard and in the school leaving certificate issued by the said school under Exhibit 54, the date of birth of the prosecutrix has been clearly noted as 20.05.1990, and this document was also proved by PW-11. Apart from the transfer certificate as well as the admission form maintained F by the primary school Latur, where the prosecutrix had her initial education, also confirmed the date of birth as 20.5.1990. The reliance placed upon the said evidence by the Courts below to arrive at the age of the prosecutrix to hold that the prosecutrix was below 18 years of age at the time of the occurrence was G perfectly justified and we do not find any good grounds to interfere with the same. 13. Once the above position that the prosecutrix was a minor was found to be fully established, thereafter, the only other question that needs to be examined is as to the sexual assault H alleged to have been committed by the appellant on her and MAHADEO v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA 675 [FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, J.]

whether such an allegation was satisfactorily established A before the Courts below. In this respect, after the prosecutrix was found missing, PW-1 after his initial search to trace his daughter, stated to have preferred missing report in Gandhi Chowk Polic Station, alleging that she was missing along with gold ornaments valued at Rs.1 lakh. Thereafter, the search B continued and that according to the prosecution the appellant himself brought back the prosecutrix to village Babhalgaon on 07 .11.2005 whereafter the crime came to be registered as Crime No.219 of 2005. 14. After the prosecutrix was secured she was examined C by PW-8, Dr. Aruna Varte on 10.11.2005 who issued the certificate Exhibit 43. As per the certificate Exhibit 43, PW-8 confirmed that hymen was old ruptured and that the prosecutrix was used for sexual intercourse. PW-8 confirmed Exhibit.43, medical certificate issued by her. PW-8 also confirmed that D based on the chemical analysis report, she issued a medical certificate and confirmed the contents of the certificate Exhibit-43 wnerein she had given the opinion that the prosecutirx was used for sexual intercourse. When the chemical analysis report was examined by the trial Court, the trial Court has referred to E the contents of the chemical analysis report in Exhibits-60 and 61 and the same can be referred to which has been stated in paragraph 27. Para 27 reads as under:

"27. C.A. report Ex.60 pertains to the Jangiya and petticoat F of prosecutrix and nicker of accused and the result of its analysis shows that semen stains were found on Jangiya and petticoat of prosecutrix and nicker of accused and the blood group of said semen is AB. C.A. report Ex.61 pertains to the blood, vaginal swab and pubic hair of prosecutrix and the result of its analysis shows that no G semen is detected on vaginal swab and pubic hair and blood group is 'B'. C.A. report Ex.62 pertains to the semen, pubic hair and blood of accused and the result of analysis shows that the blood group of accused is 'AB'; so also, no semen is detected on the pubic hair of H 676 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 17 S.C.R. A accused. Now, from the aforesaid C.A. report, it transpired that the semen detected on Jangiya and petticoat of prosecutrix is of accused, because of blood group of accused as well as the blood group of semen found on the aforesaid clothes of prosecutrix is same. Therefore, these B C.A. reports support to the prosecutrix to hold that the accused has committed rape on the prosecutrix." (Emphasis added)

15. Keeping the contents of the chemical analysis report, C as noted by the Courts below in mind, when we consider the deposition of the prosecutrix PW-3, we find that she had narrated every minute detail as to how the appellant allured her by taking advantage of her contact with him while singing Bhajan songs, how he persuaded her by stating that recording D of her Bhajans in audio cassette would enable her to earn tons of money and in that pretext also tempted her to take away the gold ornaments from the house worth Rs.1 lakh and thus gained her confidence to go along with him and misused his company by keeping her in a place at Karnool where she was not E acquainted with the local language of Telugu and ultimately, abused her physically at least for more than for a month and twenty days. The vivid description of the behaviour of the appellant during the period when she was kept in his custody i.e., between 20.09.2005 to 07.11.2005, was clearly demonstrated by the prosecutrix and any amount of crossF examination at the instance of the appellant, did not bring about any candid contradiction in her statement in order to disbelieve her deposition. The trial Court has also elaborately dealt with her deposition and found that the version of the prosecutrix was fully supported by the chemical analyst report, as well as, the G medical evidence.

16. In such circumstances, the trial Court in our considered opinion rightly found the appellant guilty of the offences charged against him. The conclusion of the trial Court in having found H the appellant guilty of offences under Sections 363 and 376 IPC MAHADEO v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA 677 [FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, J.] was further upheld by the High Court by the impugned judgment. A The High Court, however, found that the conviction for the offence under Section 506 IPC was not sufficiently supported by evidence and conviction and sentence for offence under Section 506 IPC was set aside. B 17. Having perused the judgment of the High Court, we are also convinced that the said conclusion is also perfectly justified.

18. This Court in Lillu 13/ias Rajesh and another vs. State of Haryana reported in AIR 2013 SC 1784, where one of us cwas a party, held in para 11 that: "11. In State of Punjab v. Ramdev Singh, AIR 2004 SC 1290, this Court dealt with the issue and held that rape is violative of victim's fundamental right under Article 21 of the Con~tituflon. So, the Courts should deal with such D " cases sternly and severely. Sexual viole}lce, apart from being a dehumanizing act, is an unlawful intrusion on the right of privt1cy and sanctity of a woman.· It is a serious blow to her supreme honour and offencrs her self-esteem and dignity as well: It degrades and humiliates the victim D and where the victim is a helpless innocent child or a min(!r, it leaves behind a traumatic experience. A rapist not only causes physical injuries, but leaves behind a scar on the most cherished position of a woman, i.e. her dignity, honour, reputation and chastity. Rape is not only an E offence against the person of a woman, rather a crime against the entire society. It is a crime against basic human rights and also violates the most cherished fundamental right guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution." 19. In the light of our above conclusion, we do not find any F merit in this appeal. The appeal fails, the same is dismissed. 20. The appellant is on bail. The bail bond stands cancelled and he shall be taken into custody forthwith to serve out the remaining part of sentence, if any,,.';

Kalpana K. Tripathy Appeal dismissed. G [2013) 17 S.C.R. 678 A M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED & ANR. v. STATE OF KARNATAKA & ANR. (Civn Appeal No.8672 of 2013) SEP,TEMBER 26, 2013 B [R.M. LODHA, J. CHELAMESWAR AND MADAN B. LOKUR, JJ.] Worl<s contract - Concept and meaning of - Held: The C term "works contract" in Art.366 (29-A)(b) takes within its fold all genre of worl<s contract and is not restricted to one specie of contract to provide for labour and services alone - Nothing in Art.366(29-A)(b) limits the term "worl<s contract" - Where a contract comprises of both a worl<s contract and a transfer of D immovable property, such contract does not denude it of its character as worl<s contract - Constitution of India, 1950 - Art. 366(29-A)(b).

Worl<s contract - Levy of tax on goods deemed to have E been sold in execution of a works contract - Three conditions to be fulfilled - Held: The conditions are: a) there must be a works contract, b) the goods should have been involved in the execution of a works contract and c) the property in those goods must be transferred to a third party either as goods or in some other form - In a building contract or any contract to F do construction, the above three things are fully met. Works contract - Building contract - Held: Building contracts are species of the works contract - In the performance of a contract for construction of building, the G goods (chattels) like cement, concrete, steel, bricks etc. are intended to be incorporated in the structure and even though they lost their identity as goods but this factor does not prevent them from being goods - The value of the goods which can constitute the measure for the levy of the tax has to be the H 678 M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 679 KARNATAKA value of the goods at the time of incorporation of the goods A-in works even though property passes as between the developer and the flat purchaser after incorporation of goods

- If the developer has undertaken to build for the prospective purchaser for cash or deferred payment or a valuable consideration pursuant to a. contract then to that extent, the B contract is works contract and there is deemed S<J/e ofmaterial (goods) used in the construction of building and merely because the builder has a right of lien in the event due monies are not paid does not alter the character of contract being works contract -However, activity of construction c-undertaken by the developer would be works contract only from the stage the developer 'enters into a contract with the flat purchaser - The value addition made to the goods transferred after the agreement is entered into with the flat purchaser can only be made chargeable to tax by the State 9 Government- Constitution of India, 1950 - Art. 366(29-A)(b). Works contract - Composite contract - Held: A contract may involve both a contract of work and labour and a contract for sale - In such composite contract, the distinction between contract for sale of goods and contract for work (or service) is E virtually diminished - The dominant nature test has ncJ application) - Even if the dominant intention of the contract is not to transfer the property in goods and rather it is ' rendering of service or the ultimate transaction is transfer of · immovable property, then also it is open to the States to levy F sales tax on the materials used in such contract if such contract otherwise has elements of works contract - The enforceability test is a/so not determinative.

Constitution of India, 1950- Art.366(29-A)(b) rlw Entry 54 G List II of Seventh Schedule - Taxing the sale of goods. element in a works contract - When permissible - Held: It is permissible even after incorporation of goods provided tax is directed to the value of goods and does not purport to tax the transfer of immovable property - Works contract. H 680 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 17 S.C.R. A Constitution of India, 1950 - Art. 366(29-A)(b) rlw Entry 54 List II of Seventh Schedule - Expression "tax on the sale or purchase of goods" - Meaning of - Held: It includes a tax on the transfer of property in goods whether as goods or in the form other than goods involved in the execution of works B contract - Works contract. Constitution of India, 1950 - Art. 366(29~A)(b) - Object of - Held: Is. to bring transactions where essential ingredients of 'sale' defined in the Sale '6f Goods Act, 1930 are absent C within the ambit of sale or purchase for the purposes of levy of sales tax - Transfer of movable property in a works contract is deemed to be sale even. though it may not be sale within the meaning of the Sale of Goods Act - Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - Works contract.

D Constitution of India, 1950- Art. 366(29-A)(b) - Transfer of property - Legal fiction - Held: Transfer of property in goods u/clause 29-A(b) of Art.366 is deemed to be a sale of the goods involved in the execution of a works contract by the p~rson making the transfer and the purchase of those goods E , by the person to whom such transfer is made - Even in a single and indivisible works contract, by virtue of the legal fiction introduced by Art.366(29-A)(b), there is a deemed sale of goods which are involved in the execution of the works contract - Such a deemed sale has all the incidents of the F sale of goqds involved in the execution of a works contract where the r;ontract is divisible into one for the sale of goods and the other for supply ·Of labour and services - Works contract. Maharashtra Value Added Tax Act, 2002 - s.2(24), G explanation (b)(ii) - Expression "sale" in - Amended definition of - Held: Is constitutionally valid. Maharashtra Value Added Tax Rules, 2005 - r.58(1A) -Valuation of goods - Mode of - State Government to bring H M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 681 KAR NATAKA clarity in r.58(1-A) - Subject to this, validity of r.58(1-A) A sustained. The instant two sets of appeals - one from Karnataka and the other ;from- Maharashtra, related, to the concept of works contract and distinction between it and a B contract of sale.

In regard to the appeals from Karnataka, the leading case related to Larsen & Toubro (L& T). L& T was engaged in property development alongwith owners of vacant land sites in Bangalore for construction of a multi- C storeyed apartment complex. Accordingly, it entered into agreements of sale with intende~ purchasers, which provided that on the completion of construction, the apartments would be handed over to the purchasers who will also get an undivided Interest in the land. The revenue D authorities concerned issued provisional assessment orders under the Karnataka Sales Tax Act, 1957 and alongwith it also issued demand notices against L & T · on the g'round that it was li~ble to pay tax for development of. projects by it. E L & T filed writ petition before the Karnataka High Court opposing the demand .on ground that the· development agreement was not a works contract. The Single -Judge of the High Court noted that the F ·controversy raise«i-by, the L&T was covered by the · decision of the Supreme Court in Raheja Development Corporation case, and, accordingly, dismissed the writ petition holding that as L & T' had entered into an agreement to carry out construction activity on behalf of someone else for cash or .for·deferred pay.ment or for. any G · o~her valuable construction, it was carrying out works contract.and therefore became liable to pay turnover tax on the transfer of goods involyed in such work.contracts. The Division Bench of the High Court concurred with the Single Judge and dismissed the writ ·appeal. · · H

682 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A In order to consider the question whether the view taken in Raheja Development case with reference to definition of "works contract" in Karnataka Sales Tax· Act, 1957 was legally justified, the matter was referred for consideration by the present Larger Bench. The question B for consideration before this Court was whether taxing sale of goods in an agreement for sale of flat which is to be constructed by the developer/ promoter is permissible under the Constitution. C In the other set of appeals arising from the judgment of the Bombay High Court, challenge was laid to the constitutional validity of Section 2(24) of the Maharashtra Value Added Tax Act, 2002 ("MVAT Act") as amended initially by Maharashtra 1Act XXXll of 2006 and thereafter by Maharashtra Act XXV of 2007 and Rule 58(1A) of the D Maharashtra Value Added Tax Rules, 2005 ("MVAT Rules").

Answering the Reference and sending the matters back to the Regular Bench for final disposal, the Court E HELD:1.1. When the agreement between the promoter/developer and the flat purchaser is to construct a flat and eventually sell the flat with the fraction of land, such transaction involves the activity of construction inasmuch as it is only when the flat is constructed then F it can be conveyed. Therefore, there is no reason why such activity of construction is not covered by the term "works contract". After all, the term "works contract" is nothing but a contract in which one of the parties is obliged to undertake or to execute works. Such activity G of construction has all the characteristics or elements of works contract. The ultimate transaction between the parties may be sale of flat but it cannot be said that the characteristics of works contract are not involved in that transaction. When the transaction involves the activity of H construction, the factors such as, the flat purchaser has MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 683 KARNATAKA no control over the type and standard of the material to A be used in the construction of building or he does not get any right to monitor or supervise the construction activity or he has no say in the designing or lay-out of the building, are not of much significance and in any case these factors do not detract the contract being works B contract insofar as construction part is concerned. [Para 93] [7 40-D-G]

1.2. For sustaining the levy of tax on the goods deemed to have been sold in execution of a works contract, three conditions must be fulfilled: (i) there must C be a works contract, (ii) the goods should have been involved in the execution of a works contract, and (iii) the property in those goods must be transferred to a third party either as goods or in some other form. In a building contract or any contract to do construction, the above D three things are fully met. In a contract to build a flat there will necessarily be a sale of goods element. Works contracts also include building contracts. and therefore without any fear of contradiction it can be stated that building contracts are species of the works contract. E [Para 94] [740-H; 741-A-B] 1.3. Ordinarily in the case of a works contract the property in the goods used in the construction of the building passes to the owner of the land on which the F building is constructed when the goods and materials used are incorporated in the building. But there may be contract to the contrary or a statute may provide otherwise. Therefore, it cannot be said to be an absolute proposition in law that the ownership of the goods must G pass by way of accretion or exertion to the owner of the immovable property to which they are affixed or upon which the building is built. [Para 95] [741-C-E] 1.4. Value addition as a concept after Forty-sixth Amendment to the Constitution has been accepted by H

684 SUPREME COURT REPORTS 12013] 17 S.C.R. A this Court in P.N.C. Construction case. While dealing with this concept, the Court said that value addition was important concept which had arisen after the Forty-sixth Amendment by insertion of sub-clause (b) of clause (29- A) in Article 366. It has now become possible for the B States to levy sales tax on the value of the goods involved in a works contract in the same way in which the sales tax was leviable on the price of the goods in a building contract. On account of the Forty-sixth Amendment in the Constitution, the State Governments c are empowered ·to levy sales tax on the contract value which earlier was not possible. [Para 96] [741-E-G] 1.5. Where a contract comprises of both a works contract and a transfer of immovable property, such contract does not denude it of its character as works D contract. Article 366(29.·A)(b) does contemplate a situation where the goods may not be transferred in the form of goods but may be transferred in some other form which may even be in the form of immovable property. [Para 97] [741-H; 742-A-B] E

1.6. The State legislatures lack legislative power to levy tax on the transfer of immovable property under Entry 54 of List II of the Seventh Schedule. However, the States do have competence to levy sal~s tax on the sale F of goods in an agreement of sale of flat which also has a component of a deemed sale of goods. Aspects theory though does not allow the State legislature to entrench upon the Union List and tax services by including the cost of such service in the value of goods but that does not detract the State to tax the sale of goods element G involved in the execution ofworks·contract in a composite contract like contract for construction of building and sale of a flat therein. [Para 100] [743-F-H; 744-A] 1. 7. The legal position is summarised as follows: H MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 685 KARNATAKA

(i) For sustaining the levy of tax on the goods A deemed to have been sold in execution of a works contract, three conditions must be fulfilled: (one) there must be a works contract, (two) the goods should have been involved in the execution of a works contract and (three) the property in those goods must be transferred B to a third party either as goods or in some other form. (ii) For the purposes of Article 366(29-A)(b), in a building contract or any contract to do construction, if the developer has received or is entitled to receive valuable consideration, the above three things are fully met. It is c so because in the performance of a contract for construction of building, the goods (chattels) like cement, concrete, steel, bricks etc. are intended to be incorporated in the structure and even though they lost their identity as goods but this factor does not prevent 0 them from being goods.(iii) Where a contract comprises of both a works contract and a transfer of immovable property, such contract does not denude it of its character as works contract. The term "works contract" in Article 366 (29-A)(b) takes within its fold all genre of E works contract and is not restricted to. one specie of contract to prov!.de for labour and services alone. Nothing in Article 366(29-A)(b) limits the term "works contract". (iv) · · Building contract!? are species of the works contract. (v) A contract may involve both a contract of work and labour and a contract for sale. In such composite contract, the distinction between contract for sale of-goods and contract for work (or service) is virtually d.iminished. (vi) The dominant nature test has no· application and the traditional decisions which have held that the substance of the contract must be seen have lost G their significance where transactions are of the nature contemplated in Article 366(29-A). Even if the dominant intention of the contract is not to transfer the p.roperty in · goods and rather it is rendering of service or the ultimate H

686 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013) 17 S.C.R.

A transaction is transfer of immovable property, then also it is open to the States to levy sales tax on the materials used in such contract if such contract otherwise has elements of works contract. The enforceability test is also not determinative. (vii) A transfer of property in goods B under clause 29-A(b) of Article 366 is deemed to be a sale of the goods involved in the execution of a works contract by the person making the transfer and the purchase of those goods by the person to whom such transfer is made. (viii) Even in a single and indivisible c works contract, by virtue of the legal fiction introduced by Article 366(29-A)(b), there is a deemed sale of goods which are involved in the execution of the works contract. Such a deemed sale has all the incidents of the sale of goods involved in the execution of a works contract where the contract is divisible into one for the sale of0 goods and the other for supply of labour and services. In other words, the single and indivisible contract, now by Forty-sixth Amendment has been brought on par with a contract containing two separate agreements and States have now power to levy sales tax on the value of E the material in the execution of works contract. (ix) The expression "tax on the sale or purchase of goods" in Entry 54 in List II of Seventh Schedule when read with the definition clause 29-A of Article 366 includes a tax on the transfer of property in goods whether as goods or in F the form other than goods involved in the execution of works contract. (x) Article 366(29-A)(b) serves to bring transactions where essential ingredients of 'sale' defined in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 are absent within the ambit of sale or purchase for the purposes of levy of sales tax. G In other words, .transfer of movable property in a works contract is deemed to be sale even though it may not be sale within the meaning of the Sale of Goods Act. (xi) Taxing the sale of goods element in a works contract under Article 366(29-A)(b) read with Entry 54 List II is H permissible even after incorporation of goods provided M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 687

KARNATAKA tax is directed to the value of goods and does not purport A to tax the transfer of immovable property. The value of the goods which can constitute the measure for the levy of the tax has to be the value of the goods at the time of incorporation of the goods in works even though property passes as between the developer and the flat B purchaser after incorporation of goods. [Para 101) [744-E-H; 745-A-H; 745-A-H; 746-A-G]

1.8. The argument on behalf of the developers that the flat purchaser is entitled to transfer of flat and conveyance of fraction of land only when all installments C have been fully paid and that shows that the agreement between the developer and the flat purchaser is the sale of flat and not to appoint the developer as the contractor of the flat purchaser for the purposes of carrying out the construction of the flat for and on behalf of the flat D purchaser has no merit. The submissiq,n overlooks the typical nature of the development agreement which is followed by a tripartite agreement between the owner of the land, the developer and the flat purchaser. Effectively and de facto it is the developer who constructs the E building for the flat purchaser. The developer does so for monetary consideration. The label of payment is not decisive but the factum of the payment is. The construction is done on payment of price as agreed upon between the developer and the flat purchaser. It is, thus, F not correct to say that the work is undertaken by the developer for himself and for the owner and the construction is not carried for and on behalf of the purchaser. [Para 110] [749-G-H; 750-A-C, G] 1.9. In the development agreement between the owner G of the land and the developer, direct monetary consideration may not be involved but such agreement cannot be seen in isolation to the terms contained therein and following development agreement, the agreement in H

688 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A the nature of the tripartite agreement between the owner · of the land, the developer and the flat purchaser whereunder the developer has undertaken to construct for the flat purchaser for monetary consideration. Seen thus, there is nothing wrong if the transaction is treated B as a composite contract comprising of both a works contract and a transfer of immovable property and levy sales tax on the value of the material involved in execution of the works contract. The observation in the referral order that if the ratio in Raheja Development is to be accepted C then there would be no difference between works contract and a contract for sale of chattel as chattel overlooks the legal position. [Para 111) [750-G-H; 751-A-C] 1.10. The argument that flat is to be sold as a flat and not an aggregate of its component parts is already D negated by the Constitution Bench in the case of Builders' .Association. Further, if the developer has undertaken to build for the prospective purchaser for cash or deferred payment or a valuable consideration pursuant to a contract then to that extent, the contract is E works contract and there is deemed sale of material (goods) used in the construction of building and merely because the builder has a right of lien in the event due monies a.re not paid does not alter the character of contract being works contract. [Paras 112 and 113) [751-F D; 752-G-H; 753-A]

1.11. In Article 366(29-A)(b), the term. 'works contract' . covers all genre of works contract and it is not limited to one specie of .. the contract. In Raheja Development, the definition of "works contract" in KST Act was under G consideration. The Court held that develo-per had undertaken to build for the flat purchaser and so long as there was no termination of the contract, the construction is for and on behalf of the purchaser and it remains a "works contract". The view taken by the two Judge H MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 689 KARNATAKA Bench in Raheja Development is justified. [Para 114) [752- A B, D-E] 1.12. It may, however, be clarified that activity of construction undertaken by the developer would be works contract only from the stage the developer enters into a contract with the flat purchaser. The value addition B made to the goods transferred after the agreement is entered into with the flat purchaser can only be made chargeable to tax by the State Government. [Para 115) [753-F-G]

c 1.13. The submission that the view in Raheja Development that when a completed building is sold, there is no work contract and, therefore, no liability to tax is not correct statement of law, does not appeal. If at the time of construction and until the construction was Dcompleted, there was no contract for construction of the building with the flat purchaser, the goods used in the construction cannot be deemed to have been sold by the builder since at that time there is no purchaser. That the building is intended for sale ultimately after construction does not make any difference. [Para 117) [753-B-C] E K. Raheja Development Corporation v. State of Kamataka (2005) 5 SCC 162: 2005 (3) SCR 1210 - affirmed. Builders' Association of India and others v. Union of India and others (1989) 2 SCC 645: 1989 (2) SCR 320 - followed. F Rainbow Colour Lab Rainbow Colour Lab & Anr. v. State of M.P. & Ors. (2000) 2 SCC 385: 2000 (1) SCR 594 - stood overruled. State of Madras v. Gannon Dunkerley and Co. (1959) G SCR 379 - held impliedly undone. Mis. Larsen & Toubro Limited & Anr v. State of Karnataka & Anr. 2008 (17) SCC 199; Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and another v. Union of India and others (2006) 3 sec 1: H 690 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013) 17 S.C.R. A 2006 (2) SCR 823; The Assistant Sales Tax Officer and Others v. B.C. Kame, Proprietor Kame Photo Studi (1977) 1 SCC 634: 1977 (2) SCR 435; Hindustan Shipyard Ltd. v.

State of A.P. (2000) 6 SCC 579: 2000 ( 1 ) Suppl. SCR 592; Nahalchand La/oochand Private Limited v. Panchali B Cooperative Housing Society Limited; (2010) 9 SCC 536: 2010 (10) SCR 804; Commissioner of Sales Tax, M.P. v. Purshottam Premji 1970 26 S.T.C. 38; State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors. v. Larsen & Toubro Ltd. & Ors. (2008) 9 SCC 191: 2008 (12) SCR 843; Mis. Gannon Dunkerley & Co. and C others v. State of Rajasthan and Others (1993) 1 SCC 364: 1992 (3) Suppl. SCR 103; Keshav Mills Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay North, Ahmedabad AIR 1965 SC 1636: 1965 SCR 908; Dewan Joynal Abedin v. Abqul Wazed (1988) Supp SCC 580; Kartar Singh D Bhadana v. Hari Singh Na/wa & Of$ (2001) 4 SCC 661: 2001 (2) SCR 790; Associated Cement Companies Ltd. v. Commissioner of Customs; (2001) 4 SCC 593: 2001 (1) SCR 608; State of U.P. & Ors. v. P.N. C. Construction Co. Ltd. & Ors. (2007) 7 sec 320: 2001 (8) SCR 927; M.R.

Hornibrook (Pty.) Ltd. v. The Federal Commissioner of E Taxation (1939) 62 C.L.R. 272; Federation of Hotel & Restaurant Association of India, etc. v. Union of India & Ors. (1989) 3 SCC 634: 1989 (2) SCR 918; State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors. v. Larsen & Toubro Ltd. & Ors. (2008) 9 SCC 191: 2008 (12) SCR 843; Radha Raman v. State of Uttar F Pradesh & Ors. AIR 1954 All 700; Lee v. Griffin (1861) 1 B. & S. 272; Robinson v. Graves; (1935) 1 KB 579; Chandra Bhan Gosain v. State of Orissa and Others; (1964) 2 SCR 879; The State of Punjab v. Mis. Associated Hotels of India Ltd. (1972) 1 SCC 472: 1972 (2) SCR 937; Hindustan G Aeronautics Ltd. v. State of Karnataka (1984) 1 SCC 706: 1984 (2) SCR 248; State of A.P. v. Kone Elevators (India) Ltd.; (2005) 3 SCC 389: 2005 (2) SCR 152; State of Gujarat (Commissioner of Sales Tax, Ahmedabad) v. Mis. Variety Body Builders; (1976) 3 SCC 500: 1976 (0) Suppl. SCR 131 H - referred to. MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 691 KARNATAKA

Hudson's 'Building Engineering Contracts', Eleventh A edition, Volume 1; Halsbury's Laws of England, Fourth Edition, Volume 41, para 603; Benjamin's Sale of Goods, Fourth Edition, Para 1.042 and Pollock and Mulla on Sale of Goods [1990, Fifth Edition, Page 53] - referred to. 8 2.1. There is challenge to the constitutional validity of explanation (b){ii) to Si!ction 2(24) which was brought by amendment with effect from 20.06.2006 in MVAT Act and sub-rule (1A) which was inserted into Rule 58 of the MVAT Rules by a notification dated 01.06.2009. There is no doubt that the amendment in explanation b(ii) to C Sectipn 2(24) was brought because of the judgment of this Court in Raheja Development. Since Raheja Dev,elopment lays down the correct legal position, thus, there is no merit in the challenge to the constitutional validity to the provisions of explanation (b)(ii) to Section D 2(24) of MVAT which were amended with effect from 20.06.2006. The provision under challenge was not in breach of any constitutional boundaries. [Paras 119, 121] [753-E; 754-C-E]

E ·2.2. Sub-rule .(1A) was inserted into Rule 58 by a notification dated 01.06.2009. As a matter of fact, Rule 58(1) of the MVAT Rules provides that the value of the goods at the time of the transfer of the property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract may be determined by effecting certain deductions from the value F of the entire contract insofar as the amounts relating to deductions pertain to the said works contract. The value of the goods which can constitute the measure of the levy of the tax has to be the value of the goods at the time of incorporation of goods in the works even though G property·in goods passes later. Taxing the sale of goods element in a works contract is permissible even after incorporation of goods provided tax is directed to the value of goods at the time of incorporation and does not: I H 692 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. · A purport to tax the transfer of immovable property. The mode of valuation of goods provided in Rule 58(1A) has to be read in the manner that meets this criteria and it is read down accordingly. The Maharashtra Government has .to bring clarity in Rule 58 (1-A) as indicated above. B Subject to this, validity of Rule 58(1-A) of MVAT Rules is sustained. tParas 123, 124) [756-B-C; 757-G-H; 758-A-B] Case Law Reference: 2005 (3) SCR 1210 affirm.ed Para 2 c 2008 (17) sec 199 referred to Para 2 (1959) SCR 379 held impliedly undone Para 17

1989 (2) SCR 320 followed Para 17 D 2006 (2) SCR 823 referred to Para 17 1977 (2) SCR 435 referred to Para 20 2000 (1) Suppl. SCR 592 referred to Para 20 2010 (10) SCR 804 referred to Para 24 E 1970 26 S.T.C. 38 referred to Para 25 2008 (12) SCR 843 referred to Para 31 1992 (3) Suppl. SCR 103 referred to Para 41 F 1965 SCR 908 referred to Para 43 (1988) Supp sec 580 referred to Para 45 2001 (2) SCR 790 referred to Para 45 2001 (1) SCR 608 referred to Para 46 G 2000 (1) SCR 594 stood overruled Para 46 2007 (8) SCR 927 referred to Para 46 (1939) 62 C.L.R. 272 referred to Para 47 H M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 693 KARNATAKA 1989 (2) SCR 918 referred to Para 48 A (2008) 9 sec 191 referred to Para 50 AIR 1954 All 700 referred to Para 74 (1861) 1 8. & $. 272 referred to Para 77 B (1935) 1 KB 579 referred to Para 78 (1964) 2 SCR 879. referred to Para 79 1972 (2) SCR 937 referred to" Para 82 1984 (2) SCR 248 referred to Para 84 c 2005 (2) SCR 152 referred to Para 87 1976 (0) Suppl. SCR 131 referred to Para 88 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. D 8672 of 2013 etc. From the Judgment' and Order dated 06.08.2007 of the High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore in Writ Appeal being W.A. No. 1409 of 2007. E WITH

C. A Nos. 8673-8684, 8685, 8686, 8687, 8688, 8690, 8691. 8692, 8693, 8695, 8696, 8697, 8698 &8699 of 2013 Dr. AM. Singhvi, K.V. Vishwanathan, N. Venkatraman, K. F N. Bhat, Shekhar Naphade, Sameer Parekh, Sumit Goel, Rukhmini Bobde, Somanadri Goud K. (for Parekh & Co.) Amol Chitale, Pragya Baghel, Nirnimesh Dube, Kamna Sagar, Ardhendumauli Kumar Prasad, Parimal Shroff, Mahesh Agarwal, Abhinav Agrawal, E. C. Agrawala, Ankur Saigal, R. G V. Prasad, Praveen Kumar, Shivaji M. Jadhav, Sanjay Kunur, •R.N. Keshwani, Rishi Agrawala, Prasenjit Keswani, Ranjeeta Rohtagi, V. Patkar, Ashwin Acharya, S. Ravi Shankar, Sanjay V. Kharde, Naira Jejeebhoy, Asha Gopalan Nair, Anitha H 694 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 17 S.C.R. A Shenoy, Neha Singh, Chinmoy Khaladkar, Preshit V. Surshe, Sachin J. Patil, Randhir Chawla, Renu Saigal, Amit Thakkar, V.N. Raghupathy for the Appearing Parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by ,B R.M. LODHA, J. 1. Leave granted in all these special leave petitions.

2. Does the two-Judge Bench decision of this Court in Raheja Development' lay down the correct legal position? It is c to consider this question that in Larsen and Toubro2 a two-Judge lilench of this Court has referred the matter for. consideration by the larger Bench. In the referral order dated 19.8.2008, the two-Judge Bench after noticing the relevant provisions of the Karnataka Sales Tax Act, 195,Z: and the D distinction between a contract of sale and a works 'contract made the reference to the larger Bench by observing as follows: "We have prima facie some difficulty in accepting the proposition laid down in Para 20 quoted above. Firstly, in our view, ·prima facie, M/s Larsen & Toubro - petitioner E herein, being a developer had undertaken the contract to develop the property of Dinesh Ranka. Secondly, the ' Show Cause Notice proceeds only on the basis that , Tripartite Agreement is the works contract. Thirdly, in the : Show. Cause Notice there is no allegation made by the F Department that there is monetary consideration involved in the first contract which is the Development Agreement. Be that as it may, apart from the disputes in hand, the point which we have to examine is whether the ratio of the judgment of the Division Bench in the case of Raheja G Development Corporation (supra) as enunciated in Para 1. K. Raheja Development CorporatioR v. State of Karnataka; (2005) 5 SCC 162.

2. Mis. Larsen & Toubro Limited & Anr. v. State of Karnataka & Anr.; SLP(C) H No. 17741 of 2007. MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 695 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, ·J.] 20, is correct. If the Development Agreement is not a works A contract could the Department rely upon the second contract, which is the Tripartite Agreement and interpret it · to be a works contract, as defined under the 1957 Act. The Department has relied upon only the judgment of this Court in Raheja Developmerit Corporation(supra) case because B

para 20 does assist th-e Department. However, we are of the view that if the ratio of Raheja Development case is to be accepted then there would be no difference between . works contract and a contract for sale of chattel as a chattel. Lastly, could it be said that petitioner - Company C was the contractor for prospective flat purchaser. Under the definition of the term "works contract" as quoted above the contractor must have undertaken the work of construction for and on behalf of the contractor (sic.) for cash, deferred or any other valuable consideration. According to the D Department, Development Agreement is not works contract but the Tripartite Agreement is works contract which, prima facie, appears to be fallacious. There is no allegation that the Tripartite Agreement is sham or .bogus. For the aforestated reasons, we direct the Office to place E this matter before the Hon'ble Chief Justice for appropriate directions in this regard, as we are of the view thatJhe judgment of Division Bench in the case of Raheja Development (supra) needs re-consideration by the larger ~~-" F •

3. Of the 26 appeals under consideration before us, 14 are from Karnataka and 12 from Maharashtra. Insofar as Karnataka appeals are concerned, it is appropriate that we take the facts from the leading case being Larsen and Toubro2. The ECC division of Larsen and Toubro (for short, "L&T") is engaged in G property development along with the owners of vacant sites. On 19.10.1995, L&T entered into a development agreement with Dinesh Ranka, owner of the land bearing survey numbers 90/ 1, 91, 92 (Part), 94, 95 and 96/1 (Part) together measuring 34 H 696 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A acres all situated at Kothanur Village, Segur Hobli, Bangalore South Taluk, Bangalore, for construction of a multi-storeyed apartment complex. The owner was to contribute his land and L& T was to coristruct the apartment complex. After development, 25% of the total space was to belong to the owner and 75% to L&T. A power of attorney was executed by8 the owner of the land in favour of L& T to enable it to negotiate and book orders from the prospective purchasers for allotment of built up area. Accordingly, L&T entered into agreements of sale with intended purchasers. The agreements provided that C on completion of the construction, the apartments would be handed over to the purchasers who will get an undivided interest . in the land also. Sale deeds, thus, were executed in favour of the intended purchasers by L&T and the owner.

4. On 12.07.2005, the business premises of L&T were D inspected by the Deputy Commissioner of Commercial Taxes {lntelligence-1) South Zone, Koramangala, Bangalore (hereinafter referred to as the 'Deputy Commissioner') and a detailed statement of the Finance Manager was recorded. E 5. On 21.12.2005, the Deputy Commissioner called upon L&T to furnish the details of development project. L&T furnished details on 24.07.2005 and 26.09.2005. 6. On 04.10.2005, the Deputy Commissioner served a show cause notice on L&T stating that it was liable to tax as F per th!! decision of this Court in Raheja Development1. L&T responded to the show cause notice and submitted preliminary objections on 10.10.2005. By a further communication dated 10.11.2005, L& T objected to the assessment of tax for development of projects by it. The L&T inter alia submitted that G. the development agreement was not a works contract per se on account of the reasons: {a) the agreement was to develop and market flats to customers; {b) the intent and purpose of the agreement was to develop property by the petitioners on the one hand and the land owner on the other; {c) the construction H and development of the said land involved no monetary M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 697 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] consideration; and (d) the only consideration was that upon the A completion of the entire project, L&T would be entitled to 75 per cent of the same.

7. Again on 04.01.2006, the business premises of L&T were inspected and certain documents like agreement copies 8 and other documents relating to the transactions of the sale of flats were seized for the purposes of further investigation and verification. 8. On 02.02.2006, the Deputy Commissioner served upon L&T a further notice proposing to tax the sale of materials used C in the construction of flats on the ground that it was entitled to 75 per cent of the share of the projects. L& T filed detailed objections to this notice as well. 9. On 03.07.2006, the Deputy Commissioner issued D provisional assessment orders under Section 28(6) of the Karnataka Sales Tax Act, 1957 (for short, 'KST Act') for the years 2000-01 to 2004-05. Along with the provisional orders, the Deputy Commissioner also issued demand notices raising a total demand of Rs. 3,99,28,636/-. E 10. Initially, L&T preferred a writ petition before this Court challenging the above demands but that writ petition was withdrawn and a writ petition under Art'icle 226 of the Constitution of India was filed before the Karnataka High Court. F 11. The Single Judge of the Karnataka High Court noted that the controversy raised by the L& T was covered by the decision of this Court in Raheja Development1 and, accordingly, dismissed the writ petition on 10.07.2007 by observing as follows: G

"From the aforesaid observations of the Apex CourtJt is very much clear that as the petitioner No. 1 had entered · into an agreement to carry out constn,J.ction activity on behalf of someone else for cash or for deferred payment or for any other valuable construction, it would be carrying H 698 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A out works contract and therefore would become liable to pay turnover tax on the transfer involved in such work contracts. It is also not in dispute in this matter that the agreement of sale is entered into between the first petitioner and the buyers of the flat even prior to completion B of the construction of the building. Under such circumstances, as has been held by the Apex Court in the RAHEJA DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION's Case, the petitioners are liable to pay the turnover tax on the transfer of goods involved in such 'works contract'. In view of the dictum laid down by thEj recent judgment cited supra, thisc Court does not find any merit in this writ petition." 12. L& T preferred an intra-court appeal. The Division Bench of that Court concurred with the Single Judge and dismissed the writ appeal by expressing its opinion as follows: D "In our view, so far as the definition of 'work contract' in almost similar situation as in the present case has been well considered by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of K. RAHEJA DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (supra).

E The question as to whether that judgment as per Article 141 of the Constitution of India is the law of the land binding on all the Courts in the Count!)'. Prima facie, we find that the facts and circumstances in that case are almost similar to the present case and as such, the ratio laid down in the RAHEJA's Case and relied upon by the learned SingleF Judge is, in our view, just and proper. So far as the other pronouncements are concerned, if the appellant feels that it is necessary to get the pronouncement in RAHEJA's Case reviewed, it is open for him to approach the Apex Court and this Court cannot substitute its own findings onG the questions since the same has already been decided by the Apex Court in RAHEJA's case." 13. Insofar as appeals from Maharashtra are concerned, they arise from the judgment of the Bombay High Court. The H Bombay High Court was concerned with the group of matters MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 699 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] wherein challenge was laid to the constitutional validity of A Section 2(24) of the Maharashtra Value Added Tax Act, 2002 (for short, "MVAT Act") as amended initially by Maharashtra Act XXXll of 2006 and thereafter by Maharashtra Act XXV of 2007 and Rule 58(1A) of the Maharashtra Value Added Tax 'Rules, 2005 (for short, "MVAT Rules"). B

14. The Division Bench of the Bombay High Court on examination of rival contentions has, inter alia, ~eld; (a) works contract have numerous variations and it is not possible to accept the contention either as a matter of principle or as a matter of interpretation that a contract for works in the course C of which title is transferred to the flat purchaser would cease to be works contract; (b) the provisions of MOFA recognise an interest of the purchaser of the apartment, not only in respect of the apartment which forms the subject matter of the purchase, but also an undivided interest, described as a D percentage in the common areas and facilities; (c) the amendment to Section 2(24) clarifies the legislative intent that ·a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of works contract including an agreement for building and . construction of immovable property would fall within the E description of a sale of goods within the meaning of that provision and it brings within the ambit of that expression "transactions of that nature" which are referable to' Article 366 (29-A)(b); (d) by amended definition of the expression "sale" in clause (b)(ii) of the explanation to Section 2(24), the F transactions which involve works contract have been covered;

(e) the amendment in Section 2(24) does not transgress the boundary set out in Article 366(29-A); (f) Rule 58(1A) of the MVAT Rules provides that in the case of construction contracts where the immovable property, land or as the case may be, G interest therein is to be conveyed and the property involved in the execution of the construction contract is also transferred, it is the latter component which is-brought to tax; the value of the goods at the time of transfer is to be calculated after making the deductions which are specified under sub-rule ..(1 ); and (g) H 700 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A Rule 58(1A) provides for a measure for the tax by excluding the cost of the land. 15. The Division Bench of the Bombay High Court, thus, found no merit in the challenge to the constitutional validity of Section 2(24) of the MVAT Act and Rule 58(1A) of the MVATB Rules. The trade circulars and the notifications were also found to be legal and consequently writ petitions were dismissed. 16. We have heard learned senior counsel and counsel for the appellants and learned senior counsel for Karnataka and C learned Advocate-General and learned senior counsel for Maharashtra at quite some length.

17. Mr. Rohinton F. Nariman, learned senior counsel for L& T led the arguments on behalf of the appellants. His D submission is that Raheja Development' does not lay down correct law. He submits that insertion of clause 29-A (b) in Article 366 following the 61st Law Commission Report is intended to separate the goods component from the labour and services component of a composite works contract. The amendment does not in any manner undo Gannon Dunkerfey-E /3 insofar as that decision defines what a works contract is. In thi~ regard, learned senior counsel extensively referred to the decisions of this Court in Builders' Association• and Bharat Sanchar° .It is argued by him that in Raheja Development1 it was incorrectly assumed that the definition of works contract F was wide although the definition of works contract in KST Act and Madras General Sales Tax Act which was under consideration in Gannon Dunkerley-13 was identical. 18. Alternatively, it is argued by Mr. Rohinton F. Nariman G that if ii is accepted that the definition of 'works contract' in KST 3. State of Madras v. Gannon Dunkerley and Co.; (1959) SCR 379. 4 Builders' Association of India and others v. Union of India and others; (1989) 2 sec 645. 5. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and another v. Union of India and others; H (2006) 3 sec 1. M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 701 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

Act is wide which takes within its fold the contracts that are not A commonly und~rstood as works contract then this would be outside Entry 54 List II of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution for the reason that "works contract" as understood in Gannon Dunkerley-13 has not in any manner been upset by the constitutional amendment and would have to mean "works B contract" as commonly understood. 19. Criticizing the conclusions drawn in paragraph 20 of the judgment in Raheja Development1, it is argued by Mr. Rohinton F. Nariman that these conclusions are incorrect for, C

(a) the well known tests to determine as to whether a particular contract is a "works contract" or "contract of sale" have not been adverted to; (b) the contract is not read as a whole. Its substance and the main object has not been looked at and one phrase is torn out of context without adverting to any other part of the contract and based on this reasoning the contract is said D to be a works contract; (c) though it is noticed that construction/ development is to be on payment of a price in various installments but does not draw any conclusion from it; (d) it is noticed that developer has a lien on the property but incorrectly states that the lien is because they are not owners. The lien is E obviously so that if monies are not recovered from the prospective flat purchasers, the lien can be exercised, showing thereby that the contract is a contract of an agreement to sell immovable property; (e) after noticing that developer can terminate the agreement if any one installment is not paid and F can forfeit 10% of the amount that has been paid and can ultimately resell the flat, it is held that the presence of such a clause does not mean that the agreement ceases to be a "works contract" without appreciating that such a clause would have no place in a works contract and can only be consistent G with the contract for the sale of immovable property inasmuch as termination can take place if the entire consideration for the immovable property is not paid; (f) it is stated that if there is termination but there is no re-sale, there would be no works contract only to that extent which is again wholly incorrect H

702 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A because post termination what happens to a particular flat is of no relevance inasmuch as the prospective flat purchaser goes out of the picture; and (g) the distinction between a flat being constructed and a flat under construction is a distinction without a difference for the reason that the judgment notices that B if the a{lreement is entered into after the flat is already constructed, there would be no 'sale' and no 'works contract'. This is obviously for the reason that the flat.has already been developed by the developer using his material and his plan and is sold as such to a purchaser. c 20. Mr. Rohinton F. Nariman extensively referred to the decisions of this Court in 8. C. Kame• and Hindustan Shipyard' . With reference to paragraphs 7 to 16, 22 and 24 to 26 in Hindustan Shipyard', it is submitted that in a somewhat similar fact situation, this Court came to conclusion that construction D of various ships .for and on behalf of the customer would amount to a 'sale' and not to a 'works contract'.

21. Based on the various clauses of the tripartite agreement, it is argued that the main object of the agreement E read as a whole and the substance of the agreement is to sell and convey fraction of the land together with a fully constructed flat only when all installments have been fully paid. The work undertaken is for the joint development of the project as a whole, i.e., work is undertaken by the developer for himself and for the owner. The construction is not carried out for and onF behalf of the purchaser, but it is carried out entirely by the owner/ developer in order to exploit or get the best price for the land and the structure built thereon from various flat purchasers. The flat is to be sold as a flat and not an aggregate of its component. G parts. No work is carried out for the purchaser who gets title to the property only after" all work is complete. Learned senior counsel argued that the ultimate test would be: if a suit for 6. The Assistant Sales Tax Officer and Others v. B.C. Kame, Proprietor Kame Photo Studio; [(1977) 1 SCC 634]. H 7. Hindustan Shipyard Lid. v. State of A.P.; [(2000) 6 SCC 579]. / M/S. LARSENI & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 703 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

specific performance is filed by the flat purchaser against the A owner/developer, such suit would invariably be for the conveyance of title and not for the construction of a building. Conversely a suit by an owner/developer against the flat purchaser would be for payment of consideration of a flat/ fractional interest in the lan.d. Such suit would never be for B payment of work done at the behest of the flat purchaser and payment of consideration therefor. It is, thus, submitted that the judgment in Raheja Development1 does not lay down good law and deserves to be overruled.

22. Mr. K.V. Vishwanathan, learned senior counsel for C Maharashtra Chamber of Housiog Industries elaborately argued based on the following contentions. First, that to attract Article 366(29-Aj(b) there has to be a "works contract" and in the process ~f executing the works contract if certain transfer of property 1occ1.1rs, such transfer would be deemed to be sale. If D there is/ no works contract, the question of applying Article 366(29-!A)(b) would not arise. A distinction is drawn between "works'; and "works contract". It is contended that an agreement for sale is an agreement to transfer immovable property as an indivisible whole which will result in the execution of a E conveyance. There is no element of works contract involved. Even if for the purpose of complying with the obligations of an agreement for sale, a vendor carries out some works, it is not on account of any works contract. Even if there are some "works" involved, there is no "works contract" between the F promoter and purchaser. 23. Secondly, that the applicability of Article 366(29-A) read with Entry 54 of List II will arise only in matters which are otherwise not covered under the ambit of sale and cannot apply G to an agreement for sale of immovable property resulting in a conveyance. He pressed into service (i) test of enforceability

(ii) common parlance test (view of the reasonable man) (iii) test of substance of the contract and (iv) assignment test. Insofar as common parlance test and test of substance of the contract H 704 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 17 S.C.R. A are concerned, Mr. K.V. Vishwanathan placed reliance upon Bharat Sanchar6. As regards assignment test, paragraph 36 of the judgment in Builders' Association4 was referred to by the learned senior counsel. 24. Thirdly, that amended definition under Article 366(29-8 A) has not conferred on the States a larger freedom than what they had before the amendment in regard to their power to levy sales tax under Entry 54 of the State List. Paragraph 40 of the Builders' Association• is relied upon. It is contended that an agreement to sell entered into between the promoter and C purchaser continues to remain an agreement to sell and the provisions of MOFA does not change the nature of such agreement. Reference is made to the decision of this Court in Nahalchan'd Laloochand8.

D 25. And fourthly, that if State's submissions are accepted, Article 366 (29-A)(b) has to be read as "a tax on the transfer of property (whether as goods or in some other form) involving works" which will not only distort the amendment but will render the words "in goods" redundant. Article 366 (29-A)(b) does not E provide for such an interpretation. The phrase "in some other form" takes its colour from the preceding words namely, "transfer of property in goods" and "whether as goods". The said phrase "in some other form" cannot and would not mean the transfer of an indivisible immovable property as a whole. F Reliance is placed on the decision of this Court in Purshottam Premji5 to differentiate between a sale and works contract. It is contended that the distinguishing factors that have been laid down in Purshottam Premji9 which were relied on by the Law Commission should be considered as the only tests to differentiate a works contract and a contract for sale. G 8. Nahalchand Laloochand Private Limited v. Panchali Cooperative Housing Society Limited; (2010) 9 SCC 536. 9. Commissioner of Sales Tax, M.P. v. Purshottam Premji; [1970] 26 S.T.C. H 38. MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 705 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

26. Dr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi, learned senior counsel A appearing for Promoters and Builders Association made brief oral submissions which were followed by detailed written submissions. The principal issue, according to him, is, wl:Jether the agreement entered into between a promoter/developer and a flat purchaser, pursuant to the provisions of Section 4 read B with Rule 5 and Form V of MOFA can be divided into two parts, {i) an agreement between the promoter/developer and the flat purchaser to construct a flat; and (ii) an agreement between the promoter/developer and the flat purchaser to eventually sell the flat so constructed and whether the first part of the said c agreement can be treated as a works contract whereby the flat purchaser is accorded the status of a principal employer and the promoter/developer acts as a mere contractor for him and constructs the flat for and on behalf of the flat purchaser. While conceding that an integral part of the transaction of sale of a D flat is the activity of construction of the said flat but the moot question in his view is whether such activity of construction has the characteristics or elements of works contract. Learned senior counsel highlighted the distinguishing features between "works contract" and "contract for sale of goods" and having Eregard to that it is submitted that the activity of construction undertaken by the promoter/developer cannot be said to be works contract for the reasons, (i) that developer does not construct at the behest of the flat purchaser as on various occasions the flat is constructed without there being any Fbooking for the said flat; (ii) the main intention of the agreement between the promoter/developer and the flat purchaser is the sale of flat and not to appoint the developer as the contractor of the flat purchaser for the purposes of carrying out the construction of the flat for and on behalf of the flat purchaser;

(iii) the flat purchaser does not have any role in conceptualizing G the project of construction nor does he have any say in the designing and lay-out of the building to be constructed. The flat purchaser does not have any control over the type and standard of the material to be used in the construction of the building. He does not get any right to- monitor or supervise the H 706 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013) 17 S.C.R. A construction activity; (iv) the ownership in the material used in the construction remains with the promoter/developer and the said ownership passes to the flat purchaser only on the eventual conveyance of the flat; (v) the accretion to the goods happens in the hands of the promoter/developer and not when the flat is B conveyed to the flat purchaser; and (vi) the construction linked payment schedule is nothing but a method of payment in installments.

27. It is the submission of Dr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi that Article 366(29-A)(b) by a deeming fiction only deems the C transfer of property in goods in execution of a works contract as a sale but the said amendment does not contemplate a deemed transfer of goods which actually does not happen at the time of execution of the contract. The provisions of MOFA do not change the character of the transaction entered into D between the promoter/developer and the flat purchaser from that of a pure sale of immovable property to a works contract. Even in the absence of a statute like MOFA, the obligations and restrictions prescribed ~herein would still be present as part of obligations under the Indian Contract Act/Transfer of Property E Act and its penalties for breaching the same would still be applicable under the penal statutes.

28. While referring to Section 2(24) MVAT Act, it is submitted by the learned senior counsel that a plain reading of F amended explanation b(ii) to Section 2(24) of that Act will show r.tat the said provision has not brought within its scope transactions which are not in their substance works contract. The amendment brought in explanation b(ii) to Section 2(24) is merely explanatory in nature. Even after the amendment the G transaction in which there is transfer of property in goods has to be works contract. The amendment cannot be interpreted to mean that transfer of property in goods in execution of any agreement even if it is not a works contract has now been included in the definition of sale. Such interpretation will render the provision unconstitutional. Learned senior counsel submits H M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 707 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] that the manner in which the State Government is expanding A scope of Section 2(24) on the basis of the decision of this Court in Raheja Development1. it has rendered the said provision unconstitutional. According to Dr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi, Raheja Development' therefore needs to be reconsidered and overruled. B

29. As regards constitutional validity of the provisions of Rule 58(1) and 58(1A) of MVAT Rules, it is submitted' that these Rules and Rule 58(1-A) of the 2005 Rules include an element of profit eamed by a promoter/developer on the sale C of a flat. There are no provisions to take the profit element from arriving at the value of goods. As a result income earned by the promoter/developer from the profit on sale of the flat also gets included in the value of goods and eventually the said income gets taxed. Imposition of such tax on the income of the promoter/developer is beyond the legislative competence of the D State Government.

30. Without prejudice to the above arguments, it is firstly submitted that assuming that the activity of construction · undertaken by the developer is a works contract then the same E would be a works contract only from the stage when the developer enters into a contract with the flat purchaser. Only the value addition made to the goods transferred after the agreement is entered into with the flat purchaser can be made chargeable under MVAT Act. VAT cannot be charged on the F entire sale price as described in the agreement entered into between developer and flat purchaser as sought to be done under the composition scheme. Secondly, it is submitted that assuming that the agreement entered into between the developer and the flat purchaser has two components. namely, G a works contract and sale of proportionate share in the land then the stamp duty on such transaction should be levied under Article 25 (stamp duty for conveyance) only on the component sale of proportionate share in the land and the stamp duty on the value of construction carried out ought to be charged under H · Article 63 (stamp duty for works contract). 708 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 17 S.C.R.

A 31. Mr. N. Venkatraman, learned senior counsel for Builders Association while highlighting the background in which clause (29-A) came to be inserted in Article 366 and drawing distinction between a conventional sale and a works contract submits that 'transfer' is imminent and indispensable B requirement in both but in the case of a conventional sale, property in goods gets transferred as intended by the parties while in a works contract, property in goods get transferred through accretion. Few illustrations have been referred to by him and it is submitted that 'test of accretion' which is sine qua non c for works contract is not satisfied in the agreements under consideration. L&T 1110 is referred which says, "once the work is assigned by L&T to its sub-contractor, L&T ceases to execute the works contract in the sense contemplated by Article 366 (29-A)(b) because property passes by accretion and there is no property in goods with the contractor which is capable of0 a re-transfer whether as goods or in some other form".

32. Learned senior counsel contends that when ultimately the constructed flat is transferred or sold, it becomes a sale of : an immovable property at which point of time the question of E transfer on accretion does not arise. The transfer of goods has to take place in the course of the construction of a building before becoming an immovable property though the contract may be indivisible contract for construction of a building in the form of an immovable property. Once it becomes an immovable F property, Article 366(29-A)(b) cannot be pressed into service to such a transaction. He submits that an agreement to sell is not a sale in its conventional sense and, therefore, cannot be a deemed sale also. G 33. It is submitted by Mr. N. Venkatraman that Section 2(24) of MVAT Act and Rules 58 and 58(1A) of MVAT Rules seek to redefine the taxable event by moving away from theory 10. State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors. v. Larsen & Toubro Ltd. & Ors.; [(2008) 9 H sec 1e11. M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 709 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] of accretion to transfer of immovable property by way of A conveyance and that renders these provisions unconstitutional.

34. Mr. Vinod Bobde, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of Promoters and Builders Association, Nasik argues that after insertion of clause 29-A in Article 366, the works B contract which was an indivisible one has by a legal fiction altered into a contract which is divisible into one for sale of goods. and the other for supply of labour. Thus, the goods component is exigible to sales tax. However, the amendment has not enlarged the meaning of "works contract" as commonly understood. With reference to Section 2(24) explanation (b)(ii) C of the MVAT Act, learned senior counsel submits that this provision aims at taxing the sale of goods involved in the execution of a works contract. In the case of a building contract on land, the contractor must be carrying out the building activity for consideration which obviously means that he should be D receiving consideration from the person who has engaged him as contractor. The provision does not cover an owner or developer of land who is constructing a building for the purpose of ultimately selling the flats therein to purchasers. Such owner or developer does not receive any consideration from anyone E for carrying out of the building activity; what he receives is simply the sale price of the flats from the purchasers. According to Mr. Vinod Bobde, the provisions so read would not transgress Article 366 (29-A) but if it is read as was done in Raheja Development1, it would be unconstitutional. F

35. It is argued by Mr. Vinod Bobde that an agreement of sale whether simplicitor or in Form V under the MOFA is not a "works contract". It only settles terms for the sale of property and the sale ultimately takes place in pursuance thereof unless G the contract is terminated. The ''works" component and "goods" component are totally absent in the agreement. There is no question of taxing sale of goods in an agreement of sale. The buyer does pay the sales tax on the purchase of goods/material used in construction of the building. Such goods/materials are H 710 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A purchased from the dealers registered under the Act. What the taxing authorities seek to do by treating an agreement for sale of immovable property, namely, flat to be a "works contract" within the meaning of Section 2(24), explanation (b)(ii) is to again tax the goods used in the construction of the building. B This cannot be done because the builder is not building as the contractor for the flat purchaser but for himself, and he cannot possibly transfer such goods to himself.

36. Mr. Vinod Bobde submits that the High Court's view C that the. element of sale of immovable property can be there in a works contract is clearly erroneous. The agreement of sale in Form V under the MOFA is not an agreement simpliciter and the aspect that MOFA creates the right and interest in the flat as a measure for protecting prospective flat purchasers is irrelevant. With reference to Entries 25, 5 and 63 of the Bombay D Stamp Act, 1958 which provide for stamp duty on conveyance including an agreement for sale of property, agreement or its record or memorandum of agreement and works contract respectively, _it is submitted that State has been levying stamp duty on agreement of sale under E.ntry 25 and not under Entry E 63 and hence the State does not consider an agreement for sale to be a works contract.

37. Mr. Shivaji M. Jadhav learned counsel appearing for: one of the appellants has broadly followed the above F submissions. He submits that expression "in so'me other form" in Article 366(29-A)(b) does not mean immovable property but. some other form of goods being movable property. According t6 him, artificial rules or other enactments like MOFA, Bombay Stamp Act would not be relevant at all in ascertaining whether G transfer of property in goods has taken place in the execution of works contract. Model agreement Form V in MOFA does not indicate that construction of a flat by the developer/promoter is being carried on for and on behalf of the purchaser of the flat. Rather it supports the view that buyer is interested in what is constructed as a flat and not the building material. MOFA H M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 711 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J'.] ; ensures that the theory of accretion is not applicable and the A flat purchaser is not left at the mercy of the builder. 38. Learned counsel also submits that if Section 2(24) explanation b(ii) of the MVAT Act is read in the manner suggested by this Court in Raheja Development1, such B provision is rendered unconstitutional. As regards Rule 58(1) and Rule 58 (1-A), the submission of the learned counsel is that these Rules suffer from various infirmities and· are unable to carry out the objectives of MVAT Act.

39. In the counter arguments advanced on behalf of the two . C · States - Karnataka and Maharashtra - Raheja Development1 has been stoutly pefended. Mr. K.N, Bhat, learned senior counsel for Karnataka submits that view taken in Raheja Development1 is correct and needs no reconsideration - both on merits as well as on the basis of binding precedents on the D principles governing reconsideration of an earlier decision. He submits that Article 366(29-A) uses the phraseology employed in Entry 54 of List II that reads, "taxes on sale or purchase of goods .... " For the purpose of Entry 54 List II, ·~axes on the sale or purchase of goods" includes "tax on the transfer of property E in goods (whether as goods or in some otf:ler form) involved in the execution of works contract". Transfer of property in goods is the essence of definition of 'sale' in Section 4 of the Sale of Goods Act. Article 366(29-A)(b) can be rephrased as "a tax on the sale of goods involved in the execution of a works F contract" and in any case by the deeming fiction incorporated 'in the above provision, it shall be deemed to be a sale of those goods by the person making the transfer and a purchase by a person to whom such transfer is made. The taxable event is the deemed sale of goods involved in the execution of works G. contract. Article 366 (29-A) has been inserted to remedy the situation arising from the decision in the Gannon Dunkerley-13 where attempt to levy sales tax on the sale of goods involved in the execution of works contract wa·s held to be unconstitutional. This was on the basis that a works contract H

712 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 17 S.C.R. A could not be dissected into contract for "works and services" and contract for "sale of goods". Mr. K.N. Bhat submits, relying upon para 41 in Builders' Association4, that definition of 'works contract' KST Act does not go beyond what is contemplated in the Constitution. B 4.9. Mr. K.N. Bhat's submission is that in order to sustain levy of sales tax on the goods deemed to have been sold in the execution of works contract the following conditions are to be met, (a) there must be works contract, i.e., any contract to C do construction, fabrication and the like; (b) the goods deemed to have been sold should have been involved in the execution of a works contract; and (c) the property in those goods must be transferred to a third party either as goods or in some other form. The taxable event is deemed sale. It is irrelevant whether transferee was a party to the works contract. All that is required D to be enquired into is as to whether the goods were involved in the execution of the works. By Forty-sixth Constitutional Amendment, the effect of Gannon Dunkerley-13 has been . neutralized. Now that the works contract which was indivisible according to Gannon Dunkerley-13 are divisible and the goods E involved in the execution of works contract that were then not. ' ' taxable are now taxable. '

41. The whole idea by insertion of clause 29-A(b) in Article· 366, Mr. K.N .. Bhat submits, is to make the materials used in' F the buitding activity liable to sales tax. Any other interpretation will be contrary to the two decisions of the Constitution Benches in Builders' Association4 and Gannon Dunkerley-11 11 • So construed works contract simply means a construction activity. If the building is retained by the builder himself, there is no G deemed sale. 42. Mr.K.N. Bhat, however, submits that the statement of law in Raheja Development1 that when a completed building 11. M/s. Gannon Dunkerley & Co. and others v. State of Rajasthan and Others; H [(1993) 1 sec 364]. MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 713 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] is sold, there is no works contract and, therefore, no liability to A tax, may not be correct statement of law. If the building was intended for sale and is in fact sold, tax is attracted to the deemed sale. Even in such cases, goods used in the construction are deemed to have been sold by the builder (dealer) to the purchaser. B

43. It also urged by Mr. K.N. Bhat that in the referral order, the Bench has entertained certain doubts in respect of th!f. decision of this Court in Raheja Development1 . However, suci1 doubts that a better view was possible is not good enough to creconsider the decision. Relying upon decisions of this Court in Gannon Dunkerley-II" and the-earlier decision in Keshav Mills12 , he submits that while recommending reconsideration of an earlier decision, the Bench must first come to the conclusion that the earlier decision was· clearly wrong for the Dreasons stated. According to him,)vithin the settled standards, recommendation to consider Raheja Development1 does not fall. Moreover, since Raheja Development1 in May, 2005 almost all States have modified their laws in line with Raheja Development1 and the need for change in a settled' practice is not made out. · E

44. Mr. Darius Khambata, learned Advocate General and Mr. Shekhar Naphade, learned senior counsel advanced arguments on behalf of Maharashtra. It is argued that after insertion of Article 366 (29-A)(b) in the Constitution, the transfer F of movable property in a works contract is deemed to be sale even though it is not a sale as per the Sale of Goods Act. The works contract is now divisible. Article 366(29-A)(b) clarifies that the transfer of the goods may be as goods or in some other form. Therefore, the goods may remain as goods or cease to G be goods, i.e., they may merge into immovable property. In this regard, extensive reference has been made to Builders' Association4 and it is submitted that the same submissions 12. Keshav Mills Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay North, Ahmedabad; [AIR 1965 SC 1636]. H 714 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A made by the States which were rejected by this Court in .. Builders' Association4 are now sought to be raised almost on similar lines by the appellants which have been rightly rejected by the High Court. . ' ..... '

45. Learned Advocate General and learned senior counsel 8 for Maharashtra submit that the term ''works contract" is nothing but a contract in which one of the parties is obliged to undertake or to execute works. The expression "works" is extremely wide and can either mean the act of bestowing labour or that on C which the labour is bestowed. In this regard, the two decisions of this Court (i) Dewan Joynal Abedin'3 and (ii) Kartar Singh 14 have been referred. It is submitted that the term "works" would include the final product and, therefore, a works contract cannot be confined to a contract to provide labour and services but is a contract for undertaking or for bringing into existence some D "works". Nothing in Article 366(29-A)(b) limits the term "works contract". Although, works contract usually have only two elements, i.e., labour and services as well as sale of goods but the addition of few other elements does not denude such contract being works contract. It is possible that there could be E a works contract coupled with the sale of immovable property. The transaction does not cease to be a works contract merely because it may include other obligations.

46. Learned Advocate General argues that even in the F case of a works contract, the ownership of the goods need not pass only by way of accretion or accession to the owner of the immovable property to which they are affixed or upon which the · building is built; property can pass under the terms of a contract or' by statute. He submits that the tests laid down in judgments G prior to Forty-sixth Constitutional Amendment for determining whe\her· a contract is a works contract or a sale of goods are no longer applicable. There is no question of ascertaining the dominant intention of the contract now since the sale of goods 13. Dewan Joynal Abedin v. Abdul Wazed; [(1988) Supp SCC 580]. · H 14. Kartar Singh Bhadana v. Hari Singh Nalwa & Ors.; [(2001) 4 SCC 661]. M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 715 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

element is a deemed sale under Article 366(29-A)(b) and can A be taxed separately. Hindustan Shipyard' was distinguished and it was submitted that in Associated Cement15 a three-Judge Bench of this Court has overruled the decision in Rainbow Colour Lab 16 and it has been expressly noted that cases such as Hindustan Shipyard' relate to the situation prior to Forty- B sixth Amendment where the court had no jurisdiction to bifurcate a works contract and impose sales tax on the transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of the contract. Reference was also made to a decision of this Court in P.N. C. Construction 17 . According to learned Advocate General, it has c now become possible for the States to levy sales tax on the value of the goods involved in the works contract in the same way in which the sales tax was leviable on the price of the goods supplied in a buil~ng contract. This is where the concept of "value addition" comes in. It is on account of Forty-sixth D Amendment to the Constitution that the State Government is empowered to levy sales tax on the contract value which earlier was not possible.

47. Mr. Darius Khambata submits that a composite contract comprising both a works contract and a transfer of E immovable property does not denude it of its character as a works contract. According to him, Article 366(29-A)(b) provides for a situation where the goods are transferred in the form of immovable property. He referred to an Australian case, M.R. Hornibrook18 in this regard which has been approved by this F Court in Builders' Association4. 48. Learned Advocate General has also pressed into 15. Associated Cement Companies Ltd. v. Commissioner of Customs; [(2001) G 4 sec 593]. 16. Rainbow Colour Lab & Anr. v. State of M.P. & Ors.; [(2000) 2 SCC 385]. 17. State of U.P. & Ors. v. P.N.C. Constn,ction Co. Ltd. & Ors.; [(2007) 7 SCC 320] 18. M.R. Hornibrook (Ply.) Ltd. v. The Federal Commissioner ofTaxation; [(1939) 62 C.L.R. 272. H 716 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R.

A service the aspect theory of legislation. His submission is that different aspects of the same transaction can involve more than one taxable event. There is nothing to prevent the taxation of different aspects of the same transaction as separate taxable events. This would not constitute a splitting of an indivisible B contract. Reference is made to a decision of this Court in Federation of Hotel & Restaurant'•. The submission. of the learned Advocate General is that transfer of immovable property cannot be taxed as a sale of goods but there is no constitutional bar to tax only the sale of goods element and c separately tax the transfer of immovable property. Taxing the sale of goods element in a works contract under Article 366 (29-A)(b) read with Entry 54 List II is permissible, provided the tax is directed to the value of the goods and does not purport to tax the transfer of immovable property. D 49. Stoutly defending the impugned judgment of the Bombay High Court, learned Advocate General submits that Section 2(24) explanation b(ii) of MVAT Act has been rightly held to be constitutional as the provisions in the MVAT Act offer diverse options for valuation of the sale of goods element in a E works contract. Each of these options is consistent with the methods approved of by this Court in Gannon Dunkerley-II''.

50. As regards challenge to the constitutional validity of Rule 58A and Rule 58(1A), it is submitted by learned Advocate F General that these provisions are consistent with the principles laid down in Gannon Dunkerley-II". The measure of tax is not determinative of its essential character or of the competence of the legislature. He sought to dispel the impression that Rule 58(1A) may result in double taxation. Distinguishing the G decision of this Court in Larsen & Toubro-112°, learned Advocate General submits that the observations made in para 19. Federation of Hotel & Restaurant Association of India, etc. v. Union of India & Ors.; [(1989) 3 sec 634]. 20. State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors.v. Larsen & Toubro Ltd. & Ors.; [(2008) 9 H sec 191]. M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 717 KARNATAKA [R.M. ·LODHA, J.] 19 does not apply to Maharashtra inasmuch as Section 45(4) A of the MVAT Act ensures that it is either the builder or the sub-contractor who pays the tax (being treated as one and jointly/ severally liable). In any case all claims of alleged double taxation will be determined in the process of assessment of each individual case. B

51. Highlighting the MOFA agreement in prescribed Form V, learned Advocate General argues that the clauses therein indicate that it comprises of a works contract along with the agreement for sale. There is no reason to deny the applicability C of Article 366(29-A) to such a works contract. His argument is that sale of goods element in the works contract contained in a MOFA agreement is taxable under Section 2(24) explanation b(ii) of the MVAT Act. As long as there is an obligation to construct under the agreement between the promoter and the flat purchaser (in the case of Maharashtra being an agreement D under the MOFA) the deemed sale of goods involved in the execution of such a works contract can be taxed even after incorporation of the goods in the works and when the property passes as between the promoter and the flat purchaser. It is submitted that what is at issue before this Court is not the E determination of when the taxable event takes place but the exigibility to tax of a deemed sale of goods in a composite contract.

52. Prior to Forty-sixth Amendment in the Constitution, levy F of sales tax on the sale of goods involved in the execution of the works contract was held to be unconstitutional in Gannon Dunkerley-13. That was a case where the assessee (Gannon Dunkerley) was carrying on business as engineers and contractors. Its business consisted mainly of execution of G contracts for construction of buildings, bridges, dams, roads and structural contracts of all kinds. During the assessment year under consideration, the return filed by the assessee showed as many as 47 contracts most of which were building contracts which were executed by it. From the total of the amount which H 718 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 17 S.C.R.

A the assessee received in respect of sanitary contracts and other contracts 20 per cent and 30 per cent respectively were deducted for labour and the balance was taken as the turnover of the assessee for the assessment year in question: Sales tax was levied on the said balance treating it as taxable turnover B under the Madras General Sales Tax Act, 1939. Assessee questioned the levy of sales tax on the ground that there was no sale of goods as understood in India and, therefore, no sales tax could be levied on any portion of the amount which was received by the assessee from the persons for whose benefit c it had constructed buildings. The Madras High Court concluded that the transactions in question were not contracts for sale of goods as defined under the provisions of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 which was in force on the date on which the Constitution came into force and, therefore, the assessee was not liable to pay sales tax on the amounts received by it from0 the persons for whom it had constructed buildings during the year of assessment. It is from this judgment that the matter reached this Court. The Constitution Bench of this Court held that in a building contract where the agreement between the parties was that the contractor should construct the building E according to the specifications contained in the agreement and in consideration received payment as provided therein, there was neither a contract to sell the materials used in the construction nor the property passed therein as movables. It was held that in a building contract which was one (entire and F indivisible) there was no sale of goods and it was not within the competence of the Provincial State Legislature to impose tax on the supply of the materials used in such a contract treating it as a sale. The Constitution Bench said," ........ when the work to be executed is, as in the present case, a house, G the construction imbedded on the land becomes an accretion to it on the principle quicquid plantatur solo, solo cedit, and it vests in the other party not as a result of the contract but as the owner of the land: Vide Hudson on Building Contracts, 7th Edn., p. 386 ......... " It was further stated, " ..... that exception does not H apply to buildings which are constructed in execution of a works M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 719

KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] contract,, and the law with reference to them is that the title to A the same passes to the owner of the land as an accretion thereto. Accordingly, there can be no question of title to the materials passing as movables in favour of the other party to the contract.. ..... " B 53. In Gannon Ounkerley-13, this Court held that in a building contract which was one, entirely indivisible, there was no sale of goods and it was not within the competence of the provincial State legislature to impose tax on the supply of materials used in such a contract treating it as a sale. The C above statement was founded on the premise that the works contract was a composite contract which is inseparable and indivisible. Entry 48 of List II of Schedule Seven of the Government of India Act, 1935 was under consideration before tl:lis Court in Gannon Dl!nkerley-13. It is observed that the D,expression "sale of goods" in that entry has the same meaning as the said expression had in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930. In other words, the essential ingredients of sale of goods are (i) an agreement to sell movables for a price and (ii) property passing therein pursuant to that agreement. E

54. The problems connected with powers of States to levy tax, inter alia, on goods involved in execution of works contract following Gannon Ounkerley-13 was elaborately examined by the Law Commission of India. In its 61st Report, Chapter 1A, the Law Commission specifically examined the taxability of F works contract. The Law Commission noted the essential nature and features of the building contracts and the difference between contract of works and contract for sale. It examined the question whether the power to tax indivisible contracts of works should be conferred on the States. The Law Commission G suggested three alternatives (a) amendment in the State List, Entry 54, or (b) adding a fresh entry in the State List, or (c) insertion in Article 366 a wide definition of "sale" so as to include works contract. It· preferred the last one, as, in its opinion, this would avoid multiple amendments. J H 720 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 17 S.C.R. A 55. Having regard to the above recommendation of the Law Commission, the Constitution Bill No.52 of 1981 was introduced in the Parliament.* *The relevant portion of statement of objects and reasons reads : "STATEMENT OF OBJECTS AND REASONS

B Sales tax laws enacted in pursuance of the Government of India Act, 1935 as also the laws relating to sales tax passed after the coming into force of the Constitution proceeded on the footing that the expression "sate of goods", having regard to the rule as to broad interpretation of entries in the legislative lists, would be given a wider connotation. However, in Gannon Dunkerley's case (A.l.R. 1958 S.C. 560), the Supreme Court held that the expression "sale of goods" as used in the entries in the Seventhc Schedule to the Constitution has the same meaning as in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930. This decision related to works contracts. 2. By a series of subsequent decisions, the Supreme Court has, on the basis of the decision in Gannon Dunkerley's case, held various other transactions which resemble, in substance, transactions by way of sales, to be not liable to sales tax. As a result of these decisions, aD transaction, in order to be subject to the levy of sales tax under entry 92A of the Union List or entry 54 of the State List, should have the following ingredients, namely, parties competent to contract, mutual assent and transfer of property in goods from one of the parties to the contract to the other party thereto for a price.

5. The various problems connected with the power of the States to levy a E tax on the sale of goods and with the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956 were referred to the Law Commission of India. The Commission considered these matters in their Sixty-first Report and, recommended, inter alia, certain amendments in the Constitution if as a matter of administrative policy it is decided to levy tax on transactions of the nature mentioned in the preceding paragraphs. F 9. It is, therefore, proposed to suitably amend the Constitution to include in article 366 a definition of "tax on the sale or purchase of goods" by inserting a new clause (29A). The definition would specifically include within the scope of that expression tax on--- (i) transfer for consideration of controlled commodities; (ii) the transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract; G (iii) delivery of goods on hire-purchase or any system of payment by instalments; (iv) transfer of the right to use any goods for any purpose for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration; (v) the supply of goods by an unincorporated association or body of persons to a member thereof for cash, deferred payment or other valuableH consideration; M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 721 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

56. The Parliament then enacted the Constitution (Forty- A sixth Amendment) Act, 1982 which receiy~d the assent of the President on 02.02.1983. Accordingly, clause 29-A was inserted in Article 366 of the Constitution which is set out as below.** B (vi) the supply, by way of or as part of any service, of food or any drink for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration. 12. Clause (3) of article 286 is proposed to be amended to enable Pa~iament to specify, by law, restrictions and conditions in regard to the system of levy, rates and other incidents of the tax on the transfer of goods involved in the execution of a works contract, on the delivery of goods on hire- C purchase or any system of payment by instalments and on the right to use any goods.

13. The proposed amendments would help in the augmentation of the State revenues to a considerable extent. Clause 6 of the Bill seeks to validate laws levying tax on the supply of food or drink for consideration and also the collection or recoveries made by way of tax under any such D law. However, no sales tax will be payable on food or drink supplied by a hotelier to a person lodged in the hotel during the period from the date of the judgment in the Associated Hotels of India case and the commencement of the present Amendment Act if the conditions mentioned in sub-clause (2) of clause 6 of the Bill are satisfied. In the case of food or drink supplied by restaurants this relief will be available only in respect of the period after the date of judgment in the Northern India Caterers E (India) Limited case and the commencement of the present Amendment Ad." -(29-A) "tax on the sale or purchase of goods" includes- (a) a tax on the transfer, otheiwise than in pursuance of a contract, of property in any goods for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration; (b) a tax on the transfer of property in goods (whether as goods or in some F other form) involved in the execution of a works contract; (c) a tax on the delivery of goods on hire-purchase or any system of payment by instalments; (d) a tax on the transfer of the right to use any goods for any purpose (whether or not for a specified period) for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration; G

(e) a tax on the supply of goods by any unincorporated association or body of persons to a member thereof for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration; (f) a tax on the supply, by way of or as part of any service or in any other manner whatsoever, of goods, being food or any 'other article for human H 722 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013) 17 S.C.R.

57. Following the above amendment in the Constitution, the sales tax legislations in various States were amended and provisions were made for imposition of sales tax in relation to works contract. The constitutional validity of the Forty-sixth Amendment by which the legislatures of the States were empowered to levy sales tax on certain transactions described in clauses (a) to (f) of clause 29-A of Article 366 of the Constitution as well as the amendments made in the State legislations were challenged in Builders' Association•. The Constitution Bench of this Court upheld the constitutionality of the Forty-sixth Amendment. The Court observed that the object of the new definition introduced in clause 29-A of Article 366 of the Constitution was to enlarge the scope of the expression "tax of sale or purchase of goods" wherever it occurs in the Constitution so that it may include within its scope any transfer, delivery or supply of goods that may take place under any of the transactions referred to in sub-clauses (a) to (f). The Constitution Bench*** explained that clause 29-A refers to a tax and such transfer, delivery or supply of any goods shall be deemed to be a sale of those goods by the person making the transfer, delivery or supply and a purchase of those goods by the person to whom such transfer, delivery or supply is made;' .

... 36 ......... After the 46th Amendment the works contract which was an indivisible one is by a legal fiction altered into a contract which is divisible into one for sale of goods and the other for supply of labour and services. After the 46th Amendment, it has become possible for the States to levy sales tax on the value of goods involved in a works contract in the same way in which the sales tax was leviable on the price of the goods and materials supplied in a building contract which had been entered into in two distinct and separate parts as stated above ...... . 39. In view of the foregoing statements with regard to the passing of the property in goods which are involved in works contract and the legal fiction created by clause (29-A) of Article 366 of the Constitution it is difficult to agree with the contention of the States that the properties that are transferred to the owner in the execution of a works contract are not the goods involved in the execution of the works contract, but a conglomerate, that is the entire building that is actually constructed. Alter the 46th Amendment it is not possible to accede to the plea of the States that what is transferred in a works contract is the right in the immovable property. 40 .......... The 46th Amendment does no more than making it possible for the M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 723 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

on the transfer of property in goods (whether as goods or in A some other form) involved in the execution of a works contract. The emphasis is on the.transfer of property in goods - whether as goods or in some other form. A transfer of property in goods under sub-clause (b) of clause 29-A is deemed to be a sale of the goods involved in the execution of a works contract by the B person making the transfer and a purchase of those goods by a person to whom such transfer was made.

58. Article 286 puts certain restrictions upon the power of the State to enact laws concerning imposition of sales tax. It clays down that no law of a State shall impose or authorise the imposition of a tax on the sale or purchase of goods where such sale or purchase takes place (a) outside the State, or (b) in the course of import of the goods into, or export of the goods out of the territory of India. Sub-clause (2) of Article 286 enables Dthe Parliament to enact law formulating principles for determining when a sale or purchase of goods takes place in any of the ways mentioned in clause (1 ). As regards inter-state trade and commerce, clause (3) puts two restrictions. It provides States to levy sales tax on the price of goods and materials used in works E contracts as if there was a sale of such goods and materials. We do not accept the argument that sub-clause (b) of Article 366(29-A) should be read as being equivalent to a separate entry in List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution enabling the States to levy tax on sales and purchases independent of Entry 54 thereof. As the Constitution exists today the power of the States to levy taxes on sales and purchases of goods induding the F "deemed" sales and purchases of goods under clause (29-A) of Article 366 is to be found only in Entry 54 and not outside it... .. 41 .......... The case-book is full of the illustrations of the infinite variety of the manifestation of 'works contracts'. Whatever might be the situational differences of individual cases, the constitutional limitations on the taxing power of the State as are applicable to 'works contracts' represented by "building contracts" in the context of the expanded concept of "tax on the G sale or purchase of goods" as con.stitutionally defined under Article 366(29-A), would equally apply to other species of 'works contracts' with the requisite situational modifications.

42. The constitutional amendment in Article 366(29-A) read with the relevant taxation entries has enabled the State to exert its taxing power in an important area of social and economic life of the community .......... H 724 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 17 S.C.R. A that any law of a State shall, insofar as it imposes, or authorises the imposition of (a) a tax on the sale or purchase of goods declared by Parliament by law to be of special importance in inter-state trade or commerce; (b) a tax on the sale or purchase of goods, being a tax of the nature referred to in sub-clause B (b), sub-clause (c) and sub-clause (d) of clause 29-A of Article 366, be subject to such restrictions and conditions in regard to the system of levy, rates and other incidents of tax as the Parliament may by law specify. Clause (3) was substituted by Constitution Forty-sixth Amendment Act, 1982 with effect from c 02.02.1983.

59. Clause 29-A was inserted in Article 366 by the Forty-sixth Amendment with effect from 02.02.1983. Entry 54 of List II (State List) enables the State to make laws relating to taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than the newspapers, D subject to the provisions of Entry 92-A of List I. Entry 63 of List II enables the States to provide rates of stamp duty in respect of documents other than those specified in provisions of List I with regard to the rates of stamp duty. Entry 92-A of List I deals with taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than E newspapers where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of inter-state trade or commerce. Entry 6 of List Ill deals with the subjects, "transfer of property other than the agricultural land; registration of deeds and documents".

60. It is important to ascertain the meaning of sub-clause 'F (b) of clause 29-A of Article 366 of the Constitution. As the very title of Article 366 shows, it is the definition clause. It starts by saying that in the Constitution unless the context otherwise requires the expressions defined in that article shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in the article. The G definition of expression "tax on sale or purchase of the goods" is contained in clause (29-A). If the first part of clause 29-A is read with sub-clause (b) along with latter part of this clause, it reads like this: tax on the sale or purchaser of the goods" includes a tax on the transfer of property in goods (whether as H ' ' M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 725 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] goods or in l!ome other form) involved in the execution of a A works contract and such transfer, delivery or supply of any goods shall be deemed to be a sale of those goods by the person making the transfer, delivery or supply and a purchase of those goods by the person to whom such transfer, delivery or supply is made. The definition of "goods" in clause 12 is B inclusive. It includes all materials, commodities and articles. The expression, 'goods' has a broader meaning than merchandise. Chattels or movables are goods within the meaning of clause

12. Sub-clause (b) refers to transfer of property in goods (whether as goods or in some other form) involved in the c execution of a works contract. The expression "in some other . form" in the bracket is of utmost significance as by this expression the ordinary understanding of the term 'goods' has been enlarged by bringing within its fold goods in a form other than goods. Goods in some other form would thus mean goods 0 which have ceased·to.be chattels or movables or merchandise and become attached or embedded to earth. In other words, goods which have by incorporation become part of immovable property are deemed as goods. The definition of 'tax on the sale or purchase of goods' includes a tax on the transfer or property in the goods as goods or which have lost its form; as E goods and have acquired some other form involved in the execution of a works contract: 61. Viewed thus, a transfer of property in goods under clause 29-A(b) of Article 366 is deemed to be a sale of the F goods involved in the execution of a works contract by the person making the transfer and the purchase of those goods by the pers.on to whom such transfer is made.

62. The States have now been conferred with the power G to tax indivisible contracts of works. This has been done by enlarging the scope of "tax on sale or purchase of goods" wherever it occurs in the Constitution. Accordingly, the expression "tax on the sale or purchase of goods" in Entry 54 of List II of Seventh Schedule when read with the definition H 726 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 17 S.C.R. A clause 29-A, includes a tax on the transfer of property in goods whether as goods or in the form other than goods involved in the execution of works contract. The taxable event is deemed sale. B 63. Gannon Dunkerley-13 and few other decisions following Gannon Dunkerley-/3wherein the expression "sale" was given restricted meaning by adopting the definition of the word "sale" contained in the Sale of Goods Act has been undone by the Forty-sixth Constitutional Amendment so as to include works contract. The meaning of sub-clause (b) of clause 29-A of C Article 366 of the Constitution also stands settled by the Constitution Bench of this Court in Builders' Association4. As

• a result of clause 29-A of Article 366, tax oi1 the sale or purchase of goods may include a tax on the transfer in goods as goods or in a form other than goods involved in the execution of the D works contract. It is open to the States to divide the works . contract into two separate contracts by legal fiction: (i) contract for sale of goods involved in the·works contract and (ii) for supply of labour and service. By the Forty-sixth Amendment, States have been empowered to bifurcate the contract and to E levy sales tax on the value of the material in the execution of · the works contract. 64. Whether contract involved a dominant intention to transfer the property in goods, in our view, is not at all material. F It is not necessary to ascertain what is the dominant intention of the contract. Even if the dominant intention of the contract is not to transfer the property in goods an&rather it is the rendering of service or the ultimate transaction is transfer of immovable property, then also it is open to the States to levy sales tax on G the materials used in such contract if it otherwise has elements of works contract. The view taken by a two-Judge Bench of this Court in Rainbow Colour Lab16 that the division of the contract after Forty-sixth Amendment can be made only if the works contract involved a dominant intention to transfer the property H in goods and not in contracts where the transfe~ of property M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 727

KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] takes place as an incident of contract of service is no longer A good law, Rainbow Colour Lab16 has been expressly overruled by a three-Judge Bench in Associated Cement15. 65. Although, in Bharat Sanchar5; the Court was concerned with sub-clause (d) of clause 29-A of Article 366 but B while dealing with the question as tci whether the nature of transaction by which mobile phone connections are enjoyed is a sale or service or both, the three-Judge Bench did consider the scope of definition ill clause 29-A of Article 366. With reference to sub-clause (b) it said:" ....... sub-clause (b) covers C cases relating to works contract. This was the particular fact situation which the Court was faced with in Gannon Dunkertey-13 and which the Court had held was not a sale. The effect in law of a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of the works contract was by this amendment deemed to be a sale. To that extent the decl'Sion in Gannon Dunkerley-13was D directly overcome". It then went on to say that all the sub-'. clauses of Article 366(29-A) serve to bring transactions where essential ingredients of~ 'sale' as defined in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 are absent, within the ambit of purchase or sale for the purposes of levy of sales tax. E

66. It then clarified that Gannon Dunkerley-13survive.d the Fo·rty-sixth Constitutional Amendment in two respects. First, with regard to the definition of "sale:' for the purposes of the Constitution in general and for the purposes of Entry 54 of List F II in particular except to the extent that the cla.uses in Article 366(29-A) operate and second, the dominant nature test would be confined to a CO(Tlposite transaction not covered by Article 366 (29-A). In other words, in Bharat Sanchar5, this Court reiterated what was stated by this Court in Associated Cement15 that dominant nature test h.as no application to .a . G · composite transaction covered by the clauses of Article 366(29-A). Leaving no ambiguity, it said that after the Forty-sixth Amendment, the sale element of those contracts which are covered by six sub-clauses of clause 29-A of Article 366 are H 728 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 17 S.C.R. A separable and may be subjected to sales tax by the States under Entry 54 of List II and there is no question of the dominant nature test applying. 67. In view of the statement of law in Associated Cement15 B and Bharat Sanchal°, the argument advanced on behalf of the appellants that dominant nature test must be applied to find out the true nature of transaction as to whether there is a contract for sale of goods or the contract of service in a composite transaction covered by the clauses of Article 366 (29-A) has c no merit and the same is rejected.

68. IA Gannon Dunkerley-1111 , this Court, inter alia, established the five following propositions : (i) as a result of Forty-sixth Amendment the contract which was single and indivisible has been altered by a legal fiction into a contract D which is divisible into one for sale of goods and the other for supply of labour and service and as a result of such contract which was single and indivisible has been brought on par with a contract containing two separate agreements; (ii) if the legal fiction introduced by Article 366 (29-A)(b) is carried to its logical E end, it follows that even in a single and indivisible works contract there is a deemed sale of the goods which are involved in the execution of a works contract. Such a deemed sale has all the incidents of the sale of 'goods involved in the execution of a works contract where the contract is divisible into one for sale F of goods and the other for supply of labour and services; (iii) in view of sub-clause (b) of clause 29-A of Article 366, the State legislatures are competent to impose tax on the transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of works contract. Under Article 286(3)(b), Parliament has been empowered to G make a law specifying restrictions and conditions in regard to the system of levy, rates or incidents of such tax. This does not mean that the legislative power of the State cannot be exercised till the enactment of the law under Article 286(3)(b) by the Parliament. It only means that in the event of law having been made by Parliament under Article 286(3)(b), the exercise of the H

MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 729 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

legislative power of the State under Entry 54 in List II to impose A tax of the nature referred to in sub-clauses (b), (c) and (d) of clause· (29~A) of Article 366 would be subject to restrictions and conditions. in regard to the system of levy, rates and other incidents of tax contained in the said law; (iv) while enacting law imposing a tax on sale pr purchase of goods under Eritry B 54 of the State List read with Article 366 (29-A)(b), it is permissible for the State legislature to make a law imposing tax on such a deemed sale which constitutes a sale in the course of the inter-state trade or commerce under Section 3 of the Central Sales Tax Act or outside under Section 4 of the c Central Sales Tax Act or sale in the course of import or export under Section 5 of the Central Sales Tax Act; and (v) measure for the levy of tax contemplated by Article 366 (29-A)(b) is the value of the goods involved in the execution of a works contract. Though the tax is imposed on the transfer of property in goods 0 involved in the execution of a works contract, the measure for levy of such imposition is the value of the goods involved in the execution of a works contract. Since, the taxable event is the transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contrac;t and the said transfer of property in such goods takes E place when the goods are incorporated in the works, the value of the goods which can constitute the measure for the levy of the tax has to be the value of the goods at the time of incorporation of the goods in works and not the cost of acquisition of the goods by the contractor.

F 69. In Gannon Dunker/ey-1/11 , sub-section (3) of Section 5 of the Rajasthan Sales Tax Act and Rule 29(2)(1) of the Rajasthan Sales Tax Rules were declared as unconstitutional and void. It was so declared because the Court found that Section 5(3) transgressed the limits of 'the legislative power G conferred on the State legislature under Entry 54 of the State List. However, insofar as legal position after Forty-si_xth Amendment is concerned, Gannon Dunkerley-1111 hofos unambiguously that the States have now legislative power to impose tax on transfer of property in goods as goods or in H 730 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A some other .form in the execution of works contract. 70. The Forty-sixth Amendment leaves no manner of doubt that the States have power to bifurcate the contract and levy: sales tax on Jhe value of the material involved in the execution; B of the works contract. The States are now empowered to levy' sales tax on the material used in such contract. In other-words,' clause 29-A of Article 366 empowers the States to levy tax on the deemed sale.

71. Now, if by legal fiction provided in clause (29-A)(b) of C Article 366, the works contract becomes separable and divisible, one for the materials and the other for services and for the work done, whatever has been said by·this Court in Gannon Dunkerley-13 with regard to the definition of works contract in Section 2(i) of the Madras General Sales Tax Act D pales into insignificance insofar as ambit and scope of the term "works contract" within the meaning of Article 366(29-A) is concerned. To say that insertion of clause (29-A) in Article 366 has not undone Gannon Dunkerley-13 in .any manner, in our view, is not correct. The narrow meaning given to the term E ''works contract" in Gannon Dunkerley-13 now no longer sur.iives. 72. There is no doubt that to attract Article 366(29-A)(b) there has to be a works contract but then what is its meaning. The term ''works contract" needs to be understood in a manner that the Parliament had in its view at the time of Forty-sixth.. F Amendment and which is more appropriate to Article 366(29-A)(b).

73. The. ordinary dictionary meaning of the word "work" means a structure or apparatus of some kind; architecture or ' G engineering structure, a building edifice. When it is used in the plural, i.e., as works, it means architectural or engineering operations, a fortified building, a defensive structure, fortification or any of the several parts of such structures. In Webster Comprehensive Dictionary, International Edition the term ''work" H is stated to be, ......... (2) that upon which labor is expended; M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 731 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] an undertaking task. (3) that which is produced by or as by A labor, specifically, an engineering structure; ............ In the same dictionary, the term "works" is stated as a manufacturing establishrr:ient including buildings and equipment. ' 74. In Radha Raman21 , Allahabad High Court stated B (although in the context of Section 40 of the' tand Acquisition Act, 1894) that the "work" has a very wide meaning. It is really used in ti.vo·senses of bestowing labour and that upon which labour has been bestowed. 'When used in plural the word certainly mearis some outstanding or important result of the labour that has been bestowed and large industrial and C scientific establishments are called "works".

75. Hudson's 'Building En9'neering.:.Contracts', Eleventh edition, Volume 1', for the purposes of that book, starts by saying that a building or engiraeering contract may be defined as an D agreement under which a person (called builder or contractor) undertakes for reward to carry out for another (building owner or employer), works of building or civil engineering character. It continues to say that in the typical case, the work will be carried out upon the land of the employer or building owner, E though in some special cases obligations to build may arise by contract where this is not so, for example, under building leases and contracts for the sale of land with a house in the course of erection upon it. The above statement by Hudson indicates that in a typical case work (structure, building etc.) will F be carried out upon the land of the employer or building owner though in some special cases an obligation to build may arise by contract where this is not so. Hudson gives an example of building leases and contracts for the sale of land with a house in the course of erection upon it. G 76. In our opinion, the term 'works contract' in Article 366(29-A)(b) is amply wide and cannot be confined to a particular understanding of the term or to a particular form. The 21. Radha Ri!man v. State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors.; [AIR (1954) Allahabad 700]. H 732 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. '.

A term encompasses a wide range and many varieties of contract. The Parliament had such wide meaning of "works contract" in its view at the time of Forty-sixth Amendment. The object of insertion of claui;;e 29-A in Article 366 was to enlarge the scope of the expresi;ion "tax of sale or purchase of goods" and B overcome Gannon Dunkerley-13• Seen thus, even if in a contract, besides the obligations of supply of goods and materials and performance of labour and services, some additional obligations are imposed, such contract does not cease to be works contract. The additional obligations in the c contract would not alter the nature of contract so long as the contract provides for a contract for works and satisfies the primary description bf works contract. Once the characteristics or elements of works contract are satisfied in a contract then irrespective of additional obligations, such contract would be covered by the term 'works contract'. Nothing in Article 366(29-0 A)(b) limits the term "works contract" to contract for labour and service only. Learned Advocate General for Maharashtra was right in his submission that the term "works contract" cannot be confined to a contract to provide labour and services but is a contract for undertaking or bringing into existence some E "works". We are also in agreement with the submission of Mr. K.N. Bhat that the term "works contract" in Article 366(29-A)(b) takes within its fold all genre of works contract and is not restricted to one specie of contract to provide for labour and services above. The Parliament had all genre of works contract F in view when clause 29-A was inserted in Article 366.

77. The difference between a contract for work (or service) and a contract for sale (of goods) has come up for consideration before this Court on more than one occasion. Before we G consider some of the decisions of this Court in this regard, it is of interest to refer to two old decisions of English courts. In Lee22 , it was laid down that if a contract would result in the transaction of property in goods from one party to another then it must be a contract of sale. H 22. Lee v. Griffin; [(1861) 1 B. & S. 272]. M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 733 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] 78. However, the statement of law in Lee21 did not find A favour in Robinson23 where it was held that if the substance of the contract required skill and labour for the producti9n of the articles then it would not make any difference that there would pass some materials in addition-to the skill. B 79. In Chandra Bhan Gosain24 , this Court exposited that for finding out whether a contract is one of work done and materials found or one for sal~ of goods depends on its essence. If not of its essence that a chattel should be produced and transferred as a chattel, then it may be a contract for work C done and materials found and not a contract for sale of goods.

80. In Purshottam Premji9 , the difference between a contract for work and a contract for sale was explained like this: The primary difference between a contract for work or service and a contract for sale of goods is that in the former there is in D the person performing work or rendering service no property in the thing produced as a whole notwithstanding that a part or even the whole of the materials used by him may have been its property. In a case of contract for sale, the thing produced as a whole has individual existence as the sole property of the E party who produced it at some time before delivery and the property therein passes only under the contract relating thereto to other party for price. Mere transfer of property in goods used in the performance of the contract is not sufficient; to constitute a sale there must be an agreement.express or implied relating F to the sale of goods and completion of the agreement by passing of title in the very goods contracted to be sold. Ultimately the true effect of an accretion made pursuant to a contract has to be judged, not by an artificial rule that the accretion may be presumed to have become by virtue of affixing G to a chattel of part of that chattel but from the intention of the parties to the contract. 22. Robinson v. Graves; [(1935) 1 KB 579] 23. Chandra Bhan Gosain v. State of Orissa and Others; [(1964) 2 SCR 879 H 734 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 17 S.C.R.

A 81. The factors highlighted in Purshottam Premji9 which distinguish a contract for work from a contract for sale are relevant but not exhaustive. It is not correct to say that these factors should be considered as the only factors to differentiate a works contract and a contract for sale. In our view, there are s not and there cannot be absolute tests to distinguish a sale and works contract.

82. This Court in Associated Hotels25 , stated that the determination as to whether the contract involved in a transaction constitutes a contract of sale or a contract of work C or service depends in each case upon its facts and circumstances. Mere passing of property in article or commodity during the course of the performance of the transaction does not render it a transaction of sale. For even in a contract purely of work or service, it is possible that articles D may have to be used by the person executiRg the work and property in such cases articles or materials where passed to the other party. That would not necessarily convert the contract into one of sale of those materials. It is stated in Associated Hotels25 that in every case the Court will have to find out what E is the primary object of the transaction and the intention of the parties while entering upon it. It has been clarified that in some cases it may be that even while entering into a contract of work or even service, parties might enter into separate agreements, one of work and service and the other of sale and purchase of F materials to be used in the course of executing the work or performing the service. But, then in such cases the transaction will not be one and indivisible but will fall into the two separate agreements one of work or service and the other of sale. G 83. Halsbury's Laws of England, Third Edition, Vol. 41, para 603, while distinguishing a contract of sale from a contract for work and labour, has highlighted the test thus: whether or not the work and labour bestowed end in anything that can

25. The State of Punjab v. Mis. Associated Hotels of India Ltd.; [(1972) 1 SCC H 472]. M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 735 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] properly become the subject of sale; neither the ownership of A materials, nor the value of the skill and labour as compared with the value of the materials, is conclusive, although such matters may be taken into consideration in determining, in the circumstances of a part_icular case, whether the contract is in substance one for work and labour or one for the sale of a B chattel. 84. In B.C. Kame6, the Court following Associated Hotels24 observed that determination of the question whether a contract is a contract for 'work and labour' or a contract for 'sale' was not free from difficulty, particularly, when the contract is a C composite one. Having said that the Court applied the test stated in Halsbury's Laws of England. 85. In Hindustan Aeronautics26 , the Court noted the difference between contract for service and contract for sale of D goods in these words:

"13. It is well settled that the difference between contract of service and contract for sale of goods, is, that in the . former, there is in the person performing work or rendering E service no property in the things produced as a whole notwithstanding that a part or even the whole of materials used by him had been his property. In the case of a contract for sale, the thing produced as a whole has individual existence as the sole property of the party who produced it some time before delivery and the property F therein passed only under the contract relating thereto to the other party for price. It is necessary, therefore, in every case for the courts to find out whether in essence there was any agreement to work for a stipulated consideration ............ " G 86. The Court went on to say further in Hindustan 26. Hindustan Aeronautics Lid. v. State of Kamataka; [(1984) 1 sec 706J. H 736 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A Aeronautics25 as follows;

"18. It cannot be said as a general proposition that in every case of works contract, there is necessarily implied the sale of the component parts which go to make up the repair. That question would naturally depend upon the factsB and circumstances of each case. Mere passing of property in an article or commodity during the course of performance of the transaction in question does not render the transaction to be transaction of sale. Even in a contract c purelyhave toofbeworksusedorbyservice,the personit is possibleexecutingthatthearticleswork, mayand property in such articles or materials may pass to the other party. That would not necessarily convert the contract into one of sale of those materials ...... " , the Court again highlighted theD 87. In Kone Elevators27 tests to distinguish a works contract and a contract for sale of goods. The Court said;

"5. It can be treated as well settled that there is no standard formula by which one can distinguish a "contract for sale"E from a "works contract". The question is largely one of fact depending upon the terms of the contract including the nature of the obligations to be discharged thereunder and the surrounding circumstances. If the intention is to transfer for a price a chattel in which the transferee had no previous F property, then the contract is a contract for sale. Ultimately, the true effect of an accretion made pursuant to a contract has to be judged not by artificial rules but from the intention of the parties to the contract. In a "contract of sale'', the main object is the transfer of property and delivery of G possession of the property, whereas the main object in a "contract for work" is not the transfer of the property but it is one for work and labour. Another test often to be applied is: when and how the property of the dealer in such a H 27. State of A.P. v. Kone Elevators (India) Ltd.; [(2005) 3 SCC 389] MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 737 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

transaction passes to the customer: is it by transfer at the A time of delivery of the finished article as a chattel or by accession during the procession of work on fusion to the movable property of the customer? If it is the former, it is a "sale"; if it is the latter, it is a "works contract''. Therefore, in judging whether the contract is for a "sale" or for "work B and labour'', the essence of the contract or the reality of the transaction as a whole has to be taken into consideration. The predominant object of the contract, the circumstances of the case and the custom of the trade provide a guide in deciding whether transaction is a "sale" c or a "works contract''. Essentially, the question is of interpretation of the "contract". It is settled law that the substance and not the form of the contract is material in determining the nature of transaction. No definite rule can be formulated to determine the question as to whether a 0 particular given contract is a contract for sale of goods or is a works contract. Ultimately, the terms of a given contract would be determinative of the nature of the transaction, whether it is a "sale" or a "works contracf'. Therefore, this question has to be ascertained on facts of E each case, on proper construction of terms and conditions · of the contract between the parties."

88. In Hindustan Shipyard7, this Court stated that it was difficult to lay down an absolute rule to distinguish a contract for sale and a contract for labour. The question under F consideration in that case was whether the transactions involved in manufacture and supply of ships by Hindustan Shipyard to its customers are "sale" as defined in clause (n) of Section 2 of Andhra Pradesh General Sales Tax Act, 1957 or a works, contract as defined in clause (t) of Section 2 of that Act. While G dealing with the above question, the Court in para 6 stated, "the distinction between a contract of sale and works contract is not free from difficulty and has been the subject matter of several judicial decisions. No straitjacket formula can be made available nor can such quick-witted tests be devised as would H 738 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A be infallible. It is all\ ~ question of determining the intention of the parties by culling out the same on an overall reading of the several terms and conditions of a contract. ...... " The Court did note the observations made in Variety Body Builders28, that there is no standard formula by which one can distinguish a B contract of sale from a contract for work and labour. There may be many common features in both the contracts, some neutral in a particular contract, and yet certain clinching in a given case may fortify conclusion one way or the other.

89. The Court then analysed the recitals and terms and C conditions of the contract and also took into consideration para 603 of Halsbury's Laws of England, Fourth Edition, Volume 41, Benjamin's Sale of Goods, Fourth Edition, Para 1.042 and Pollock and Mulla on Sale of Goods (1990, Fifth Edition, P~ge 53] and summed up the legal position in sub-para 2 and slib-0 para 3 of para 14 (pgs. 591-592) a::; under : "(2) Transfer of property of goods for a price is the linchpin of the definition of sale. Whether a particular contract is one of sale of goods or for work and labour depends upon E the main object of the parties found out from an overview of the terms of the contract, the circumstances of the transactions and the custom of the trade. It is the substance of the contract document/s, and not merely the form, which has to be looked into. The court may form an opinion that the contract is one whose main object isF transfer of property in a. chattel as a chattel to the buyer, though some work may be required to be done under the contract as ancillary or incidental to the sale, then it is a. sale. If the primary object of the contract is the carrying out of work by bestowal of labour and services and materialsG are incidentally used in execution of such work then the contract is one for work and labour. I (3) If the thing to be delivered has any individu:=tl existence

28. State of Gujarat (Commissioner of Sales Tax, Ahmedabad} v. Mis.Variety' H Body Builders; [(1976) 3 SCC 500] · M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 739 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] before the delivery as the sole property of the party who A is to deliver it, then it is a sale. If 'A' may transfer property for a price in a thing in which 'B' had no previous property then the contract is a contract for sale. On the other hand where the main object of work undertaken by the payee of the price is not the transfer of a chattel qua chattel, the B contract is one for work and labour." 90. The Court in HindZlstan Shipyard7 also set out three categories: (a) the contract may be for work to be done, for remuneration and for supply of materials used in the ~ecution C of work for a price, (b) contract for work in which the use of the materials is accessory or incidental to the execution of the work and (c) contract for supply of goods where some work is required to be done as inciden,tal to the sale. Having regard to the recitals of the contract, the Court then concluded that the contracts in question involved sale of respective vessels within D the meaning of clause (m) of the Andhra Pradesh General Sales Tax Act and were not merely the works contract as defined in clause (t) thereof.

91. In our opinion, the tests laid down in Hindustan E Shipyard7 after Forty-sixth Amendment are not of much help in determining whether a contract is a works contract or sale of goods. In any case, Hindustan Shipyard? also says that there is no absolute rule for distinguishing a contract for sale (of goods} and a contract for labour (or services). F 92. It seems to us (and that is the view taken in some of · the decisions) that a contract may involve both a contract of work and labour and a contract of sale of goods. In our opinion, the distinction between contract for sale of goods and contract· for work (or service) has almost dimil'lished in the matters of G composite .contract involving both (a contract of work/labour and a contract for sale for the purposes of Article 366 (29-A}(b). Now by legal fiction under Article 366(29-A)(b), it is permissible to make such contract divisible by separating the transfer of property in goods as goods or in some other form from the H 740 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R.

A contract of work and labour. A transfer of property in goods under clause 29(A)(b) of Article 366 is deemed to be a sale of goods involved in the execution of a works contract by the person making the transfer and the purchase of those goods by the person to whom such transfer is made. For this reason, B lhe traditional decisions which hold that the substance of the contract must be seen have lost their significance. What was viewed traditionally has to be now understood in light of the philosophy of Article 366(29-A).

C 93. The question is: Whether taxing sale of goods in an agreement for sale of flat which is to be constructed by the developer/promoter is permissible under the Constitution? When the agreement between the promoter/developer and the flat purchaser is to construct a flat and eventually sell the flat with the fraction of land, it is obvious that such transaction D involves the activity of construction inasmuch as it is only when the flat is constructed then it can be conveyed. We, therefore, think that there is no reason why such activity of construction is not covered by the term "works contract". After all, the term "works contract" is nothing but a contract in which one of the E parties is obliged to undertake or to execute works. Such activity of construction has all the characteristics or elements of works contract. The ultimate transaction between the parties may be sale of flat but it cannot be said that the characteristics of works contract are not involved in that transaction. When the F transaction involves the activity of construction, the factors such as, the flat purchaser has no control over the type and standard of the material to be used in the construction of building or he does not get any right to monitor or supervise the construction activity or he has no say in the designing or lay-out of the G building, in our view, are not of much significance and in any case these factors do n"ot detract the contract being works contract insofar as construction part is concerned.

94. For sustaining the levy of tax on the goods deemed to have been sold in execution of a works contract, in our opinion, H M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 741 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] three conditions must be fulfilled: (i) there must be a works · A contract, (ii) the goods should have been involved in the execution of a works contract, and (iii) the property in those goods must be transferred to a third party either as goods or in some other form. In a building contract or any contract to do construction, the above three things are fully met. In a contract B to build a flat there will necessarily be a sale of goods element. Works contracts also include building contracts and therefore without any fear of contradiction it can be stated that building contracts are species of the works contract. c 95. Ordinarily in the case of a works contract the property in the goods used in the construction of the building passes to the owner of the land on which the building is constructed when the goods and materials used are incorporated in the building. But there may be contract to the contrary or a statute may provide otherwise. Therefore, it cannot be said to be an D absolute proposition in law that the ownership of the goods must pass by way of accretion or exertion to the owner of the immovable property to which they are affixed or upon which the building is built. E

96. Value addition as a concept after Forty-sixth Amendment to the Constitution has been accepted by this Court in P.N.C. Construction17. While dealing with this concept, the Court said that value addition was important concept which had arisen after the Forty-sixth Amendment by insertion of sub- F clause (b) of clause (29-A) in Article 366. It has now become possible for the States to levy sales tax on the value of the goods involved in a works contract in the same way in which the sales tax was leviable on the price of the goods in a building contract. On account of the Forty-sixth Amendment in the G Constitution the State Governments are empowered to levy sale,s tax on the contract value which earlier was not possible. 97. Where a contract comprises of both a works contract and a transfer of immovable property, such contract does not H 742 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013) 17 S.C.R..

A denude it of its character as works contract. Article ::166(29-A)(b) does contemplate a situation where the goods may not be transferred in the form of goods but m~y be transferred in some other form which may even be in the form of immovable property. The decision of the Australian High Court in. M.R. B Hornibrook18 is worth noticing in this regard. Section 3(4) of the Australian Sales Tax Assessment Act, 1930 was brought in by way of amendment by the Legislature in 1932 which reads, "For the purposes of this Act, a person shall be deemed to have sold goods if, in the performance of any contract under c which he has received, or is entitled to receive, valuable consideration, he supplies goods the property in which whether as goods (or in some other form) passes, under the terms of the contract, to some other person". The question for consideration before the Australian High Court in light of the above provision was whether the contractor was liable to pay0 sales tax on the transfer of goods involved in a works contract. The majority judgment held as follows:

"In my opinion the commissioner is right in his contention that this provision applies to the present case. The E appellant company, in the performance of a contract for building a bridge under which contract it was entitled to receive and doubtless has received valuable consideration, has supplied goods, namely, reinforced concrete piles. Such piles are plainly manufactured articles. F They are chattels. They were intended to be incorporated in a structure and were so incorporated. They lost their identity as goods in that structure. But this fact does not prevent the piles from being goods any more than it prevents bricks or stones or nuts and bolts from being G goods. The fact that the goods were specially manufactured and designed for a particular purpose cannot be held to deprive them of the character of goods." (Emphasis supplied) 98. M.R. Homibrook18 has been followed by this Court in H M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 743 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.) Builders' Association4. This Court said that sub-clause (b) of A clause (29-A) of Article 366 of the Constitution of India had more or less adopted the language used in Section 3(4) of the Australian Act.

99. Learned Advocate General. for Maharashtra Bvehemently argued that there was noihing to prevent the taxation of different aspects· of the same transaction as separate taxable events. Pressing into service the aspects theory, he argued that a contract for carrying out works coupled with the sale of immovable property may be taxed by both, the State legislatures and the Parliament within their respective C spheres of legislative competence as there is deemed sale of goods involved in works contracts. The works contract aspect can be taxed by the State legislatures under Entry 54 of List II of Seventh Schedule read with Article 366 (29-A)(b) of the Constitution. The transfer of immovable property can be taxed D by the Parliament under Entry 97 of List I. Mr. K.V. Vishwanathan, however, argued that the aspect theory has no application as the State legislatures inherently lack ·the legislative competence to tax the transfer of an immovable property. According to him, the aspect theory would apply when E a tax is sought to be imposed on more than one distinct;.field of legislation in relation to the same matter provided that there exists in the States/Union legislative competence/legislative power to levy a tax under each distinct head.

F 100. We have no doubt that the State legislatures lack legislative power to levy tax on the transfer of immovable property under Entry 54 of List 11 of the Seventh Schedule. However, the States do have competence to levy sales tax on the sale of goods in an agreement of sale of fl!it which also has a component of a deemed sale of goods. Aspects theory though G does not allow the State legislature to entrench upon the Union List and tax services by including the cost of such service in the value of goods but that does not detract the State to tax the sale of goods element involved in the execution of works H 744 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R.

A . contract in a composite contract like contract for construction of building and sale of a flat therein. In para 88 of Bharat SancharS, the Court stated: "the aspects theory does not however allow the State to entrench upon the Union List and tax services by including the cost of such service in the value B of the goods. Even in those composite contracts which are by legal fiction deemed to be divisible under Article 366(29-A), the value of the goods involved in the execution of the whole transaction cannot be assessed to sales tax''. Having said that, the Court also stated that the States were not competent to C include the cost of service in the value of the goods sold (i.e. the sim card) nor the Parliament could include the value of the sim card in the cost of services. But the statement in para 92(C) of the Report is clear that it is upto the States to tax the sale of goods element in a composite contract of sale and service. Bharat SancharS thus supports the view that taxation of different D aspects of the same transaction as separate taxable events is permissible. 101. In light of the above discussion. we may summarise the legal position, as follows: E

(i) For sustaining the levy of tax on the goods deemed to have been sold in execution of a works contract, three conditions must be fulfilted: (one) there must be a works contract, (two) .the· goods should have been involved in the F execution of a works contract and (three) the property in those goods must be transferred to a third party either as goods or in some other form. (ii) For the purposes of Article 366(29-A)(b), in a building contract or any contract to do construction, if the developer has G received or is entitled to receive valuable consideration, the above three things are fully met. It is so because in the performance of a contract for construction of building, the goods (chattels) like cement, concrete, steel, bricks etc. are intended to be incorporated in the structure and even though they lost H M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 745 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] their identity as goods but this factor does not prevent them A from being goods. (iii) Where a contract comprises of both a works contract and a transfer of immovable property; such contract does not den.ude it of its character as works contract. The term "works B contract" in Article 366 (29-A)(b) takes within its fold all genre of works contract and is not restricted to one specie of contract to provide for labour and services alone. Nothing in Article 366(29-A)(b) limits the term "works contract". (iv) Building contracts are species of the works contract. C

(v) A contract may involve both a contract of work and labour and a contract for sale. In such composite contract, the distinction between contract for sale of goods and contract for work (or service) is virtually diminished. o (vi) The dominant nature test has no application and the traditional decisions which have held that the substance of the contract must be seen have lost their significance where transactions are of the nature contemplated in Article 366(29-A). Even if the dominant intention of the contract is not to transfer E the property in goods and rather it is rendering of service or the ultimate transaction is transfer of immovable property, then also it is open to the States to levy sales tax on the materials used in such contract if such contract otherwise has elements of works contract. The enforceability test is also not F determinative. (vii) A transfer of property in goods under clause 29-A(b) of Article 366 is deemed to be a sale of the goods involved in the execution of a works contract by the person making the G transfer and the purchase of those goods by the person to whom such transfer is made. (viii) Even in a single and indivisible works contract, by virtue of the legal fiction introduced by Article 366(29-A)(b), H there is a deemed sale of goods which are involved in the 746 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R.

A execution of the works contract. Such a deemed sale has all the incidents of the sale of goods involved in' the execution of a works contract where the contract is divisible into one for the sale of goods and the other for supply of labour and services. In other words, the single and indivisible contract, now by Forty-B sixth Amendment has been brought on par with a contract containing two separate agreements and States have now power to levy sales tax on the value of the material in the execution of works contract. (ix) The expression "tax on the sale or purchase of goods" C in Entry ·54 in List II of Seventh Schedule when read with the definition clause 29-A of Article 366 includes a tax on the transfer of property in goods whether as goods or in the form other than goods involved in the .execution of works contract. D (x) Article 366(29-A)(b) serves to bring transactions where essential ingredients of 'sale' defined in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 are absent within the ambit of sale or purchase for the purposes of levy of sales tax. In other words, transfer of movable property in a works contract is deemed to be sale even though E it may not be sale within the meaning' of the Sale of Goods Act.

(xi) Taxing the sale of goods element in a works contract under Article 366(29-A)(b) read with Entry 54 List II is permissible even after incorporation of goods provided tax is directed to the value of goods and does not purport to tax the F transfer of immovable property. T.he value of the goods which can constitute the measure for the levy of the tax has to be the val~e of the goods at the time of incorporation of the goods in works even though property passes as between the developer and the flat purchaser after incorporation of goods. · G 102. The crucial question would now remain: whether the view taken in Raheja Development1 with reference to definition of "works contract". in KST Act is legally unjustified? The following definition of "works contract" was under consideration H before this Court in Raheja Development1: "works contract" MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 747 . KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] includes any agreement for carrying out for cash, deferred A payment or other valuable consideration, the building, construction, manufactur.e, processing, fabrication, erection, installation, fitting out, improvement, modification, repair or commissioning of any moveable or immovable property". B 103. The Court also noticed the definition of "dealer" and "taxable turn over ". 104. The broad facts in Raheja Development1 were these: " Raheja Development carried on the business of c real estate development and allied contracts;

" Raheja Development entered into development agreements with the owners of land; " Raheja Development entered into agreements of D sale with intended purchasers. The agreements provided that on completion of the construction, the residential apartments or the commercial complexes would be handed over to the purchasers who would get an undivided interest in the land also; E " The owners of the land would then transfer the ownership directly to the society formed under the Karnataka Ownership Flat (Regulation of the Promotion of Construction, Sale, Management and F Transfer) Act, 1972 (for short, 'KOF~'). 105. In light of the above facts and the definition of ''works contract", the question before this Court was whether Raheja Development were liable to pay turnover tax on the value of goods involved in the execution of the works contract. G 106. Section 5-B of the KST Act provides for levy of tax on transfer of property in goods (whether as goods or in some other form) involved in the execution of works contract. H 748 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A 107. On consideration of the arguments that were put forth by the parties, the Court in Raheja Development1 held as under: (i) The definition of the term "works contract" in the Act is an inclusive definition. B (ii) It is a wide definition_which includes "any agreement" for carrying out building o.r constructiGn activity for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration.

{iii) The definition of works contract does not make a c distinction based on who carries on the construction activity. Even an owner of the property may be said to be carrying on a works contract if he enters into an agreement to construct for ca~h. deferred payment or other valuable consideration. (iv) The developers had undertaken to build for the D prospective purchaser.· (v) Such, constructio,n/development was to be on payment of a price in various installments set out in the agreement. E (vi) The developers were not the owners. They claimed lien , on the property. They had right to terminate the agreement and dispose bf the unit if a breach was committed by the purchaser. A clause like this does not mean that the agreement ceases to be "works contract". So long as there is no termination, the construction is for and on behalf of the purchaser and it remains F a "works contract". (vii) If there is. a termination and a particular unit is not resold but retained by the developer, there would be no works contract to that extent. G (viii) If the agreement is entered into after the flat or unit is already constructed then there would be no works contract. But, so long as the agreement is entered into before the construction is complete it would be works contract. H MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 749 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

108. The correctness of the view taken in Raheja A Development1 has been doubted in the referral order principally for the reasons: (a) the developer had undertaken the contract to develop the property of the owner. It is not alleged by the department that there is monetary consideration involved in the development agreement. If the development agreement B is not a works contract, could the department rely upon the second contract which is the tripartite agreement and interpret it to be a works contract; (b} if the ratio in Raheja Development1 is to be accepted then there would be no difference between works contract and a contract for sale of c chattel as a chattel and (c) from the definition of works contract, the contractor must have undertaken the work of construction for and on behalf of the flat purchaser for cash, deferred or any other valuable consideration but could it be said that developer was contractor for the prospective flat purchaser. 0

109. In Raheja Development', the Court on consideration of the clauses (q} and (r) of the recitals and clauses (1), 5(c) and (vii) of the agreement between the flat purchaser, developer and owner of the land observed that the agreement had an element for carrying out building and construction activity for E cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration. The developer had undertaken to build for the prospective purchaser. Having regard to the various clauses of the recitals and also the clauses of the agreement, the Court was of the view that such agreement was a .typical agreement and so long F as there was no termination of the contract, the construction is for and on behalf of the purchaser and it remains a "works contract". 110. The argument on behalf of the developers that the flat G purchaser is entitled to transfer of flat and conveyance of fraction of land only when all installments have been fully paid and that shows that the agreement between the developer and the flat purchaser is the sale of flat and not to appoint the developer as the contractor of the flat purchaser for the H 750 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R.

A purposes of carrying out the construction of the flat for and on behalf of the flat purchaser has no merit. The submission overlooks the typical nature of the development agreement which is followed by a tripartite agreement between the owner of the land, the developer and the flat purchaser. Effectively and B de facto it is the developer who constructs the building for the flat purchaser. The developer does so for monetary consideration. The label of payment is not decisive but the factum of the payment is. The construction is done on payment of price as agreed upon between the developer and the flat c · purchaser. It is not necessary to recapitulate all clauses of the agreement under KOFA or for that matter under MOFA. Raheja Development1 takes note of relevant clauses of the recitals and the agreement under KOFA. We need not repeat them.

Similarly, Form V of the Maharashtra Ownership Flat Rules contains recital such as, 'as a result of the Development0 agreernent the promoters are entitled and enjoined upon to construct buildings on the said land'. One of the relevant clauses (omitting unnecessary portion) in Form V reads, "the promo•"'r· shall construct the said building/s .... in accordance with the E plans, designs, specifications ..... which have been seen and approved by the flat purchaser with the owner, such variations and modifications as the promoter may consider necessary or as may be required by the concerned local authority/the government. .... provided that the promoter shall have to obtain prior consent in writing to the flat purchaser in respect o1 F variations or modifications which may adversely affect .the flat of the purchaser". It is, thus, not correct to say that the work is undertaken by the developer for himself and for the owner and the construction is not carried for and on behalf of the purchaser. G 111. In the development agreement between the owner of the land and the developer, direct monetary consideration may not be involved but such agreement cannot be seen in isolation to the terms contained therein and following development H agreement, the agreement in the nature of tbe tripartite M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 751 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.)

agreement between the owner of the land, the developer and A the flat purchaser whereunder the developer has undertaken to construct for the flat purchaser for monetary consideration. Seen thus, there is nothing wrong if the transaction is treated as a composite contract comprising of both a works. contract and a transfer of immovable property and levy sales tax on the B value of the material involved in execution of the works contract. The observation in the referral order that if the ratio in Raheja Development1 is to be accepted then there would be no difference between works contract and a contract far sale of chattel as chattel overlooks the legal position which we have c summarized above. 112. The argument that flat is to be sold as a flat and not an aggregate of its ~omponent parts is already negated by the Constitution Bench in the case of Builders' Association4. As a matter of fact, in Builders' Association•, this argument was D advanced on behalf of the States. Repelling the argument, the Constitution Bench observed that it was difficult to agree with the contention of the States that the properties that are transferred to the owner in the execution of a works contract are not the goods involved in the execution of works contract, E but a conglomerate, that is the entire building which is actually constructed.

113. Yet another argument advanced on behalf of the · appellants is that in Raheja Deve/opment1, it is _noticed that F the builder has .a lien on the property but incorrectly states that lien is because they are not owners. It is argued that lien is because if the monies are not recovered from the prospective ·flat purchasers, the lien can be exercised and this would show that the contract is a contract of an agreement to sell immovable property. The argument is insignificant because if G the developer has undertaken to build for the prospective purchaser for cash or deferred payment or a valuable consideration pursuant tci a contract then to that extent, the contract is works contract and there is deemed sale of material (goods) used in the construction of building and merely H 752 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 17 S.C.R. A because the builder has a right of lien in the event due monies are not paid does not alter the character of contract being works contract.

114. In Article· 366(29-A)(b), the term 'works contract' B covers all genre of works contract and it is not limited to one specie of the contract. In Raheja Development', the definition of ''works contract" in KST Act was under consideration. That definition of "works contract" is inclusive and refers to building contracts and diverse construction activities for monetary consideration viz; for cash, deferred payment or other valuable C consideration as works contract. Having regard to the factual · position, inter alia, Raheja Development' entered into development agreements with the owners of the land and ii also entered into agreements for sale with the flat purchasers, the consideration being payment in installments and also the· D clauses of the agreement the Court held that developer had undertaken to build for the flat purchaser and so long as there was no termination of the contract, the construction is for and on behalf of the purchaser and it remains a "works contract". The legal position summarized by us and the foregoing E discussion would justify the view taken by the two Judge Bench in Raheja Development'. 115. It may, however, be clarified that activity of.

construction undertaken by the developer would be works: F contract only from the stage the developer enters into a contract\ with the flat purchaser. The value addition made to the goods I transferred after the agreement is entered into with the flat purchaser can only be made chargeable to tax by the State Government. G 116. The reasons stated in the referral order for reconsideration of Raheja Development' do not make out any good ground for taking a view different from what has been taken by this Court in Raheja Development'. We are in agreement with the submission of Mr. K.N. Bhat that since H Raheja Development' in May, 2005 almost all States have MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 753 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] modified their laws in line with Raheja Development' and there A is no justification for change in the position settled after the decision of this Court in Raheja Development'.

117. The submission of Mr. K.N. Bhat that the view in Raheja Development1 that whf!n a completed building is sold, B there is no work contract and, therefore, no liability to tax is not correct statement of Jaw, does not appeal to us. If at the time of construction and until the construction was completed, there was no contract for constructiol) of the building with the flat purchaser, the goods used in the construction cannot be C deemed to have been sold by the builder since at that time there is no purchaser. That the building is intended for sale ultimately after construction does not make any difference. 118. We are clearly of the view that Raheja Development' lays down the correct legal position and we approve the same. D 119. There is challenge to the constitutional validity of explanation (b)(ii) to Section 2(24) which was brought by amendment with effect from 20.06.2006 in MVAT Act and sub-rule (1A) which was inserted into Rule 58 of the MVAT Rules E by a notification ·dated 01.06.2009.

120. Clause (24)*** of Section 2 defines sale to mean a sale of goods made Within the State for cash or deferred payment or other valuable consideration but does not include a mortgage, hypothecation, charge of pledge; and the words F "sell", "buy" and."purchase", with all their grammatical variations and cognate expressions. An explanation is appended to this clause. Clause· (b)**** of the explanation to Section 2(24) ·- "2(24) "sale" means a sale of goods made within the State for cash or G deferred payment or other valuabftn:onsideration bui does not include a mortgage,,hypothecation, charge or pledge; and the words "sell", "buy" and "purchase", with all their grammatical variations and cognate expressions, shall be construed accordingly." ••• 0"(b)(i) the transfer of property in any goods. otherwise than in pursuance of a contract, for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration; H. 754 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R.

A defines what would be a sale for the purpose of the clause and brought in its ambit the transactions mentioned therein. Explanation (b)(ii) was amended with effect from 20.06.2006 by inserting the following words after the words "works contract": "including, an agreement for carrying out for cash, B deferred payment or other valuable consideration, the building, construction, manufacture, processing, fabrication, erection, installation, fitting out, improvement, modification, repair or commissioning of any movable or immovable property". 121. There is no doubt in our mind that the amendment in C explanation b(ii) to Section 2(24) was brought because of the judgment of this Court in Raheja Development'. We have already held that Raheja Development' lays down the correct legal position. Thus, in our view, there is no merit in the challenge to the constitutional validity to the provisions of D explanation (b)(ii) to Section 2(24) of MVAT which were amended with effect from 20.06.2006. The Division Bench of the Bombay High Court took the view that the provision under challenge was not in breach of any constitutional boundaries. This is what it said: E "34. The amended definition of the expression sale in (ii) the transfer of property in goods (whether as goods or in some other form), involved in the execution of a works contract..... ; F (iii) a delivery of goods on hire-purchase or any system of payment by instalments;

(iv) the transfer of the right to use any goods for any propose (whether or not for a specified period) for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration; (v) the supply of goods by any association or body of persons incorporated or G not, to a member thereof tor cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration; (vi) the supply, by way of or as part of any service or in any other manner whatsoever, of goods, being food or any other article for human consumption or any drink (whether or not intoxicating), where such supply or service is made or given for cash, deferred payment or other valuable H consideration;" MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 755 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

clause b(ii) of the Explanation to Section 2(24) brings A within the ambit of that expression transactions of that nature which are referable to Article 366(29A)(b). The transactibns which the legislature had in mind involve works contracts. What the state ·legislatures can tax under the expanded definition contained in clause b of Article 366 B (29A) must meet the governing requirements of that clause. There must be a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The relevant clause in Section 2(24) is valid because i.t does not transgress the boundaries set out in Article 366(29A). c Indeed, after the 46th Amendment, State legislation must confine itself to.; the limits set out even in the expanded concept of what- constitutes a sale or purchase of goods in Article 366(29A). State legislation cannot expand. the ambit of what constitutes a tax on the sale or purchase of 0 goods beyond the constitutional frontiers. In order that Section 2(24) remains within constitutional boundaries, in the context of works contracts, it must be read to cover those cases which fall within the expanded definition as elaborated after the 46th Amendment. Whether there is a E works contract in a given case is for assessing authorities to determine. As noted earlier, it is not possible to provide a comprehensive or all encompassing list of what contracts constitute works contracts. Section 2(24) properly construed, even after its amendment, reaches out to tho.se F cases which fall within the ambit of Article 366(29A). Explanation b(ii) to Section 2(24) in other words covers those transactions where there is a transfer of property in goods, whether as goods or in any other form, involved in the execution of a works contract. Once those parameters are met, the amended definition in the State legislation in G the present case provides a clarification or cla rificatory instances. When constitutional norms govern state legislation such as those provided in Article 366(29A) in this case, the legislatio.n must be co.nstrued in the context of tho.se norms which it cannot transgress. The law is valid H

756 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A because it does not breach those boundaries. There is no breach of constitutional boundaries." 122. We are in agreement with the above view and reject challenge to amendment to the provisions of explanation (b)(ii) B to Section 2(24) of MVAT Act. 123. Sub-rule (1A)***** was inserted into Rule 58 by a notification dated 01.06.2009. As a matter of fact, Rule 58(1) of the MVAT Rules provides that the value of the goods at the time of the transfer of the property in goods involved in the C execution of a works contract may be determined by effecting certain deductions from the value of the entire contract insofar as the amounts rela~ing to deductions pertain to the said works contract. The challenge was laid to Rule 58(1A) of the MVAT Rules before the Bombay High Court. The Division Bench of o the Bombay High Court found that there was nothing to show that the proviso to the said provision was arbitrary. It held that the Legislature was acting within the field of the legislative powers in devising a measure for the tax by excluding the cost of the land. The Division Bench recorded the following reasons E in repelling the challenge to Rule 58(1A).

"35. The challenge to Rule 58(1A), may now be ....."(1A) In case of a construction contract, where along with the immovable F property, the land or, as the case may be, interest in the land, underlying the immovable property is to be conveyed, and the property in the goods (whether as goods or in some other form) involved in the execution of the construction contract is also transferred to the purchaser such transfer is liable to tax under this rule. The value of the said goods at the lime of the transfer shall be calculated after making the deductions under sub-rule (1) and the cost of the land from the total agreement value. G The cost of the land shall be determined in accordance with the guidelines appended to the Annual Statement of Rates prepared under the provisions of the Bombay Stamp (Determination of True Market Value of Property) Rules, 1995, as applicable on the 1st January of the year in which the agreement to sell the property is registered: Provided that, deduction towards cost of land under this sub-rule shall not H exceed 70% of the agreement value." M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 757 · KARNATAKA; [~.M, LODHA, .J.] considered. The Rule has provided that in the case of. A construction contracts where the immovable property, land or as the case may be, interest therein is to be conveye\:\ . and, the property involved in the execution of the.

construction contract is also transferred, it is the latter component which is brought to tax. The value of the goods B at the time of transfer is to be calculated after making the deductions which are specified under sub-rule (1 ). The judgment in the second Gannon Dunkerley specifies the nature of such deductions which can be made from the . entire value of the works contracts. This was permitted to c the States as a convenient mode for determining the value 01 the goods in the~executiori of the works contract. . · ' Similarly, the cost ofthe land is required .to be exciuded. from the total agreement value. Sub-rule (1A) stipulates that the cost shall 6e 'determined in accordance with the D guidelines iippeli'ded to the Annual Statement of Rates prepared under the provisions of the Bombay Stamp (Determination of True Market Value of Property) Rules, 1995 as applicable on 1 January of the year in which the agreement to sell the property is registered. The Proviso E stipulates that deduction towards the cost of land under the sub-rule shall not exceed 70% of the agreement value. The petitioners have not brought on the record any material to indicate that the proviso to sub-rule (1A) of Rule 58 is arbitrary. Rule 58(1A) provides for the measure of the tax. F The measure of the tax, as held by the Supreme Court in its decision in Union of India v. Bombay Tyre International Ltd. [(1984) 1 sec 467], must be distinguished from the charge of tax and the incidence of tax. The Legislature was acting within the filed of its legislative powers in devising a measure for the tax by excluding the cost of the land." G

124. The value of the goods which can constitute the measure of the levy of the tax has to be the value of the goods at the time of incorporation of goods in the works even though property in goods passes later. Taxing the sale of goods H . 758 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 17 S.C.R. A element in a works contract is permissible even after incorporation of goods provided tax is directed to the value of goods at the time of incorporl!tion and does not purport to tax the transfer of immovable property. The mode of valuation of goods provided in Rule 58(1A) has to be read in the manner B that meets this criteria and we read down Rule 58(1-A) accordingly. The Maharashtra Government has to bring clarity in Rule 58 (1-A) as indicated above. Subject to this, validity of Rule 58(1-A)1of MVAT Rules is SL!Stained.

125~ Once we have held that Raheja Development1 lays C down the correct law, in our opinion~ nothing turns on the circular dated 07.02.2007 and the notification dated 09.07.2010. The circular is a trade circular y.ihich is clarificatory in nature only. The notification enables the registered dealer to opt for a composition scheme. The High Court has dealt with the circular D and notification. We do not find any error in the view of the High Court in this regard. Moreover, "the Advocate General for Maharashtra clearly stated before us that implementation of Rule 58(1-A) shall not result in double taxation and in any case all claims of alleged double taxation will be determined in the E process of assessment of each individual case. 126. After having given answer to the reference, we send the matters back to the Regular Bench for final disposal.-Bibhuti Bhushan Bose Reference answered & matter referred to Regular Bench.

[2013] 17 S.C.R. 667 MAHADEO S/O KERBA MASKE A v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA AND ANR. (Criminal Appeal No.6 of 2010) JULY 23, 2013 B [A.K. PATNAIK AND FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, JJ.] Penal Code, 1860 - ss. 363 and 376 - Kidnapping and rape - Of a girl abqut 15 years of age - Conviction by courts below concluding that prosecutrix was aged below 18 years - C Held: In view of the version of the prosecutrix, which was fully supported by chemical analyst report as well as medical evidence, appellant rightly convicted - Conviction upheld. Criminal Trial - Rape case - Determination of age of o prosecutrix - Opinion of doctor as regards age of prosecutrix - Cannot be relied on if such opinion is formed without scientific examination of prosecutrix such as ossification test - r.12(3)(b) of Juvenile Justice Rules specifically provides that medical opinion can be sought only in absence of alternative E methods described ulr. 12(3)(a)(i) and (iii) - Juvenile (Care and Pratection) Rules, 2007 - ss. 12(3)(a)(i) and (iii) and 12(3)(b) . .

Prosecution was initiated against the appellant-accused u/ss. 363, 376 and 506 IPC. The prosecution F case was that the prosecutrix (a 15 years old girl) who used to participate in programmes of 'Bhajan' singing, got acquainted with the appellant-accused, who was a musician and singer. He allured her to come along with him to prepare audio cassettes of her 'Bhajans' and G songs, which would fetch her a lot of money. One day he persuaded her to go along with him to another State and asked her to bring ornaments from her house. As a result, the prosecutrix took gold ornaments worth Rs. one Jakh · 667 H 668 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A and went with him. The accused confined her in a relative's house for more than one month 20 days and committed forcible sexual intercourse. When he came to know that missing report has been lodged, he brought the prosecutrix back to her place. Trial court convicted s the accused for the offences charged. High Court confirmed the conviction u/ss. 363 ar.d 376 IPC, but acquitted him u/s. 506. Hence the present appeal. Dismissing the appeal, the Court C HELD: 1.1. Every relevant factor required for arriving at a just conclusion about the age of the prosecutrix PW-3, was appropriately made and consequently the conclusion arrived at by the trial court and confirmed by the High Court that the prosecutrix was below 18 years D of age at the time of the occurrence, was perfectly justified. [Para 8] (673-C]

1.2. Merely based on the opinion of PW-8 (the doctor), who in her evidence stated that the age of the E prosecutrix could have been between 17 to 25 years, the age ofthe prosecutrix could not be acted upon. The trial court correctly found that to rely upon the said version of PW-8, scientific examination of the prosecutrix such as, ossification test to ascertain the exact age should have been conducted which was not done in the present case. F [Para 9] (673-D-F] 1.3. Under Rule 12(3)(b) of Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Rules, 2007 it is specifically provided that only in the absence of alternative methods described under G 12(3)(a)(i) to (iii), the medical opinion can be sought for. In the light of such a statutory rule prevailing for ascertainment of the age of a juvenile, the same yardstick can be rightly followed by the Courts for the purpose of ascertaining the age of a victim as well. (Para 11] (674-C-H D] MAHADEO v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA 669

1.4. In the instant case, there were certificates issued A by the school in which the prosecutrix did her Vth standard and in the school leaving certificate issued by the said school under Exhibit 54, the date of birth of the prosecutrix has been clearly noted as 20.05.1990, and this document was also proved by PW-11. Apart from the B transfer certificate as well as the admission form maintained by the primary school where the prosecutrix had her initial education, also confirmed the date of birth as 20.5.1990. The reliance placed upon the said evidence by the Courts below to arrive at the age of the prosecutrix c to hold that the prosecutrix was below 18 years of age at the time of the occurrence was perfectly justified. [Para 12) [67 4-E-G]

2.1. The Rrosecutrix PW-3, in her evidence had narrated every minute detail as to how the appellant D allured her by taking advantage of her contact with him while singing Bhajan songs, how he persuaded her by stating that recording of her bhajans in audio cassette would enable her to earn tons of money and in that pretext also tempted· her to take away the gold E ornaments from the house worth Rs.1 lakh and thus gained her confidence to go along with him and misused his company by keeping her in a place where she was not acquainted with the local language and ultimately, abused her physically at least for more than for a month F and twenty days. The vivid description of the behaviour of the appellant during the period when she was kept in his custody was clearly demonstrated by the prosecutrix and any amount of cross examination at the instance of the appellant, did not bring about any candid G contradiction in her statement in order to disbelieve her deposition. The version of the prosecutrix was fully supported by the chemical analyst report, as well as , the medical evidence. [Para 15] [676-C-G] H 670 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R.

A 16. In such circumstances, the trial court rightly found the appellant guilty of the offences charged against him. The conclusion of the trial court in having found the appellant guilty of offences u/ss. 363 and 376 IPC was further upheld by the High Court. The conclusion of the B High Court is also perfectly justified. [Paras 16 and 17] [676-H; 677-A-B] Lillu alias Rajesh and Anr. vs. State of Haryana AIR (2013) SC 1784 - relied on. Case Law Reference:c AIR (2013) SC 1784 relied on Para 18 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.6 of 2010. D From the Judgment and Order dated 05.03.2008 of the High Court of Judicature of Bombay, Bench at Aurangabad in Criminal Appeal No. 764 of 2006. Rameshwar Prasad Goyal for the Appellant. E Sushil Karanjkar, Sanjay Kharde, Asha Gopalan Nair for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, J. 1. The F sole appellant is before us. The challenge is to the judgment of the learned Single Judge of the High Court of Bombay, Bench at Aurangabad dated 05.03.2008, in Criminal Appeal No.764 of 2006. The appellant was proceeded against for the offences punishable under Sections 363, 376 and 506 of the G Indian Penal Code. He was sentenced to suffer rigorous imprisonment for three years, along with fine of Rs.3000/- and in default to suffer rigorous imprisonment for six months for the offence under Section 363 IPC; he was further sentenced to suffer rigorous imprisonment for seven years, along with fine H of Rs.5000/- and in default to suffer rigorous imprisonment for MAHADEO v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA 671 [FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, J.] two years for the offence under Section 376 IPC. The trial Court A also punished the appellant under Section 506 IPC and sentenced him to suffer rigorous imprisonment for one year, along with fine of Rs.1000/- with default sentence of tw<.; months' rigorous imprisonment. B 2. The f:ligh Court by the impugned judgment, though confirmed the conviction and sentence for the offences under Sections 363 and 376 IPC, set aside the sentence for the offence under Section 506 IPC.

3. Brief facts which are required to be stated are that PW- C 3,' the prosecutrix, was aged about 15 years at the time when the offence was· committed and she was doing her Xlth standard in a Junior College. Her father was a Police Head Constable. The prosecutrix was residing with her parents, sister and two younger brpthers in the government quarter of her D father in Police Line, at Latur. She had a flair for music and used to participate in singing Bhajans. The appellant who is also stated to be a musician and a singer, developed acquaintance with the prosecutrix due to her participation in Bhajan programmes along with him and he allured her by E stating that if she goes.along with him to Hyderabad to prepare audio cassettes of her Bhajans and songs, she can make lot of money.

4. On 18.09.2005, in the morning when the prosecutrix was all alone in her house, the appellant is alleged to have F approached her and persuaded her to go along with him to Hyderabad and when she informed him that she had no money to spend, the appellant is stated to have asked her to bring the ornaments from her house, which can be used for the purpose of going to Hyderabad and told her that a lot of money can be G earned through the recording of audio cassettes of the prosecutrix's Bhajan songs. The appellant is stated to have succeeded in his allurement and inducement, which ultimately resulted in the prosecutrix going along with the appellant and after going to Hyderabad and from there to a relative's house H 672 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013) 17 S.C.R. A at Karnool (Andhra Pradesh) in the wee hours, the appellant is alleged to have committed forcible sexual intercourse by confining her in the said place for a month and twenty days. Puring the said period, the appellant is stated to have indulged in the said offence repeatedly, till he himself brought her back B to Latur, when he came to know that a complaint has been lodged. It is in the above stated background that the appellant was proceeded against for the offence of kidnapping, rape and criminal intimidation, which ultimately resulted in his conviction and the sentence imposed upon him as confirmed by the High c Court in the impugned judgment.

5. In support of the case of the prosecution, PWs-1 to 13 were examined and a number of exhibits were also marked. For our present purpose, it will be sufficient to refer to the evidence of Tukaram Nagnath Surwase (PW-1), the prosecutrix D (PW-3) and Dr. Aruna Varte (PW-8), the doctor who examined the prosecutrix, the Head Mistress (PW-11) and the Head Master (PW-12) of the school in which the prosecutrix pursued her school education. E 6. PW-1, Tukaram Nagnath Surwase, who is the father of the prosecutrix, lodged the complaint, Exhibit -26. PW-3 is the prosecutrix. PW-8 is Dr. Aruna Varte, who examined PW-3 and through her Exhibit 38 the medical report was marked. PW-11 is the Head Mistress of Dnyneshwar Vidhyalaya where the F prosecutrix was admitted to Vth Standard. PW-11 produced Exhibit 54, the school leaving certificate, which disclosed the date of birth of the prosecutrix, as 20.05.1990. PW-12, Uttamrao Jadhav who is the Head Master of Jawahar Primary School, Latur stated that the prosecutrix was admitted in his school on 30.08.1995 in Isl standard, that at the time of G admission, the father of the prosecutrix produced a birth certificate issued by Gram Panchayat, disclosing the date of birth of prosecutrix as 20.05.1990. PW-12 produced the admission form Exhibit 56 and transfer certificate Exhibit 57 which mention the date of birth of the prosecutrix as 20.05.1990. H MAHADEO v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA 673 [FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, J.]

7. The trial Court considered the evidence of PWs-1, 11 A and 12, as well as Exhibits 53, 54, 55, 56 and 57 and concluded that at the time of the commission of the offence which commenced on 20.09.2005 and continued till 07.11.2005 the prosecutrix was aged about 15 years and 4 months. B 8. When we peruse the discussion made by the trial Court as regards the age factor of the appellant by analyzing the evidence of PW-11 and 12 along with Exhibits 50, 53, 54 to 57, we find that every relevant factor required for arriving at a just conclusion about the age of the prosecutrix PW-3, was appropriately made and consequently tl1e conclusion arrived at C by the trial Court and confirmed by the High Court that the prosecutrix was below 18 years of age at the time of the occurrence, was perfectly justified.

9. Though the learned counsel for the appellant attempted D to find fault with the said conclusion by making reference to the evidence of PW-8, the doctor, who examined the proseci.Jtrix and who in her evidence stated that on her examination she could state that the age of the prosecutrix could have been between 17 to 25 years, it will have to be held that the rejection E of the said submission even by the trial Court was perfectly in order and justified. The trial court has found that to rely upon the said version of PW-8, the doctor, scientific examination of the prosecutrix such as, ossification test to ascertain the exact age should have been conducted which was not done in the F present case and, therefore, merely based on the opinion of PW-8, the age of the prosecutrix, could not be acted upon. 10. We can also in this connection make a reference to a statutory provision contained in the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Rules, 2007, whereunder Rule 12, the procedure G to be followed in determinin~ the age of a juvenile has been set out. We can usefully refer to the said provision in this context, inasmuch as under Rule 12 (3) of the said Rules, it is stated that in every case concerning a child or juvenile in conflict with law, the age determination enquiry shall be conducted by H 674 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A the Court or the Board or, as the case may be, by the committee by seeking evidence by obtaining:-/

(a)(i) the matriculation 1or equivalent certificates, if available; and in the absence whereof; B (ii) the date of birth certificate from the school (other than a play school); first attended; and in the absence whereof; (iii) the birth certificate given by a corporation or a municipal authority or a panchayat; c 11. Under Rule 12 (3) (b), it is specifically provided that only in the absence of alternative methods described under 12 (3) (a) (i) to (iii), the medical opinion can be sought for. In the light of such a statutory rule prevailing for ascertainment of the age of a juvenile, in our considered opinion, the same yardstick D can be rightly followed by the Courts for the purpose of ascertaining the age of a victim as well.

12. In the light of our above reasoning, in the case on hand, there were certificates issued by the school in which the E prosecutrix did her Vth standard and in the school leaving certificate issued by the said school under Exhibit 54, the date of birth of the prosecutrix has been clearly noted as 20.05.1990, and this document was also proved by PW-11. Apart from the transfer certificate as well as the admission form maintained F by the primary school Latur, where the prosecutrix had her initial education, also confirmed the date of birth as 20.5.1990. The reliance placed upon the said evidence by the Courts below to arrive at the age of the prosecutrix to hold that the prosecutrix was below 18 years of age at the time of the occurrence was G perfectly justified and we do not find any good grounds to interfere with the same. 13. Once the above position that the prosecutrix was a minor was found to be fully established, thereafter, the only other question that needs to be examined is as to the sexual assault H alleged to have been committed by the appellant on her and MAHADEO v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA 675 [FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, J.]

whether such an allegation was satisfactorily established A before the Courts below. In this respect, after the prosecutrix was found missing, PW-1 after his initial search to trace his daughter, stated to have preferred missing report in Gandhi Chowk Polic Station, alleging that she was missing along with gold ornaments valued at Rs.1 lakh. Thereafter, the search B continued and that according to the prosecution the appellant himself brought back the prosecutrix to village Babhalgaon on 07 .11.2005 whereafter the crime came to be registered as Crime No.219 of 2005. 14. After the prosecutrix was secured she was examined C by PW-8, Dr. Aruna Varte on 10.11.2005 who issued the certificate Exhibit 43. As per the certificate Exhibit 43, PW-8 confirmed that hymen was old ruptured and that the prosecutrix was used for sexual intercourse. PW-8 confirmed Exhibit.43, medical certificate issued by her. PW-8 also confirmed that D based on the chemical analysis report, she issued a medical certificate and confirmed the contents of the certificate Exhibit-43 wnerein she had given the opinion that the prosecutirx was used for sexual intercourse. When the chemical analysis report was examined by the trial Court, the trial Court has referred to E the contents of the chemical analysis report in Exhibits-60 and 61 and the same can be referred to which has been stated in paragraph 27. Para 27 reads as under:

"27. C.A. report Ex.60 pertains to the Jangiya and petticoat F of prosecutrix and nicker of accused and the result of its analysis shows that semen stains were found on Jangiya and petticoat of prosecutrix and nicker of accused and the blood group of said semen is AB. C.A. report Ex.61 pertains to the blood, vaginal swab and pubic hair of prosecutrix and the result of its analysis shows that no G semen is detected on vaginal swab and pubic hair and blood group is 'B'. C.A. report Ex.62 pertains to the semen, pubic hair and blood of accused and the result of analysis shows that the blood group of accused is 'AB'; so also, no semen is detected on the pubic hair of H 676 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 17 S.C.R. A accused. Now, from the aforesaid C.A. report, it transpired that the semen detected on Jangiya and petticoat of prosecutrix is of accused, because of blood group of accused as well as the blood group of semen found on the aforesaid clothes of prosecutrix is same. Therefore, these B C.A. reports support to the prosecutrix to hold that the accused has committed rape on the prosecutrix." (Emphasis added)

15. Keeping the contents of the chemical analysis report, C as noted by the Courts below in mind, when we consider the deposition of the prosecutrix PW-3, we find that she had narrated every minute detail as to how the appellant allured her by taking advantage of her contact with him while singing Bhajan songs, how he persuaded her by stating that recording D of her Bhajans in audio cassette would enable her to earn tons of money and in that pretext also tempted her to take away the gold ornaments from the house worth Rs.1 lakh and thus gained her confidence to go along with him and misused his company by keeping her in a place at Karnool where she was not E acquainted with the local language of Telugu and ultimately, abused her physically at least for more than for a month and twenty days. The vivid description of the behaviour of the appellant during the period when she was kept in his custody i.e., between 20.09.2005 to 07.11.2005, was clearly demonstrated by the prosecutrix and any amount of crossF examination at the instance of the appellant, did not bring about any candid contradiction in her statement in order to disbelieve her deposition. The trial Court has also elaborately dealt with her deposition and found that the version of the prosecutrix was fully supported by the chemical analyst report, as well as, the G medical evidence.

16. In such circumstances, the trial Court in our considered opinion rightly found the appellant guilty of the offences charged against him. The conclusion of the trial Court in having found H the appellant guilty of offences under Sections 363 and 376 IPC MAHADEO v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA 677 [FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, J.] was further upheld by the High Court by the impugned judgment. A The High Court, however, found that the conviction for the offence under Section 506 IPC was not sufficiently supported by evidence and conviction and sentence for offence under Section 506 IPC was set aside. B 17. Having perused the judgment of the High Court, we are also convinced that the said conclusion is also perfectly justified.

18. This Court in Lillu 13/ias Rajesh and another vs. State of Haryana reported in AIR 2013 SC 1784, where one of us cwas a party, held in para 11 that: "11. In State of Punjab v. Ramdev Singh, AIR 2004 SC 1290, this Court dealt with the issue and held that rape is violative of victim's fundamental right under Article 21 of the Con~tituflon. So, the Courts should deal with such D " cases sternly and severely. Sexual viole}lce, apart from being a dehumanizing act, is an unlawful intrusion on the right of privt1cy and sanctity of a woman.· It is a serious blow to her supreme honour and offencrs her self-esteem and dignity as well: It degrades and humiliates the victim D and where the victim is a helpless innocent child or a min(!r, it leaves behind a traumatic experience. A rapist not only causes physical injuries, but leaves behind a scar on the most cherished position of a woman, i.e. her dignity, honour, reputation and chastity. Rape is not only an E offence against the person of a woman, rather a crime against the entire society. It is a crime against basic human rights and also violates the most cherished fundamental right guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution." 19. In the light of our above conclusion, we do not find any F merit in this appeal. The appeal fails, the same is dismissed. 20. The appellant is on bail. The bail bond stands cancelled and he shall be taken into custody forthwith to serve out the remaining part of sentence, if any,,.';

Kalpana K. Tripathy Appeal dismissed. G [2013) 17 S.C.R. 678 A M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED & ANR. v. STATE OF KARNATAKA & ANR. (Civn Appeal No.8672 of 2013) SEP,TEMBER 26, 2013 B [R.M. LODHA, J. CHELAMESWAR AND MADAN B. LOKUR, JJ.] Worl<s contract - Concept and meaning of - Held: The C term "works contract" in Art.366 (29-A)(b) takes within its fold all genre of worl<s contract and is not restricted to one specie of contract to provide for labour and services alone - Nothing in Art.366(29-A)(b) limits the term "worl<s contract" - Where a contract comprises of both a worl<s contract and a transfer of D immovable property, such contract does not denude it of its character as worl<s contract - Constitution of India, 1950 - Art. 366(29-A)(b).

Worl<s contract - Levy of tax on goods deemed to have E been sold in execution of a works contract - Three conditions to be fulfilled - Held: The conditions are: a) there must be a works contract, b) the goods should have been involved in the execution of a works contract and c) the property in those goods must be transferred to a third party either as goods or in some other form - In a building contract or any contract to F do construction, the above three things are fully met. Works contract - Building contract - Held: Building contracts are species of the works contract - In the performance of a contract for construction of building, the G goods (chattels) like cement, concrete, steel, bricks etc. are intended to be incorporated in the structure and even though they lost their identity as goods but this factor does not prevent them from being goods - The value of the goods which can constitute the measure for the levy of the tax has to be the H 678 M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 679 KARNATAKA value of the goods at the time of incorporation of the goods A-in works even though property passes as between the developer and the flat purchaser after incorporation of goods

- If the developer has undertaken to build for the prospective purchaser for cash or deferred payment or a valuable consideration pursuant to a. contract then to that extent, the B contract is works contract and there is deemed S<J/e ofmaterial (goods) used in the construction of building and merely because the builder has a right of lien in the event due monies are not paid does not alter the character of contract being works contract -However, activity of construction c-undertaken by the developer would be works contract only from the stage the developer 'enters into a contract with the flat purchaser - The value addition made to the goods transferred after the agreement is entered into with the flat purchaser can only be made chargeable to tax by the State 9 Government- Constitution of India, 1950 - Art. 366(29-A)(b). Works contract - Composite contract - Held: A contract may involve both a contract of work and labour and a contract for sale - In such composite contract, the distinction between contract for sale of goods and contract for work (or service) is E virtually diminished - The dominant nature test has ncJ application) - Even if the dominant intention of the contract is not to transfer the property in goods and rather it is ' rendering of service or the ultimate transaction is transfer of · immovable property, then also it is open to the States to levy F sales tax on the materials used in such contract if such contract otherwise has elements of works contract - The enforceability test is a/so not determinative.

Constitution of India, 1950- Art.366(29-A)(b) rlw Entry 54 G List II of Seventh Schedule - Taxing the sale of goods. element in a works contract - When permissible - Held: It is permissible even after incorporation of goods provided tax is directed to the value of goods and does not purport to tax the transfer of immovable property - Works contract. H 680 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 17 S.C.R. A Constitution of India, 1950 - Art. 366(29-A)(b) rlw Entry 54 List II of Seventh Schedule - Expression "tax on the sale or purchase of goods" - Meaning of - Held: It includes a tax on the transfer of property in goods whether as goods or in the form other than goods involved in the execution of works B contract - Works contract. Constitution of India, 1950 - Art. 366(29~A)(b) - Object of - Held: Is. to bring transactions where essential ingredients of 'sale' defined in the Sale '6f Goods Act, 1930 are absent C within the ambit of sale or purchase for the purposes of levy of sales tax - Transfer of movable property in a works contract is deemed to be sale even. though it may not be sale within the meaning of the Sale of Goods Act - Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - Works contract.

D Constitution of India, 1950- Art. 366(29-A)(b) - Transfer of property - Legal fiction - Held: Transfer of property in goods u/clause 29-A(b) of Art.366 is deemed to be a sale of the goods involved in the execution of a works contract by the p~rson making the transfer and the purchase of those goods E , by the person to whom such transfer is made - Even in a single and indivisible works contract, by virtue of the legal fiction introduced by Art.366(29-A)(b), there is a deemed sale of goods which are involved in the execution of the works contract - Such a deemed sale has all the incidents of the F sale of goqds involved in the execution of a works contract where the r;ontract is divisible into one for the sale of goods and the other for supply ·Of labour and services - Works contract. Maharashtra Value Added Tax Act, 2002 - s.2(24), G explanation (b)(ii) - Expression "sale" in - Amended definition of - Held: Is constitutionally valid. Maharashtra Value Added Tax Rules, 2005 - r.58(1A) -Valuation of goods - Mode of - State Government to bring H M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 681 KAR NATAKA clarity in r.58(1-A) - Subject to this, validity of r.58(1-A) A sustained. The instant two sets of appeals - one from Karnataka and the other ;from- Maharashtra, related, to the concept of works contract and distinction between it and a B contract of sale.

In regard to the appeals from Karnataka, the leading case related to Larsen & Toubro (L& T). L& T was engaged in property development alongwith owners of vacant land sites in Bangalore for construction of a multi- C storeyed apartment complex. Accordingly, it entered into agreements of sale with intende~ purchasers, which provided that on the completion of construction, the apartments would be handed over to the purchasers who will also get an undivided Interest in the land. The revenue D authorities concerned issued provisional assessment orders under the Karnataka Sales Tax Act, 1957 and alongwith it also issued demand notices against L & T · on the g'round that it was li~ble to pay tax for development of. projects by it. E L & T filed writ petition before the Karnataka High Court opposing the demand .on ground that the· development agreement was not a works contract. The Single -Judge of the High Court noted that the F ·controversy raise«i-by, the L&T was covered by the · decision of the Supreme Court in Raheja Development Corporation case, and, accordingly, dismissed the writ petition holding that as L & T' had entered into an agreement to carry out construction activity on behalf of someone else for cash or .for·deferred pay.ment or for. any G · o~her valuable construction, it was carrying out works contract.and therefore became liable to pay turnover tax on the transfer of goods involyed in such work.contracts. The Division Bench of the High Court concurred with the Single Judge and dismissed the writ ·appeal. · · H

682 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A In order to consider the question whether the view taken in Raheja Development case with reference to definition of "works contract" in Karnataka Sales Tax· Act, 1957 was legally justified, the matter was referred for consideration by the present Larger Bench. The question B for consideration before this Court was whether taxing sale of goods in an agreement for sale of flat which is to be constructed by the developer/ promoter is permissible under the Constitution. C In the other set of appeals arising from the judgment of the Bombay High Court, challenge was laid to the constitutional validity of Section 2(24) of the Maharashtra Value Added Tax Act, 2002 ("MVAT Act") as amended initially by Maharashtra 1Act XXXll of 2006 and thereafter by Maharashtra Act XXV of 2007 and Rule 58(1A) of the D Maharashtra Value Added Tax Rules, 2005 ("MVAT Rules").

Answering the Reference and sending the matters back to the Regular Bench for final disposal, the Court E HELD:1.1. When the agreement between the promoter/developer and the flat purchaser is to construct a flat and eventually sell the flat with the fraction of land, such transaction involves the activity of construction inasmuch as it is only when the flat is constructed then F it can be conveyed. Therefore, there is no reason why such activity of construction is not covered by the term "works contract". After all, the term "works contract" is nothing but a contract in which one of the parties is obliged to undertake or to execute works. Such activity G of construction has all the characteristics or elements of works contract. The ultimate transaction between the parties may be sale of flat but it cannot be said that the characteristics of works contract are not involved in that transaction. When the transaction involves the activity of H construction, the factors such as, the flat purchaser has MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 683 KARNATAKA no control over the type and standard of the material to A be used in the construction of building or he does not get any right to monitor or supervise the construction activity or he has no say in the designing or lay-out of the building, are not of much significance and in any case these factors do not detract the contract being works B contract insofar as construction part is concerned. [Para 93] [7 40-D-G]

1.2. For sustaining the levy of tax on the goods deemed to have been sold in execution of a works contract, three conditions must be fulfilled: (i) there must C be a works contract, (ii) the goods should have been involved in the execution of a works contract, and (iii) the property in those goods must be transferred to a third party either as goods or in some other form. In a building contract or any contract to do construction, the above D three things are fully met. In a contract to build a flat there will necessarily be a sale of goods element. Works contracts also include building contracts. and therefore without any fear of contradiction it can be stated that building contracts are species of the works contract. E [Para 94] [740-H; 741-A-B] 1.3. Ordinarily in the case of a works contract the property in the goods used in the construction of the building passes to the owner of the land on which the F building is constructed when the goods and materials used are incorporated in the building. But there may be contract to the contrary or a statute may provide otherwise. Therefore, it cannot be said to be an absolute proposition in law that the ownership of the goods must G pass by way of accretion or exertion to the owner of the immovable property to which they are affixed or upon which the building is built. [Para 95] [741-C-E] 1.4. Value addition as a concept after Forty-sixth Amendment to the Constitution has been accepted by H

684 SUPREME COURT REPORTS 12013] 17 S.C.R. A this Court in P.N.C. Construction case. While dealing with this concept, the Court said that value addition was important concept which had arisen after the Forty-sixth Amendment by insertion of sub-clause (b) of clause (29- A) in Article 366. It has now become possible for the B States to levy sales tax on the value of the goods involved in a works contract in the same way in which the sales tax was leviable on the price of the goods in a building contract. On account of the Forty-sixth Amendment in the Constitution, the State Governments c are empowered ·to levy sales tax on the contract value which earlier was not possible. [Para 96] [741-E-G] 1.5. Where a contract comprises of both a works contract and a transfer of immovable property, such contract does not denude it of its character as works D contract. Article 366(29.·A)(b) does contemplate a situation where the goods may not be transferred in the form of goods but may be transferred in some other form which may even be in the form of immovable property. [Para 97] [741-H; 742-A-B] E

1.6. The State legislatures lack legislative power to levy tax on the transfer of immovable property under Entry 54 of List II of the Seventh Schedule. However, the States do have competence to levy sal~s tax on the sale F of goods in an agreement of sale of flat which also has a component of a deemed sale of goods. Aspects theory though does not allow the State legislature to entrench upon the Union List and tax services by including the cost of such service in the value of goods but that does not detract the State to tax the sale of goods element G involved in the execution ofworks·contract in a composite contract like contract for construction of building and sale of a flat therein. [Para 100] [743-F-H; 744-A] 1. 7. The legal position is summarised as follows: H MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 685 KARNATAKA

(i) For sustaining the levy of tax on the goods A deemed to have been sold in execution of a works contract, three conditions must be fulfilled: (one) there must be a works contract, (two) the goods should have been involved in the execution of a works contract and (three) the property in those goods must be transferred B to a third party either as goods or in some other form. (ii) For the purposes of Article 366(29-A)(b), in a building contract or any contract to do construction, if the developer has received or is entitled to receive valuable consideration, the above three things are fully met. It is c so because in the performance of a contract for construction of building, the goods (chattels) like cement, concrete, steel, bricks etc. are intended to be incorporated in the structure and even though they lost their identity as goods but this factor does not prevent 0 them from being goods.(iii) Where a contract comprises of both a works contract and a transfer of immovable property, such contract does not denude it of its character as works contract. The term "works contract" in Article 366 (29-A)(b) takes within its fold all genre of E works contract and is not restricted to. one specie of contract to prov!.de for labour and services alone. Nothing in Article 366(29-A)(b) limits the term "works contract". (iv) · · Building contract!? are species of the works contract. (v) A contract may involve both a contract of work and labour and a contract for sale. In such composite contract, the distinction between contract for sale of-goods and contract for work (or service) is virtually d.iminished. (vi) The dominant nature test has no· application and the traditional decisions which have held that the substance of the contract must be seen have lost G their significance where transactions are of the nature contemplated in Article 366(29-A). Even if the dominant intention of the contract is not to transfer the p.roperty in · goods and rather it is rendering of service or the ultimate H

686 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013) 17 S.C.R.

A transaction is transfer of immovable property, then also it is open to the States to levy sales tax on the materials used in such contract if such contract otherwise has elements of works contract. The enforceability test is also not determinative. (vii) A transfer of property in goods B under clause 29-A(b) of Article 366 is deemed to be a sale of the goods involved in the execution of a works contract by the person making the transfer and the purchase of those goods by the person to whom such transfer is made. (viii) Even in a single and indivisible c works contract, by virtue of the legal fiction introduced by Article 366(29-A)(b), there is a deemed sale of goods which are involved in the execution of the works contract. Such a deemed sale has all the incidents of the sale of goods involved in the execution of a works contract where the contract is divisible into one for the sale of0 goods and the other for supply of labour and services. In other words, the single and indivisible contract, now by Forty-sixth Amendment has been brought on par with a contract containing two separate agreements and States have now power to levy sales tax on the value of E the material in the execution of works contract. (ix) The expression "tax on the sale or purchase of goods" in Entry 54 in List II of Seventh Schedule when read with the definition clause 29-A of Article 366 includes a tax on the transfer of property in goods whether as goods or in F the form other than goods involved in the execution of works contract. (x) Article 366(29-A)(b) serves to bring transactions where essential ingredients of 'sale' defined in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 are absent within the ambit of sale or purchase for the purposes of levy of sales tax. G In other words, .transfer of movable property in a works contract is deemed to be sale even though it may not be sale within the meaning of the Sale of Goods Act. (xi) Taxing the sale of goods element in a works contract under Article 366(29-A)(b) read with Entry 54 List II is H permissible even after incorporation of goods provided M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 687

KARNATAKA tax is directed to the value of goods and does not purport A to tax the transfer of immovable property. The value of the goods which can constitute the measure for the levy of the tax has to be the value of the goods at the time of incorporation of the goods in works even though property passes as between the developer and the flat B purchaser after incorporation of goods. [Para 101) [744-E-H; 745-A-H; 745-A-H; 746-A-G]

1.8. The argument on behalf of the developers that the flat purchaser is entitled to transfer of flat and conveyance of fraction of land only when all installments C have been fully paid and that shows that the agreement between the developer and the flat purchaser is the sale of flat and not to appoint the developer as the contractor of the flat purchaser for the purposes of carrying out the construction of the flat for and on behalf of the flat D purchaser has no merit. The submissiq,n overlooks the typical nature of the development agreement which is followed by a tripartite agreement between the owner of the land, the developer and the flat purchaser. Effectively and de facto it is the developer who constructs the E building for the flat purchaser. The developer does so for monetary consideration. The label of payment is not decisive but the factum of the payment is. The construction is done on payment of price as agreed upon between the developer and the flat purchaser. It is, thus, F not correct to say that the work is undertaken by the developer for himself and for the owner and the construction is not carried for and on behalf of the purchaser. [Para 110] [749-G-H; 750-A-C, G] 1.9. In the development agreement between the owner G of the land and the developer, direct monetary consideration may not be involved but such agreement cannot be seen in isolation to the terms contained therein and following development agreement, the agreement in H

688 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A the nature of the tripartite agreement between the owner · of the land, the developer and the flat purchaser whereunder the developer has undertaken to construct for the flat purchaser for monetary consideration. Seen thus, there is nothing wrong if the transaction is treated B as a composite contract comprising of both a works contract and a transfer of immovable property and levy sales tax on the value of the material involved in execution of the works contract. The observation in the referral order that if the ratio in Raheja Development is to be accepted C then there would be no difference between works contract and a contract for sale of chattel as chattel overlooks the legal position. [Para 111) [750-G-H; 751-A-C] 1.10. The argument that flat is to be sold as a flat and not an aggregate of its component parts is already D negated by the Constitution Bench in the case of Builders' .Association. Further, if the developer has undertaken to build for the prospective purchaser for cash or deferred payment or a valuable consideration pursuant to a contract then to that extent, the contract is E works contract and there is deemed sale of material (goods) used in the construction of building and merely because the builder has a right of lien in the event due monies a.re not paid does not alter the character of contract being works contract. [Paras 112 and 113) [751-F D; 752-G-H; 753-A]

1.11. In Article 366(29-A)(b), the term. 'works contract' . covers all genre of works contract and it is not limited to one specie of .. the contract. In Raheja Development, the definition of "works contract" in KST Act was under G consideration. The Court held that develo-per had undertaken to build for the flat purchaser and so long as there was no termination of the contract, the construction is for and on behalf of the purchaser and it remains a "works contract". The view taken by the two Judge H MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 689 KARNATAKA Bench in Raheja Development is justified. [Para 114) [752- A B, D-E] 1.12. It may, however, be clarified that activity of construction undertaken by the developer would be works contract only from the stage the developer enters into a contract with the flat purchaser. The value addition B made to the goods transferred after the agreement is entered into with the flat purchaser can only be made chargeable to tax by the State Government. [Para 115) [753-F-G]

c 1.13. The submission that the view in Raheja Development that when a completed building is sold, there is no work contract and, therefore, no liability to tax is not correct statement of law, does not appeal. If at the time of construction and until the construction was Dcompleted, there was no contract for construction of the building with the flat purchaser, the goods used in the construction cannot be deemed to have been sold by the builder since at that time there is no purchaser. That the building is intended for sale ultimately after construction does not make any difference. [Para 117) [753-B-C] E K. Raheja Development Corporation v. State of Kamataka (2005) 5 SCC 162: 2005 (3) SCR 1210 - affirmed. Builders' Association of India and others v. Union of India and others (1989) 2 SCC 645: 1989 (2) SCR 320 - followed. F Rainbow Colour Lab Rainbow Colour Lab & Anr. v. State of M.P. & Ors. (2000) 2 SCC 385: 2000 (1) SCR 594 - stood overruled. State of Madras v. Gannon Dunkerley and Co. (1959) G SCR 379 - held impliedly undone. Mis. Larsen & Toubro Limited & Anr v. State of Karnataka & Anr. 2008 (17) SCC 199; Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and another v. Union of India and others (2006) 3 sec 1: H 690 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013) 17 S.C.R. A 2006 (2) SCR 823; The Assistant Sales Tax Officer and Others v. B.C. Kame, Proprietor Kame Photo Studi (1977) 1 SCC 634: 1977 (2) SCR 435; Hindustan Shipyard Ltd. v.

State of A.P. (2000) 6 SCC 579: 2000 ( 1 ) Suppl. SCR 592; Nahalchand La/oochand Private Limited v. Panchali B Cooperative Housing Society Limited; (2010) 9 SCC 536: 2010 (10) SCR 804; Commissioner of Sales Tax, M.P. v. Purshottam Premji 1970 26 S.T.C. 38; State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors. v. Larsen & Toubro Ltd. & Ors. (2008) 9 SCC 191: 2008 (12) SCR 843; Mis. Gannon Dunkerley & Co. and C others v. State of Rajasthan and Others (1993) 1 SCC 364: 1992 (3) Suppl. SCR 103; Keshav Mills Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay North, Ahmedabad AIR 1965 SC 1636: 1965 SCR 908; Dewan Joynal Abedin v. Abqul Wazed (1988) Supp SCC 580; Kartar Singh D Bhadana v. Hari Singh Na/wa & Of$ (2001) 4 SCC 661: 2001 (2) SCR 790; Associated Cement Companies Ltd. v. Commissioner of Customs; (2001) 4 SCC 593: 2001 (1) SCR 608; State of U.P. & Ors. v. P.N. C. Construction Co. Ltd. & Ors. (2007) 7 sec 320: 2001 (8) SCR 927; M.R.

Hornibrook (Pty.) Ltd. v. The Federal Commissioner of E Taxation (1939) 62 C.L.R. 272; Federation of Hotel & Restaurant Association of India, etc. v. Union of India & Ors. (1989) 3 SCC 634: 1989 (2) SCR 918; State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors. v. Larsen & Toubro Ltd. & Ors. (2008) 9 SCC 191: 2008 (12) SCR 843; Radha Raman v. State of Uttar F Pradesh & Ors. AIR 1954 All 700; Lee v. Griffin (1861) 1 B. & S. 272; Robinson v. Graves; (1935) 1 KB 579; Chandra Bhan Gosain v. State of Orissa and Others; (1964) 2 SCR 879; The State of Punjab v. Mis. Associated Hotels of India Ltd. (1972) 1 SCC 472: 1972 (2) SCR 937; Hindustan G Aeronautics Ltd. v. State of Karnataka (1984) 1 SCC 706: 1984 (2) SCR 248; State of A.P. v. Kone Elevators (India) Ltd.; (2005) 3 SCC 389: 2005 (2) SCR 152; State of Gujarat (Commissioner of Sales Tax, Ahmedabad) v. Mis. Variety Body Builders; (1976) 3 SCC 500: 1976 (0) Suppl. SCR 131 H - referred to. MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 691 KARNATAKA

Hudson's 'Building Engineering Contracts', Eleventh A edition, Volume 1; Halsbury's Laws of England, Fourth Edition, Volume 41, para 603; Benjamin's Sale of Goods, Fourth Edition, Para 1.042 and Pollock and Mulla on Sale of Goods [1990, Fifth Edition, Page 53] - referred to. 8 2.1. There is challenge to the constitutional validity of explanation (b){ii) to Si!ction 2(24) which was brought by amendment with effect from 20.06.2006 in MVAT Act and sub-rule (1A) which was inserted into Rule 58 of the MVAT Rules by a notification dated 01.06.2009. There is no doubt that the amendment in explanation b(ii) to C Sectipn 2(24) was brought because of the judgment of this Court in Raheja Development. Since Raheja Dev,elopment lays down the correct legal position, thus, there is no merit in the challenge to the constitutional validity to the provisions of explanation (b)(ii) to Section D 2(24) of MVAT which were amended with effect from 20.06.2006. The provision under challenge was not in breach of any constitutional boundaries. [Paras 119, 121] [753-E; 754-C-E]

E ·2.2. Sub-rule .(1A) was inserted into Rule 58 by a notification dated 01.06.2009. As a matter of fact, Rule 58(1) of the MVAT Rules provides that the value of the goods at the time of the transfer of the property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract may be determined by effecting certain deductions from the value F of the entire contract insofar as the amounts relating to deductions pertain to the said works contract. The value of the goods which can constitute the measure of the levy of the tax has to be the value of the goods at the time of incorporation of goods in the works even though G property·in goods passes later. Taxing the sale of goods element in a works contract is permissible even after incorporation of goods provided tax is directed to the value of goods at the time of incorporation and does not: I H 692 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. · A purport to tax the transfer of immovable property. The mode of valuation of goods provided in Rule 58(1A) has to be read in the manner that meets this criteria and it is read down accordingly. The Maharashtra Government has .to bring clarity in Rule 58 (1-A) as indicated above. B Subject to this, validity of Rule 58(1-A) of MVAT Rules is sustained. tParas 123, 124) [756-B-C; 757-G-H; 758-A-B] Case Law Reference: 2005 (3) SCR 1210 affirm.ed Para 2 c 2008 (17) sec 199 referred to Para 2 (1959) SCR 379 held impliedly undone Para 17

1989 (2) SCR 320 followed Para 17 D 2006 (2) SCR 823 referred to Para 17 1977 (2) SCR 435 referred to Para 20 2000 (1) Suppl. SCR 592 referred to Para 20 2010 (10) SCR 804 referred to Para 24 E 1970 26 S.T.C. 38 referred to Para 25 2008 (12) SCR 843 referred to Para 31 1992 (3) Suppl. SCR 103 referred to Para 41 F 1965 SCR 908 referred to Para 43 (1988) Supp sec 580 referred to Para 45 2001 (2) SCR 790 referred to Para 45 2001 (1) SCR 608 referred to Para 46 G 2000 (1) SCR 594 stood overruled Para 46 2007 (8) SCR 927 referred to Para 46 (1939) 62 C.L.R. 272 referred to Para 47 H M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 693 KARNATAKA 1989 (2) SCR 918 referred to Para 48 A (2008) 9 sec 191 referred to Para 50 AIR 1954 All 700 referred to Para 74 (1861) 1 8. & $. 272 referred to Para 77 B (1935) 1 KB 579 referred to Para 78 (1964) 2 SCR 879. referred to Para 79 1972 (2) SCR 937 referred to" Para 82 1984 (2) SCR 248 referred to Para 84 c 2005 (2) SCR 152 referred to Para 87 1976 (0) Suppl. SCR 131 referred to Para 88 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. D 8672 of 2013 etc. From the Judgment' and Order dated 06.08.2007 of the High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore in Writ Appeal being W.A. No. 1409 of 2007. E WITH

C. A Nos. 8673-8684, 8685, 8686, 8687, 8688, 8690, 8691. 8692, 8693, 8695, 8696, 8697, 8698 &8699 of 2013 Dr. AM. Singhvi, K.V. Vishwanathan, N. Venkatraman, K. F N. Bhat, Shekhar Naphade, Sameer Parekh, Sumit Goel, Rukhmini Bobde, Somanadri Goud K. (for Parekh & Co.) Amol Chitale, Pragya Baghel, Nirnimesh Dube, Kamna Sagar, Ardhendumauli Kumar Prasad, Parimal Shroff, Mahesh Agarwal, Abhinav Agrawal, E. C. Agrawala, Ankur Saigal, R. G V. Prasad, Praveen Kumar, Shivaji M. Jadhav, Sanjay Kunur, •R.N. Keshwani, Rishi Agrawala, Prasenjit Keswani, Ranjeeta Rohtagi, V. Patkar, Ashwin Acharya, S. Ravi Shankar, Sanjay V. Kharde, Naira Jejeebhoy, Asha Gopalan Nair, Anitha H 694 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 17 S.C.R. A Shenoy, Neha Singh, Chinmoy Khaladkar, Preshit V. Surshe, Sachin J. Patil, Randhir Chawla, Renu Saigal, Amit Thakkar, V.N. Raghupathy for the Appearing Parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by ,B R.M. LODHA, J. 1. Leave granted in all these special leave petitions.

2. Does the two-Judge Bench decision of this Court in Raheja Development' lay down the correct legal position? It is c to consider this question that in Larsen and Toubro2 a two-Judge lilench of this Court has referred the matter for. consideration by the larger Bench. In the referral order dated 19.8.2008, the two-Judge Bench after noticing the relevant provisions of the Karnataka Sales Tax Act, 195,Z: and the D distinction between a contract of sale and a works 'contract made the reference to the larger Bench by observing as follows: "We have prima facie some difficulty in accepting the proposition laid down in Para 20 quoted above. Firstly, in our view, ·prima facie, M/s Larsen & Toubro - petitioner E herein, being a developer had undertaken the contract to develop the property of Dinesh Ranka. Secondly, the ' Show Cause Notice proceeds only on the basis that , Tripartite Agreement is the works contract. Thirdly, in the : Show. Cause Notice there is no allegation made by the F Department that there is monetary consideration involved in the first contract which is the Development Agreement. Be that as it may, apart from the disputes in hand, the point which we have to examine is whether the ratio of the judgment of the Division Bench in the case of Raheja G Development Corporation (supra) as enunciated in Para 1. K. Raheja Development CorporatioR v. State of Karnataka; (2005) 5 SCC 162.

2. Mis. Larsen & Toubro Limited & Anr. v. State of Karnataka & Anr.; SLP(C) H No. 17741 of 2007. MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 695 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, ·J.] 20, is correct. If the Development Agreement is not a works A contract could the Department rely upon the second contract, which is the Tripartite Agreement and interpret it · to be a works contract, as defined under the 1957 Act. The Department has relied upon only the judgment of this Court in Raheja Developmerit Corporation(supra) case because B

para 20 does assist th-e Department. However, we are of the view that if the ratio of Raheja Development case is to be accepted then there would be no difference between . works contract and a contract for sale of chattel as a chattel. Lastly, could it be said that petitioner - Company C was the contractor for prospective flat purchaser. Under the definition of the term "works contract" as quoted above the contractor must have undertaken the work of construction for and on behalf of the contractor (sic.) for cash, deferred or any other valuable consideration. According to the D Department, Development Agreement is not works contract but the Tripartite Agreement is works contract which, prima facie, appears to be fallacious. There is no allegation that the Tripartite Agreement is sham or .bogus. For the aforestated reasons, we direct the Office to place E this matter before the Hon'ble Chief Justice for appropriate directions in this regard, as we are of the view thatJhe judgment of Division Bench in the case of Raheja Development (supra) needs re-consideration by the larger ~~-" F •

3. Of the 26 appeals under consideration before us, 14 are from Karnataka and 12 from Maharashtra. Insofar as Karnataka appeals are concerned, it is appropriate that we take the facts from the leading case being Larsen and Toubro2. The ECC division of Larsen and Toubro (for short, "L&T") is engaged in G property development along with the owners of vacant sites. On 19.10.1995, L&T entered into a development agreement with Dinesh Ranka, owner of the land bearing survey numbers 90/ 1, 91, 92 (Part), 94, 95 and 96/1 (Part) together measuring 34 H 696 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A acres all situated at Kothanur Village, Segur Hobli, Bangalore South Taluk, Bangalore, for construction of a multi-storeyed apartment complex. The owner was to contribute his land and L& T was to coristruct the apartment complex. After development, 25% of the total space was to belong to the owner and 75% to L&T. A power of attorney was executed by8 the owner of the land in favour of L& T to enable it to negotiate and book orders from the prospective purchasers for allotment of built up area. Accordingly, L&T entered into agreements of sale with intended purchasers. The agreements provided that C on completion of the construction, the apartments would be handed over to the purchasers who will get an undivided interest . in the land also. Sale deeds, thus, were executed in favour of the intended purchasers by L&T and the owner.

4. On 12.07.2005, the business premises of L&T were D inspected by the Deputy Commissioner of Commercial Taxes {lntelligence-1) South Zone, Koramangala, Bangalore (hereinafter referred to as the 'Deputy Commissioner') and a detailed statement of the Finance Manager was recorded. E 5. On 21.12.2005, the Deputy Commissioner called upon L&T to furnish the details of development project. L&T furnished details on 24.07.2005 and 26.09.2005. 6. On 04.10.2005, the Deputy Commissioner served a show cause notice on L&T stating that it was liable to tax as F per th!! decision of this Court in Raheja Development1. L&T responded to the show cause notice and submitted preliminary objections on 10.10.2005. By a further communication dated 10.11.2005, L& T objected to the assessment of tax for development of projects by it. The L&T inter alia submitted that G. the development agreement was not a works contract per se on account of the reasons: {a) the agreement was to develop and market flats to customers; {b) the intent and purpose of the agreement was to develop property by the petitioners on the one hand and the land owner on the other; {c) the construction H and development of the said land involved no monetary M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 697 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] consideration; and (d) the only consideration was that upon the A completion of the entire project, L&T would be entitled to 75 per cent of the same.

7. Again on 04.01.2006, the business premises of L&T were inspected and certain documents like agreement copies 8 and other documents relating to the transactions of the sale of flats were seized for the purposes of further investigation and verification. 8. On 02.02.2006, the Deputy Commissioner served upon L&T a further notice proposing to tax the sale of materials used C in the construction of flats on the ground that it was entitled to 75 per cent of the share of the projects. L& T filed detailed objections to this notice as well. 9. On 03.07.2006, the Deputy Commissioner issued D provisional assessment orders under Section 28(6) of the Karnataka Sales Tax Act, 1957 (for short, 'KST Act') for the years 2000-01 to 2004-05. Along with the provisional orders, the Deputy Commissioner also issued demand notices raising a total demand of Rs. 3,99,28,636/-. E 10. Initially, L&T preferred a writ petition before this Court challenging the above demands but that writ petition was withdrawn and a writ petition under Art'icle 226 of the Constitution of India was filed before the Karnataka High Court. F 11. The Single Judge of the Karnataka High Court noted that the controversy raised by the L& T was covered by the decision of this Court in Raheja Development1 and, accordingly, dismissed the writ petition on 10.07.2007 by observing as follows: G

"From the aforesaid observations of the Apex CourtJt is very much clear that as the petitioner No. 1 had entered · into an agreement to carry out constn,J.ction activity on behalf of someone else for cash or for deferred payment or for any other valuable construction, it would be carrying H 698 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A out works contract and therefore would become liable to pay turnover tax on the transfer involved in such work contracts. It is also not in dispute in this matter that the agreement of sale is entered into between the first petitioner and the buyers of the flat even prior to completion B of the construction of the building. Under such circumstances, as has been held by the Apex Court in the RAHEJA DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION's Case, the petitioners are liable to pay the turnover tax on the transfer of goods involved in such 'works contract'. In view of the dictum laid down by thEj recent judgment cited supra, thisc Court does not find any merit in this writ petition." 12. L& T preferred an intra-court appeal. The Division Bench of that Court concurred with the Single Judge and dismissed the writ appeal by expressing its opinion as follows: D "In our view, so far as the definition of 'work contract' in almost similar situation as in the present case has been well considered by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of K. RAHEJA DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (supra).

E The question as to whether that judgment as per Article 141 of the Constitution of India is the law of the land binding on all the Courts in the Count!)'. Prima facie, we find that the facts and circumstances in that case are almost similar to the present case and as such, the ratio laid down in the RAHEJA's Case and relied upon by the learned SingleF Judge is, in our view, just and proper. So far as the other pronouncements are concerned, if the appellant feels that it is necessary to get the pronouncement in RAHEJA's Case reviewed, it is open for him to approach the Apex Court and this Court cannot substitute its own findings onG the questions since the same has already been decided by the Apex Court in RAHEJA's case." 13. Insofar as appeals from Maharashtra are concerned, they arise from the judgment of the Bombay High Court. The H Bombay High Court was concerned with the group of matters MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 699 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] wherein challenge was laid to the constitutional validity of A Section 2(24) of the Maharashtra Value Added Tax Act, 2002 (for short, "MVAT Act") as amended initially by Maharashtra Act XXXll of 2006 and thereafter by Maharashtra Act XXV of 2007 and Rule 58(1A) of the Maharashtra Value Added Tax 'Rules, 2005 (for short, "MVAT Rules"). B

14. The Division Bench of the Bombay High Court on examination of rival contentions has, inter alia, ~eld; (a) works contract have numerous variations and it is not possible to accept the contention either as a matter of principle or as a matter of interpretation that a contract for works in the course C of which title is transferred to the flat purchaser would cease to be works contract; (b) the provisions of MOFA recognise an interest of the purchaser of the apartment, not only in respect of the apartment which forms the subject matter of the purchase, but also an undivided interest, described as a D percentage in the common areas and facilities; (c) the amendment to Section 2(24) clarifies the legislative intent that ·a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of works contract including an agreement for building and . construction of immovable property would fall within the E description of a sale of goods within the meaning of that provision and it brings within the ambit of that expression "transactions of that nature" which are referable to' Article 366 (29-A)(b); (d) by amended definition of the expression "sale" in clause (b)(ii) of the explanation to Section 2(24), the F transactions which involve works contract have been covered;

(e) the amendment in Section 2(24) does not transgress the boundary set out in Article 366(29-A); (f) Rule 58(1A) of the MVAT Rules provides that in the case of construction contracts where the immovable property, land or as the case may be, G interest therein is to be conveyed and the property involved in the execution of the construction contract is also transferred, it is the latter component which is-brought to tax; the value of the goods at the time of transfer is to be calculated after making the deductions which are specified under sub-rule ..(1 ); and (g) H 700 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A Rule 58(1A) provides for a measure for the tax by excluding the cost of the land. 15. The Division Bench of the Bombay High Court, thus, found no merit in the challenge to the constitutional validity of Section 2(24) of the MVAT Act and Rule 58(1A) of the MVATB Rules. The trade circulars and the notifications were also found to be legal and consequently writ petitions were dismissed. 16. We have heard learned senior counsel and counsel for the appellants and learned senior counsel for Karnataka and C learned Advocate-General and learned senior counsel for Maharashtra at quite some length.

17. Mr. Rohinton F. Nariman, learned senior counsel for L& T led the arguments on behalf of the appellants. His D submission is that Raheja Development' does not lay down correct law. He submits that insertion of clause 29-A (b) in Article 366 following the 61st Law Commission Report is intended to separate the goods component from the labour and services component of a composite works contract. The amendment does not in any manner undo Gannon Dunkerfey-E /3 insofar as that decision defines what a works contract is. In thi~ regard, learned senior counsel extensively referred to the decisions of this Court in Builders' Association• and Bharat Sanchar° .It is argued by him that in Raheja Development1 it was incorrectly assumed that the definition of works contract F was wide although the definition of works contract in KST Act and Madras General Sales Tax Act which was under consideration in Gannon Dunkerley-13 was identical. 18. Alternatively, it is argued by Mr. Rohinton F. Nariman G that if ii is accepted that the definition of 'works contract' in KST 3. State of Madras v. Gannon Dunkerley and Co.; (1959) SCR 379. 4 Builders' Association of India and others v. Union of India and others; (1989) 2 sec 645. 5. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and another v. Union of India and others; H (2006) 3 sec 1. M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 701 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

Act is wide which takes within its fold the contracts that are not A commonly und~rstood as works contract then this would be outside Entry 54 List II of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution for the reason that "works contract" as understood in Gannon Dunkerley-13 has not in any manner been upset by the constitutional amendment and would have to mean "works B contract" as commonly understood. 19. Criticizing the conclusions drawn in paragraph 20 of the judgment in Raheja Development1, it is argued by Mr. Rohinton F. Nariman that these conclusions are incorrect for, C

(a) the well known tests to determine as to whether a particular contract is a "works contract" or "contract of sale" have not been adverted to; (b) the contract is not read as a whole. Its substance and the main object has not been looked at and one phrase is torn out of context without adverting to any other part of the contract and based on this reasoning the contract is said D to be a works contract; (c) though it is noticed that construction/ development is to be on payment of a price in various installments but does not draw any conclusion from it; (d) it is noticed that developer has a lien on the property but incorrectly states that the lien is because they are not owners. The lien is E obviously so that if monies are not recovered from the prospective flat purchasers, the lien can be exercised, showing thereby that the contract is a contract of an agreement to sell immovable property; (e) after noticing that developer can terminate the agreement if any one installment is not paid and F can forfeit 10% of the amount that has been paid and can ultimately resell the flat, it is held that the presence of such a clause does not mean that the agreement ceases to be a "works contract" without appreciating that such a clause would have no place in a works contract and can only be consistent G with the contract for the sale of immovable property inasmuch as termination can take place if the entire consideration for the immovable property is not paid; (f) it is stated that if there is termination but there is no re-sale, there would be no works contract only to that extent which is again wholly incorrect H

702 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A because post termination what happens to a particular flat is of no relevance inasmuch as the prospective flat purchaser goes out of the picture; and (g) the distinction between a flat being constructed and a flat under construction is a distinction without a difference for the reason that the judgment notices that B if the a{lreement is entered into after the flat is already constructed, there would be no 'sale' and no 'works contract'. This is obviously for the reason that the flat.has already been developed by the developer using his material and his plan and is sold as such to a purchaser. c 20. Mr. Rohinton F. Nariman extensively referred to the decisions of this Court in 8. C. Kame• and Hindustan Shipyard' . With reference to paragraphs 7 to 16, 22 and 24 to 26 in Hindustan Shipyard', it is submitted that in a somewhat similar fact situation, this Court came to conclusion that construction D of various ships .for and on behalf of the customer would amount to a 'sale' and not to a 'works contract'.

21. Based on the various clauses of the tripartite agreement, it is argued that the main object of the agreement E read as a whole and the substance of the agreement is to sell and convey fraction of the land together with a fully constructed flat only when all installments have been fully paid. The work undertaken is for the joint development of the project as a whole, i.e., work is undertaken by the developer for himself and for the owner. The construction is not carried out for and onF behalf of the purchaser, but it is carried out entirely by the owner/ developer in order to exploit or get the best price for the land and the structure built thereon from various flat purchasers. The flat is to be sold as a flat and not an aggregate of its component. G parts. No work is carried out for the purchaser who gets title to the property only after" all work is complete. Learned senior counsel argued that the ultimate test would be: if a suit for 6. The Assistant Sales Tax Officer and Others v. B.C. Kame, Proprietor Kame Photo Studio; [(1977) 1 SCC 634]. H 7. Hindustan Shipyard Lid. v. State of A.P.; [(2000) 6 SCC 579]. / M/S. LARSENI & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 703 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

specific performance is filed by the flat purchaser against the A owner/developer, such suit would invariably be for the conveyance of title and not for the construction of a building. Conversely a suit by an owner/developer against the flat purchaser would be for payment of consideration of a flat/ fractional interest in the lan.d. Such suit would never be for B payment of work done at the behest of the flat purchaser and payment of consideration therefor. It is, thus, submitted that the judgment in Raheja Development1 does not lay down good law and deserves to be overruled.

22. Mr. K.V. Vishwanathan, learned senior counsel for C Maharashtra Chamber of Housiog Industries elaborately argued based on the following contentions. First, that to attract Article 366(29-Aj(b) there has to be a "works contract" and in the process ~f executing the works contract if certain transfer of property 1occ1.1rs, such transfer would be deemed to be sale. If D there is/ no works contract, the question of applying Article 366(29-!A)(b) would not arise. A distinction is drawn between "works'; and "works contract". It is contended that an agreement for sale is an agreement to transfer immovable property as an indivisible whole which will result in the execution of a E conveyance. There is no element of works contract involved. Even if for the purpose of complying with the obligations of an agreement for sale, a vendor carries out some works, it is not on account of any works contract. Even if there are some "works" involved, there is no "works contract" between the F promoter and purchaser. 23. Secondly, that the applicability of Article 366(29-A) read with Entry 54 of List II will arise only in matters which are otherwise not covered under the ambit of sale and cannot apply G to an agreement for sale of immovable property resulting in a conveyance. He pressed into service (i) test of enforceability

(ii) common parlance test (view of the reasonable man) (iii) test of substance of the contract and (iv) assignment test. Insofar as common parlance test and test of substance of the contract H 704 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 17 S.C.R. A are concerned, Mr. K.V. Vishwanathan placed reliance upon Bharat Sanchar6. As regards assignment test, paragraph 36 of the judgment in Builders' Association4 was referred to by the learned senior counsel. 24. Thirdly, that amended definition under Article 366(29-8 A) has not conferred on the States a larger freedom than what they had before the amendment in regard to their power to levy sales tax under Entry 54 of the State List. Paragraph 40 of the Builders' Association• is relied upon. It is contended that an agreement to sell entered into between the promoter and C purchaser continues to remain an agreement to sell and the provisions of MOFA does not change the nature of such agreement. Reference is made to the decision of this Court in Nahalchan'd Laloochand8.

D 25. And fourthly, that if State's submissions are accepted, Article 366 (29-A)(b) has to be read as "a tax on the transfer of property (whether as goods or in some other form) involving works" which will not only distort the amendment but will render the words "in goods" redundant. Article 366 (29-A)(b) does not E provide for such an interpretation. The phrase "in some other form" takes its colour from the preceding words namely, "transfer of property in goods" and "whether as goods". The said phrase "in some other form" cannot and would not mean the transfer of an indivisible immovable property as a whole. F Reliance is placed on the decision of this Court in Purshottam Premji5 to differentiate between a sale and works contract. It is contended that the distinguishing factors that have been laid down in Purshottam Premji9 which were relied on by the Law Commission should be considered as the only tests to differentiate a works contract and a contract for sale. G 8. Nahalchand Laloochand Private Limited v. Panchali Cooperative Housing Society Limited; (2010) 9 SCC 536. 9. Commissioner of Sales Tax, M.P. v. Purshottam Premji; [1970] 26 S.T.C. H 38. MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 705 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

26. Dr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi, learned senior counsel A appearing for Promoters and Builders Association made brief oral submissions which were followed by detailed written submissions. The principal issue, according to him, is, wl:Jether the agreement entered into between a promoter/developer and a flat purchaser, pursuant to the provisions of Section 4 read B with Rule 5 and Form V of MOFA can be divided into two parts, {i) an agreement between the promoter/developer and the flat purchaser to construct a flat; and (ii) an agreement between the promoter/developer and the flat purchaser to eventually sell the flat so constructed and whether the first part of the said c agreement can be treated as a works contract whereby the flat purchaser is accorded the status of a principal employer and the promoter/developer acts as a mere contractor for him and constructs the flat for and on behalf of the flat purchaser. While conceding that an integral part of the transaction of sale of a D flat is the activity of construction of the said flat but the moot question in his view is whether such activity of construction has the characteristics or elements of works contract. Learned senior counsel highlighted the distinguishing features between "works contract" and "contract for sale of goods" and having Eregard to that it is submitted that the activity of construction undertaken by the promoter/developer cannot be said to be works contract for the reasons, (i) that developer does not construct at the behest of the flat purchaser as on various occasions the flat is constructed without there being any Fbooking for the said flat; (ii) the main intention of the agreement between the promoter/developer and the flat purchaser is the sale of flat and not to appoint the developer as the contractor of the flat purchaser for the purposes of carrying out the construction of the flat for and on behalf of the flat purchaser;

(iii) the flat purchaser does not have any role in conceptualizing G the project of construction nor does he have any say in the designing and lay-out of the building to be constructed. The flat purchaser does not have any control over the type and standard of the material to be used in the construction of the building. He does not get any right to- monitor or supervise the H 706 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013) 17 S.C.R. A construction activity; (iv) the ownership in the material used in the construction remains with the promoter/developer and the said ownership passes to the flat purchaser only on the eventual conveyance of the flat; (v) the accretion to the goods happens in the hands of the promoter/developer and not when the flat is B conveyed to the flat purchaser; and (vi) the construction linked payment schedule is nothing but a method of payment in installments.

27. It is the submission of Dr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi that Article 366(29-A)(b) by a deeming fiction only deems the C transfer of property in goods in execution of a works contract as a sale but the said amendment does not contemplate a deemed transfer of goods which actually does not happen at the time of execution of the contract. The provisions of MOFA do not change the character of the transaction entered into D between the promoter/developer and the flat purchaser from that of a pure sale of immovable property to a works contract. Even in the absence of a statute like MOFA, the obligations and restrictions prescribed ~herein would still be present as part of obligations under the Indian Contract Act/Transfer of Property E Act and its penalties for breaching the same would still be applicable under the penal statutes.

28. While referring to Section 2(24) MVAT Act, it is submitted by the learned senior counsel that a plain reading of F amended explanation b(ii) to Section 2(24) of that Act will show r.tat the said provision has not brought within its scope transactions which are not in their substance works contract. The amendment brought in explanation b(ii) to Section 2(24) is merely explanatory in nature. Even after the amendment the G transaction in which there is transfer of property in goods has to be works contract. The amendment cannot be interpreted to mean that transfer of property in goods in execution of any agreement even if it is not a works contract has now been included in the definition of sale. Such interpretation will render the provision unconstitutional. Learned senior counsel submits H M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 707 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] that the manner in which the State Government is expanding A scope of Section 2(24) on the basis of the decision of this Court in Raheja Development1. it has rendered the said provision unconstitutional. According to Dr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi, Raheja Development' therefore needs to be reconsidered and overruled. B

29. As regards constitutional validity of the provisions of Rule 58(1) and 58(1A) of MVAT Rules, it is submitted' that these Rules and Rule 58(1-A) of the 2005 Rules include an element of profit eamed by a promoter/developer on the sale C of a flat. There are no provisions to take the profit element from arriving at the value of goods. As a result income earned by the promoter/developer from the profit on sale of the flat also gets included in the value of goods and eventually the said income gets taxed. Imposition of such tax on the income of the promoter/developer is beyond the legislative competence of the D State Government.

30. Without prejudice to the above arguments, it is firstly submitted that assuming that the activity of construction · undertaken by the developer is a works contract then the same E would be a works contract only from the stage when the developer enters into a contract with the flat purchaser. Only the value addition made to the goods transferred after the agreement is entered into with the flat purchaser can be made chargeable under MVAT Act. VAT cannot be charged on the F entire sale price as described in the agreement entered into between developer and flat purchaser as sought to be done under the composition scheme. Secondly, it is submitted that assuming that the agreement entered into between the developer and the flat purchaser has two components. namely, G a works contract and sale of proportionate share in the land then the stamp duty on such transaction should be levied under Article 25 (stamp duty for conveyance) only on the component sale of proportionate share in the land and the stamp duty on the value of construction carried out ought to be charged under H · Article 63 (stamp duty for works contract). 708 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 17 S.C.R.

A 31. Mr. N. Venkatraman, learned senior counsel for Builders Association while highlighting the background in which clause (29-A) came to be inserted in Article 366 and drawing distinction between a conventional sale and a works contract submits that 'transfer' is imminent and indispensable B requirement in both but in the case of a conventional sale, property in goods gets transferred as intended by the parties while in a works contract, property in goods get transferred through accretion. Few illustrations have been referred to by him and it is submitted that 'test of accretion' which is sine qua non c for works contract is not satisfied in the agreements under consideration. L&T 1110 is referred which says, "once the work is assigned by L&T to its sub-contractor, L&T ceases to execute the works contract in the sense contemplated by Article 366 (29-A)(b) because property passes by accretion and there is no property in goods with the contractor which is capable of0 a re-transfer whether as goods or in some other form".

32. Learned senior counsel contends that when ultimately the constructed flat is transferred or sold, it becomes a sale of : an immovable property at which point of time the question of E transfer on accretion does not arise. The transfer of goods has to take place in the course of the construction of a building before becoming an immovable property though the contract may be indivisible contract for construction of a building in the form of an immovable property. Once it becomes an immovable F property, Article 366(29-A)(b) cannot be pressed into service to such a transaction. He submits that an agreement to sell is not a sale in its conventional sense and, therefore, cannot be a deemed sale also. G 33. It is submitted by Mr. N. Venkatraman that Section 2(24) of MVAT Act and Rules 58 and 58(1A) of MVAT Rules seek to redefine the taxable event by moving away from theory 10. State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors. v. Larsen & Toubro Ltd. & Ors.; [(2008) 9 H sec 1e11. M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 709 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] of accretion to transfer of immovable property by way of A conveyance and that renders these provisions unconstitutional.

34. Mr. Vinod Bobde, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of Promoters and Builders Association, Nasik argues that after insertion of clause 29-A in Article 366, the works B contract which was an indivisible one has by a legal fiction altered into a contract which is divisible into one for sale of goods. and the other for supply of labour. Thus, the goods component is exigible to sales tax. However, the amendment has not enlarged the meaning of "works contract" as commonly understood. With reference to Section 2(24) explanation (b)(ii) C of the MVAT Act, learned senior counsel submits that this provision aims at taxing the sale of goods involved in the execution of a works contract. In the case of a building contract on land, the contractor must be carrying out the building activity for consideration which obviously means that he should be D receiving consideration from the person who has engaged him as contractor. The provision does not cover an owner or developer of land who is constructing a building for the purpose of ultimately selling the flats therein to purchasers. Such owner or developer does not receive any consideration from anyone E for carrying out of the building activity; what he receives is simply the sale price of the flats from the purchasers. According to Mr. Vinod Bobde, the provisions so read would not transgress Article 366 (29-A) but if it is read as was done in Raheja Development1, it would be unconstitutional. F

35. It is argued by Mr. Vinod Bobde that an agreement of sale whether simplicitor or in Form V under the MOFA is not a "works contract". It only settles terms for the sale of property and the sale ultimately takes place in pursuance thereof unless G the contract is terminated. The ''works" component and "goods" component are totally absent in the agreement. There is no question of taxing sale of goods in an agreement of sale. The buyer does pay the sales tax on the purchase of goods/material used in construction of the building. Such goods/materials are H 710 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A purchased from the dealers registered under the Act. What the taxing authorities seek to do by treating an agreement for sale of immovable property, namely, flat to be a "works contract" within the meaning of Section 2(24), explanation (b)(ii) is to again tax the goods used in the construction of the building. B This cannot be done because the builder is not building as the contractor for the flat purchaser but for himself, and he cannot possibly transfer such goods to himself.

36. Mr. Vinod Bobde submits that the High Court's view C that the. element of sale of immovable property can be there in a works contract is clearly erroneous. The agreement of sale in Form V under the MOFA is not an agreement simpliciter and the aspect that MOFA creates the right and interest in the flat as a measure for protecting prospective flat purchasers is irrelevant. With reference to Entries 25, 5 and 63 of the Bombay D Stamp Act, 1958 which provide for stamp duty on conveyance including an agreement for sale of property, agreement or its record or memorandum of agreement and works contract respectively, _it is submitted that State has been levying stamp duty on agreement of sale under E.ntry 25 and not under Entry E 63 and hence the State does not consider an agreement for sale to be a works contract.

37. Mr. Shivaji M. Jadhav learned counsel appearing for: one of the appellants has broadly followed the above F submissions. He submits that expression "in so'me other form" in Article 366(29-A)(b) does not mean immovable property but. some other form of goods being movable property. According t6 him, artificial rules or other enactments like MOFA, Bombay Stamp Act would not be relevant at all in ascertaining whether G transfer of property in goods has taken place in the execution of works contract. Model agreement Form V in MOFA does not indicate that construction of a flat by the developer/promoter is being carried on for and on behalf of the purchaser of the flat. Rather it supports the view that buyer is interested in what is constructed as a flat and not the building material. MOFA H M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 711 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J'.] ; ensures that the theory of accretion is not applicable and the A flat purchaser is not left at the mercy of the builder. 38. Learned counsel also submits that if Section 2(24) explanation b(ii) of the MVAT Act is read in the manner suggested by this Court in Raheja Development1, such B provision is rendered unconstitutional. As regards Rule 58(1) and Rule 58 (1-A), the submission of the learned counsel is that these Rules suffer from various infirmities and· are unable to carry out the objectives of MVAT Act.

39. In the counter arguments advanced on behalf of the two . C · States - Karnataka and Maharashtra - Raheja Development1 has been stoutly pefended. Mr. K.N, Bhat, learned senior counsel for Karnataka submits that view taken in Raheja Development1 is correct and needs no reconsideration - both on merits as well as on the basis of binding precedents on the D principles governing reconsideration of an earlier decision. He submits that Article 366(29-A) uses the phraseology employed in Entry 54 of List II that reads, "taxes on sale or purchase of goods .... " For the purpose of Entry 54 List II, ·~axes on the sale or purchase of goods" includes "tax on the transfer of property E in goods (whether as goods or in some otf:ler form) involved in the execution of works contract". Transfer of property in goods is the essence of definition of 'sale' in Section 4 of the Sale of Goods Act. Article 366(29-A)(b) can be rephrased as "a tax on the sale of goods involved in the execution of a works F contract" and in any case by the deeming fiction incorporated 'in the above provision, it shall be deemed to be a sale of those goods by the person making the transfer and a purchase by a person to whom such transfer is made. The taxable event is the deemed sale of goods involved in the execution of works G. contract. Article 366 (29-A) has been inserted to remedy the situation arising from the decision in the Gannon Dunkerley-13 where attempt to levy sales tax on the sale of goods involved in the execution of works contract wa·s held to be unconstitutional. This was on the basis that a works contract H

712 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 17 S.C.R. A could not be dissected into contract for "works and services" and contract for "sale of goods". Mr. K.N. Bhat submits, relying upon para 41 in Builders' Association4, that definition of 'works contract' KST Act does not go beyond what is contemplated in the Constitution. B 4.9. Mr. K.N. Bhat's submission is that in order to sustain levy of sales tax on the goods deemed to have been sold in the execution of works contract the following conditions are to be met, (a) there must be works contract, i.e., any contract to C do construction, fabrication and the like; (b) the goods deemed to have been sold should have been involved in the execution of a works contract; and (c) the property in those goods must be transferred to a third party either as goods or in some other form. The taxable event is deemed sale. It is irrelevant whether transferee was a party to the works contract. All that is required D to be enquired into is as to whether the goods were involved in the execution of the works. By Forty-sixth Constitutional Amendment, the effect of Gannon Dunkerley-13 has been . neutralized. Now that the works contract which was indivisible according to Gannon Dunkerley-13 are divisible and the goods E involved in the execution of works contract that were then not. ' ' taxable are now taxable. '

41. The whole idea by insertion of clause 29-A(b) in Article· 366, Mr. K.N .. Bhat submits, is to make the materials used in' F the buitding activity liable to sales tax. Any other interpretation will be contrary to the two decisions of the Constitution Benches in Builders' Association4 and Gannon Dunkerley-11 11 • So construed works contract simply means a construction activity. If the building is retained by the builder himself, there is no G deemed sale. 42. Mr.K.N. Bhat, however, submits that the statement of law in Raheja Development1 that when a completed building 11. M/s. Gannon Dunkerley & Co. and others v. State of Rajasthan and Others; H [(1993) 1 sec 364]. MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 713 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] is sold, there is no works contract and, therefore, no liability to A tax, may not be correct statement of law. If the building was intended for sale and is in fact sold, tax is attracted to the deemed sale. Even in such cases, goods used in the construction are deemed to have been sold by the builder (dealer) to the purchaser. B

43. It also urged by Mr. K.N. Bhat that in the referral order, the Bench has entertained certain doubts in respect of th!f. decision of this Court in Raheja Development1 . However, suci1 doubts that a better view was possible is not good enough to creconsider the decision. Relying upon decisions of this Court in Gannon Dunkerley-II" and the-earlier decision in Keshav Mills12 , he submits that while recommending reconsideration of an earlier decision, the Bench must first come to the conclusion that the earlier decision was· clearly wrong for the Dreasons stated. According to him,)vithin the settled standards, recommendation to consider Raheja Development1 does not fall. Moreover, since Raheja Development1 in May, 2005 almost all States have modified their laws in line with Raheja Development1 and the need for change in a settled' practice is not made out. · E

44. Mr. Darius Khambata, learned Advocate General and Mr. Shekhar Naphade, learned senior counsel advanced arguments on behalf of Maharashtra. It is argued that after insertion of Article 366 (29-A)(b) in the Constitution, the transfer F of movable property in a works contract is deemed to be sale even though it is not a sale as per the Sale of Goods Act. The works contract is now divisible. Article 366(29-A)(b) clarifies that the transfer of the goods may be as goods or in some other form. Therefore, the goods may remain as goods or cease to G be goods, i.e., they may merge into immovable property. In this regard, extensive reference has been made to Builders' Association4 and it is submitted that the same submissions 12. Keshav Mills Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay North, Ahmedabad; [AIR 1965 SC 1636]. H 714 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A made by the States which were rejected by this Court in .. Builders' Association4 are now sought to be raised almost on similar lines by the appellants which have been rightly rejected by the High Court. . ' ..... '

45. Learned Advocate General and learned senior counsel 8 for Maharashtra submit that the term ''works contract" is nothing but a contract in which one of the parties is obliged to undertake or to execute works. The expression "works" is extremely wide and can either mean the act of bestowing labour or that on C which the labour is bestowed. In this regard, the two decisions of this Court (i) Dewan Joynal Abedin'3 and (ii) Kartar Singh 14 have been referred. It is submitted that the term "works" would include the final product and, therefore, a works contract cannot be confined to a contract to provide labour and services but is a contract for undertaking or for bringing into existence some D "works". Nothing in Article 366(29-A)(b) limits the term "works contract". Although, works contract usually have only two elements, i.e., labour and services as well as sale of goods but the addition of few other elements does not denude such contract being works contract. It is possible that there could be E a works contract coupled with the sale of immovable property. The transaction does not cease to be a works contract merely because it may include other obligations.

46. Learned Advocate General argues that even in the F case of a works contract, the ownership of the goods need not pass only by way of accretion or accession to the owner of the immovable property to which they are affixed or upon which the · building is built; property can pass under the terms of a contract or' by statute. He submits that the tests laid down in judgments G prior to Forty-sixth Constitutional Amendment for determining whe\her· a contract is a works contract or a sale of goods are no longer applicable. There is no question of ascertaining the dominant intention of the contract now since the sale of goods 13. Dewan Joynal Abedin v. Abdul Wazed; [(1988) Supp SCC 580]. · H 14. Kartar Singh Bhadana v. Hari Singh Nalwa & Ors.; [(2001) 4 SCC 661]. M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 715 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

element is a deemed sale under Article 366(29-A)(b) and can A be taxed separately. Hindustan Shipyard' was distinguished and it was submitted that in Associated Cement15 a three-Judge Bench of this Court has overruled the decision in Rainbow Colour Lab 16 and it has been expressly noted that cases such as Hindustan Shipyard' relate to the situation prior to Forty- B sixth Amendment where the court had no jurisdiction to bifurcate a works contract and impose sales tax on the transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of the contract. Reference was also made to a decision of this Court in P.N. C. Construction 17 . According to learned Advocate General, it has c now become possible for the States to levy sales tax on the value of the goods involved in the works contract in the same way in which the sales tax was leviable on the price of the goods supplied in a buil~ng contract. This is where the concept of "value addition" comes in. It is on account of Forty-sixth D Amendment to the Constitution that the State Government is empowered to levy sales tax on the contract value which earlier was not possible.

47. Mr. Darius Khambata submits that a composite contract comprising both a works contract and a transfer of E immovable property does not denude it of its character as a works contract. According to him, Article 366(29-A)(b) provides for a situation where the goods are transferred in the form of immovable property. He referred to an Australian case, M.R. Hornibrook18 in this regard which has been approved by this F Court in Builders' Association4. 48. Learned Advocate General has also pressed into 15. Associated Cement Companies Ltd. v. Commissioner of Customs; [(2001) G 4 sec 593]. 16. Rainbow Colour Lab & Anr. v. State of M.P. & Ors.; [(2000) 2 SCC 385]. 17. State of U.P. & Ors. v. P.N.C. Constn,ction Co. Ltd. & Ors.; [(2007) 7 SCC 320] 18. M.R. Hornibrook (Ply.) Ltd. v. The Federal Commissioner ofTaxation; [(1939) 62 C.L.R. 272. H 716 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R.

A service the aspect theory of legislation. His submission is that different aspects of the same transaction can involve more than one taxable event. There is nothing to prevent the taxation of different aspects of the same transaction as separate taxable events. This would not constitute a splitting of an indivisible B contract. Reference is made to a decision of this Court in Federation of Hotel & Restaurant'•. The submission. of the learned Advocate General is that transfer of immovable property cannot be taxed as a sale of goods but there is no constitutional bar to tax only the sale of goods element and c separately tax the transfer of immovable property. Taxing the sale of goods element in a works contract under Article 366 (29-A)(b) read with Entry 54 List II is permissible, provided the tax is directed to the value of the goods and does not purport to tax the transfer of immovable property. D 49. Stoutly defending the impugned judgment of the Bombay High Court, learned Advocate General submits that Section 2(24) explanation b(ii) of MVAT Act has been rightly held to be constitutional as the provisions in the MVAT Act offer diverse options for valuation of the sale of goods element in a E works contract. Each of these options is consistent with the methods approved of by this Court in Gannon Dunkerley-II''.

50. As regards challenge to the constitutional validity of Rule 58A and Rule 58(1A), it is submitted by learned Advocate F General that these provisions are consistent with the principles laid down in Gannon Dunkerley-II". The measure of tax is not determinative of its essential character or of the competence of the legislature. He sought to dispel the impression that Rule 58(1A) may result in double taxation. Distinguishing the G decision of this Court in Larsen & Toubro-112°, learned Advocate General submits that the observations made in para 19. Federation of Hotel & Restaurant Association of India, etc. v. Union of India & Ors.; [(1989) 3 sec 634]. 20. State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors.v. Larsen & Toubro Ltd. & Ors.; [(2008) 9 H sec 191]. M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 717 KARNATAKA [R.M. ·LODHA, J.] 19 does not apply to Maharashtra inasmuch as Section 45(4) A of the MVAT Act ensures that it is either the builder or the sub-contractor who pays the tax (being treated as one and jointly/ severally liable). In any case all claims of alleged double taxation will be determined in the process of assessment of each individual case. B

51. Highlighting the MOFA agreement in prescribed Form V, learned Advocate General argues that the clauses therein indicate that it comprises of a works contract along with the agreement for sale. There is no reason to deny the applicability C of Article 366(29-A) to such a works contract. His argument is that sale of goods element in the works contract contained in a MOFA agreement is taxable under Section 2(24) explanation b(ii) of the MVAT Act. As long as there is an obligation to construct under the agreement between the promoter and the flat purchaser (in the case of Maharashtra being an agreement D under the MOFA) the deemed sale of goods involved in the execution of such a works contract can be taxed even after incorporation of the goods in the works and when the property passes as between the promoter and the flat purchaser. It is submitted that what is at issue before this Court is not the E determination of when the taxable event takes place but the exigibility to tax of a deemed sale of goods in a composite contract.

52. Prior to Forty-sixth Amendment in the Constitution, levy F of sales tax on the sale of goods involved in the execution of the works contract was held to be unconstitutional in Gannon Dunkerley-13. That was a case where the assessee (Gannon Dunkerley) was carrying on business as engineers and contractors. Its business consisted mainly of execution of G contracts for construction of buildings, bridges, dams, roads and structural contracts of all kinds. During the assessment year under consideration, the return filed by the assessee showed as many as 47 contracts most of which were building contracts which were executed by it. From the total of the amount which H 718 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 17 S.C.R.

A the assessee received in respect of sanitary contracts and other contracts 20 per cent and 30 per cent respectively were deducted for labour and the balance was taken as the turnover of the assessee for the assessment year in question: Sales tax was levied on the said balance treating it as taxable turnover B under the Madras General Sales Tax Act, 1939. Assessee questioned the levy of sales tax on the ground that there was no sale of goods as understood in India and, therefore, no sales tax could be levied on any portion of the amount which was received by the assessee from the persons for whose benefit c it had constructed buildings. The Madras High Court concluded that the transactions in question were not contracts for sale of goods as defined under the provisions of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 which was in force on the date on which the Constitution came into force and, therefore, the assessee was not liable to pay sales tax on the amounts received by it from0 the persons for whom it had constructed buildings during the year of assessment. It is from this judgment that the matter reached this Court. The Constitution Bench of this Court held that in a building contract where the agreement between the parties was that the contractor should construct the building E according to the specifications contained in the agreement and in consideration received payment as provided therein, there was neither a contract to sell the materials used in the construction nor the property passed therein as movables. It was held that in a building contract which was one (entire and F indivisible) there was no sale of goods and it was not within the competence of the Provincial State Legislature to impose tax on the supply of the materials used in such a contract treating it as a sale. The Constitution Bench said," ........ when the work to be executed is, as in the present case, a house, G the construction imbedded on the land becomes an accretion to it on the principle quicquid plantatur solo, solo cedit, and it vests in the other party not as a result of the contract but as the owner of the land: Vide Hudson on Building Contracts, 7th Edn., p. 386 ......... " It was further stated, " ..... that exception does not H apply to buildings which are constructed in execution of a works M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 719

KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] contract,, and the law with reference to them is that the title to A the same passes to the owner of the land as an accretion thereto. Accordingly, there can be no question of title to the materials passing as movables in favour of the other party to the contract.. ..... " B 53. In Gannon Ounkerley-13, this Court held that in a building contract which was one, entirely indivisible, there was no sale of goods and it was not within the competence of the provincial State legislature to impose tax on the supply of materials used in such a contract treating it as a sale. The C above statement was founded on the premise that the works contract was a composite contract which is inseparable and indivisible. Entry 48 of List II of Schedule Seven of the Government of India Act, 1935 was under consideration before tl:lis Court in Gannon Dl!nkerley-13. It is observed that the D,expression "sale of goods" in that entry has the same meaning as the said expression had in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930. In other words, the essential ingredients of sale of goods are (i) an agreement to sell movables for a price and (ii) property passing therein pursuant to that agreement. E

54. The problems connected with powers of States to levy tax, inter alia, on goods involved in execution of works contract following Gannon Ounkerley-13 was elaborately examined by the Law Commission of India. In its 61st Report, Chapter 1A, the Law Commission specifically examined the taxability of F works contract. The Law Commission noted the essential nature and features of the building contracts and the difference between contract of works and contract for sale. It examined the question whether the power to tax indivisible contracts of works should be conferred on the States. The Law Commission G suggested three alternatives (a) amendment in the State List, Entry 54, or (b) adding a fresh entry in the State List, or (c) insertion in Article 366 a wide definition of "sale" so as to include works contract. It· preferred the last one, as, in its opinion, this would avoid multiple amendments. J H 720 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 17 S.C.R. A 55. Having regard to the above recommendation of the Law Commission, the Constitution Bill No.52 of 1981 was introduced in the Parliament.* *The relevant portion of statement of objects and reasons reads : "STATEMENT OF OBJECTS AND REASONS

B Sales tax laws enacted in pursuance of the Government of India Act, 1935 as also the laws relating to sales tax passed after the coming into force of the Constitution proceeded on the footing that the expression "sate of goods", having regard to the rule as to broad interpretation of entries in the legislative lists, would be given a wider connotation. However, in Gannon Dunkerley's case (A.l.R. 1958 S.C. 560), the Supreme Court held that the expression "sale of goods" as used in the entries in the Seventhc Schedule to the Constitution has the same meaning as in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930. This decision related to works contracts. 2. By a series of subsequent decisions, the Supreme Court has, on the basis of the decision in Gannon Dunkerley's case, held various other transactions which resemble, in substance, transactions by way of sales, to be not liable to sales tax. As a result of these decisions, aD transaction, in order to be subject to the levy of sales tax under entry 92A of the Union List or entry 54 of the State List, should have the following ingredients, namely, parties competent to contract, mutual assent and transfer of property in goods from one of the parties to the contract to the other party thereto for a price.

5. The various problems connected with the power of the States to levy a E tax on the sale of goods and with the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956 were referred to the Law Commission of India. The Commission considered these matters in their Sixty-first Report and, recommended, inter alia, certain amendments in the Constitution if as a matter of administrative policy it is decided to levy tax on transactions of the nature mentioned in the preceding paragraphs. F 9. It is, therefore, proposed to suitably amend the Constitution to include in article 366 a definition of "tax on the sale or purchase of goods" by inserting a new clause (29A). The definition would specifically include within the scope of that expression tax on--- (i) transfer for consideration of controlled commodities; (ii) the transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract; G (iii) delivery of goods on hire-purchase or any system of payment by instalments; (iv) transfer of the right to use any goods for any purpose for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration; (v) the supply of goods by an unincorporated association or body of persons to a member thereof for cash, deferred payment or other valuableH consideration; M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 721 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

56. The Parliament then enacted the Constitution (Forty- A sixth Amendment) Act, 1982 which receiy~d the assent of the President on 02.02.1983. Accordingly, clause 29-A was inserted in Article 366 of the Constitution which is set out as below.** B (vi) the supply, by way of or as part of any service, of food or any drink for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration. 12. Clause (3) of article 286 is proposed to be amended to enable Pa~iament to specify, by law, restrictions and conditions in regard to the system of levy, rates and other incidents of the tax on the transfer of goods involved in the execution of a works contract, on the delivery of goods on hire- C purchase or any system of payment by instalments and on the right to use any goods.

13. The proposed amendments would help in the augmentation of the State revenues to a considerable extent. Clause 6 of the Bill seeks to validate laws levying tax on the supply of food or drink for consideration and also the collection or recoveries made by way of tax under any such D law. However, no sales tax will be payable on food or drink supplied by a hotelier to a person lodged in the hotel during the period from the date of the judgment in the Associated Hotels of India case and the commencement of the present Amendment Act if the conditions mentioned in sub-clause (2) of clause 6 of the Bill are satisfied. In the case of food or drink supplied by restaurants this relief will be available only in respect of the period after the date of judgment in the Northern India Caterers E (India) Limited case and the commencement of the present Amendment Ad." -(29-A) "tax on the sale or purchase of goods" includes- (a) a tax on the transfer, otheiwise than in pursuance of a contract, of property in any goods for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration; (b) a tax on the transfer of property in goods (whether as goods or in some F other form) involved in the execution of a works contract; (c) a tax on the delivery of goods on hire-purchase or any system of payment by instalments; (d) a tax on the transfer of the right to use any goods for any purpose (whether or not for a specified period) for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration; G

(e) a tax on the supply of goods by any unincorporated association or body of persons to a member thereof for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration; (f) a tax on the supply, by way of or as part of any service or in any other manner whatsoever, of goods, being food or any 'other article for human H 722 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013) 17 S.C.R.

57. Following the above amendment in the Constitution, the sales tax legislations in various States were amended and provisions were made for imposition of sales tax in relation to works contract. The constitutional validity of the Forty-sixth Amendment by which the legislatures of the States were empowered to levy sales tax on certain transactions described in clauses (a) to (f) of clause 29-A of Article 366 of the Constitution as well as the amendments made in the State legislations were challenged in Builders' Association•. The Constitution Bench of this Court upheld the constitutionality of the Forty-sixth Amendment. The Court observed that the object of the new definition introduced in clause 29-A of Article 366 of the Constitution was to enlarge the scope of the expression "tax of sale or purchase of goods" wherever it occurs in the Constitution so that it may include within its scope any transfer, delivery or supply of goods that may take place under any of the transactions referred to in sub-clauses (a) to (f). The Constitution Bench*** explained that clause 29-A refers to a tax and such transfer, delivery or supply of any goods shall be deemed to be a sale of those goods by the person making the transfer, delivery or supply and a purchase of those goods by the person to whom such transfer, delivery or supply is made;' .

... 36 ......... After the 46th Amendment the works contract which was an indivisible one is by a legal fiction altered into a contract which is divisible into one for sale of goods and the other for supply of labour and services. After the 46th Amendment, it has become possible for the States to levy sales tax on the value of goods involved in a works contract in the same way in which the sales tax was leviable on the price of the goods and materials supplied in a building contract which had been entered into in two distinct and separate parts as stated above ...... . 39. In view of the foregoing statements with regard to the passing of the property in goods which are involved in works contract and the legal fiction created by clause (29-A) of Article 366 of the Constitution it is difficult to agree with the contention of the States that the properties that are transferred to the owner in the execution of a works contract are not the goods involved in the execution of the works contract, but a conglomerate, that is the entire building that is actually constructed. Alter the 46th Amendment it is not possible to accede to the plea of the States that what is transferred in a works contract is the right in the immovable property. 40 .......... The 46th Amendment does no more than making it possible for the M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 723 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

on the transfer of property in goods (whether as goods or in A some other form) involved in the execution of a works contract. The emphasis is on the.transfer of property in goods - whether as goods or in some other form. A transfer of property in goods under sub-clause (b) of clause 29-A is deemed to be a sale of the goods involved in the execution of a works contract by the B person making the transfer and a purchase of those goods by a person to whom such transfer was made.

58. Article 286 puts certain restrictions upon the power of the State to enact laws concerning imposition of sales tax. It clays down that no law of a State shall impose or authorise the imposition of a tax on the sale or purchase of goods where such sale or purchase takes place (a) outside the State, or (b) in the course of import of the goods into, or export of the goods out of the territory of India. Sub-clause (2) of Article 286 enables Dthe Parliament to enact law formulating principles for determining when a sale or purchase of goods takes place in any of the ways mentioned in clause (1 ). As regards inter-state trade and commerce, clause (3) puts two restrictions. It provides States to levy sales tax on the price of goods and materials used in works E contracts as if there was a sale of such goods and materials. We do not accept the argument that sub-clause (b) of Article 366(29-A) should be read as being equivalent to a separate entry in List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution enabling the States to levy tax on sales and purchases independent of Entry 54 thereof. As the Constitution exists today the power of the States to levy taxes on sales and purchases of goods induding the F "deemed" sales and purchases of goods under clause (29-A) of Article 366 is to be found only in Entry 54 and not outside it... .. 41 .......... The case-book is full of the illustrations of the infinite variety of the manifestation of 'works contracts'. Whatever might be the situational differences of individual cases, the constitutional limitations on the taxing power of the State as are applicable to 'works contracts' represented by "building contracts" in the context of the expanded concept of "tax on the G sale or purchase of goods" as con.stitutionally defined under Article 366(29-A), would equally apply to other species of 'works contracts' with the requisite situational modifications.

42. The constitutional amendment in Article 366(29-A) read with the relevant taxation entries has enabled the State to exert its taxing power in an important area of social and economic life of the community .......... H 724 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 17 S.C.R. A that any law of a State shall, insofar as it imposes, or authorises the imposition of (a) a tax on the sale or purchase of goods declared by Parliament by law to be of special importance in inter-state trade or commerce; (b) a tax on the sale or purchase of goods, being a tax of the nature referred to in sub-clause B (b), sub-clause (c) and sub-clause (d) of clause 29-A of Article 366, be subject to such restrictions and conditions in regard to the system of levy, rates and other incidents of tax as the Parliament may by law specify. Clause (3) was substituted by Constitution Forty-sixth Amendment Act, 1982 with effect from c 02.02.1983.

59. Clause 29-A was inserted in Article 366 by the Forty-sixth Amendment with effect from 02.02.1983. Entry 54 of List II (State List) enables the State to make laws relating to taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than the newspapers, D subject to the provisions of Entry 92-A of List I. Entry 63 of List II enables the States to provide rates of stamp duty in respect of documents other than those specified in provisions of List I with regard to the rates of stamp duty. Entry 92-A of List I deals with taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than E newspapers where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of inter-state trade or commerce. Entry 6 of List Ill deals with the subjects, "transfer of property other than the agricultural land; registration of deeds and documents".

60. It is important to ascertain the meaning of sub-clause 'F (b) of clause 29-A of Article 366 of the Constitution. As the very title of Article 366 shows, it is the definition clause. It starts by saying that in the Constitution unless the context otherwise requires the expressions defined in that article shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in the article. The G definition of expression "tax on sale or purchase of the goods" is contained in clause (29-A). If the first part of clause 29-A is read with sub-clause (b) along with latter part of this clause, it reads like this: tax on the sale or purchaser of the goods" includes a tax on the transfer of property in goods (whether as H ' ' M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 725 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] goods or in l!ome other form) involved in the execution of a A works contract and such transfer, delivery or supply of any goods shall be deemed to be a sale of those goods by the person making the transfer, delivery or supply and a purchase of those goods by the person to whom such transfer, delivery or supply is made. The definition of "goods" in clause 12 is B inclusive. It includes all materials, commodities and articles. The expression, 'goods' has a broader meaning than merchandise. Chattels or movables are goods within the meaning of clause

12. Sub-clause (b) refers to transfer of property in goods (whether as goods or in some other form) involved in the c execution of a works contract. The expression "in some other . form" in the bracket is of utmost significance as by this expression the ordinary understanding of the term 'goods' has been enlarged by bringing within its fold goods in a form other than goods. Goods in some other form would thus mean goods 0 which have ceased·to.be chattels or movables or merchandise and become attached or embedded to earth. In other words, goods which have by incorporation become part of immovable property are deemed as goods. The definition of 'tax on the sale or purchase of goods' includes a tax on the transfer or property in the goods as goods or which have lost its form; as E goods and have acquired some other form involved in the execution of a works contract: 61. Viewed thus, a transfer of property in goods under clause 29-A(b) of Article 366 is deemed to be a sale of the F goods involved in the execution of a works contract by the person making the transfer and the purchase of those goods by the pers.on to whom such transfer is made.

62. The States have now been conferred with the power G to tax indivisible contracts of works. This has been done by enlarging the scope of "tax on sale or purchase of goods" wherever it occurs in the Constitution. Accordingly, the expression "tax on the sale or purchase of goods" in Entry 54 of List II of Seventh Schedule when read with the definition H 726 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 17 S.C.R. A clause 29-A, includes a tax on the transfer of property in goods whether as goods or in the form other than goods involved in the execution of works contract. The taxable event is deemed sale. B 63. Gannon Dunkerley-13 and few other decisions following Gannon Dunkerley-/3wherein the expression "sale" was given restricted meaning by adopting the definition of the word "sale" contained in the Sale of Goods Act has been undone by the Forty-sixth Constitutional Amendment so as to include works contract. The meaning of sub-clause (b) of clause 29-A of C Article 366 of the Constitution also stands settled by the Constitution Bench of this Court in Builders' Association4. As

• a result of clause 29-A of Article 366, tax oi1 the sale or purchase of goods may include a tax on the transfer in goods as goods or in a form other than goods involved in the execution of the D works contract. It is open to the States to divide the works . contract into two separate contracts by legal fiction: (i) contract for sale of goods involved in the·works contract and (ii) for supply of labour and service. By the Forty-sixth Amendment, States have been empowered to bifurcate the contract and to E levy sales tax on the value of the material in the execution of · the works contract. 64. Whether contract involved a dominant intention to transfer the property in goods, in our view, is not at all material. F It is not necessary to ascertain what is the dominant intention of the contract. Even if the dominant intention of the contract is not to transfer the property in goods an&rather it is the rendering of service or the ultimate transaction is transfer of immovable property, then also it is open to the States to levy sales tax on G the materials used in such contract if it otherwise has elements of works contract. The view taken by a two-Judge Bench of this Court in Rainbow Colour Lab16 that the division of the contract after Forty-sixth Amendment can be made only if the works contract involved a dominant intention to transfer the property H in goods and not in contracts where the transfe~ of property M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 727

KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] takes place as an incident of contract of service is no longer A good law, Rainbow Colour Lab16 has been expressly overruled by a three-Judge Bench in Associated Cement15. 65. Although, in Bharat Sanchar5; the Court was concerned with sub-clause (d) of clause 29-A of Article 366 but B while dealing with the question as tci whether the nature of transaction by which mobile phone connections are enjoyed is a sale or service or both, the three-Judge Bench did consider the scope of definition ill clause 29-A of Article 366. With reference to sub-clause (b) it said:" ....... sub-clause (b) covers C cases relating to works contract. This was the particular fact situation which the Court was faced with in Gannon Dunkertey-13 and which the Court had held was not a sale. The effect in law of a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of the works contract was by this amendment deemed to be a sale. To that extent the decl'Sion in Gannon Dunkerley-13was D directly overcome". It then went on to say that all the sub-'. clauses of Article 366(29-A) serve to bring transactions where essential ingredients of~ 'sale' as defined in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 are absent, within the ambit of purchase or sale for the purposes of levy of sales tax. E

66. It then clarified that Gannon Dunkerley-13survive.d the Fo·rty-sixth Constitutional Amendment in two respects. First, with regard to the definition of "sale:' for the purposes of the Constitution in general and for the purposes of Entry 54 of List F II in particular except to the extent that the cla.uses in Article 366(29-A) operate and second, the dominant nature test would be confined to a CO(Tlposite transaction not covered by Article 366 (29-A). In other words, in Bharat Sanchar5, this Court reiterated what was stated by this Court in Associated Cement15 that dominant nature test h.as no application to .a . G · composite transaction covered by the clauses of Article 366(29-A). Leaving no ambiguity, it said that after the Forty-sixth Amendment, the sale element of those contracts which are covered by six sub-clauses of clause 29-A of Article 366 are H 728 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 17 S.C.R. A separable and may be subjected to sales tax by the States under Entry 54 of List II and there is no question of the dominant nature test applying. 67. In view of the statement of law in Associated Cement15 B and Bharat Sanchal°, the argument advanced on behalf of the appellants that dominant nature test must be applied to find out the true nature of transaction as to whether there is a contract for sale of goods or the contract of service in a composite transaction covered by the clauses of Article 366 (29-A) has c no merit and the same is rejected.

68. IA Gannon Dunkerley-1111 , this Court, inter alia, established the five following propositions : (i) as a result of Forty-sixth Amendment the contract which was single and indivisible has been altered by a legal fiction into a contract D which is divisible into one for sale of goods and the other for supply of labour and service and as a result of such contract which was single and indivisible has been brought on par with a contract containing two separate agreements; (ii) if the legal fiction introduced by Article 366 (29-A)(b) is carried to its logical E end, it follows that even in a single and indivisible works contract there is a deemed sale of the goods which are involved in the execution of a works contract. Such a deemed sale has all the incidents of the sale of 'goods involved in the execution of a works contract where the contract is divisible into one for sale F of goods and the other for supply of labour and services; (iii) in view of sub-clause (b) of clause 29-A of Article 366, the State legislatures are competent to impose tax on the transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of works contract. Under Article 286(3)(b), Parliament has been empowered to G make a law specifying restrictions and conditions in regard to the system of levy, rates or incidents of such tax. This does not mean that the legislative power of the State cannot be exercised till the enactment of the law under Article 286(3)(b) by the Parliament. It only means that in the event of law having been made by Parliament under Article 286(3)(b), the exercise of the H

MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 729 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

legislative power of the State under Entry 54 in List II to impose A tax of the nature referred to in sub-clauses (b), (c) and (d) of clause· (29~A) of Article 366 would be subject to restrictions and conditions. in regard to the system of levy, rates and other incidents of tax contained in the said law; (iv) while enacting law imposing a tax on sale pr purchase of goods under Eritry B 54 of the State List read with Article 366 (29-A)(b), it is permissible for the State legislature to make a law imposing tax on such a deemed sale which constitutes a sale in the course of the inter-state trade or commerce under Section 3 of the Central Sales Tax Act or outside under Section 4 of the c Central Sales Tax Act or sale in the course of import or export under Section 5 of the Central Sales Tax Act; and (v) measure for the levy of tax contemplated by Article 366 (29-A)(b) is the value of the goods involved in the execution of a works contract. Though the tax is imposed on the transfer of property in goods 0 involved in the execution of a works contract, the measure for levy of such imposition is the value of the goods involved in the execution of a works contract. Since, the taxable event is the transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contrac;t and the said transfer of property in such goods takes E place when the goods are incorporated in the works, the value of the goods which can constitute the measure for the levy of the tax has to be the value of the goods at the time of incorporation of the goods in works and not the cost of acquisition of the goods by the contractor.

F 69. In Gannon Dunker/ey-1/11 , sub-section (3) of Section 5 of the Rajasthan Sales Tax Act and Rule 29(2)(1) of the Rajasthan Sales Tax Rules were declared as unconstitutional and void. It was so declared because the Court found that Section 5(3) transgressed the limits of 'the legislative power G conferred on the State legislature under Entry 54 of the State List. However, insofar as legal position after Forty-si_xth Amendment is concerned, Gannon Dunkerley-1111 hofos unambiguously that the States have now legislative power to impose tax on transfer of property in goods as goods or in H 730 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A some other .form in the execution of works contract. 70. The Forty-sixth Amendment leaves no manner of doubt that the States have power to bifurcate the contract and levy: sales tax on Jhe value of the material involved in the execution; B of the works contract. The States are now empowered to levy' sales tax on the material used in such contract. In other-words,' clause 29-A of Article 366 empowers the States to levy tax on the deemed sale.

71. Now, if by legal fiction provided in clause (29-A)(b) of C Article 366, the works contract becomes separable and divisible, one for the materials and the other for services and for the work done, whatever has been said by·this Court in Gannon Dunkerley-13 with regard to the definition of works contract in Section 2(i) of the Madras General Sales Tax Act D pales into insignificance insofar as ambit and scope of the term "works contract" within the meaning of Article 366(29-A) is concerned. To say that insertion of clause (29-A) in Article 366 has not undone Gannon Dunkerley-13 in .any manner, in our view, is not correct. The narrow meaning given to the term E ''works contract" in Gannon Dunkerley-13 now no longer sur.iives. 72. There is no doubt that to attract Article 366(29-A)(b) there has to be a works contract but then what is its meaning. The term ''works contract" needs to be understood in a manner that the Parliament had in its view at the time of Forty-sixth.. F Amendment and which is more appropriate to Article 366(29-A)(b).

73. The. ordinary dictionary meaning of the word "work" means a structure or apparatus of some kind; architecture or ' G engineering structure, a building edifice. When it is used in the plural, i.e., as works, it means architectural or engineering operations, a fortified building, a defensive structure, fortification or any of the several parts of such structures. In Webster Comprehensive Dictionary, International Edition the term ''work" H is stated to be, ......... (2) that upon which labor is expended; M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 731 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] an undertaking task. (3) that which is produced by or as by A labor, specifically, an engineering structure; ............ In the same dictionary, the term "works" is stated as a manufacturing establishrr:ient including buildings and equipment. ' 74. In Radha Raman21 , Allahabad High Court stated B (although in the context of Section 40 of the' tand Acquisition Act, 1894) that the "work" has a very wide meaning. It is really used in ti.vo·senses of bestowing labour and that upon which labour has been bestowed. 'When used in plural the word certainly mearis some outstanding or important result of the labour that has been bestowed and large industrial and C scientific establishments are called "works".

75. Hudson's 'Building En9'neering.:.Contracts', Eleventh edition, Volume 1', for the purposes of that book, starts by saying that a building or engiraeering contract may be defined as an D agreement under which a person (called builder or contractor) undertakes for reward to carry out for another (building owner or employer), works of building or civil engineering character. It continues to say that in the typical case, the work will be carried out upon the land of the employer or building owner, E though in some special cases obligations to build may arise by contract where this is not so, for example, under building leases and contracts for the sale of land with a house in the course of erection upon it. The above statement by Hudson indicates that in a typical case work (structure, building etc.) will F be carried out upon the land of the employer or building owner though in some special cases an obligation to build may arise by contract where this is not so. Hudson gives an example of building leases and contracts for the sale of land with a house in the course of erection upon it. G 76. In our opinion, the term 'works contract' in Article 366(29-A)(b) is amply wide and cannot be confined to a particular understanding of the term or to a particular form. The 21. Radha Ri!man v. State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors.; [AIR (1954) Allahabad 700]. H 732 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. '.

A term encompasses a wide range and many varieties of contract. The Parliament had such wide meaning of "works contract" in its view at the time of Forty-sixth Amendment. The object of insertion of claui;;e 29-A in Article 366 was to enlarge the scope of the expresi;ion "tax of sale or purchase of goods" and B overcome Gannon Dunkerley-13• Seen thus, even if in a contract, besides the obligations of supply of goods and materials and performance of labour and services, some additional obligations are imposed, such contract does not cease to be works contract. The additional obligations in the c contract would not alter the nature of contract so long as the contract provides for a contract for works and satisfies the primary description bf works contract. Once the characteristics or elements of works contract are satisfied in a contract then irrespective of additional obligations, such contract would be covered by the term 'works contract'. Nothing in Article 366(29-0 A)(b) limits the term "works contract" to contract for labour and service only. Learned Advocate General for Maharashtra was right in his submission that the term "works contract" cannot be confined to a contract to provide labour and services but is a contract for undertaking or bringing into existence some E "works". We are also in agreement with the submission of Mr. K.N. Bhat that the term "works contract" in Article 366(29-A)(b) takes within its fold all genre of works contract and is not restricted to one specie of contract to provide for labour and services above. The Parliament had all genre of works contract F in view when clause 29-A was inserted in Article 366.

77. The difference between a contract for work (or service) and a contract for sale (of goods) has come up for consideration before this Court on more than one occasion. Before we G consider some of the decisions of this Court in this regard, it is of interest to refer to two old decisions of English courts. In Lee22 , it was laid down that if a contract would result in the transaction of property in goods from one party to another then it must be a contract of sale. H 22. Lee v. Griffin; [(1861) 1 B. & S. 272]. M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 733 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] 78. However, the statement of law in Lee21 did not find A favour in Robinson23 where it was held that if the substance of the contract required skill and labour for the producti9n of the articles then it would not make any difference that there would pass some materials in addition-to the skill. B 79. In Chandra Bhan Gosain24 , this Court exposited that for finding out whether a contract is one of work done and materials found or one for sal~ of goods depends on its essence. If not of its essence that a chattel should be produced and transferred as a chattel, then it may be a contract for work C done and materials found and not a contract for sale of goods.

80. In Purshottam Premji9 , the difference between a contract for work and a contract for sale was explained like this: The primary difference between a contract for work or service and a contract for sale of goods is that in the former there is in D the person performing work or rendering service no property in the thing produced as a whole notwithstanding that a part or even the whole of the materials used by him may have been its property. In a case of contract for sale, the thing produced as a whole has individual existence as the sole property of the E party who produced it at some time before delivery and the property therein passes only under the contract relating thereto to other party for price. Mere transfer of property in goods used in the performance of the contract is not sufficient; to constitute a sale there must be an agreement.express or implied relating F to the sale of goods and completion of the agreement by passing of title in the very goods contracted to be sold. Ultimately the true effect of an accretion made pursuant to a contract has to be judged, not by an artificial rule that the accretion may be presumed to have become by virtue of affixing G to a chattel of part of that chattel but from the intention of the parties to the contract. 22. Robinson v. Graves; [(1935) 1 KB 579] 23. Chandra Bhan Gosain v. State of Orissa and Others; [(1964) 2 SCR 879 H 734 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 17 S.C.R.

A 81. The factors highlighted in Purshottam Premji9 which distinguish a contract for work from a contract for sale are relevant but not exhaustive. It is not correct to say that these factors should be considered as the only factors to differentiate a works contract and a contract for sale. In our view, there are s not and there cannot be absolute tests to distinguish a sale and works contract.

82. This Court in Associated Hotels25 , stated that the determination as to whether the contract involved in a transaction constitutes a contract of sale or a contract of work C or service depends in each case upon its facts and circumstances. Mere passing of property in article or commodity during the course of the performance of the transaction does not render it a transaction of sale. For even in a contract purely of work or service, it is possible that articles D may have to be used by the person executiRg the work and property in such cases articles or materials where passed to the other party. That would not necessarily convert the contract into one of sale of those materials. It is stated in Associated Hotels25 that in every case the Court will have to find out what E is the primary object of the transaction and the intention of the parties while entering upon it. It has been clarified that in some cases it may be that even while entering into a contract of work or even service, parties might enter into separate agreements, one of work and service and the other of sale and purchase of F materials to be used in the course of executing the work or performing the service. But, then in such cases the transaction will not be one and indivisible but will fall into the two separate agreements one of work or service and the other of sale. G 83. Halsbury's Laws of England, Third Edition, Vol. 41, para 603, while distinguishing a contract of sale from a contract for work and labour, has highlighted the test thus: whether or not the work and labour bestowed end in anything that can

25. The State of Punjab v. Mis. Associated Hotels of India Ltd.; [(1972) 1 SCC H 472]. M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 735 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] properly become the subject of sale; neither the ownership of A materials, nor the value of the skill and labour as compared with the value of the materials, is conclusive, although such matters may be taken into consideration in determining, in the circumstances of a part_icular case, whether the contract is in substance one for work and labour or one for the sale of a B chattel. 84. In B.C. Kame6, the Court following Associated Hotels24 observed that determination of the question whether a contract is a contract for 'work and labour' or a contract for 'sale' was not free from difficulty, particularly, when the contract is a C composite one. Having said that the Court applied the test stated in Halsbury's Laws of England. 85. In Hindustan Aeronautics26 , the Court noted the difference between contract for service and contract for sale of D goods in these words:

"13. It is well settled that the difference between contract of service and contract for sale of goods, is, that in the . former, there is in the person performing work or rendering E service no property in the things produced as a whole notwithstanding that a part or even the whole of materials used by him had been his property. In the case of a contract for sale, the thing produced as a whole has individual existence as the sole property of the party who produced it some time before delivery and the property F therein passed only under the contract relating thereto to the other party for price. It is necessary, therefore, in every case for the courts to find out whether in essence there was any agreement to work for a stipulated consideration ............ " G 86. The Court went on to say further in Hindustan 26. Hindustan Aeronautics Lid. v. State of Kamataka; [(1984) 1 sec 706J. H 736 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A Aeronautics25 as follows;

"18. It cannot be said as a general proposition that in every case of works contract, there is necessarily implied the sale of the component parts which go to make up the repair. That question would naturally depend upon the factsB and circumstances of each case. Mere passing of property in an article or commodity during the course of performance of the transaction in question does not render the transaction to be transaction of sale. Even in a contract c purelyhave toofbeworksusedorbyservice,the personit is possibleexecutingthatthearticleswork, mayand property in such articles or materials may pass to the other party. That would not necessarily convert the contract into one of sale of those materials ...... " , the Court again highlighted theD 87. In Kone Elevators27 tests to distinguish a works contract and a contract for sale of goods. The Court said;

"5. It can be treated as well settled that there is no standard formula by which one can distinguish a "contract for sale"E from a "works contract". The question is largely one of fact depending upon the terms of the contract including the nature of the obligations to be discharged thereunder and the surrounding circumstances. If the intention is to transfer for a price a chattel in which the transferee had no previous F property, then the contract is a contract for sale. Ultimately, the true effect of an accretion made pursuant to a contract has to be judged not by artificial rules but from the intention of the parties to the contract. In a "contract of sale'', the main object is the transfer of property and delivery of G possession of the property, whereas the main object in a "contract for work" is not the transfer of the property but it is one for work and labour. Another test often to be applied is: when and how the property of the dealer in such a H 27. State of A.P. v. Kone Elevators (India) Ltd.; [(2005) 3 SCC 389] MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 737 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

transaction passes to the customer: is it by transfer at the A time of delivery of the finished article as a chattel or by accession during the procession of work on fusion to the movable property of the customer? If it is the former, it is a "sale"; if it is the latter, it is a "works contract''. Therefore, in judging whether the contract is for a "sale" or for "work B and labour'', the essence of the contract or the reality of the transaction as a whole has to be taken into consideration. The predominant object of the contract, the circumstances of the case and the custom of the trade provide a guide in deciding whether transaction is a "sale" c or a "works contract''. Essentially, the question is of interpretation of the "contract". It is settled law that the substance and not the form of the contract is material in determining the nature of transaction. No definite rule can be formulated to determine the question as to whether a 0 particular given contract is a contract for sale of goods or is a works contract. Ultimately, the terms of a given contract would be determinative of the nature of the transaction, whether it is a "sale" or a "works contracf'. Therefore, this question has to be ascertained on facts of E each case, on proper construction of terms and conditions · of the contract between the parties."

88. In Hindustan Shipyard7, this Court stated that it was difficult to lay down an absolute rule to distinguish a contract for sale and a contract for labour. The question under F consideration in that case was whether the transactions involved in manufacture and supply of ships by Hindustan Shipyard to its customers are "sale" as defined in clause (n) of Section 2 of Andhra Pradesh General Sales Tax Act, 1957 or a works, contract as defined in clause (t) of Section 2 of that Act. While G dealing with the above question, the Court in para 6 stated, "the distinction between a contract of sale and works contract is not free from difficulty and has been the subject matter of several judicial decisions. No straitjacket formula can be made available nor can such quick-witted tests be devised as would H 738 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A be infallible. It is all\ ~ question of determining the intention of the parties by culling out the same on an overall reading of the several terms and conditions of a contract. ...... " The Court did note the observations made in Variety Body Builders28, that there is no standard formula by which one can distinguish a B contract of sale from a contract for work and labour. There may be many common features in both the contracts, some neutral in a particular contract, and yet certain clinching in a given case may fortify conclusion one way or the other.

89. The Court then analysed the recitals and terms and C conditions of the contract and also took into consideration para 603 of Halsbury's Laws of England, Fourth Edition, Volume 41, Benjamin's Sale of Goods, Fourth Edition, Para 1.042 and Pollock and Mulla on Sale of Goods (1990, Fifth Edition, P~ge 53] and summed up the legal position in sub-para 2 and slib-0 para 3 of para 14 (pgs. 591-592) a::; under : "(2) Transfer of property of goods for a price is the linchpin of the definition of sale. Whether a particular contract is one of sale of goods or for work and labour depends upon E the main object of the parties found out from an overview of the terms of the contract, the circumstances of the transactions and the custom of the trade. It is the substance of the contract document/s, and not merely the form, which has to be looked into. The court may form an opinion that the contract is one whose main object isF transfer of property in a. chattel as a chattel to the buyer, though some work may be required to be done under the contract as ancillary or incidental to the sale, then it is a. sale. If the primary object of the contract is the carrying out of work by bestowal of labour and services and materialsG are incidentally used in execution of such work then the contract is one for work and labour. I (3) If the thing to be delivered has any individu:=tl existence

28. State of Gujarat (Commissioner of Sales Tax, Ahmedabad} v. Mis.Variety' H Body Builders; [(1976) 3 SCC 500] · M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 739 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] before the delivery as the sole property of the party who A is to deliver it, then it is a sale. If 'A' may transfer property for a price in a thing in which 'B' had no previous property then the contract is a contract for sale. On the other hand where the main object of work undertaken by the payee of the price is not the transfer of a chattel qua chattel, the B contract is one for work and labour." 90. The Court in HindZlstan Shipyard7 also set out three categories: (a) the contract may be for work to be done, for remuneration and for supply of materials used in the ~ecution C of work for a price, (b) contract for work in which the use of the materials is accessory or incidental to the execution of the work and (c) contract for supply of goods where some work is required to be done as inciden,tal to the sale. Having regard to the recitals of the contract, the Court then concluded that the contracts in question involved sale of respective vessels within D the meaning of clause (m) of the Andhra Pradesh General Sales Tax Act and were not merely the works contract as defined in clause (t) thereof.

91. In our opinion, the tests laid down in Hindustan E Shipyard7 after Forty-sixth Amendment are not of much help in determining whether a contract is a works contract or sale of goods. In any case, Hindustan Shipyard? also says that there is no absolute rule for distinguishing a contract for sale (of goods} and a contract for labour (or services). F 92. It seems to us (and that is the view taken in some of · the decisions) that a contract may involve both a contract of work and labour and a contract of sale of goods. In our opinion, the distinction between contract for sale of goods and contract· for work (or service) has almost dimil'lished in the matters of G composite .contract involving both (a contract of work/labour and a contract for sale for the purposes of Article 366 (29-A}(b). Now by legal fiction under Article 366(29-A)(b), it is permissible to make such contract divisible by separating the transfer of property in goods as goods or in some other form from the H 740 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R.

A contract of work and labour. A transfer of property in goods under clause 29(A)(b) of Article 366 is deemed to be a sale of goods involved in the execution of a works contract by the person making the transfer and the purchase of those goods by the person to whom such transfer is made. For this reason, B lhe traditional decisions which hold that the substance of the contract must be seen have lost their significance. What was viewed traditionally has to be now understood in light of the philosophy of Article 366(29-A).

C 93. The question is: Whether taxing sale of goods in an agreement for sale of flat which is to be constructed by the developer/promoter is permissible under the Constitution? When the agreement between the promoter/developer and the flat purchaser is to construct a flat and eventually sell the flat with the fraction of land, it is obvious that such transaction D involves the activity of construction inasmuch as it is only when the flat is constructed then it can be conveyed. We, therefore, think that there is no reason why such activity of construction is not covered by the term "works contract". After all, the term "works contract" is nothing but a contract in which one of the E parties is obliged to undertake or to execute works. Such activity of construction has all the characteristics or elements of works contract. The ultimate transaction between the parties may be sale of flat but it cannot be said that the characteristics of works contract are not involved in that transaction. When the F transaction involves the activity of construction, the factors such as, the flat purchaser has no control over the type and standard of the material to be used in the construction of building or he does not get any right to monitor or supervise the construction activity or he has no say in the designing or lay-out of the G building, in our view, are not of much significance and in any case these factors do n"ot detract the contract being works contract insofar as construction part is concerned.

94. For sustaining the levy of tax on the goods deemed to have been sold in execution of a works contract, in our opinion, H M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 741 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] three conditions must be fulfilled: (i) there must be a works · A contract, (ii) the goods should have been involved in the execution of a works contract, and (iii) the property in those goods must be transferred to a third party either as goods or in some other form. In a building contract or any contract to do construction, the above three things are fully met. In a contract B to build a flat there will necessarily be a sale of goods element. Works contracts also include building contracts and therefore without any fear of contradiction it can be stated that building contracts are species of the works contract. c 95. Ordinarily in the case of a works contract the property in the goods used in the construction of the building passes to the owner of the land on which the building is constructed when the goods and materials used are incorporated in the building. But there may be contract to the contrary or a statute may provide otherwise. Therefore, it cannot be said to be an D absolute proposition in law that the ownership of the goods must pass by way of accretion or exertion to the owner of the immovable property to which they are affixed or upon which the building is built. E

96. Value addition as a concept after Forty-sixth Amendment to the Constitution has been accepted by this Court in P.N.C. Construction17. While dealing with this concept, the Court said that value addition was important concept which had arisen after the Forty-sixth Amendment by insertion of sub- F clause (b) of clause (29-A) in Article 366. It has now become possible for the States to levy sales tax on the value of the goods involved in a works contract in the same way in which the sales tax was leviable on the price of the goods in a building contract. On account of the Forty-sixth Amendment in the G Constitution the State Governments are empowered to levy sale,s tax on the contract value which earlier was not possible. 97. Where a contract comprises of both a works contract and a transfer of immovable property, such contract does not H 742 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013) 17 S.C.R..

A denude it of its character as works contract. Article ::166(29-A)(b) does contemplate a situation where the goods may not be transferred in the form of goods but m~y be transferred in some other form which may even be in the form of immovable property. The decision of the Australian High Court in. M.R. B Hornibrook18 is worth noticing in this regard. Section 3(4) of the Australian Sales Tax Assessment Act, 1930 was brought in by way of amendment by the Legislature in 1932 which reads, "For the purposes of this Act, a person shall be deemed to have sold goods if, in the performance of any contract under c which he has received, or is entitled to receive, valuable consideration, he supplies goods the property in which whether as goods (or in some other form) passes, under the terms of the contract, to some other person". The question for consideration before the Australian High Court in light of the above provision was whether the contractor was liable to pay0 sales tax on the transfer of goods involved in a works contract. The majority judgment held as follows:

"In my opinion the commissioner is right in his contention that this provision applies to the present case. The E appellant company, in the performance of a contract for building a bridge under which contract it was entitled to receive and doubtless has received valuable consideration, has supplied goods, namely, reinforced concrete piles. Such piles are plainly manufactured articles. F They are chattels. They were intended to be incorporated in a structure and were so incorporated. They lost their identity as goods in that structure. But this fact does not prevent the piles from being goods any more than it prevents bricks or stones or nuts and bolts from being G goods. The fact that the goods were specially manufactured and designed for a particular purpose cannot be held to deprive them of the character of goods." (Emphasis supplied) 98. M.R. Homibrook18 has been followed by this Court in H M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 743 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.) Builders' Association4. This Court said that sub-clause (b) of A clause (29-A) of Article 366 of the Constitution of India had more or less adopted the language used in Section 3(4) of the Australian Act.

99. Learned Advocate General. for Maharashtra Bvehemently argued that there was noihing to prevent the taxation of different aspects· of the same transaction as separate taxable events. Pressing into service the aspects theory, he argued that a contract for carrying out works coupled with the sale of immovable property may be taxed by both, the State legislatures and the Parliament within their respective C spheres of legislative competence as there is deemed sale of goods involved in works contracts. The works contract aspect can be taxed by the State legislatures under Entry 54 of List II of Seventh Schedule read with Article 366 (29-A)(b) of the Constitution. The transfer of immovable property can be taxed D by the Parliament under Entry 97 of List I. Mr. K.V. Vishwanathan, however, argued that the aspect theory has no application as the State legislatures inherently lack ·the legislative competence to tax the transfer of an immovable property. According to him, the aspect theory would apply when E a tax is sought to be imposed on more than one distinct;.field of legislation in relation to the same matter provided that there exists in the States/Union legislative competence/legislative power to levy a tax under each distinct head.

F 100. We have no doubt that the State legislatures lack legislative power to levy tax on the transfer of immovable property under Entry 54 of List 11 of the Seventh Schedule. However, the States do have competence to levy sales tax on the sale of goods in an agreement of sale of fl!it which also has a component of a deemed sale of goods. Aspects theory though G does not allow the State legislature to entrench upon the Union List and tax services by including the cost of such service in the value of goods but that does not detract the State to tax the sale of goods element involved in the execution of works H 744 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R.

A . contract in a composite contract like contract for construction of building and sale of a flat therein. In para 88 of Bharat SancharS, the Court stated: "the aspects theory does not however allow the State to entrench upon the Union List and tax services by including the cost of such service in the value B of the goods. Even in those composite contracts which are by legal fiction deemed to be divisible under Article 366(29-A), the value of the goods involved in the execution of the whole transaction cannot be assessed to sales tax''. Having said that, the Court also stated that the States were not competent to C include the cost of service in the value of the goods sold (i.e. the sim card) nor the Parliament could include the value of the sim card in the cost of services. But the statement in para 92(C) of the Report is clear that it is upto the States to tax the sale of goods element in a composite contract of sale and service. Bharat SancharS thus supports the view that taxation of different D aspects of the same transaction as separate taxable events is permissible. 101. In light of the above discussion. we may summarise the legal position, as follows: E

(i) For sustaining the levy of tax on the goods deemed to have been sold in execution of a works contract, three conditions must be fulfilted: (one) there must be a works contract, (two) .the· goods should have been involved in the F execution of a works contract and (three) the property in those goods must be transferred to a third party either as goods or in some other form. (ii) For the purposes of Article 366(29-A)(b), in a building contract or any contract to do construction, if the developer has G received or is entitled to receive valuable consideration, the above three things are fully met. It is so because in the performance of a contract for construction of building, the goods (chattels) like cement, concrete, steel, bricks etc. are intended to be incorporated in the structure and even though they lost H M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 745 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] their identity as goods but this factor does not prevent them A from being goods. (iii) Where a contract comprises of both a works contract and a transfer of immovable property; such contract does not den.ude it of its character as works contract. The term "works B contract" in Article 366 (29-A)(b) takes within its fold all genre of works contract and is not restricted to one specie of contract to provide for labour and services alone. Nothing in Article 366(29-A)(b) limits the term "works contract". (iv) Building contracts are species of the works contract. C

(v) A contract may involve both a contract of work and labour and a contract for sale. In such composite contract, the distinction between contract for sale of goods and contract for work (or service) is virtually diminished. o (vi) The dominant nature test has no application and the traditional decisions which have held that the substance of the contract must be seen have lost their significance where transactions are of the nature contemplated in Article 366(29-A). Even if the dominant intention of the contract is not to transfer E the property in goods and rather it is rendering of service or the ultimate transaction is transfer of immovable property, then also it is open to the States to levy sales tax on the materials used in such contract if such contract otherwise has elements of works contract. The enforceability test is also not F determinative. (vii) A transfer of property in goods under clause 29-A(b) of Article 366 is deemed to be a sale of the goods involved in the execution of a works contract by the person making the G transfer and the purchase of those goods by the person to whom such transfer is made. (viii) Even in a single and indivisible works contract, by virtue of the legal fiction introduced by Article 366(29-A)(b), H there is a deemed sale of goods which are involved in the 746 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R.

A execution of the works contract. Such a deemed sale has all the incidents of the sale of goods involved in' the execution of a works contract where the contract is divisible into one for the sale of goods and the other for supply of labour and services. In other words, the single and indivisible contract, now by Forty-B sixth Amendment has been brought on par with a contract containing two separate agreements and States have now power to levy sales tax on the value of the material in the execution of works contract. (ix) The expression "tax on the sale or purchase of goods" C in Entry ·54 in List II of Seventh Schedule when read with the definition clause 29-A of Article 366 includes a tax on the transfer of property in goods whether as goods or in the form other than goods involved in the .execution of works contract. D (x) Article 366(29-A)(b) serves to bring transactions where essential ingredients of 'sale' defined in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 are absent within the ambit of sale or purchase for the purposes of levy of sales tax. In other words, transfer of movable property in a works contract is deemed to be sale even though E it may not be sale within the meaning' of the Sale of Goods Act.

(xi) Taxing the sale of goods element in a works contract under Article 366(29-A)(b) read with Entry 54 List II is permissible even after incorporation of goods provided tax is directed to the value of goods and does not purport to tax the F transfer of immovable property. T.he value of the goods which can constitute the measure for the levy of the tax has to be the val~e of the goods at the time of incorporation of the goods in works even though property passes as between the developer and the flat purchaser after incorporation of goods. · G 102. The crucial question would now remain: whether the view taken in Raheja Development1 with reference to definition of "works contract". in KST Act is legally unjustified? The following definition of "works contract" was under consideration H before this Court in Raheja Development1: "works contract" MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 747 . KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] includes any agreement for carrying out for cash, deferred A payment or other valuable consideration, the building, construction, manufactur.e, processing, fabrication, erection, installation, fitting out, improvement, modification, repair or commissioning of any moveable or immovable property". B 103. The Court also noticed the definition of "dealer" and "taxable turn over ". 104. The broad facts in Raheja Development1 were these: " Raheja Development carried on the business of c real estate development and allied contracts;

" Raheja Development entered into development agreements with the owners of land; " Raheja Development entered into agreements of D sale with intended purchasers. The agreements provided that on completion of the construction, the residential apartments or the commercial complexes would be handed over to the purchasers who would get an undivided interest in the land also; E " The owners of the land would then transfer the ownership directly to the society formed under the Karnataka Ownership Flat (Regulation of the Promotion of Construction, Sale, Management and F Transfer) Act, 1972 (for short, 'KOF~'). 105. In light of the above facts and the definition of ''works contract", the question before this Court was whether Raheja Development were liable to pay turnover tax on the value of goods involved in the execution of the works contract. G 106. Section 5-B of the KST Act provides for levy of tax on transfer of property in goods (whether as goods or in some other form) involved in the execution of works contract. H 748 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A 107. On consideration of the arguments that were put forth by the parties, the Court in Raheja Development1 held as under: (i) The definition of the term "works contract" in the Act is an inclusive definition. B (ii) It is a wide definition_which includes "any agreement" for carrying out building o.r constructiGn activity for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration.

{iii) The definition of works contract does not make a c distinction based on who carries on the construction activity. Even an owner of the property may be said to be carrying on a works contract if he enters into an agreement to construct for ca~h. deferred payment or other valuable consideration. (iv) The developers had undertaken to build for the D prospective purchaser.· (v) Such, constructio,n/development was to be on payment of a price in various installments set out in the agreement. E (vi) The developers were not the owners. They claimed lien , on the property. They had right to terminate the agreement and dispose bf the unit if a breach was committed by the purchaser. A clause like this does not mean that the agreement ceases to be "works contract". So long as there is no termination, the construction is for and on behalf of the purchaser and it remains F a "works contract". (vii) If there is. a termination and a particular unit is not resold but retained by the developer, there would be no works contract to that extent. G (viii) If the agreement is entered into after the flat or unit is already constructed then there would be no works contract. But, so long as the agreement is entered into before the construction is complete it would be works contract. H MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 749 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

108. The correctness of the view taken in Raheja A Development1 has been doubted in the referral order principally for the reasons: (a) the developer had undertaken the contract to develop the property of the owner. It is not alleged by the department that there is monetary consideration involved in the development agreement. If the development agreement B is not a works contract, could the department rely upon the second contract which is the tripartite agreement and interpret it to be a works contract; (b} if the ratio in Raheja Development1 is to be accepted then there would be no difference between works contract and a contract for sale of c chattel as a chattel and (c) from the definition of works contract, the contractor must have undertaken the work of construction for and on behalf of the flat purchaser for cash, deferred or any other valuable consideration but could it be said that developer was contractor for the prospective flat purchaser. 0

109. In Raheja Development', the Court on consideration of the clauses (q} and (r) of the recitals and clauses (1), 5(c) and (vii) of the agreement between the flat purchaser, developer and owner of the land observed that the agreement had an element for carrying out building and construction activity for E cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration. The developer had undertaken to build for the prospective purchaser. Having regard to the various clauses of the recitals and also the clauses of the agreement, the Court was of the view that such agreement was a .typical agreement and so long F as there was no termination of the contract, the construction is for and on behalf of the purchaser and it remains a "works contract". 110. The argument on behalf of the developers that the flat G purchaser is entitled to transfer of flat and conveyance of fraction of land only when all installments have been fully paid and that shows that the agreement between the developer and the flat purchaser is the sale of flat and not to appoint the developer as the contractor of the flat purchaser for the H 750 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R.

A purposes of carrying out the construction of the flat for and on behalf of the flat purchaser has no merit. The submission overlooks the typical nature of the development agreement which is followed by a tripartite agreement between the owner of the land, the developer and the flat purchaser. Effectively and B de facto it is the developer who constructs the building for the flat purchaser. The developer does so for monetary consideration. The label of payment is not decisive but the factum of the payment is. The construction is done on payment of price as agreed upon between the developer and the flat c · purchaser. It is not necessary to recapitulate all clauses of the agreement under KOFA or for that matter under MOFA. Raheja Development1 takes note of relevant clauses of the recitals and the agreement under KOFA. We need not repeat them.

Similarly, Form V of the Maharashtra Ownership Flat Rules contains recital such as, 'as a result of the Development0 agreernent the promoters are entitled and enjoined upon to construct buildings on the said land'. One of the relevant clauses (omitting unnecessary portion) in Form V reads, "the promo•"'r· shall construct the said building/s .... in accordance with the E plans, designs, specifications ..... which have been seen and approved by the flat purchaser with the owner, such variations and modifications as the promoter may consider necessary or as may be required by the concerned local authority/the government. .... provided that the promoter shall have to obtain prior consent in writing to the flat purchaser in respect o1 F variations or modifications which may adversely affect .the flat of the purchaser". It is, thus, not correct to say that the work is undertaken by the developer for himself and for the owner and the construction is not carried for and on behalf of the purchaser. G 111. In the development agreement between the owner of the land and the developer, direct monetary consideration may not be involved but such agreement cannot be seen in isolation to the terms contained therein and following development H agreement, the agreement in the nature of tbe tripartite M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 751 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.)

agreement between the owner of the land, the developer and A the flat purchaser whereunder the developer has undertaken to construct for the flat purchaser for monetary consideration. Seen thus, there is nothing wrong if the transaction is treated as a composite contract comprising of both a works. contract and a transfer of immovable property and levy sales tax on the B value of the material involved in execution of the works contract. The observation in the referral order that if the ratio in Raheja Development1 is to be accepted then there would be no difference between works contract and a contract far sale of chattel as chattel overlooks the legal position which we have c summarized above. 112. The argument that flat is to be sold as a flat and not an aggregate of its ~omponent parts is already negated by the Constitution Bench in the case of Builders' Association4. As a matter of fact, in Builders' Association•, this argument was D advanced on behalf of the States. Repelling the argument, the Constitution Bench observed that it was difficult to agree with the contention of the States that the properties that are transferred to the owner in the execution of a works contract are not the goods involved in the execution of works contract, E but a conglomerate, that is the entire building which is actually constructed.

113. Yet another argument advanced on behalf of the · appellants is that in Raheja Deve/opment1, it is _noticed that F the builder has .a lien on the property but incorrectly states that lien is because they are not owners. It is argued that lien is because if the monies are not recovered from the prospective ·flat purchasers, the lien can be exercised and this would show that the contract is a contract of an agreement to sell immovable property. The argument is insignificant because if G the developer has undertaken to build for the prospective purchaser for cash or deferred payment or a valuable consideration pursuant tci a contract then to that extent, the contract is works contract and there is deemed sale of material (goods) used in the construction of building and merely H 752 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 17 S.C.R. A because the builder has a right of lien in the event due monies are not paid does not alter the character of contract being works contract.

114. In Article· 366(29-A)(b), the term 'works contract' B covers all genre of works contract and it is not limited to one specie of the contract. In Raheja Development', the definition of ''works contract" in KST Act was under consideration. That definition of "works contract" is inclusive and refers to building contracts and diverse construction activities for monetary consideration viz; for cash, deferred payment or other valuable C consideration as works contract. Having regard to the factual · position, inter alia, Raheja Development' entered into development agreements with the owners of the land and ii also entered into agreements for sale with the flat purchasers, the consideration being payment in installments and also the· D clauses of the agreement the Court held that developer had undertaken to build for the flat purchaser and so long as there was no termination of the contract, the construction is for and on behalf of the purchaser and it remains a "works contract". The legal position summarized by us and the foregoing E discussion would justify the view taken by the two Judge Bench in Raheja Development'. 115. It may, however, be clarified that activity of.

construction undertaken by the developer would be works: F contract only from the stage the developer enters into a contract\ with the flat purchaser. The value addition made to the goods I transferred after the agreement is entered into with the flat purchaser can only be made chargeable to tax by the State Government. G 116. The reasons stated in the referral order for reconsideration of Raheja Development' do not make out any good ground for taking a view different from what has been taken by this Court in Raheja Development'. We are in agreement with the submission of Mr. K.N. Bhat that since H Raheja Development' in May, 2005 almost all States have MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 753 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.] modified their laws in line with Raheja Development' and there A is no justification for change in the position settled after the decision of this Court in Raheja Development'.

117. The submission of Mr. K.N. Bhat that the view in Raheja Development1 that whf!n a completed building is sold, B there is no work contract and, therefore, no liability to tax is not correct statement of Jaw, does not appeal to us. If at the time of construction and until the construction was completed, there was no contract for constructiol) of the building with the flat purchaser, the goods used in the construction cannot be C deemed to have been sold by the builder since at that time there is no purchaser. That the building is intended for sale ultimately after construction does not make any difference. 118. We are clearly of the view that Raheja Development' lays down the correct legal position and we approve the same. D 119. There is challenge to the constitutional validity of explanation (b)(ii) to Section 2(24) which was brought by amendment with effect from 20.06.2006 in MVAT Act and sub-rule (1A) which was inserted into Rule 58 of the MVAT Rules E by a notification ·dated 01.06.2009.

120. Clause (24)*** of Section 2 defines sale to mean a sale of goods made Within the State for cash or deferred payment or other valuable consideration but does not include a mortgage, hypothecation, charge of pledge; and the words F "sell", "buy" and."purchase", with all their grammatical variations and cognate expressions. An explanation is appended to this clause. Clause· (b)**** of the explanation to Section 2(24) ·- "2(24) "sale" means a sale of goods made within the State for cash or G deferred payment or other valuabftn:onsideration bui does not include a mortgage,,hypothecation, charge or pledge; and the words "sell", "buy" and "purchase", with all their grammatical variations and cognate expressions, shall be construed accordingly." ••• 0"(b)(i) the transfer of property in any goods. otherwise than in pursuance of a contract, for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration; H. 754 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R.

A defines what would be a sale for the purpose of the clause and brought in its ambit the transactions mentioned therein. Explanation (b)(ii) was amended with effect from 20.06.2006 by inserting the following words after the words "works contract": "including, an agreement for carrying out for cash, B deferred payment or other valuable consideration, the building, construction, manufacture, processing, fabrication, erection, installation, fitting out, improvement, modification, repair or commissioning of any movable or immovable property". 121. There is no doubt in our mind that the amendment in C explanation b(ii) to Section 2(24) was brought because of the judgment of this Court in Raheja Development'. We have already held that Raheja Development' lays down the correct legal position. Thus, in our view, there is no merit in the challenge to the constitutional validity to the provisions of D explanation (b)(ii) to Section 2(24) of MVAT which were amended with effect from 20.06.2006. The Division Bench of the Bombay High Court took the view that the provision under challenge was not in breach of any constitutional boundaries. This is what it said: E "34. The amended definition of the expression sale in (ii) the transfer of property in goods (whether as goods or in some other form), involved in the execution of a works contract..... ; F (iii) a delivery of goods on hire-purchase or any system of payment by instalments;

(iv) the transfer of the right to use any goods for any propose (whether or not for a specified period) for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration; (v) the supply of goods by any association or body of persons incorporated or G not, to a member thereof tor cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration; (vi) the supply, by way of or as part of any service or in any other manner whatsoever, of goods, being food or any other article for human consumption or any drink (whether or not intoxicating), where such supply or service is made or given for cash, deferred payment or other valuable H consideration;" MIS. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 755 KARNATAKA [R.M. LODHA, J.]

clause b(ii) of the Explanation to Section 2(24) brings A within the ambit of that expression transactions of that nature which are referable to Article 366(29A)(b). The transactibns which the legislature had in mind involve works contracts. What the state ·legislatures can tax under the expanded definition contained in clause b of Article 366 B (29A) must meet the governing requirements of that clause. There must be a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The relevant clause in Section 2(24) is valid because i.t does not transgress the boundaries set out in Article 366(29A). c Indeed, after the 46th Amendment, State legislation must confine itself to.; the limits set out even in the expanded concept of what- constitutes a sale or purchase of goods in Article 366(29A). State legislation cannot expand. the ambit of what constitutes a tax on the sale or purchase of 0 goods beyond the constitutional frontiers. In order that Section 2(24) remains within constitutional boundaries, in the context of works contracts, it must be read to cover those cases which fall within the expanded definition as elaborated after the 46th Amendment. Whether there is a E works contract in a given case is for assessing authorities to determine. As noted earlier, it is not possible to provide a comprehensive or all encompassing list of what contracts constitute works contracts. Section 2(24) properly construed, even after its amendment, reaches out to tho.se F cases which fall within the ambit of Article 366(29A). Explanation b(ii) to Section 2(24) in other words covers those transactions where there is a transfer of property in goods, whether as goods or in any other form, involved in the execution of a works contract. Once those parameters are met, the amended definition in the State legislation in G the present case provides a clarification or cla rificatory instances. When constitutional norms govern state legislation such as those provided in Article 366(29A) in this case, the legislatio.n must be co.nstrued in the context of tho.se norms which it cannot transgress. The law is valid H

756 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 17 S.C.R. A because it does not breach those boundaries. There is no breach of constitutional boundaries." 122. We are in agreement with the above view and reject challenge to amendment to the provisions of explanation (b)(ii) B to Section 2(24) of MVAT Act. 123. Sub-rule (1A)***** was inserted into Rule 58 by a notification dated 01.06.2009. As a matter of fact, Rule 58(1) of the MVAT Rules provides that the value of the goods at the time of the transfer of the property in goods involved in the C execution of a works contract may be determined by effecting certain deductions from the value of the entire contract insofar as the amounts rela~ing to deductions pertain to the said works contract. The challenge was laid to Rule 58(1A) of the MVAT Rules before the Bombay High Court. The Division Bench of o the Bombay High Court found that there was nothing to show that the proviso to the said provision was arbitrary. It held that the Legislature was acting within the field of the legislative powers in devising a measure for the tax by excluding the cost of the land. The Division Bench recorded the following reasons E in repelling the challenge to Rule 58(1A).

"35. The challenge to Rule 58(1A), may now be ....."(1A) In case of a construction contract, where along with the immovable F property, the land or, as the case may be, interest in the land, underlying the immovable property is to be conveyed, and the property in the goods (whether as goods or in some other form) involved in the execution of the construction contract is also transferred to the purchaser such transfer is liable to tax under this rule. The value of the said goods at the lime of the transfer shall be calculated after making the deductions under sub-rule (1) and the cost of the land from the total agreement value. G The cost of the land shall be determined in accordance with the guidelines appended to the Annual Statement of Rates prepared under the provisions of the Bombay Stamp (Determination of True Market Value of Property) Rules, 1995, as applicable on the 1st January of the year in which the agreement to sell the property is registered: Provided that, deduction towards cost of land under this sub-rule shall not H exceed 70% of the agreement value." M/S. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED v. STATE OF 757 · KARNATAKA; [~.M, LODHA, .J.] considered. The Rule has provided that in the case of. A construction contracts where the immovable property, land or as the case may be, interest therein is to be conveye\:\ . and, the property involved in the execution of the.

construction contract is also transferred, it is the latter component which is brought to tax. The value of the goods B at the time of transfer is to be calculated after making the deductions which are specified under sub-rule (1 ). The judgment in the second Gannon Dunkerley specifies the nature of such deductions which can be made from the . entire value of the works contracts. This was permitted to c the States as a convenient mode for determining the value 01 the goods in the~executiori of the works contract. . · ' Similarly, the cost ofthe land is required .to be exciuded. from the total agreement value. Sub-rule (1A) stipulates that the cost shall 6e 'determined in accordance with the D guidelines iippeli'ded to the Annual Statement of Rates prepared under the provisions of the Bombay Stamp (Determination of True Market Value of Property) Rules, 1995 as applicable on 1 January of the year in which the agreement to sell the property is registered. The Proviso E stipulates that deduction towards the cost of land under the sub-rule shall not exceed 70% of the agreement value. The petitioners have not brought on the record any material to indicate that the proviso to sub-rule (1A) of Rule 58 is arbitrary. Rule 58(1A) provides for the measure of the tax. F The measure of the tax, as held by the Supreme Court in its decision in Union of India v. Bombay Tyre International Ltd. [(1984) 1 sec 467], must be distinguished from the charge of tax and the incidence of tax. The Legislature was acting within the filed of its legislative powers in devising a measure for the tax by excluding the cost of the land." G

124. The value of the goods which can constitute the measure of the levy of the tax has to be the value of the goods at the time of incorporation of goods in the works even though property in goods passes later. Taxing the sale of goods H . 758 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 17 S.C.R. A element in a works contract is permissible even after incorporation of goods provided tax is directed to the value of goods at the time of incorporl!tion and does not purport to tax the transfer of immovable property. The mode of valuation of goods provided in Rule 58(1A) has to be read in the manner B that meets this criteria and we read down Rule 58(1-A) accordingly. The Maharashtra Government has to bring clarity in Rule 58 (1-A) as indicated above. Subject to this, validity of Rule 58(1-A)1of MVAT Rules is SL!Stained.

125~ Once we have held that Raheja Development1 lays C down the correct law, in our opinion~ nothing turns on the circular dated 07.02.2007 and the notification dated 09.07.2010. The circular is a trade circular y.ihich is clarificatory in nature only. The notification enables the registered dealer to opt for a composition scheme. The High Court has dealt with the circular D and notification. We do not find any error in the view of the High Court in this regard. Moreover, "the Advocate General for Maharashtra clearly stated before us that implementation of Rule 58(1-A) shall not result in double taxation and in any case all claims of alleged double taxation will be determined in the E process of assessment of each individual case. 126. After having given answer to the reference, we send the matters back to the Regular Bench for final disposal.-Bibhuti Bhushan Bose Reference answered & matter referred to Regular Bench.