[2013] 5 S.C.R. 455 THAMMU PANDURANGA RAO & ANR. A v. STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH (Criminal Appeal No. 1132 of 2009) APRIL 26, 2013 8 [P. SATHASIVAM AND M.Y. EQBAL, JJ.] Penal Code, 1860 : ss.304 (Part If), 323 and 325 - Prosecution for causing c death and injuries - Conviction by trial court u/ss. 304, 323 and 325 - High Court modified the conviction u/s. 304 to 304 (Part If) and reduced the sentence - On appeal, held: High Court order passed after proper analysis of the evidence -Hence does not calf for interference - High Court order upheld. 0 s.97 - Right to private defence - Exercise of- Held: Right to private defence should be used only as a shield to avert an attack ~ It should not be vindicitve and cannot be used to retaliate - It ca'!not be exercised for causing more harm than necessary. E The appellants-accused Nos.1 and 2 alongwith other 3 accused, were prosecuted for causing death of one and causing injuries to two (i.e. PWs 1 and 2). Appellants-accused (A-1 and A-2) were convicted by the trial court. F A-1 was convicted u/s. 304 and 323 IPC and was sentenced to 10 years RI and six months RI respectively. A-2 was convicted u/s. 304 and 325 IPC and was sentenced to 10 years RI and fine of Rs.500/- with default clause. High Court partly allowed the appeal of the G appellants, converting their conviction u/s.304 IPC to conviction u/s. 304 (Part 2) IPC and reducing their sentence of 10 years RI to 3 years. I 455 H 456 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 5 S.C.R.

A In appeal to this Court, the appellants-accused inter alia contended that they had inflicted the injuries, in exercise of right to private defence. Dismissing the appeal, the Court B HELD: 1. It is the cardinal principle of law that everyone has a right to defend his own person and property but the right of private defence cannot be exercised for causing more harm than necessary or for taking revenge. Such right of private defence must be C used as a shield to avert an attack and it should not be vindictive and cannot be used to retaliate. In no case, the right of private defence extends to the inflicting of more harm than it is necessary to inflict, for the purpose of defence. [Para 1 O] [464-E-G] D

2. On analysis of the evidence on record, it is clear that appellant No.1 (A-1) beat PW-1 (son of the deceased) on his right wrist with a stout stick with the result his hand broke. A-5 also beat him on the right side of the E neck with a stout stick. Then the deceased interfered. He tried to rescue his son. Then A-1 gave a blow on his head with stout stick and caused a bleeding injury. To rescue the deceased, PW-2 (wife of deceased) interfered; then A-1 and A-4 beat her with sticks on her hands and back and caused injuries. Though the deceased was already F beaten on his head, when his wife was being beaten by A-1 and A-4, he again mustered his strength and tried to interfere, when A-2 poked with a stick on his abdomen and A-3 beat him with a stick on his back and gave two blows. In fact the deceased in his statement before the G Police under Ex.P-20 said that A-2 did not simply poke in his abdomen by the side of his naval with a stick but in fact he pounded at his abdomen with the stick. In fact this was the injury that led to the death of the deceased because the intestines were ruptured and bleeding took H place internally and serious damage was caused to the THAMMU PANDURANGA RAO & ANR. v. STATE OF 457 ANDHRA PRADESH vital organs inside and caused the death of the deceased. A [Para 11] [464-G-H; 465-A-D]

3. The High Court has fully gone into the evidence of the witnesses examined and injuries sustained by the deceased and PW-2, and came to the conclusion that the B cumulative effect of the injuries led to the death of the deceased and appellant No.1 being the person, who participated in the commission of the offence, was also. having common intention to attack the deceased. However, the High Court in the facts and circumstances of the case modified the order of the conviction and C sentence. In view of the facts and circumstances of the case and the evidence available on record, there is no reason to interfere with the impugned judgment of conviction and sentence passed by the High Court. [Paras 12 and 13] [465-0-G] D CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : CRIMINAL Appeal No. 1132 of 2009. From the Judgment and Order dated 09.10.2007 of the E High Court of Judicature, Andhra Pradesh at Hyderabad in Criminal Appeal No, 1187 of 2002. Venkateswara Rao Anumolu, Prabhakar Parnam for the Appellants. F Shishir Pinaki, D. Mahesh Babu, Suchitra Hrangkhawl, Amjid Maqbool, Amit K. Nain, M. Bala Shivudu for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by G M.Y. EQBAL, J. 1. The present appeal by special leave is directed against the judgment and order dated 9th October, 2007 passed by the High Court of Judicature of Andhra Pradesh partly allowing Criminal Appeal No. 1187 of 2002 filed by the appellants herein (accused Nos. 1 and 2) by inter alia H

458 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 5 S.C.R. A modifying the conviction of accused Nos. 1 and 2 for the offence under Section 304 IPC into conviction for the offence under Section 304(2) IPC and reducing the sentence of rigorous imprisonment of 10 years to three years in respect of both the accused and the sentence of rigorous imprisonment of four B years for the offence under Section 325 IPC in respect of accused No. 2 to one year.

2. The case of the prosecution which led to the conviction of accused Nos. 1 and 2 is that the deceased Boddu Maraiah C and accused No. 2 were having prior disputes between them. The son of said accused loved the daughter of the deceased. As the elders did not agree to the proposal, the deceased married his daughter to some other person. Even after her marriage, the son of accused used to go to her house and tried to create problems in her married life, because of which the D son of accused was beaten by the deceased and his family members which became the subject matter of a criminal case. Thus, it was alleged that there was inimical term between the two families. On 2.11.1_998 at about 5.30 p.m., while accused Nos. 1 to 5 (A-1 toA-5) (accused No. 4 is son of accused No. E 2; accused No. 2 is the nearest relative of accused No. 1; accused No. 3 is his son; and accused No. 5 is a close relative of accused Nos. 1 to 4) were returning to their village after finishing their fishing work and when they reached near the cattle shed of the deceased, they heard PW-2 (wife of F deceased) abusing her cattle sarcastically. All are stated to be residents of Ramannamodi. The accused suspected that PW-2 was abusing them. On PW-2 being questioned by A-2 as to why she was abusing them, the deceased interfered and attacked A-2. A-1 also interfered and the deceased beat him G whereupon A-1 beat the deceased on his head with a stick and induced A-2 to A-5 to beat the deceased. A-2 beat the deceased by poking against his abdomen with stick near his naval, A-3 beat him on his back with a stick, A-1 and A-4 beat PW-2 with sticks and caused injuries and A-1 and A-4 beat H PW-1 (son of deceased) on his left hand wrist and on his neck THAMMU PANDURANGA RAO & ANR. v. STATE OF 459

ANDHRA PRADESH [M.Y. EQBAL, J.] with sticks. After beating the deceased, PW-1 and PW-2, the A accused ran away from the place of occurrence. Later PW-1 went to police station and registered a complaint (Ex.P-13) and a case under Section 324/34 IPC was started. The deceased, PW-1 and PW-2 were sent to the Government Headquarters Hospital, Machilipatnam. After the deceased succumbed to B injuries on 4.11.1998 in the hospital, the police altered the FIR to Section 302 IPC and took up investigation, held inquest over the dead body, observed the scene of offence, conducted panchnama, got the post mortem examination done and after receipt of post mortem report laid the chargesheet under c Section 302/34 IPC against A-1 and A-2, under Section 325 against A-2, under Section 323 against A-1, A-4 and A-5 and under Section 114 against A-5. In support of its case, the prosecution examined PWs 1 to 14, marked Exhibits P-1 to P-23 and also MOs 1 to 26. No defence witness was examined 0but Exhibits D-1 to D~9 were marked on their side.

3. PW-9 Dr. K. Sanjeevarao who held inquest over the dead body and issued post mortem certificate opined that the deceased died of shock due to rupture of mesenteric vessel and damage to the intestines. The doctor stated that the injuries E mentioned in the certificate would have been caused with sticks like MOs1 to 5 and that the internal injuries 2 and 3 were sufficient to cause the death in the ordinary course of nature. The following external injuries were found on the dead body: F 1. A three sutured injury 1 Yz" in length on the right parietal region. 2. A blue black abrasion 3" x X" on the right shoulder. 3. A blue black abrasion 1" x X" over the left loin. G 4. A black abrasion 1" x Yz " on the back of right lumber region. 5. A blue black abrasion 1 Yz " x 1" on the back and left lower part of the chest. H 460 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 5 S.C.R.

A 4. On internal examination, the doctor found (1) about 2 % litre of blood present in the abdominal cavity and % litre of blood present in the pelvic cavity, hemoperitoneum present and all the intestines congested; (2) bluish contusion 6" x 1" on the middle third of small intestine; (3) the mesentance vessels ruptured and B the entire mesentery blood stained; (4) three bluish blood clots each 30 grams on the mecentary near the superior mesenteric artery; (5) all the internal organs like liver, both the lungs, spleen and both the kidneys congested; (6) the stomach empty and its mucosa congested; (7) the brain and its menings congested; c (8) hyoid bone intact; (9) urinary bladder and the gall bladder empty; and (10) the chambers of the heart empty. The doctor opined that the deceased appeared to have died of shock due to rupture of mesenteric vessels and contusion of the intestines and death would have been occurred within 24 hours prior to the post mortem examination and Ex.P-7 is the post mortem0 certificate he issued. The injuries mentioned in Ex.P-7 would have been caused with sticks like MOs.1 to 5 and that the internal injuries 2 and 3 are sufficient to cause the death in the ordinary course of nature.

E 5. As regards injuries to PW-1 and PW-2, PW-8 Dr. M. Polaiah who medically examined PW-1 and PW-2 stated in his deposition that he was of the opinion that injury No. 1 i.e. "Swelling deformity of lower third of left forearm. Tender" caused to PW-1 was grievous in nature and injury No. 2 i.e. F "Abrasion of 1" x % " over the anterior of triangle of left side of neck. Bleeding present" was simple in nature and those injuries could have been caused with sticks. As regards injuries i.e. "Swelling deformity of left hand and Contusion of 1" x 2" over right shoulder blade", the doctor opined that the said injuries G were simple in nature and could have been caused with sticks as alleged. 6. The trial court on consideration of testimony of the witnesses held that a case has been made out against A-1 and A-2 (appellants herein) finding them guilty for-the offences under H Sections 304/34, 324/34 and 325 IPC. Accordingly, they were THAMMU PANDURANGA RAO & ANR. v. STATE OF 461 ANDHRA PRADESH [M.Y. EQBAL, J.]

convicted for the offence under Section 304 IPC and sentenced A to undergo rigorous imprisonment for 10 years and in default to suffer simple imprisonment for three months. A-1 was further convicted for the offence under Section 323 IPC and sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for six months. A-2 was further convicted under Section 325 IPC and sentenced to B undergo rigorous imprisonment for four years and also to pay a fine of Rs.500/- and in default to suffer simple imprisonment for two months, A-4 and A-5 were sentenced to pay fine of Rs.1,000/- each, in default to suffer simple imprisonment for two months. All the sentences imposed on respective accused c were directed to run concurrently. A-3 had died on 5.12.1998 due to ill health while under judicial custody. In arriving at its conclusion as regards conviction and sentence of A-1 and A-2 {appellants herein), the trial court gave the following . reasoning: D

"21 ...... The oral evidence and medical evidence on record clinchingly proved that on account of injuries caused by A-1 and A-2 the deceased died, especially the injuries caused by A-2. But the common intention of A-1 and A-2 in beating the deceased is clear. Whether they intended E to kill him is doubtful, though PW-1 stated in his evidence that the accused uttering 'SACHADU NA KODUKU' went away because that material aspect was not mentioned by him in Ex.,_ P-1 or he stated the same before the Police. The deceased also did not mention in Ex.P-20 that the F accused left the scene of offence uttering so. Therefore, the -intention to cause death to the deceased on the part of A-1 and A-2 cannot be inferred from the circumstances but the subtle situation led each party to self provocation. Consequently A-1 and A-3 beat the deceased as well as G PWs-1 and 2. In fact on both sides there was no intention or preparation for the quarrel. It was a sudden and unexpected quarrel that arose on account of bitter enmity. Passions roused on seeing each other. Both sides plunged into a free fight. So it can be safely held that A-1 H 462 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 5 S.C.R.

A and A-2 in furtherance of common intention beat the deceased Maraiah which injuries caused his death in the ordinary course of nature. It cannot be held that they have committed the offence u/s 302 r/w section 34 IPC, but they · ' have committed an offence punishable u/s 304 r/w section B 34 1PC, in other words culpable homicide not amounting to m;.:rder. 22. . . . it has been established beyond doubt that on account of the injury caused by A-1, the left hand of PW-1 c was broken. Not only a reading of Ex.P-1 but also a reading of Ex.P-20 coupled with the oral and medical evidence on record this offence against A-1 u/s 325 IPC has been established. xxx xxx xxx D 24. It is the case of the prosecution that A-1 and A-4 beat PW-2 and caused her two simple injuries with sticks. PW-2 received injuries on her left hand and right shoulder blade. The evidence of PW-8 and the wound certificate Ex. P-6 corroborates the evidence of PW-1 and PW-2. In Ex.E P-1 and P-20 also these injuries caused to PW-2 were attributed to A-1 and A-4. Thus, it has been established by the prosecution that A-1 and A-4 beat PW-2 and caused injuries to her by beating with sticks punishable u/ s 323 IPC." F

7. Aggrieved by the judgment of the trial court, A-1 and A-2 (appellants herein) preferred an appeal before the High Court and contended that as their guilt was not proved beyond all reasonable doubt, their conviction and sentence ought to be set G aside. The High Court after going through the entire material on record held that the lower court gave sufficient reasons as to why the respective accused were convicted for the offences under various Sections of IPC; cumulative effect of the injuries led to the death of the deceased and A-1 being the person who H participated in the commission of the offence was also having THAMMU PANDURANGA RAO & ANR. v. STATE OF 463 ANDHRA PRADESH [M.Y EQBAL, J.]

common intention to attack the deceased; there was no ground A to interfere with the conviction of the accused for the offences under Sections 304, 325 and 323 IPC; and conviction under Section 304 could be brought under Section 304(2) IPC and accordingly modified the same. After taking into consideration the motive behind the incident, the nature of weapons used and B the circumstances, the High Court was of the view that the accused did not use sharp edged weapons to kill the deceased but they caused injuries with a knowledge that they are likely to cause the death. In the result, the appeal of A-1 and A-2 (appellants herein) was partly allowed by the High Court c as mentioned hereinbefore. Finally the High Court held:-"By taking into consideration the motive behind the incident, the nature of weapons used and the circumstances explained by the learned defence counsel, · I am of the view that the accused did not use sharp edged D weapons to kill the deceased, but they caused injuries with a knowledge that they are likely to cause the death. As the offence under Section 304 l.P.C. was brought under Section 304(2) 1.P.C., the sentence of imprisonment imposed on the accused is excessive. Therefore, I am E inclined to reduce the sentence imposed against the accused for the offence under Section 325 l.P.C. Therefore, the sentence imposed against Accused No.2 for the offence under Section 325 l.P.C. is reduced. F

In the result, the appeal is allowed in part. The conviction of Accused Nos. 1 and 2 for the offence under Section 304 1.P.C., is modified into conviction for the offence under Section 304(2) l.P.C. Regarding Rigorous Imprisonment, it is reduced to rigorous Imprisonment of G three years to each of the accused. The fine and default sentence remain un-altered. The conviction of Accused No.1 for the offence under Section 323 1.P.C., and the sentence of Rigorous Imprisonment for six months is confirmed. Conviction of Accused No.2 for the offence H J.mder Section 325 l.P.C., is confirmed, but the sentence 464 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 5 S.C.R. A of rigorous imprisonment of four years is reduced to Rigorouos Imprisonment of one year. The fine amount remains un-altered. All the sentences of imprisonment against each of the accused shall run concurrently." 8. Mr. Venkateswara Rao Anumolu, learned counsel8 appearing for the appellants assailed the impugned judgment of the High Court mainly on the ground that the conviction and sentence cannot be sustained as the injuries were inflicted by the appellants while exercising their right of private defence. Admittedly, the accused -appellants were on inimical terms with C the deceased and the witnesses. Learned counsel drew our attention to the injuries sustained by the parties and the report of the doctor and submitted that in the facts and circumstances of the case, the impugned judgment of conviction is liable to be set aside. D

9. Mr. Shishir Pinaki, learned counsel appearing for the respondent, on the other hand, submitted that the evidence of the prosecution witnesses including the injured witnesses and the injuries inflicted on the deceased completely ruled out the E application of right of private defence. 10. It is the cardinal principle of law that everyone has a right to defend his own person and property but the right of private defence cannot be exercised for causing more harm than necessary or for taking revenge. Such right of private F defence must be used as a shield to avert an attack and it should not be vindictive and cannot be used to retaliate. In no case the right of private of defence extends to the inflicting of more harm than it is necessary to inflict for the purpose of defence. G 11. From analyzing the evidence on record which has already been noticed by the trial court, it is clear that appellant · No.1(A-1) beat PW-1 on his right wrist with a stout stick with the result his hand broken. A-5 also beat him on the right side H of the neck with a stout stick. Then the deceased interfered. THAMMU PANDURANGA RAO & ANR. v. STATE OF 465 ANDHRA PRADESH [M.Y. EQBAL, J.]

He tried to rescue his son. Then A-1 gave a blow on his head A with stout stick and caused a bleeding injury. To rescue the deceased, RW-2 interfered; then A-1 and A-4 beat her with sticks on her hands and back and caused injuries. Though the deceased was already beaten on his head when his wife was being beaten by A-1 and A-4, he again mustered his strength B and tried to interfere when A-2 poked with a stick on his abdomen and A-3 beat him with a stick on his back and gave two blows. In fact the deceased in his statement before the Police under Ex.P-20 said that A-2 did not simply poke in his abdomen by the side of his naval with a stick but in fact he c pounded at his abdomen with the stick. In other words, iri vernacular 'KULLA BODICHI NADU' in fact this is the injury that led to the death of the deceased because the intestines were ruptured and bleeding took place internally and serious damage was caused to the vital organs inside and caused the 0 death of the deceased. 12. The High Court has fully gone into the evidence of the witnesses examined and injuries sustained by the deceased and PW-2 and came to the conclusion that the cumulative effect of the injuries led to the death of the deceased and appellant E No.1 being the person, who participated in the commission of the offence, was also having common intention to attack the deceased. However, the High Court in the facts and circumstances of the case modified the order of the conviction and sentence. F

13. Considering the entire facts and circumstances of the case and the evidence available on record, we do not find any reason to interfere with the impugned judgment of conviction and sentence passed by the High Court. 14. For the reasons aforesaid, there is no merit in this G appeal, which is accordingly dismissed. The bail bonds of the · accused-appellants stand cancelled. They shall surrender forthwith to serve out the remaining period of the sentence. K.K.T. Appeal dismissed. H

[2013] 5 S.C.R. 455 THAMMU PANDURANGA RAO & ANR. A v. STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH (Criminal Appeal No. 1132 of 2009) APRIL 26, 2013 8 [P. SATHASIVAM AND M.Y. EQBAL, JJ.] Penal Code, 1860 : ss.304 (Part If), 323 and 325 - Prosecution for causing c death and injuries - Conviction by trial court u/ss. 304, 323 and 325 - High Court modified the conviction u/s. 304 to 304 (Part If) and reduced the sentence - On appeal, held: High Court order passed after proper analysis of the evidence -Hence does not calf for interference - High Court order upheld. 0 s.97 - Right to private defence - Exercise of- Held: Right to private defence should be used only as a shield to avert an attack ~ It should not be vindicitve and cannot be used to retaliate - It ca'!not be exercised for causing more harm than necessary. E The appellants-accused Nos.1 and 2 alongwith other 3 accused, were prosecuted for causing death of one and causing injuries to two (i.e. PWs 1 and 2). Appellants-accused (A-1 and A-2) were convicted by the trial court. F A-1 was convicted u/s. 304 and 323 IPC and was sentenced to 10 years RI and six months RI respectively. A-2 was convicted u/s. 304 and 325 IPC and was sentenced to 10 years RI and fine of Rs.500/- with default clause. High Court partly allowed the appeal of the G appellants, converting their conviction u/s.304 IPC to conviction u/s. 304 (Part 2) IPC and reducing their sentence of 10 years RI to 3 years. I 455 H 456 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 5 S.C.R.

A In appeal to this Court, the appellants-accused inter alia contended that they had inflicted the injuries, in exercise of right to private defence. Dismissing the appeal, the Court B HELD: 1. It is the cardinal principle of law that everyone has a right to defend his own person and property but the right of private defence cannot be exercised for causing more harm than necessary or for taking revenge. Such right of private defence must be C used as a shield to avert an attack and it should not be vindictive and cannot be used to retaliate. In no case, the right of private defence extends to the inflicting of more harm than it is necessary to inflict, for the purpose of defence. [Para 1 O] [464-E-G] D

2. On analysis of the evidence on record, it is clear that appellant No.1 (A-1) beat PW-1 (son of the deceased) on his right wrist with a stout stick with the result his hand broke. A-5 also beat him on the right side of the E neck with a stout stick. Then the deceased interfered. He tried to rescue his son. Then A-1 gave a blow on his head with stout stick and caused a bleeding injury. To rescue the deceased, PW-2 (wife of deceased) interfered; then A-1 and A-4 beat her with sticks on her hands and back and caused injuries. Though the deceased was already F beaten on his head, when his wife was being beaten by A-1 and A-4, he again mustered his strength and tried to interfere, when A-2 poked with a stick on his abdomen and A-3 beat him with a stick on his back and gave two blows. In fact the deceased in his statement before the G Police under Ex.P-20 said that A-2 did not simply poke in his abdomen by the side of his naval with a stick but in fact he pounded at his abdomen with the stick. In fact this was the injury that led to the death of the deceased because the intestines were ruptured and bleeding took H place internally and serious damage was caused to the THAMMU PANDURANGA RAO & ANR. v. STATE OF 457 ANDHRA PRADESH vital organs inside and caused the death of the deceased. A [Para 11] [464-G-H; 465-A-D]

3. The High Court has fully gone into the evidence of the witnesses examined and injuries sustained by the deceased and PW-2, and came to the conclusion that the B cumulative effect of the injuries led to the death of the deceased and appellant No.1 being the person, who participated in the commission of the offence, was also. having common intention to attack the deceased. However, the High Court in the facts and circumstances of the case modified the order of the conviction and C sentence. In view of the facts and circumstances of the case and the evidence available on record, there is no reason to interfere with the impugned judgment of conviction and sentence passed by the High Court. [Paras 12 and 13] [465-0-G] D CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : CRIMINAL Appeal No. 1132 of 2009. From the Judgment and Order dated 09.10.2007 of the E High Court of Judicature, Andhra Pradesh at Hyderabad in Criminal Appeal No, 1187 of 2002. Venkateswara Rao Anumolu, Prabhakar Parnam for the Appellants. F Shishir Pinaki, D. Mahesh Babu, Suchitra Hrangkhawl, Amjid Maqbool, Amit K. Nain, M. Bala Shivudu for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by G M.Y. EQBAL, J. 1. The present appeal by special leave is directed against the judgment and order dated 9th October, 2007 passed by the High Court of Judicature of Andhra Pradesh partly allowing Criminal Appeal No. 1187 of 2002 filed by the appellants herein (accused Nos. 1 and 2) by inter alia H

458 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 5 S.C.R. A modifying the conviction of accused Nos. 1 and 2 for the offence under Section 304 IPC into conviction for the offence under Section 304(2) IPC and reducing the sentence of rigorous imprisonment of 10 years to three years in respect of both the accused and the sentence of rigorous imprisonment of four B years for the offence under Section 325 IPC in respect of accused No. 2 to one year.

2. The case of the prosecution which led to the conviction of accused Nos. 1 and 2 is that the deceased Boddu Maraiah C and accused No. 2 were having prior disputes between them. The son of said accused loved the daughter of the deceased. As the elders did not agree to the proposal, the deceased married his daughter to some other person. Even after her marriage, the son of accused used to go to her house and tried to create problems in her married life, because of which the D son of accused was beaten by the deceased and his family members which became the subject matter of a criminal case. Thus, it was alleged that there was inimical term between the two families. On 2.11.1_998 at about 5.30 p.m., while accused Nos. 1 to 5 (A-1 toA-5) (accused No. 4 is son of accused No. E 2; accused No. 2 is the nearest relative of accused No. 1; accused No. 3 is his son; and accused No. 5 is a close relative of accused Nos. 1 to 4) were returning to their village after finishing their fishing work and when they reached near the cattle shed of the deceased, they heard PW-2 (wife of F deceased) abusing her cattle sarcastically. All are stated to be residents of Ramannamodi. The accused suspected that PW-2 was abusing them. On PW-2 being questioned by A-2 as to why she was abusing them, the deceased interfered and attacked A-2. A-1 also interfered and the deceased beat him G whereupon A-1 beat the deceased on his head with a stick and induced A-2 to A-5 to beat the deceased. A-2 beat the deceased by poking against his abdomen with stick near his naval, A-3 beat him on his back with a stick, A-1 and A-4 beat PW-2 with sticks and caused injuries and A-1 and A-4 beat H PW-1 (son of deceased) on his left hand wrist and on his neck THAMMU PANDURANGA RAO & ANR. v. STATE OF 459

ANDHRA PRADESH [M.Y. EQBAL, J.] with sticks. After beating the deceased, PW-1 and PW-2, the A accused ran away from the place of occurrence. Later PW-1 went to police station and registered a complaint (Ex.P-13) and a case under Section 324/34 IPC was started. The deceased, PW-1 and PW-2 were sent to the Government Headquarters Hospital, Machilipatnam. After the deceased succumbed to B injuries on 4.11.1998 in the hospital, the police altered the FIR to Section 302 IPC and took up investigation, held inquest over the dead body, observed the scene of offence, conducted panchnama, got the post mortem examination done and after receipt of post mortem report laid the chargesheet under c Section 302/34 IPC against A-1 and A-2, under Section 325 against A-2, under Section 323 against A-1, A-4 and A-5 and under Section 114 against A-5. In support of its case, the prosecution examined PWs 1 to 14, marked Exhibits P-1 to P-23 and also MOs 1 to 26. No defence witness was examined 0but Exhibits D-1 to D~9 were marked on their side.

3. PW-9 Dr. K. Sanjeevarao who held inquest over the dead body and issued post mortem certificate opined that the deceased died of shock due to rupture of mesenteric vessel and damage to the intestines. The doctor stated that the injuries E mentioned in the certificate would have been caused with sticks like MOs1 to 5 and that the internal injuries 2 and 3 were sufficient to cause the death in the ordinary course of nature. The following external injuries were found on the dead body: F 1. A three sutured injury 1 Yz" in length on the right parietal region. 2. A blue black abrasion 3" x X" on the right shoulder. 3. A blue black abrasion 1" x X" over the left loin. G 4. A black abrasion 1" x Yz " on the back of right lumber region. 5. A blue black abrasion 1 Yz " x 1" on the back and left lower part of the chest. H 460 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 5 S.C.R.

A 4. On internal examination, the doctor found (1) about 2 % litre of blood present in the abdominal cavity and % litre of blood present in the pelvic cavity, hemoperitoneum present and all the intestines congested; (2) bluish contusion 6" x 1" on the middle third of small intestine; (3) the mesentance vessels ruptured and B the entire mesentery blood stained; (4) three bluish blood clots each 30 grams on the mecentary near the superior mesenteric artery; (5) all the internal organs like liver, both the lungs, spleen and both the kidneys congested; (6) the stomach empty and its mucosa congested; (7) the brain and its menings congested; c (8) hyoid bone intact; (9) urinary bladder and the gall bladder empty; and (10) the chambers of the heart empty. The doctor opined that the deceased appeared to have died of shock due to rupture of mesenteric vessels and contusion of the intestines and death would have been occurred within 24 hours prior to the post mortem examination and Ex.P-7 is the post mortem0 certificate he issued. The injuries mentioned in Ex.P-7 would have been caused with sticks like MOs.1 to 5 and that the internal injuries 2 and 3 are sufficient to cause the death in the ordinary course of nature.

E 5. As regards injuries to PW-1 and PW-2, PW-8 Dr. M. Polaiah who medically examined PW-1 and PW-2 stated in his deposition that he was of the opinion that injury No. 1 i.e. "Swelling deformity of lower third of left forearm. Tender" caused to PW-1 was grievous in nature and injury No. 2 i.e. F "Abrasion of 1" x % " over the anterior of triangle of left side of neck. Bleeding present" was simple in nature and those injuries could have been caused with sticks. As regards injuries i.e. "Swelling deformity of left hand and Contusion of 1" x 2" over right shoulder blade", the doctor opined that the said injuries G were simple in nature and could have been caused with sticks as alleged. 6. The trial court on consideration of testimony of the witnesses held that a case has been made out against A-1 and A-2 (appellants herein) finding them guilty for-the offences under H Sections 304/34, 324/34 and 325 IPC. Accordingly, they were THAMMU PANDURANGA RAO & ANR. v. STATE OF 461 ANDHRA PRADESH [M.Y. EQBAL, J.]

convicted for the offence under Section 304 IPC and sentenced A to undergo rigorous imprisonment for 10 years and in default to suffer simple imprisonment for three months. A-1 was further convicted for the offence under Section 323 IPC and sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for six months. A-2 was further convicted under Section 325 IPC and sentenced to B undergo rigorous imprisonment for four years and also to pay a fine of Rs.500/- and in default to suffer simple imprisonment for two months, A-4 and A-5 were sentenced to pay fine of Rs.1,000/- each, in default to suffer simple imprisonment for two months. All the sentences imposed on respective accused c were directed to run concurrently. A-3 had died on 5.12.1998 due to ill health while under judicial custody. In arriving at its conclusion as regards conviction and sentence of A-1 and A-2 {appellants herein), the trial court gave the following . reasoning: D

"21 ...... The oral evidence and medical evidence on record clinchingly proved that on account of injuries caused by A-1 and A-2 the deceased died, especially the injuries caused by A-2. But the common intention of A-1 and A-2 in beating the deceased is clear. Whether they intended E to kill him is doubtful, though PW-1 stated in his evidence that the accused uttering 'SACHADU NA KODUKU' went away because that material aspect was not mentioned by him in Ex.,_ P-1 or he stated the same before the Police. The deceased also did not mention in Ex.P-20 that the F accused left the scene of offence uttering so. Therefore, the -intention to cause death to the deceased on the part of A-1 and A-2 cannot be inferred from the circumstances but the subtle situation led each party to self provocation. Consequently A-1 and A-3 beat the deceased as well as G PWs-1 and 2. In fact on both sides there was no intention or preparation for the quarrel. It was a sudden and unexpected quarrel that arose on account of bitter enmity. Passions roused on seeing each other. Both sides plunged into a free fight. So it can be safely held that A-1 H 462 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 5 S.C.R.

A and A-2 in furtherance of common intention beat the deceased Maraiah which injuries caused his death in the ordinary course of nature. It cannot be held that they have committed the offence u/s 302 r/w section 34 IPC, but they · ' have committed an offence punishable u/s 304 r/w section B 34 1PC, in other words culpable homicide not amounting to m;.:rder. 22. . . . it has been established beyond doubt that on account of the injury caused by A-1, the left hand of PW-1 c was broken. Not only a reading of Ex.P-1 but also a reading of Ex.P-20 coupled with the oral and medical evidence on record this offence against A-1 u/s 325 IPC has been established. xxx xxx xxx D 24. It is the case of the prosecution that A-1 and A-4 beat PW-2 and caused her two simple injuries with sticks. PW-2 received injuries on her left hand and right shoulder blade. The evidence of PW-8 and the wound certificate Ex. P-6 corroborates the evidence of PW-1 and PW-2. In Ex.E P-1 and P-20 also these injuries caused to PW-2 were attributed to A-1 and A-4. Thus, it has been established by the prosecution that A-1 and A-4 beat PW-2 and caused injuries to her by beating with sticks punishable u/ s 323 IPC." F

7. Aggrieved by the judgment of the trial court, A-1 and A-2 (appellants herein) preferred an appeal before the High Court and contended that as their guilt was not proved beyond all reasonable doubt, their conviction and sentence ought to be set G aside. The High Court after going through the entire material on record held that the lower court gave sufficient reasons as to why the respective accused were convicted for the offences under various Sections of IPC; cumulative effect of the injuries led to the death of the deceased and A-1 being the person who H participated in the commission of the offence was also having THAMMU PANDURANGA RAO & ANR. v. STATE OF 463 ANDHRA PRADESH [M.Y EQBAL, J.]

common intention to attack the deceased; there was no ground A to interfere with the conviction of the accused for the offences under Sections 304, 325 and 323 IPC; and conviction under Section 304 could be brought under Section 304(2) IPC and accordingly modified the same. After taking into consideration the motive behind the incident, the nature of weapons used and B the circumstances, the High Court was of the view that the accused did not use sharp edged weapons to kill the deceased but they caused injuries with a knowledge that they are likely to cause the death. In the result, the appeal of A-1 and A-2 (appellants herein) was partly allowed by the High Court c as mentioned hereinbefore. Finally the High Court held:-"By taking into consideration the motive behind the incident, the nature of weapons used and the circumstances explained by the learned defence counsel, · I am of the view that the accused did not use sharp edged D weapons to kill the deceased, but they caused injuries with a knowledge that they are likely to cause the death. As the offence under Section 304 l.P.C. was brought under Section 304(2) 1.P.C., the sentence of imprisonment imposed on the accused is excessive. Therefore, I am E inclined to reduce the sentence imposed against the accused for the offence under Section 325 l.P.C. Therefore, the sentence imposed against Accused No.2 for the offence under Section 325 l.P.C. is reduced. F

In the result, the appeal is allowed in part. The conviction of Accused Nos. 1 and 2 for the offence under Section 304 1.P.C., is modified into conviction for the offence under Section 304(2) l.P.C. Regarding Rigorous Imprisonment, it is reduced to rigorous Imprisonment of G three years to each of the accused. The fine and default sentence remain un-altered. The conviction of Accused No.1 for the offence under Section 323 1.P.C., and the sentence of Rigorous Imprisonment for six months is confirmed. Conviction of Accused No.2 for the offence H J.mder Section 325 l.P.C., is confirmed, but the sentence 464 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 5 S.C.R. A of rigorous imprisonment of four years is reduced to Rigorouos Imprisonment of one year. The fine amount remains un-altered. All the sentences of imprisonment against each of the accused shall run concurrently." 8. Mr. Venkateswara Rao Anumolu, learned counsel8 appearing for the appellants assailed the impugned judgment of the High Court mainly on the ground that the conviction and sentence cannot be sustained as the injuries were inflicted by the appellants while exercising their right of private defence. Admittedly, the accused -appellants were on inimical terms with C the deceased and the witnesses. Learned counsel drew our attention to the injuries sustained by the parties and the report of the doctor and submitted that in the facts and circumstances of the case, the impugned judgment of conviction is liable to be set aside. D

9. Mr. Shishir Pinaki, learned counsel appearing for the respondent, on the other hand, submitted that the evidence of the prosecution witnesses including the injured witnesses and the injuries inflicted on the deceased completely ruled out the E application of right of private defence. 10. It is the cardinal principle of law that everyone has a right to defend his own person and property but the right of private defence cannot be exercised for causing more harm than necessary or for taking revenge. Such right of private F defence must be used as a shield to avert an attack and it should not be vindictive and cannot be used to retaliate. In no case the right of private of defence extends to the inflicting of more harm than it is necessary to inflict for the purpose of defence. G 11. From analyzing the evidence on record which has already been noticed by the trial court, it is clear that appellant · No.1(A-1) beat PW-1 on his right wrist with a stout stick with the result his hand broken. A-5 also beat him on the right side H of the neck with a stout stick. Then the deceased interfered. THAMMU PANDURANGA RAO & ANR. v. STATE OF 465 ANDHRA PRADESH [M.Y. EQBAL, J.]

He tried to rescue his son. Then A-1 gave a blow on his head A with stout stick and caused a bleeding injury. To rescue the deceased, RW-2 interfered; then A-1 and A-4 beat her with sticks on her hands and back and caused injuries. Though the deceased was already beaten on his head when his wife was being beaten by A-1 and A-4, he again mustered his strength B and tried to interfere when A-2 poked with a stick on his abdomen and A-3 beat him with a stick on his back and gave two blows. In fact the deceased in his statement before the Police under Ex.P-20 said that A-2 did not simply poke in his abdomen by the side of his naval with a stick but in fact he c pounded at his abdomen with the stick. In other words, iri vernacular 'KULLA BODICHI NADU' in fact this is the injury that led to the death of the deceased because the intestines were ruptured and bleeding took place internally and serious damage was caused to the vital organs inside and caused the 0 death of the deceased. 12. The High Court has fully gone into the evidence of the witnesses examined and injuries sustained by the deceased and PW-2 and came to the conclusion that the cumulative effect of the injuries led to the death of the deceased and appellant E No.1 being the person, who participated in the commission of the offence, was also having common intention to attack the deceased. However, the High Court in the facts and circumstances of the case modified the order of the conviction and sentence. F

13. Considering the entire facts and circumstances of the case and the evidence available on record, we do not find any reason to interfere with the impugned judgment of conviction and sentence passed by the High Court. 14. For the reasons aforesaid, there is no merit in this G appeal, which is accordingly dismissed. The bail bonds of the · accused-appellants stand cancelled. They shall surrender forthwith to serve out the remaining period of the sentence. K.K.T. Appeal dismissed. H