[2013) 1 S.C.R. 327 STATE OF RAJASTHAN A v. SHOBHA RAM (Criminal Appeal No. 592 of 2008 etc.) JANUARY 16, 2013. B [H.L. DATIU AND RANJAN GOGOi, JJ.] PENAL CODE, 1860: s. 302 read with s. 34 - Murder caused by two brothers - c Conviction by trial court of both the accused - High Court affirming conviction of appellant and acquitting his brother -Held: Evidence discloses that both accused brothers had an old enmity with deceased over a well - On date of incident deceased was attacked by both accused inasmuch as 0 appellant assaulted the deceased by stones while h~ brother facilitated execution of common design by sitting on his chest - Judgment of High Court acquitting one of the accused set aside and that of trial court convicting both restored. s. 34 - Common intention - Explained. E The appellant (A-1) in Crl. A. No. 593 of 2008, along with his brother (A-2) faced trial for an offence punishable uls 302134 IPC on the allegation that because of enmity pursuant to a dispute over a well, the accused caused F injuries to the brother of PW 1 with stones resulting in his death. The trial court convicted both the accused of the offence charged and sentenced each of them to imprisonment for life. The High Court affirmed the conviction of A-1, but acquitted A-2. G In the instant appeals, State challenged the acquittal of A-2, whereas A-1 challenged his conviction. Disposing of the appeals, the Court 327 H 328 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R.

A HELD: 1.1. PW-6, in his evidence has stated that A-1 was assaulting the deceased with stones and A-2 facilitated execution of the common design by sitting on the chest of the deceased. Despite cross-examination at length, PW-6, has maintained his version, thereby, not B leaving any scope for the defense to elicit anything against the prosecution witness. Therefore, the evidence of the said witness is of sterling quality and is reliable and trustworthy, leaving this Court with no other alternative but to accept his evidence. Therefore, this c Court declines to interfere with the finding and conclusion reached by the trial court and affirmed by the High Court insofar as conviction of A-1 is concerned. [para 8) [331-G-H; 332-A-C]

1.2. A perusal of s.34; IPC would clearly indicate that D there must be two ingredients for convicting a person with the aid of s. 34 IPC. Firstly, there must be a common intention; and secondly, there must be participation by the accused persons in furtherance of the common intention. The facts in the instant case in the light of the E evidences on record are that A-1 and A-2 are brothers having an old enmity with the deceased resulting in a constant skirmish over the well located in their lands. On the date of incident, the animosity culminated to an assault on the deceased by the accused persons when F A-1 was assaulting the deceased with stones and A-2 remained sitting on his chest. The chain of events gives a clear picture of the whole incident that had taken place on that fateful day. Thus, it can be concluded that both the accused persons had a common intention to assault G and kill the deceased pursuant to a pre-concerted plan. [para 11 and 13) [334-F-H; 335-A-B] Nadodi Jayaraman and Others vs. State of Tamil Nadu (1992) 3 SCC 161; Saravanan and Another vs. State of H Pondicherry 2004 (5) Suppl. SCR 890 =(2004) 13 SCC 238; STATE OF RAJASTHAN v. SHOBHA RAM 329 Suresh & Anr. vs. State of UP. 2001(2) SCR 263 = (2001) 3 A SCC 673; Ramaswami Ayyangar and Others vs. State of Tamil Nadu 1976 Suppl. SCR 580 =(1976) 3 SCC 779; and Hari Ram vs. State of U.P. (2004) 8 sec 146 - relied on

1.4. The judgment and order of conviction and B sentence against the accused persons passed by the trial court u/s 302 read with s.34, IPC is confirmed and the judgment and order passed by the High Court in acquitting accused A-2 is set aside. [para 14) [335-0-E] Case Law Reference: c (1992) 3 sec 161 relied on para 10 2004(5) Suppl. SCR 890 relied on para 10 2001 (2) SCR 263 relied on para 11 D 1976 (0) Suppl. SCR 580 relied on para 11 (2004) a sec 146 relied on para 12 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal E No. 592 of 2008. From the Judgment and Order dated 03.06.2005 of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan, Jaipur Bench, Jaipur in D.B. Criminal Appeal No. 130 of 2000. F WITH Criminal Appeal No. 593 of 2008. Sushi! Kr. Dubey, Milind Kumar, Subhash Sharma and Mahabir Singh for the appearing parties. G The following Judgment of the Court was delivered by 1. These appeals are directed against the judgment and order passed by the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan, Jaipur Bench, Jaipur in Criminal Appeal No. 130 of 2000, dated H 330 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R

A 03.06.2005. The High Court, while affirming the judgment of the Trial Court in Sessions Case No. 49/99, dated 15.03.2000, has convicted Shri Ram - A-1, under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code ("the IPC" for short) and reversed the judgment of the Trial Court and acquitted Shobha Ram -B A-2. It is the acquittal of A-2, which is called in question by the appellant - State of Rajasthan in Criminal Appeal No. 592 of 2008. 2. Criminal Appeal No. 593 of 2008 is preferred by Shri C Ram - A-1, being aggrieved by the order of conviction and sentence passed by the Trial Court and confirmed by the High Court.

3. The facts in brief are: The incident occurred on 16.02.1999 at about 5.30 p.m. PW-1 - Mohanlal, who is the D brother of the deceased-Trilokchand had lodged the FIR before S.H.O., Police Station Chechat, regarding the alleged assault on the deceased by the accused persons. On the fateful day, the appellants on account of their past enmity over the well located in their lands, formed common intention to cause death E of Trilokchand (since deceased) and in furtherance of their common intention, they caused injuries to the deceased with stones resulting in his death. The FIR was registered and after the completion of the investigation, the investigating agency had filed a charge-sheet against A-1 and A-2 under Section 302 F read with Section 34 of the IPC. The accused persons denied the charge and pleaded false implication and, therefore, the Trial had commenced against both the accused A-1 and A-2. G 4. During the Trial, the prosecution, in order to prove the guilt of the accused persons had examined several witnesses including PW-1 and PW-2 Smt. Manoharbai wife of the deceased, PW-3 Bhawanishankar, PW-4 Kalulal, PW-6 Basantilal and other witnesses. Prosecution had projected PW-H 2 and PW-6 as eye witnesses to the incident. STATE OF RAJASTHAN v. SHOBHA RAM 331

5. The Trial Court after appreciating the evidence of the A eye witnesses and others, has come to the conclusion that the testimony of PW-2 does not corroborate with the FIR and other material available on record and, therefore, it co~ld be safely concluded that PW-2 had not seen the occurrence of actual incident and therefore, the evidence at the most can only be B an hearsay evidence. However, the Trial Cour:t has believed the evidence of PW-6, who, in his evidence, has categorically stated that A-1 was assaulting the deceased with the stones and A-2 was sitting on the chest of the deceased. The Trial Court placing reliance on the evidence of PW-6 has convicted c and sentenced the accused persons under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC to suffer imprisonment for life and to pay a fine of Rs.1000/- each, and in default, to undergo . simple imprisonment for a further period of six months. D 6. Aggrieved by the order of conviction and ~entence passed by the Trial Court, the accused persons had filed appeals before the High Court. The High Court has confirmed the conviction and sentence of A-1 passed by the Trial Court. However, the High Court has acquitted A-2, only on the ground E that A-2 had not actively participated in the commission of the offence and, therefore, the Trial Court w&s not justified in convicting A-2 for an offence punishable under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC. .

7. It is the correctnes~ or otherwise of the judgment and F order passed by the High Court which is called in question by the appellants in this appeal. 8. We will first take up the appeal of A-1. The Trial Court and the High Court has convicted A-1 based on the evidence G of the sole eye-witness, namely, PW-6. In order to satisfy ourselves, we have once again carefully analyzed the evidence on record and the conviction of A-1 by the Trial Court with the aid of the sole eye-witness of PW-6. In his evidence PW-6 has stated, A-2 was acting in concert with A-1 in causing the murder H 332 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R. A of the deceased, wherein A-1 was assaulting the deceased with stones and A-2 had facilitated the execution of the common design by sitting on the chest of the deceased. Despite cross-examination at length, PW-6, has maintained his version, thereby, not leaving any scope for the defense to elicit anything B against the prosecution witness. Therefore, in our opinion, the evidence of the said witness is of sterling quality and therefore reliable and trustworthy, leaving us with no other alternative but to accept his evidence. Therefore, we decline to interfere with the finding and conclusion reached by the Trial Court insofar c as convicting A-1 is concerned. Therefore, we reject the appeal filed by A-1 and confirm the orders passed by the Trial Court and the High Court.

9. While considering the appeal filed by the State of Rajasthan, we have carefully perused the judgment and order0 passed by the High Court. The High Court has acquitted, A-2, only on the ground that merely sitting on the chest of the deceased rules out the possibility of active participation by A-2 in the commission of offence and therefore has acquitted him from the charges under Section 302 read with Section 34 of E the IPC.

10. The nuances of Section 34 of the IPC has been explained by this Court in several decisions, but we will only refer to the decision in the case of Nadodi Jayaraman and F Others vs. State of Tamil Nadu [(1992) 3 SCC 161] and Saravanan and Another vs. State of Pondicherry [(2004) 13 SCC 238]. In the case of Nadodi Jayaraman and others (Supra), the Court has observed:-" 9. Section 34 of IPC enacts that when a criminalG act is done by several persons in furtherance of the common intention of all, each of such persons, is liable for that act in the same manner as if it were done by him alone. The section thus lays down a principle of joint liability in the doing of a criminal act. The essence of that liability isH STATE OF RAJASTHAN v. SHOBHA RAM 333 found in the existence of "common intention" animating the A accused leading to the doing of a criminal act in furtherance of such intention. The section is intended to meet a case in which it is difficult to distinguish between the act of individual members of a party and to prove exactly vyhat part was played by each of them. It, therefore, B enacts that once it is found that a criminal act has been committed by several persons in furtherance of the common intention of all, each of such persons is liable for the criminal act as if it were done by him alone. It is thus an exception to the general rule of criminal jurisprudence c that it is the primary responsibility of the person who actually commits a crime and only that person can be held guilty and punished in accordance with law for his individual act.

15. It is thus clear that the criminal act referred to in Section D 34 IPC is the result of the concerted action of more than one person if the said result was reached in furtherance of the common intention and each person must be held liable for the ultimate result as if he had done it himself. " E 11. A perusal of Section 34 of the IPC would clearly indicate that there must be two ingredients for convicting a person with the aid of Section 34 of the IPC. Firstly, there must be a common intention and secondly, there must be participation by the accused persons in furtherance of the F common intention. If the common intention is proved, it may not be necessary that the acts of the several persons charged with commission of an offence jointly must be the same or identically similar. The acts may be different in character, but must be arising out of the same common intention in order to attract the G provision. The said principle is reiterated in a three-judge bench decision in Suresh & Anr. vs. State of U.P. [(2001) 3 SCC 673) and Ramaswami Ayyangar and Others vs. State of Tamil Nadu [(1976) 3 SCC 779), wherein the court has stated that the acts committed by different confederates in the criminal H 334 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R.

A action may be different, but all must in one way or the other participate and engage in the criminal enterprise, for instance, one may only stand guard to prevent any person coming to the relief of the victim or to otherwise facilitate the commission of crime. Such a person also commits an "act" as much as his co-s participants actually committing the planned crime. In the case of an offence involving physical violence, the person who instigates or aids the commission of the crime must be physically present and such presence of those who in one way or the other facilitate the execution of the common design, is c itself tantamount to actual participation in the 'criminal act.'

12. Insofar as common intention is concerned, it is a state of mind of an accused which can be inferred objectively from his conduct displayed in the course of commission of crime and also from prior and subsequent attendant circumstances. As0 observed in Hari Ram vs. State of UP. [(2004) 8 SCC 146], the existence of direct proof of common intention is seldom available and, therefore, such intention can only be inferred from the circumstances appearing from the proved facts of the case and the proved circumstances. Therefore, in order to bring home E the charge of common intention, the prosecution has to establish by evidence, whether direct or circumstantial, that there was plan or meeting of mind of all the accused persons to commit the offence before a person can be vicariously convicted for the act of the other. F 13. The facts in the present case in the light of the evidences on record are that, A-1 and A-2 are brothers having an old enmity with the deceased resulting in a constant skirmish over the well located in their lands. On the said date of incident, G the animosity culminated to an assault on the deceased by the accused persons when the deceased was nearing his land. It has come in the evidence of PW-6, that A-1 was assaulting the deceased with stones and A-2 was sitting on the chest of the deceased. The aforesaid chain of events gives a clear picture H

STATE OF RAJASTHAN v. SHOBHA RAM 335 of the whole incident that had taken place on that fateful day. A The evidence of, PW-6, when seen in entirety and in its proper perspective, we can conclude that both the accused persons i.e. A-1 and A-2 had a common intention to assault and kill the deceased person with A-2 as a participant in the crime with the intention of lending weight to the commission of an offence 8 pursuant to a pre-concerted plan. In our opinion, the High Court was not justified in coming to the conclusion that merely because A-2 was sitting on the chest of the deceased person, the said accused person is entitled for the benefit of doubt and thereby an acquittal. In our opinion, the reasoning and c conclusion reached by the High Court is against the well settled legal principles.

14. In the result, while allowing the appeal of the appellant-State of Rajasthan (Criminal Appeal No.592 of 2008), we dismiss the appeal filed by Shri Ram - A-1 (Criminal Appeal D No.593 of 2008) and confirm the judgment and order of conviction and sentence against the accused persons so passed by the Trial Court under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC and set aside the judgment and order passed by the High Court in acquitting accused A-2. We further direct E that the Accused A-2 Shobha Ram shall surrender forthwith to serve out the remaining period of sentence. The Trial Court is directed to send the compliance report to this Court within one month's time from the date of receipt of a copy of this judgment. Registry shall send back the lower court records with F a copy of this judgment to the Trial Court forthwith for information and necessary action. Ordered accordingly. G R.P. Appeals dispose~ of.

[2013) 1 S.C.R. 327 STATE OF RAJASTHAN A v. SHOBHA RAM (Criminal Appeal No. 592 of 2008 etc.) JANUARY 16, 2013. B [H.L. DATIU AND RANJAN GOGOi, JJ.] PENAL CODE, 1860: s. 302 read with s. 34 - Murder caused by two brothers - c Conviction by trial court of both the accused - High Court affirming conviction of appellant and acquitting his brother -Held: Evidence discloses that both accused brothers had an old enmity with deceased over a well - On date of incident deceased was attacked by both accused inasmuch as 0 appellant assaulted the deceased by stones while h~ brother facilitated execution of common design by sitting on his chest - Judgment of High Court acquitting one of the accused set aside and that of trial court convicting both restored. s. 34 - Common intention - Explained. E The appellant (A-1) in Crl. A. No. 593 of 2008, along with his brother (A-2) faced trial for an offence punishable uls 302134 IPC on the allegation that because of enmity pursuant to a dispute over a well, the accused caused F injuries to the brother of PW 1 with stones resulting in his death. The trial court convicted both the accused of the offence charged and sentenced each of them to imprisonment for life. The High Court affirmed the conviction of A-1, but acquitted A-2. G In the instant appeals, State challenged the acquittal of A-2, whereas A-1 challenged his conviction. Disposing of the appeals, the Court 327 H 328 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R.

A HELD: 1.1. PW-6, in his evidence has stated that A-1 was assaulting the deceased with stones and A-2 facilitated execution of the common design by sitting on the chest of the deceased. Despite cross-examination at length, PW-6, has maintained his version, thereby, not B leaving any scope for the defense to elicit anything against the prosecution witness. Therefore, the evidence of the said witness is of sterling quality and is reliable and trustworthy, leaving this Court with no other alternative but to accept his evidence. Therefore, this c Court declines to interfere with the finding and conclusion reached by the trial court and affirmed by the High Court insofar as conviction of A-1 is concerned. [para 8) [331-G-H; 332-A-C]

1.2. A perusal of s.34; IPC would clearly indicate that D there must be two ingredients for convicting a person with the aid of s. 34 IPC. Firstly, there must be a common intention; and secondly, there must be participation by the accused persons in furtherance of the common intention. The facts in the instant case in the light of the E evidences on record are that A-1 and A-2 are brothers having an old enmity with the deceased resulting in a constant skirmish over the well located in their lands. On the date of incident, the animosity culminated to an assault on the deceased by the accused persons when F A-1 was assaulting the deceased with stones and A-2 remained sitting on his chest. The chain of events gives a clear picture of the whole incident that had taken place on that fateful day. Thus, it can be concluded that both the accused persons had a common intention to assault G and kill the deceased pursuant to a pre-concerted plan. [para 11 and 13) [334-F-H; 335-A-B] Nadodi Jayaraman and Others vs. State of Tamil Nadu (1992) 3 SCC 161; Saravanan and Another vs. State of H Pondicherry 2004 (5) Suppl. SCR 890 =(2004) 13 SCC 238; STATE OF RAJASTHAN v. SHOBHA RAM 329 Suresh & Anr. vs. State of UP. 2001(2) SCR 263 = (2001) 3 A SCC 673; Ramaswami Ayyangar and Others vs. State of Tamil Nadu 1976 Suppl. SCR 580 =(1976) 3 SCC 779; and Hari Ram vs. State of U.P. (2004) 8 sec 146 - relied on

1.4. The judgment and order of conviction and B sentence against the accused persons passed by the trial court u/s 302 read with s.34, IPC is confirmed and the judgment and order passed by the High Court in acquitting accused A-2 is set aside. [para 14) [335-0-E] Case Law Reference: c (1992) 3 sec 161 relied on para 10 2004(5) Suppl. SCR 890 relied on para 10 2001 (2) SCR 263 relied on para 11 D 1976 (0) Suppl. SCR 580 relied on para 11 (2004) a sec 146 relied on para 12 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal E No. 592 of 2008. From the Judgment and Order dated 03.06.2005 of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan, Jaipur Bench, Jaipur in D.B. Criminal Appeal No. 130 of 2000. F WITH Criminal Appeal No. 593 of 2008. Sushi! Kr. Dubey, Milind Kumar, Subhash Sharma and Mahabir Singh for the appearing parties. G The following Judgment of the Court was delivered by 1. These appeals are directed against the judgment and order passed by the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan, Jaipur Bench, Jaipur in Criminal Appeal No. 130 of 2000, dated H 330 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R

A 03.06.2005. The High Court, while affirming the judgment of the Trial Court in Sessions Case No. 49/99, dated 15.03.2000, has convicted Shri Ram - A-1, under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code ("the IPC" for short) and reversed the judgment of the Trial Court and acquitted Shobha Ram -B A-2. It is the acquittal of A-2, which is called in question by the appellant - State of Rajasthan in Criminal Appeal No. 592 of 2008. 2. Criminal Appeal No. 593 of 2008 is preferred by Shri C Ram - A-1, being aggrieved by the order of conviction and sentence passed by the Trial Court and confirmed by the High Court.

3. The facts in brief are: The incident occurred on 16.02.1999 at about 5.30 p.m. PW-1 - Mohanlal, who is the D brother of the deceased-Trilokchand had lodged the FIR before S.H.O., Police Station Chechat, regarding the alleged assault on the deceased by the accused persons. On the fateful day, the appellants on account of their past enmity over the well located in their lands, formed common intention to cause death E of Trilokchand (since deceased) and in furtherance of their common intention, they caused injuries to the deceased with stones resulting in his death. The FIR was registered and after the completion of the investigation, the investigating agency had filed a charge-sheet against A-1 and A-2 under Section 302 F read with Section 34 of the IPC. The accused persons denied the charge and pleaded false implication and, therefore, the Trial had commenced against both the accused A-1 and A-2. G 4. During the Trial, the prosecution, in order to prove the guilt of the accused persons had examined several witnesses including PW-1 and PW-2 Smt. Manoharbai wife of the deceased, PW-3 Bhawanishankar, PW-4 Kalulal, PW-6 Basantilal and other witnesses. Prosecution had projected PW-H 2 and PW-6 as eye witnesses to the incident. STATE OF RAJASTHAN v. SHOBHA RAM 331

5. The Trial Court after appreciating the evidence of the A eye witnesses and others, has come to the conclusion that the testimony of PW-2 does not corroborate with the FIR and other material available on record and, therefore, it co~ld be safely concluded that PW-2 had not seen the occurrence of actual incident and therefore, the evidence at the most can only be B an hearsay evidence. However, the Trial Cour:t has believed the evidence of PW-6, who, in his evidence, has categorically stated that A-1 was assaulting the deceased with the stones and A-2 was sitting on the chest of the deceased. The Trial Court placing reliance on the evidence of PW-6 has convicted c and sentenced the accused persons under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC to suffer imprisonment for life and to pay a fine of Rs.1000/- each, and in default, to undergo . simple imprisonment for a further period of six months. D 6. Aggrieved by the order of conviction and ~entence passed by the Trial Court, the accused persons had filed appeals before the High Court. The High Court has confirmed the conviction and sentence of A-1 passed by the Trial Court. However, the High Court has acquitted A-2, only on the ground E that A-2 had not actively participated in the commission of the offence and, therefore, the Trial Court w&s not justified in convicting A-2 for an offence punishable under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC. .

7. It is the correctnes~ or otherwise of the judgment and F order passed by the High Court which is called in question by the appellants in this appeal. 8. We will first take up the appeal of A-1. The Trial Court and the High Court has convicted A-1 based on the evidence G of the sole eye-witness, namely, PW-6. In order to satisfy ourselves, we have once again carefully analyzed the evidence on record and the conviction of A-1 by the Trial Court with the aid of the sole eye-witness of PW-6. In his evidence PW-6 has stated, A-2 was acting in concert with A-1 in causing the murder H 332 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R. A of the deceased, wherein A-1 was assaulting the deceased with stones and A-2 had facilitated the execution of the common design by sitting on the chest of the deceased. Despite cross-examination at length, PW-6, has maintained his version, thereby, not leaving any scope for the defense to elicit anything B against the prosecution witness. Therefore, in our opinion, the evidence of the said witness is of sterling quality and therefore reliable and trustworthy, leaving us with no other alternative but to accept his evidence. Therefore, we decline to interfere with the finding and conclusion reached by the Trial Court insofar c as convicting A-1 is concerned. Therefore, we reject the appeal filed by A-1 and confirm the orders passed by the Trial Court and the High Court.

9. While considering the appeal filed by the State of Rajasthan, we have carefully perused the judgment and order0 passed by the High Court. The High Court has acquitted, A-2, only on the ground that merely sitting on the chest of the deceased rules out the possibility of active participation by A-2 in the commission of offence and therefore has acquitted him from the charges under Section 302 read with Section 34 of E the IPC.

10. The nuances of Section 34 of the IPC has been explained by this Court in several decisions, but we will only refer to the decision in the case of Nadodi Jayaraman and F Others vs. State of Tamil Nadu [(1992) 3 SCC 161] and Saravanan and Another vs. State of Pondicherry [(2004) 13 SCC 238]. In the case of Nadodi Jayaraman and others (Supra), the Court has observed:-" 9. Section 34 of IPC enacts that when a criminalG act is done by several persons in furtherance of the common intention of all, each of such persons, is liable for that act in the same manner as if it were done by him alone. The section thus lays down a principle of joint liability in the doing of a criminal act. The essence of that liability isH STATE OF RAJASTHAN v. SHOBHA RAM 333 found in the existence of "common intention" animating the A accused leading to the doing of a criminal act in furtherance of such intention. The section is intended to meet a case in which it is difficult to distinguish between the act of individual members of a party and to prove exactly vyhat part was played by each of them. It, therefore, B enacts that once it is found that a criminal act has been committed by several persons in furtherance of the common intention of all, each of such persons is liable for the criminal act as if it were done by him alone. It is thus an exception to the general rule of criminal jurisprudence c that it is the primary responsibility of the person who actually commits a crime and only that person can be held guilty and punished in accordance with law for his individual act.

15. It is thus clear that the criminal act referred to in Section D 34 IPC is the result of the concerted action of more than one person if the said result was reached in furtherance of the common intention and each person must be held liable for the ultimate result as if he had done it himself. " E 11. A perusal of Section 34 of the IPC would clearly indicate that there must be two ingredients for convicting a person with the aid of Section 34 of the IPC. Firstly, there must be a common intention and secondly, there must be participation by the accused persons in furtherance of the F common intention. If the common intention is proved, it may not be necessary that the acts of the several persons charged with commission of an offence jointly must be the same or identically similar. The acts may be different in character, but must be arising out of the same common intention in order to attract the G provision. The said principle is reiterated in a three-judge bench decision in Suresh & Anr. vs. State of U.P. [(2001) 3 SCC 673) and Ramaswami Ayyangar and Others vs. State of Tamil Nadu [(1976) 3 SCC 779), wherein the court has stated that the acts committed by different confederates in the criminal H 334 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R.

A action may be different, but all must in one way or the other participate and engage in the criminal enterprise, for instance, one may only stand guard to prevent any person coming to the relief of the victim or to otherwise facilitate the commission of crime. Such a person also commits an "act" as much as his co-s participants actually committing the planned crime. In the case of an offence involving physical violence, the person who instigates or aids the commission of the crime must be physically present and such presence of those who in one way or the other facilitate the execution of the common design, is c itself tantamount to actual participation in the 'criminal act.'

12. Insofar as common intention is concerned, it is a state of mind of an accused which can be inferred objectively from his conduct displayed in the course of commission of crime and also from prior and subsequent attendant circumstances. As0 observed in Hari Ram vs. State of UP. [(2004) 8 SCC 146], the existence of direct proof of common intention is seldom available and, therefore, such intention can only be inferred from the circumstances appearing from the proved facts of the case and the proved circumstances. Therefore, in order to bring home E the charge of common intention, the prosecution has to establish by evidence, whether direct or circumstantial, that there was plan or meeting of mind of all the accused persons to commit the offence before a person can be vicariously convicted for the act of the other. F 13. The facts in the present case in the light of the evidences on record are that, A-1 and A-2 are brothers having an old enmity with the deceased resulting in a constant skirmish over the well located in their lands. On the said date of incident, G the animosity culminated to an assault on the deceased by the accused persons when the deceased was nearing his land. It has come in the evidence of PW-6, that A-1 was assaulting the deceased with stones and A-2 was sitting on the chest of the deceased. The aforesaid chain of events gives a clear picture H

STATE OF RAJASTHAN v. SHOBHA RAM 335 of the whole incident that had taken place on that fateful day. A The evidence of, PW-6, when seen in entirety and in its proper perspective, we can conclude that both the accused persons i.e. A-1 and A-2 had a common intention to assault and kill the deceased person with A-2 as a participant in the crime with the intention of lending weight to the commission of an offence 8 pursuant to a pre-concerted plan. In our opinion, the High Court was not justified in coming to the conclusion that merely because A-2 was sitting on the chest of the deceased person, the said accused person is entitled for the benefit of doubt and thereby an acquittal. In our opinion, the reasoning and c conclusion reached by the High Court is against the well settled legal principles.

14. In the result, while allowing the appeal of the appellant-State of Rajasthan (Criminal Appeal No.592 of 2008), we dismiss the appeal filed by Shri Ram - A-1 (Criminal Appeal D No.593 of 2008) and confirm the judgment and order of conviction and sentence against the accused persons so passed by the Trial Court under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC and set aside the judgment and order passed by the High Court in acquitting accused A-2. We further direct E that the Accused A-2 Shobha Ram shall surrender forthwith to serve out the remaining period of sentence. The Trial Court is directed to send the compliance report to this Court within one month's time from the date of receipt of a copy of this judgment. Registry shall send back the lower court records with F a copy of this judgment to the Trial Court forthwith for information and necessary action. Ordered accordingly. G R.P. Appeals dispose~ of.