[2012] 12 S.C.R. 544 A SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF GUJARAT AND ORS. (Criminal Appeal No. 1805 of 2012) NOVEMBER 9, 2012 B [P. SATHASIVAM AND RANJAN GOGOi, JJ.] Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973- s.482 - Two minors residing in a Ashram went missing - Couple of days later, their c dead bodies found from the bed of the river located by the side of the Ashram - FIR lodged against seven inmates of the Ashram u/s.304 /PC and other offences - Quashed by High Court insofar as s.304 /PC was concerned- Justification - Held: There was absence of any acceptable material . disclosing commission of offence u/s.304 /PC - Principal 0 a/legations made in the FIR- of not carrying out a prompt search of the missing children; of delay in lodging of formal complaint with the police and failure to take adequate measures to guard the access from the ashram to the river, E cannot make out a case punishable uls.304 /PC - Further, the post mortem report pointed to the possibility of death due to drowning - High Court, thus, did not err in exercising its jurisdiction to interdict investigation of the offence u/s. 304 /PC against the accused named in the FIR - Such power, though F must be exercised sparingly, has to be invoked if the facts of any given case so demand - This is precisely what the High Court did in the present case without departing from any of the well settled principles of Jaw - Penal Code, 1860 - s. 304. '

Two children studying and also residing in a Gurukul G located in a Ashram went missing. A couple of days later, their dead bodies were found from the bed of the river located by the side of the Ashram. FIR was formally lodged in respect of the incident alleging commission of offences under Section 304/34 of IPC and Section 23 of H 544 SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF 545 GUJARAT AND ORS. the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act, 2000. A Seven inmates of the Ashram were named as accused. The specific stand taken in the FIR was that had a prompt search been carried out, possibly, the children could have been found alive or, at least, the dead bodies could have been recovered earlier so as to enable an effective post- B mortem of the bodies to determine the precise cause of death. It was also alleged that the Ashram authorities had advised the parents of the child_ren to resort to various tantric practices to find out about the whereabouts of the children instead of promptly approaching the police. The c failure of the said authorities to effectively man the gates behind the ashram adjoining the river bed was also highlighted in the FIR as another omission on the part of the ashram authorities so as to give rise to the commission of the offence of culpable homicide. D The High Court, however, quashed the FIR insofar as Section 304 IPC was concerned, and therefore the present appeals.

Dismissing the appeals, the Court E HELD: 1. Commission of the offence of culpable homicide would require some positive act on the part of the accused ;:is distinguished from silence, inaction or a mere lapse. Allegations of not carrying out a prompt Fsearch of the missing children; of delay in the lodging of formal complaint with the police and failure to take adequate measures to guard the access from the ashram to the river, which are the principal allegations made in the FIR, cannot make out a case of culpable homicide not amounting to murder punishable under Section 304 IPC. G To attract the ingredients of the said offence something more positive than a mere omission, lapse or negligence on the part of the named accused will have to be present. Such statements are conspicuously absent in the FIR H 546 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 12 S.C.R.

A filed in the present case. A reading of the relevant part of the opinion of the Forensic Medicine Department of the Medical College would go to show that possibility of death qf the children by drowning cannot be ruled out. Expert opinion available on record indicatef' that mere B absence of diatom will not exclude the aforesaid possibility. The relevant part of the post mortem report, as extracted, indicates presence of mud in the trachea of the children which fact also point to the possibility of death by drowning. The absence of any injuries on the c body of the deceased; the attack on the bodies by wild animals and the possibility of the taking away of the missing organs of one of the deceased by wild animals are all mentioned in the post-mortem report. The said facts cannot be excluded or ignored while construing the prima facie liability of the accused named in the FIR. The0 absence of any positive material to show the practice of black magic in connection with the incident is another sjgnificant fact that has to be taken note of. Taking into aecount all the aforesaid facts it cannot be said that the High Court, in the present case, had committed any error E in exercising its jurisdiction to interdict the investigation of the offence under section 304 IPC against the accused named in the FIR. Such power, though must be exercised sparingly, has to be invoked if the facts of any given case so demand. This is precisely what the High Court had F done in the present case without departing from any of the well settled principles of law. Nevertheless, the powers of the Trial Court under Section 216 or Section 323 CrPC will always be available for exercise if subsequent facts would justify resort to either of the G provisions. [Paras 19, 20] [562-E-H; 563-A-G] Asmathunnisa v. State of Andhra Pradesh rep. by the Public Prosecutor, High Court of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad (2011) 11 SCC 259: 2011 (3) SCR 1116; Central Bureau of H

SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF 547 GUJARAT AND ORS. Investigation & Ors. v. Keshub Mahindra & Ors. (2011) 6 SCC A 216: 2011 (6) SCR 384; and Narmada Bai v. State of Gujarat & Ors. (2011) 5 sec 79: 2011 (5) SCR 729 - relied on. Case Law Reference: 2011 (3) SCR 1116 relied on Para 19 B 2011 (6) SCR 384 relied on Para 20 2011 (5) SCR 729 relied on Para 20 CRIMINAL APPELATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal c No. 1805 of 2002. From the Judgment & Order dated 10.01.2011 of the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad in Special Criminal Application No. 770 of 2009. D WITH Crl. Appeal Nos. 1806-1807 of 2012. H.P. Raval, ASG, Colin Gonsalves, Shekhar Naphade, Sevtlana C., lyyer, Jyoti Mendiratta, Hemantika Wahi, Pinky E Behra, Devadatt Kamat, Rajesh lnamdar, Vipin Sandhu, Rauf Rahim, Vikas Malhotra, Sunil Roy, Anando Mukherjee, P.K. Dey, Shriniwas Khalap, Palash Konwar, B.V. Bairam Das, Arvind Kumar Sharma, Sanjay Jain for the Appearing Parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by F RANJAN GOGOi, J. 1. Leave granted.

2. The present appeals seek to challenge a judgment dated 10.01.2011 passed by the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad allowing Criminal Miscellaneous Application No. G 13519 of 2009 filed by the accused (respondents herein) seeking quashing of the criminal case registered against them under Section 304 of the Indian Penal Code. By its aforesaid order the High Court has also dismissed Special Criminal Application No. 770 of 2009 filed by the appellants, Shantibhai H 548 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012) 12 S.C.R. A J. Vaghela and Prafulbhai J. Vaghela, seeking investigation of the aforesaid case against the accused by the Central Bureau of Investigation. The High Court has, however, directed that the proceedings against the accused -respondents so far as the offence under Section 304A of the IPC and Section 23 of the B Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act, 2000 may continue. 3. The core facts in which the aggrieved parties had moved the High Court may now be noticed: The appellants - Shantibhai J. Vaghela and Prafulbhai J. c Vaghela, who are related to each other, are the fathers of one Dipesh (born 1998) and Abhishek (born 1999). The aforesaid two children were admitted in Class VI and V respectively in a Gurukul located in an Ashram of Sant Shree Asharamji situated at Motela. They were residing in the Gurukul of the Ashram. On

03.07 .2008 both the children had gone to the dining hall of the0 Gurukul at about 8.00 PM to have their dinner. At the time of taking the attendance of the students after dinner, the watchman, one Shri Naresh Dangar, could not find the children and therefore had informed the said fact to Gruhapati Shri E Pankajbhai Saksena. On receipt of the said information the aforesaid person, i.e. Pankajbhai Saksena contacted the appellant - Prafulhai J. Vaghela on telephone to convey the information that the children were not to be found in the Gurukul. Both the appellants - Shantibhai B. Vaghela and Prafulbhai J. Vaghela immediately came to the Gurukul and after meeting F Pankajbhai Saksena and some other persons working in the Gurukul, the appellants went in search of the missing children. However, they could not be recovered till about 12.30 AM. At the suggestion of Shri Pankajbhai Saksena that the children may have gone to sleep in some other place the search for the G children was abandoned and resumed at about 6.00 AM of the following morning, i.e., 04.07.2008. Though the search had continued throughout the day the children could not be located. The appellants insisted that the Ashram should inform the police about the disappearance of the two children. However, the H SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF 549 GUJARAT AND ORS. [RANJAN GOGOi, J.]

Ashram authorities avoided doing so on one pretext or the other A and eventually the appellants themselves informed the concerned police station at about midnight of 04/05.07.2008. On 05.07.2008 at about 6.30 PM the dead bodies of the children were found from the bed of the river Sabarmati which was located by the side of the Ashram. The dead bodies were B promptly sent for post-mortem examination and, thereafter, were handed over to the respective families for cremation.

4. It appears that there was a public out cry over the incident and the State Government by Notification dated 21.07.2008 appointed a Commission of Inquiry consisting of C a retired Judge of the High Co:..irt of Gujarat. It appears that an elaborate inquiry/investigation of the incident was carried out, initially, by the Sabarmati Police Station of Ahmedabad city and, thereafter, by the CID Crime Branch under the direct supervision of Deputy Inspector General of Police. In the course D of the inquiry, statements of the several inmates of the Ashram were recorded. Of particular significance would be the examination of one Hetalben Swarupbhai who had first noticed the dead bodies floating in the Sabarmati river at about 10.00 AM of 04.07.2008. In the course of the aforesaid inquiry/ E investigation summons under Section 160 of the Code of Criminal Procedure were issued to Journalists of different newspapers as well as the electronic media to gather information with regard to the incident in question. Similarly, a press note was also issued in the newspapers asking for F information in respect of the incident. However, there was no response to the summons issued or the press note published by the investigating agency. While the aforesaid inquiry/ investigation was continuing, the appellants - Shantibhai J. Vagehla and Prafulbhai J. Vaghela instituted Special Criminal G Application No.770 of 2009 in the High Court. In the said application details of the incident, as noticed above, were mentioned by the appellants who had sought an order directing the Superintendent of Police, CBI, Gandhinagar (impleaded as respondent No.2) to register the criminal offence(s) as may be H disclosed by the statements made in the application filed

550 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2012] 12 S.C.R. A before the High Court and for further directions to carry out a proper investigation in respect of the incident of the mysterious death of the two children. 5. During the pendency of the aforesaid Special Criminal Application No.770 of 2009, FIR dated 07.11.2009 was 8 fonmally lodged by one Shri H.B. Rajput, Inspector, CID Crime, Gandhinagar in the Gandhinagar Police Station in respect of the incident alleging commission of offences under Section 304/34 of the Indian Penal Code and Section 23 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act. Seven inmates of the C Ashram were named as the accused who were suspected to be involved with the offences alleged.

6. The FIR lodged against the seven inmates of the Ashram, in so far as the offence under Section 304 IPC is D concerned, came to be challenged before the High Court by the accused named therein. Criminal Miscellaneous Application No. 13519 of 2009 filed by the aforesaid accused was heard along with Special Criminal Application No. 770 of 2009 filed by appellants - Shantibhai J. Vaghela and Prafulbhai J. E Vaghela. Both the applications were disposed of by the High Court by the impugned order dated 10.01.2011. As already noticed, the High Court, on the basis of the conclusion that no offence against the accused under Section 304 IPC was made out, has quashed the FIR in so far as the aforesaid provision of the Penal Code is concerned. However, investigation and F further steps with regard to the offence under Section 304 A and Section 23 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act is concerned was permitted to continue. The High Court by the aforementioned order also disposed of Special Criminal Application No. 770 of 2009 filed by the two appellants as G having become infructuous. Aggrieved by the said aforesaid order dated 10.01.2011 the State of Gujarat and the parents of the deceased children - Shantibhai J. Vaghela and Prafulbhai J. Vaghela have instituted the present appeals. It may be specifically noticed, at this stage, that while the appeals had H remained pending before the Court, charge sheet dated SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF 551 GUJARAT AND ORS. [RANJAN GOGOi, J.]

31.08.2012 under section 304-A/34 and section 114 IPC as A well as Section 23 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act has been submitted against the 7 accused named in the FIR dated 7.11.2009. 7. We have heard Shri Colin Gonsalves, Learned senior counsel for the appellants Shantibhai J. Vaghela and Prafulbhai B J. Vaghela, Mrs. H. Wahi, learned counsel for the State, Shri Shekhar Naphade, learned senior counsel for the respondents and Shri H.P. Raval, ASG.

8. Shri Gonsalves has very elaborately taken us through C the materials on record particularly the Fl R dated 07 .11.2009, the post-mortem reports and the several correspondences exchanged between the officers of the investigating agency and the Department of Forensic Medicine, BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad as well as the Deputy Director of the State ·DForensic Laboratory with regard to certain findings recorded in the post-mortem report. It has been submitted that a consideration of the aforesaid materials clearly indicate that the High Court was not justified in interdicting the investigation of the case registered in so far as the offence under Section 304 IPC is concerned. According to the learned counsel, there is E ample room for due investigation of the said offence and, therefore, the same should be allowed to be brought to its logical conclusion. It is further submitted that notwithstanding the filing of the charge sheet dated 31.08.2012 there is ample power in the court to order investigation in so far as the offence F under Section 304 IPC is concerned. It is also contended that having regard to the pre-eminent social status of the Bapuji Ashram and the evident role of the Ashram authorities in scuttling the fair investigation of a palpable crime, further investigation by the independent agency like the CBI should be G ordered by this court.

9. Learned counsel for the State of Gujarat has submitted that the State is aggrieved by only that part of the order by which investigation of the offence under Section 304 !PC has been H 552 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 12 S.C.R. A interfered with by the High Court. Learned State counsel has categorically submitted that further/fresh investigation in so far as the offence under Section 304 IPC is concerned can be effectively performed by the State Police and in fact the State is agreeable to constitute a Special Investigation Team for the B said purpose if so ordered by the court.

10. In reply, Shri Naphade, learned senior counsel for the accused, has urged that registration of a FIR alleging a specific criminal offence against any person and investigation of the same can be made only on the basis of some acceptable C material disclosing the commission of the offence alleged. No such basis is discernible in the present case. According to learned counsel a reading of FIR does not reveal any material. to establish any of the ingredients of the offence under Section 304 IPC against any of the accused. What has been alleged D in the FIR, according to learned counsel, is negligence or lapses on the part of the Ashram authorities in not conducting a timely, proper and effective search of the missing children; in not informing the police about the incident and in not blocking the passage from the Ashram to the Sabarmati river. The High · E Court, according to learned counsel, therefore, rightly ordered investigation of the offence under Section 304 A IPC and charge sheet has been filed against all the accused under the aforesaid Section of the Penal Code. Shri Naphade has further urged that no material, whatsoever, has been brought on record F to implicate any of the accused with the offence under Section 304 IPC. Shri Naphade has also submitted that the post-mortem report does not rule out and, in fact, the same strongly suggests that death of children had occurred due to drowning and the injuries on the bodies and the disappearance of some of the vital organs of deceased - Dipesh is due to the attack on the G dead body by wild animals. Learned counsel, therefore, has contended that no case for further investigation, much less by an independent agency, is made out.

11. It may be appropriate at this stage to notice the opinion H rendered by the Department of Forensic Medicine, BJ Medical SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF 553 GUJARAT AND ORS. [RANJAN GOGOi, J.] College, Ahmedabad with regard to the cause of death of A Dipesh and Abhishek which may be conveniently extracted below:. "Deceased Dipesh Prafulbhai Vaghela: -Body is in stage of decomposition and mutilation. B -No ante mortem injury is detected over available parts of body. -Toxicology report shows "No chemical poison detected. c -FSL report shows "Presence of diatoms could not detected. Considering above, FSL report and postmortem findings possibility of death due to drowning cannot be ruled out, D however, "no definite opinion regarding cause of death can be · given." Deceased Abhishek Shantilal Vaghela: "-Body is in stage of decomposition. E -No ante mortem injury is detected over available parts of body. -Toxicology report shows "No chemical poison detected". F -FSL report shows "Presence of diatoms could not detected. Considering above, FSL report and postmortem findings possibility of death due to drowning cannot be ruled out. However, "no definite opinion regarding cause of death can be G given." 12. To appreciate the contentions advanced by the rival parties, relevant portions of the post-mortem report of Dipesh Prafulbhai Vaghela may also be extracted hereunder: H 554 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 12 S.C.R. A " (2) External examination

B (12) Proof of dead body & it Body is in state of signs - (during examination decomposition hence PM of dead body its - hips, waist, lividity is not appreciated. dead body & thighs or some Foul smell is coming from growth, blackening of some body. The skin and soft c parts after death if any) if tissue are missing at lower swelling of any part then part of frontal neck front and examination of fluid in it & sides of chest and abdomen, condition of the skin. lower part of right leg, distal part of both the feet. Rest of the skin of face availableD part of front of neck, lower part of thighs and legs are discoloured brownish black while available part of back of scalp neck chest E abdomen gluteal region and upper part of front and back of thighs are less discolored. Marbeling is present on both the lower F limbs specially on anterior aspects. Skin is easily peeled off at places, scalp, hair easily peeled off maggots of size 0.2 to 0.5 G ems. crowling all over the body. External genetelia distended due to decomposition. Chest and H SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF 555 GUJARAT AND ORS. [RANJAN GOGOi, J.] abdominal cavity are A exposed, both sides of ribs and vertebra/ column are seen externally. Sternum, both clavicles and costal cartilages found missing. B Mass of tissue line attached with neck contain trachea, oesophagus part of both lungs heart covered with peri cardium and part of stomach. c Rest of abdominal organs

are missing. Both the upper limbs are missing with scapulae. Skin and soft tissue in lower part of right leg D missing under line bones exposed. Distal part of right foot including toes missing, metatarsals are exposed. Distal part of left foot E including toes missing metatarsals exposed the missing tissues of the body is attached with the changes of post mortem phenomena. F Margins of missing tissues are pale, irregular without vital reactions and nibbling due to animals appreciated. (13) Appearance of dead Facial features are bloated Gbody- normal or swollen, and distorted. Eyes open, condition of eyes, condition eye balls softened of tongue, face, type of decomposed and protruded. discharges from ears or Mouth is open tongue nostrils (if any). protruded outside oral cavity. H 556 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 12 S.C.R, A No discharge noted from ear, nose and mouth. Both the ears are eaten up in pinna region, margins irregular, pale and without vital B reaction. Nibbling due to animals (14) Condition of skin - blood found in both pinna right stain etc. If probability of lower limbs, both feet chest drowning then imprints of abdomen. Margins are pale. biting by aquatic animal irregular and without vitalC (cutis Anserina) if any, record reactions. be made regarding wrinkles on skin. D (3) Internal examination

c) Trechia & larynx identified (20) Chest:-food particles and mud found ( c) Larynx, trachea andE present and appreciated in thyroid bone trechea thyroid bone and larynx identified and intact. No injury appreciated in available parts including soft tissue of n F (21) ' ' ' . ' Missing Small intestine & its contents Large intestine & Its contents Missing G Liver its wt. & gall bladder Stomach & suprarenals Missing Spleen (with wt.) Missing Kidneys (with wt.) Missing Bladder Missing H SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF 557 GUJARAT AND ORS. [RANJAN GOGOi, J.] AGenitalia No injury found. Abhishek Shantilal Vaqhela: " B (2) External examination Body is in stage of(12) Proof of dead body & it decomposition hence PMsigns - (during examination lividity is not appreciated.of dead body its - hips, waist, c Foul smelling gas comingdead body & thighs or some from the body brown blackgrowth, blackening of some discoloration of skin found onparts after death if any) if face, chest, abdomen, bothswelling of any part then upper limbs and lower part ofexamination of fluid in it & D both the thighs and both legscondition of the skin. while upper part of thighs back of chest, gluteal region is less discolouration. Skin is early peeled off at places E scalp hair early peeled off. Marbelling is present on chest shoulder and thighs more on anterior aspects. Maggots of size 0.2 to 0.5 F ems. Crawling all over the body at places. Abdomen and external genetalia

distended due to decomposition gases. Anal G canal rectum part of sigmoid colon is prolapsed· out of anus due to decompositions toes of right foot except greater toe are missing degloving of skin of both H 558 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2012] 12 S.C.R. A hands found present due to decomposition. (13) Appearance of dead Facial features are blotted body- normal or swollen, and distorted. Eyes open eye condition of eyes, condition ball soften decomposed and B of tongue, face, type of protruded out from its sockets. discharges from ears or Mouth is semi-opened, nostrils (if any). tongue protruded out from oral cavity. White frothy fluid is coming from nose and c mouth. Both the ears are eaten in pinna region bv animals. (14) Condition of skin - blood stain etc. If probability of Both ears in pinna region and drowning then imprints of toes of right foot except D biting by aquatic animal greater toe eaten by animals. (cutis Anserina) if any, record be made regarding wrinkles on skin. E ....... . (17) Blunt or cut injuries on 1. Both ears in pinna region are missing. Margins are external parts of body, .its type, condition size and irregular pale without vital direction be noted with reactions nibbled by animals. F proper care and probable time of injury and its reason be noted.

2. Second, third, fourth and Petechial haemorrhage or fifth toes of right foot areG collection seen if any, then missing meta torsafs bones condition of muscles and exposed, margins irregular ligaments under the skin of and pale, No, vital reactions that area? found. Present nibbling by animals appreciated.H SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF 559 GUJARAT AND ORS. [RANJAN GOGOi, J.] Notice:- if there are No, ante mortem injury A innumerable injuries which qetected over the can't be noted in given available parts of the space, then a signed body. supplement be attached to it with details B (3) Internal examination (20) .... c c) No injury found in soft (c} Larynx, trachea and tissue and muscles of thyroid bone neck. Hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage intact few food particles and mud D appreciated in trechia 13. We have already referred to the series of communications exchanged between the officers of the investigating agency and the Department of Forensic Medicine, E BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad as well as the Deputy Director of the State Forensic Laboratory in an earlier part of this order. Such communications are in the form of queries made by the investigating agency and the replies of either the Department of Forensic Medicine of the BJ Medical College F or the authorities of the State Forensic Laboratory to such queries. The relevant contents of the said correspondence placed before us may be summarized below:

1. Though there are tear marks over the clothes there are no cut marks found on the bodies of the G deceased. 2. Presence of diatoms in cases of death by drowning may not always be found e.g. in case of dry drowning. At times the drowning medium (water) H may not contain any diatoms. 560 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2012] 12 S.C.R. A 3. Food particles and mud were found in trachea of both the deceased. 4. Animal bites were present on the bodies of both the deceased particularly in the region of the ears and toes in the case of deceased Abhishek andB additionally in the feet, chest and abdomen of deceased Dipesh. 5. No shaving of scalp hairs was found in either case and also no injuries over the neck to draw blood c were detected. 6. The disappearance of organs from the body of the deceased - Dipesh may have been due to wild animals pulling or carrying the same away.

D 14. Before proceeding any further in the matter it will be appropriate for us to notice the tenor of allegations mentioned in the FIR dated 07.11.2009 filed in respect of the incident in question. The aforesaid FIR was filed after more than one year of the incident and after holding of a detailed inquiry/ IE investigation into the incident. What has been alleged in the FIR is that on account of the delay on the part of the accused in organising a prompt and effective search of the missing children they could not be recovered alive, and in fact, even the dead bodies of the children could not be traced out for several days. F The specific stand taken in the FIR is that had a prompt search been carried out, possibly, the children could have been found alive or, at least, the dead bodies could have been recovered earlier so as to enable an effective post-mortem of the bodies to determine the precise cause of death. It is also alleged that G the Ashram authorities had advised the parents of the children to resort to various tantric practices to find out about the whereabouts of the children instead of promptly approaching the police. The failure of the said authorities to effectively man the gates behind the ashram adjoining the river bed have also H been highlighted in the FIR as another omission on the part of SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF. 561 GUJARAT AND ORS. [RANJAN GOGOi, J.]

the ashram authotities so as to give rise to the commission of A the offence of culpable homicide. 15. Two other aspects of the matter also need to be dealt with at this stage. In the opinion rendered by the Department of Forensic Medicine BJ medical College, Ahmedabad with B regard to cause of death of the two children, as extracted above, it is recorded that "presence of diatoms could not be detected". Relevant literature has been laid before the court to show that: "diatoms are among the well known water planktons ........... . Every water body has its own diatom diversity ...... Diatoms are C commonly found in water bodies like ponds, lakes, canals and rivers etc. but their concentration can be low or high in a particular water body, depending upon the season ........ " 16. The following extract from the works/literature placed before the court would also require a mention to understand the D significance of the absence of diatoms as mentioned in the report of the Department of Forensic Medicine BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad.

'When drowning takes place, diatoms enter into the E lung cavity of a person through the aspirated water and this water exerts a pressure on Jung cavity and rupturing of the Jung alveoli takes place. Through these entrances diatoms can enter into heart, liver, kidney, brain and bone marrow............ Analysis of diatoms present in the F lungs, liver, spleen, blood and bone marrow has for many years been undertaken as a confirmatory test in possible drowning cases. However, the diatom test has been controversial since numerous cases of false negative and false positive results have been documented.......... " G 17. The second significant fact which has to be noted is the meaning of the expression "without vital reactions" as appearing in different parts of the post mortem reports under Col. 12,13,14 of part II -external examination. In the statement H 562 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 12 S.C.R. A of the doctor who had conducted the post-mortem on the dead bodies of the children (as testified before the commission of enquiry appointed by the State Government), it has been explained that "if a person is living and is injured then whatever injury is caused, the process causing the injury is called vital B reaction." In fact in a published medical work placed before the Court by the learned counsel for the respondent, Shri Naphde, it is mentioned that when a wound is inflicted on a living organism a series of events is triggered called vital reaction.

18. Section 299 IPC defines culpable homicide as causing C of death by doing an act with the intention of causing of death or with the intention of causing such bodily injury as is likely to cause death or with the knowledge that by such act death is likely to be caused. Under Section 300 IPC all acts of culpable homicide amount to murder except what is specifically covered D by the exceptions to the said Section 300. Section 304 of Indian Penal Code provides for punishment for the offence of culpable homicide not amounting to murder.

19. Commission of the offence of culpable homicide would E require some positive act on the part of the accused as distinguished from silence, inaction or a mere lapse. Allegations of not carrying out a prompt search of the missing children; of delay in the lodging of formal complaint with the police and failure to take adequate measures to guard the access from F the ashram to the river, which are the principal allegations made in the FIR, cannot make out a case of culpable homicide not amounting to murder punishable under Section 304 IPC. To attract the ingredients of the said offence something more positive than a mere omission, lapse or negligence on the part of the named accused will have to be present. Such statements G are conspicuously absent in the FIR filed in the present case. A reading of the relevant part of the opinion of the Forensic Medicine Department of the BJ Medical College Ahmedabad would go to show that possibility of death of the children by H SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF 563 GUJARAT AND ORS. [RANJAN GOGOi, J.]

drowning cannot be ruled out. Expert opinion available on A record indicates that mere absence of diatom will not exclude the aforesaid possibility. The relevant part of the post mortem report, as extracted, indicates presence of mud in the trachea of the children which fact also point to the possibility of death by drowning. The absence of any injuries on the body of the B deceased; the attack on the bodies by wild animals and the possibility of the taking away of the missing organs of the deceased Dipesh by wild animals are all mentioned in the post-mortem report. The said facts cannot be excluded or ignored while construing the prima facie liability of the accused named c in the FIR. The absence of any positive material to show the practice of black magic in connection with the incident is another significant fact that has to be taken note of. Taking into account all the aforesaid facts)! cannot be said that the High Court, in the present case, had committed any error in D exercising its jurisdiction to interdict the investigation of the offence under section 304 IPC against the accused named in the FIR. Such power, though must be exercised sparingly, has to be invoked if the facts of any given case so demand. This is precisely what the High Court had done in the present case without departing from any of the well settled principles of law E emanating from the long line of decisions of this court noticed in Asmathunnisa Vs. State of Andhra Pradesh rep. by the Public Prosecutor, High Court of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad1•

F 20. Our above view, naturally, has to be understood to be confined to the present stage of the proceedings and without, in any way impairing the powers of the Trial Court under Section 216 or Section 323 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. In fact we reiterate as held by this court in Central Bureau of G Investigation & Ors. Vs.Keshub Mahindra & Ors. 2 that the powers under the aforesaid provisions of the Code will always be available for exercise if subsequent facts would justify resort 1. c2011) 11 sec 259. H2. c2011) s sec 21s. 564 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 12 S.C.R. A to either of the provisions. We also deem it appropriate to add that though several decisions of this court had been placed before us to demonstrate that it is open to this Court to direct further investigation by the CBI even after the State police may have filed the charge sheet upon completion of its investigation, B we do not consider it necessary to go into any of the said decisions in view of our conclusions as recorded above. The mere reiteration of the availability of the judicial power to direct further investigations even after filing of the charge sheet as held in Narmada Bai Vs. State of Gujarat & Ors. 3 would suffice c for the present. 21. Consequently, and in the light of the foregoing discussions we dismiss the appeals subject to our observations as above. D B.B.B. Appeals dismissed. 3. c2011i s sec 79.

[2012] 12 S.C.R. 544 A SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF GUJARAT AND ORS. (Criminal Appeal No. 1805 of 2012) NOVEMBER 9, 2012 B [P. SATHASIVAM AND RANJAN GOGOi, JJ.] Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973- s.482 - Two minors residing in a Ashram went missing - Couple of days later, their c dead bodies found from the bed of the river located by the side of the Ashram - FIR lodged against seven inmates of the Ashram u/s.304 /PC and other offences - Quashed by High Court insofar as s.304 /PC was concerned- Justification - Held: There was absence of any acceptable material . disclosing commission of offence u/s.304 /PC - Principal 0 a/legations made in the FIR- of not carrying out a prompt search of the missing children; of delay in lodging of formal complaint with the police and failure to take adequate measures to guard the access from the ashram to the river, E cannot make out a case punishable uls.304 /PC - Further, the post mortem report pointed to the possibility of death due to drowning - High Court, thus, did not err in exercising its jurisdiction to interdict investigation of the offence u/s. 304 /PC against the accused named in the FIR - Such power, though F must be exercised sparingly, has to be invoked if the facts of any given case so demand - This is precisely what the High Court did in the present case without departing from any of the well settled principles of Jaw - Penal Code, 1860 - s. 304. '

Two children studying and also residing in a Gurukul G located in a Ashram went missing. A couple of days later, their dead bodies were found from the bed of the river located by the side of the Ashram. FIR was formally lodged in respect of the incident alleging commission of offences under Section 304/34 of IPC and Section 23 of H 544 SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF 545 GUJARAT AND ORS. the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act, 2000. A Seven inmates of the Ashram were named as accused. The specific stand taken in the FIR was that had a prompt search been carried out, possibly, the children could have been found alive or, at least, the dead bodies could have been recovered earlier so as to enable an effective post- B mortem of the bodies to determine the precise cause of death. It was also alleged that the Ashram authorities had advised the parents of the child_ren to resort to various tantric practices to find out about the whereabouts of the children instead of promptly approaching the police. The c failure of the said authorities to effectively man the gates behind the ashram adjoining the river bed was also highlighted in the FIR as another omission on the part of the ashram authorities so as to give rise to the commission of the offence of culpable homicide. D The High Court, however, quashed the FIR insofar as Section 304 IPC was concerned, and therefore the present appeals.

Dismissing the appeals, the Court E HELD: 1. Commission of the offence of culpable homicide would require some positive act on the part of the accused ;:is distinguished from silence, inaction or a mere lapse. Allegations of not carrying out a prompt Fsearch of the missing children; of delay in the lodging of formal complaint with the police and failure to take adequate measures to guard the access from the ashram to the river, which are the principal allegations made in the FIR, cannot make out a case of culpable homicide not amounting to murder punishable under Section 304 IPC. G To attract the ingredients of the said offence something more positive than a mere omission, lapse or negligence on the part of the named accused will have to be present. Such statements are conspicuously absent in the FIR H 546 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 12 S.C.R.

A filed in the present case. A reading of the relevant part of the opinion of the Forensic Medicine Department of the Medical College would go to show that possibility of death qf the children by drowning cannot be ruled out. Expert opinion available on record indicatef' that mere B absence of diatom will not exclude the aforesaid possibility. The relevant part of the post mortem report, as extracted, indicates presence of mud in the trachea of the children which fact also point to the possibility of death by drowning. The absence of any injuries on the c body of the deceased; the attack on the bodies by wild animals and the possibility of the taking away of the missing organs of one of the deceased by wild animals are all mentioned in the post-mortem report. The said facts cannot be excluded or ignored while construing the prima facie liability of the accused named in the FIR. The0 absence of any positive material to show the practice of black magic in connection with the incident is another sjgnificant fact that has to be taken note of. Taking into aecount all the aforesaid facts it cannot be said that the High Court, in the present case, had committed any error E in exercising its jurisdiction to interdict the investigation of the offence under section 304 IPC against the accused named in the FIR. Such power, though must be exercised sparingly, has to be invoked if the facts of any given case so demand. This is precisely what the High Court had F done in the present case without departing from any of the well settled principles of law. Nevertheless, the powers of the Trial Court under Section 216 or Section 323 CrPC will always be available for exercise if subsequent facts would justify resort to either of the G provisions. [Paras 19, 20] [562-E-H; 563-A-G] Asmathunnisa v. State of Andhra Pradesh rep. by the Public Prosecutor, High Court of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad (2011) 11 SCC 259: 2011 (3) SCR 1116; Central Bureau of H

SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF 547 GUJARAT AND ORS. Investigation & Ors. v. Keshub Mahindra & Ors. (2011) 6 SCC A 216: 2011 (6) SCR 384; and Narmada Bai v. State of Gujarat & Ors. (2011) 5 sec 79: 2011 (5) SCR 729 - relied on. Case Law Reference: 2011 (3) SCR 1116 relied on Para 19 B 2011 (6) SCR 384 relied on Para 20 2011 (5) SCR 729 relied on Para 20 CRIMINAL APPELATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal c No. 1805 of 2002. From the Judgment & Order dated 10.01.2011 of the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad in Special Criminal Application No. 770 of 2009. D WITH Crl. Appeal Nos. 1806-1807 of 2012. H.P. Raval, ASG, Colin Gonsalves, Shekhar Naphade, Sevtlana C., lyyer, Jyoti Mendiratta, Hemantika Wahi, Pinky E Behra, Devadatt Kamat, Rajesh lnamdar, Vipin Sandhu, Rauf Rahim, Vikas Malhotra, Sunil Roy, Anando Mukherjee, P.K. Dey, Shriniwas Khalap, Palash Konwar, B.V. Bairam Das, Arvind Kumar Sharma, Sanjay Jain for the Appearing Parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by F RANJAN GOGOi, J. 1. Leave granted.

2. The present appeals seek to challenge a judgment dated 10.01.2011 passed by the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad allowing Criminal Miscellaneous Application No. G 13519 of 2009 filed by the accused (respondents herein) seeking quashing of the criminal case registered against them under Section 304 of the Indian Penal Code. By its aforesaid order the High Court has also dismissed Special Criminal Application No. 770 of 2009 filed by the appellants, Shantibhai H 548 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012) 12 S.C.R. A J. Vaghela and Prafulbhai J. Vaghela, seeking investigation of the aforesaid case against the accused by the Central Bureau of Investigation. The High Court has, however, directed that the proceedings against the accused -respondents so far as the offence under Section 304A of the IPC and Section 23 of the B Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act, 2000 may continue. 3. The core facts in which the aggrieved parties had moved the High Court may now be noticed: The appellants - Shantibhai J. Vaghela and Prafulbhai J. c Vaghela, who are related to each other, are the fathers of one Dipesh (born 1998) and Abhishek (born 1999). The aforesaid two children were admitted in Class VI and V respectively in a Gurukul located in an Ashram of Sant Shree Asharamji situated at Motela. They were residing in the Gurukul of the Ashram. On

03.07 .2008 both the children had gone to the dining hall of the0 Gurukul at about 8.00 PM to have their dinner. At the time of taking the attendance of the students after dinner, the watchman, one Shri Naresh Dangar, could not find the children and therefore had informed the said fact to Gruhapati Shri E Pankajbhai Saksena. On receipt of the said information the aforesaid person, i.e. Pankajbhai Saksena contacted the appellant - Prafulhai J. Vaghela on telephone to convey the information that the children were not to be found in the Gurukul. Both the appellants - Shantibhai B. Vaghela and Prafulbhai J. Vaghela immediately came to the Gurukul and after meeting F Pankajbhai Saksena and some other persons working in the Gurukul, the appellants went in search of the missing children. However, they could not be recovered till about 12.30 AM. At the suggestion of Shri Pankajbhai Saksena that the children may have gone to sleep in some other place the search for the G children was abandoned and resumed at about 6.00 AM of the following morning, i.e., 04.07.2008. Though the search had continued throughout the day the children could not be located. The appellants insisted that the Ashram should inform the police about the disappearance of the two children. However, the H SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF 549 GUJARAT AND ORS. [RANJAN GOGOi, J.]

Ashram authorities avoided doing so on one pretext or the other A and eventually the appellants themselves informed the concerned police station at about midnight of 04/05.07.2008. On 05.07.2008 at about 6.30 PM the dead bodies of the children were found from the bed of the river Sabarmati which was located by the side of the Ashram. The dead bodies were B promptly sent for post-mortem examination and, thereafter, were handed over to the respective families for cremation.

4. It appears that there was a public out cry over the incident and the State Government by Notification dated 21.07.2008 appointed a Commission of Inquiry consisting of C a retired Judge of the High Co:..irt of Gujarat. It appears that an elaborate inquiry/investigation of the incident was carried out, initially, by the Sabarmati Police Station of Ahmedabad city and, thereafter, by the CID Crime Branch under the direct supervision of Deputy Inspector General of Police. In the course D of the inquiry, statements of the several inmates of the Ashram were recorded. Of particular significance would be the examination of one Hetalben Swarupbhai who had first noticed the dead bodies floating in the Sabarmati river at about 10.00 AM of 04.07.2008. In the course of the aforesaid inquiry/ E investigation summons under Section 160 of the Code of Criminal Procedure were issued to Journalists of different newspapers as well as the electronic media to gather information with regard to the incident in question. Similarly, a press note was also issued in the newspapers asking for F information in respect of the incident. However, there was no response to the summons issued or the press note published by the investigating agency. While the aforesaid inquiry/ investigation was continuing, the appellants - Shantibhai J. Vagehla and Prafulbhai J. Vaghela instituted Special Criminal G Application No.770 of 2009 in the High Court. In the said application details of the incident, as noticed above, were mentioned by the appellants who had sought an order directing the Superintendent of Police, CBI, Gandhinagar (impleaded as respondent No.2) to register the criminal offence(s) as may be H disclosed by the statements made in the application filed

550 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2012] 12 S.C.R. A before the High Court and for further directions to carry out a proper investigation in respect of the incident of the mysterious death of the two children. 5. During the pendency of the aforesaid Special Criminal Application No.770 of 2009, FIR dated 07.11.2009 was 8 fonmally lodged by one Shri H.B. Rajput, Inspector, CID Crime, Gandhinagar in the Gandhinagar Police Station in respect of the incident alleging commission of offences under Section 304/34 of the Indian Penal Code and Section 23 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act. Seven inmates of the C Ashram were named as the accused who were suspected to be involved with the offences alleged.

6. The FIR lodged against the seven inmates of the Ashram, in so far as the offence under Section 304 IPC is D concerned, came to be challenged before the High Court by the accused named therein. Criminal Miscellaneous Application No. 13519 of 2009 filed by the aforesaid accused was heard along with Special Criminal Application No. 770 of 2009 filed by appellants - Shantibhai J. Vaghela and Prafulbhai J. E Vaghela. Both the applications were disposed of by the High Court by the impugned order dated 10.01.2011. As already noticed, the High Court, on the basis of the conclusion that no offence against the accused under Section 304 IPC was made out, has quashed the FIR in so far as the aforesaid provision of the Penal Code is concerned. However, investigation and F further steps with regard to the offence under Section 304 A and Section 23 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act is concerned was permitted to continue. The High Court by the aforementioned order also disposed of Special Criminal Application No. 770 of 2009 filed by the two appellants as G having become infructuous. Aggrieved by the said aforesaid order dated 10.01.2011 the State of Gujarat and the parents of the deceased children - Shantibhai J. Vaghela and Prafulbhai J. Vaghela have instituted the present appeals. It may be specifically noticed, at this stage, that while the appeals had H remained pending before the Court, charge sheet dated SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF 551 GUJARAT AND ORS. [RANJAN GOGOi, J.]

31.08.2012 under section 304-A/34 and section 114 IPC as A well as Section 23 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act has been submitted against the 7 accused named in the FIR dated 7.11.2009. 7. We have heard Shri Colin Gonsalves, Learned senior counsel for the appellants Shantibhai J. Vaghela and Prafulbhai B J. Vaghela, Mrs. H. Wahi, learned counsel for the State, Shri Shekhar Naphade, learned senior counsel for the respondents and Shri H.P. Raval, ASG.

8. Shri Gonsalves has very elaborately taken us through C the materials on record particularly the Fl R dated 07 .11.2009, the post-mortem reports and the several correspondences exchanged between the officers of the investigating agency and the Department of Forensic Medicine, BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad as well as the Deputy Director of the State ·DForensic Laboratory with regard to certain findings recorded in the post-mortem report. It has been submitted that a consideration of the aforesaid materials clearly indicate that the High Court was not justified in interdicting the investigation of the case registered in so far as the offence under Section 304 IPC is concerned. According to the learned counsel, there is E ample room for due investigation of the said offence and, therefore, the same should be allowed to be brought to its logical conclusion. It is further submitted that notwithstanding the filing of the charge sheet dated 31.08.2012 there is ample power in the court to order investigation in so far as the offence F under Section 304 IPC is concerned. It is also contended that having regard to the pre-eminent social status of the Bapuji Ashram and the evident role of the Ashram authorities in scuttling the fair investigation of a palpable crime, further investigation by the independent agency like the CBI should be G ordered by this court.

9. Learned counsel for the State of Gujarat has submitted that the State is aggrieved by only that part of the order by which investigation of the offence under Section 304 !PC has been H 552 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 12 S.C.R. A interfered with by the High Court. Learned State counsel has categorically submitted that further/fresh investigation in so far as the offence under Section 304 IPC is concerned can be effectively performed by the State Police and in fact the State is agreeable to constitute a Special Investigation Team for the B said purpose if so ordered by the court.

10. In reply, Shri Naphade, learned senior counsel for the accused, has urged that registration of a FIR alleging a specific criminal offence against any person and investigation of the same can be made only on the basis of some acceptable C material disclosing the commission of the offence alleged. No such basis is discernible in the present case. According to learned counsel a reading of FIR does not reveal any material. to establish any of the ingredients of the offence under Section 304 IPC against any of the accused. What has been alleged D in the FIR, according to learned counsel, is negligence or lapses on the part of the Ashram authorities in not conducting a timely, proper and effective search of the missing children; in not informing the police about the incident and in not blocking the passage from the Ashram to the Sabarmati river. The High · E Court, according to learned counsel, therefore, rightly ordered investigation of the offence under Section 304 A IPC and charge sheet has been filed against all the accused under the aforesaid Section of the Penal Code. Shri Naphade has further urged that no material, whatsoever, has been brought on record F to implicate any of the accused with the offence under Section 304 IPC. Shri Naphade has also submitted that the post-mortem report does not rule out and, in fact, the same strongly suggests that death of children had occurred due to drowning and the injuries on the bodies and the disappearance of some of the vital organs of deceased - Dipesh is due to the attack on the G dead body by wild animals. Learned counsel, therefore, has contended that no case for further investigation, much less by an independent agency, is made out.

11. It may be appropriate at this stage to notice the opinion H rendered by the Department of Forensic Medicine, BJ Medical SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF 553 GUJARAT AND ORS. [RANJAN GOGOi, J.] College, Ahmedabad with regard to the cause of death of A Dipesh and Abhishek which may be conveniently extracted below:. "Deceased Dipesh Prafulbhai Vaghela: -Body is in stage of decomposition and mutilation. B -No ante mortem injury is detected over available parts of body. -Toxicology report shows "No chemical poison detected. c -FSL report shows "Presence of diatoms could not detected. Considering above, FSL report and postmortem findings possibility of death due to drowning cannot be ruled out, D however, "no definite opinion regarding cause of death can be · given." Deceased Abhishek Shantilal Vaghela: "-Body is in stage of decomposition. E -No ante mortem injury is detected over available parts of body. -Toxicology report shows "No chemical poison detected". F -FSL report shows "Presence of diatoms could not detected. Considering above, FSL report and postmortem findings possibility of death due to drowning cannot be ruled out. However, "no definite opinion regarding cause of death can be G given." 12. To appreciate the contentions advanced by the rival parties, relevant portions of the post-mortem report of Dipesh Prafulbhai Vaghela may also be extracted hereunder: H 554 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 12 S.C.R. A " (2) External examination

B (12) Proof of dead body & it Body is in state of signs - (during examination decomposition hence PM of dead body its - hips, waist, lividity is not appreciated. dead body & thighs or some Foul smell is coming from growth, blackening of some body. The skin and soft c parts after death if any) if tissue are missing at lower swelling of any part then part of frontal neck front and examination of fluid in it & sides of chest and abdomen, condition of the skin. lower part of right leg, distal part of both the feet. Rest of the skin of face availableD part of front of neck, lower part of thighs and legs are discoloured brownish black while available part of back of scalp neck chest E abdomen gluteal region and upper part of front and back of thighs are less discolored. Marbeling is present on both the lower F limbs specially on anterior aspects. Skin is easily peeled off at places, scalp, hair easily peeled off maggots of size 0.2 to 0.5 G ems. crowling all over the body. External genetelia distended due to decomposition. Chest and H SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF 555 GUJARAT AND ORS. [RANJAN GOGOi, J.] abdominal cavity are A exposed, both sides of ribs and vertebra/ column are seen externally. Sternum, both clavicles and costal cartilages found missing. B Mass of tissue line attached with neck contain trachea, oesophagus part of both lungs heart covered with peri cardium and part of stomach. c Rest of abdominal organs

are missing. Both the upper limbs are missing with scapulae. Skin and soft tissue in lower part of right leg D missing under line bones exposed. Distal part of right foot including toes missing, metatarsals are exposed. Distal part of left foot E including toes missing metatarsals exposed the missing tissues of the body is attached with the changes of post mortem phenomena. F Margins of missing tissues are pale, irregular without vital reactions and nibbling due to animals appreciated. (13) Appearance of dead Facial features are bloated Gbody- normal or swollen, and distorted. Eyes open, condition of eyes, condition eye balls softened of tongue, face, type of decomposed and protruded. discharges from ears or Mouth is open tongue nostrils (if any). protruded outside oral cavity. H 556 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 12 S.C.R, A No discharge noted from ear, nose and mouth. Both the ears are eaten up in pinna region, margins irregular, pale and without vital B reaction. Nibbling due to animals (14) Condition of skin - blood found in both pinna right stain etc. If probability of lower limbs, both feet chest drowning then imprints of abdomen. Margins are pale. biting by aquatic animal irregular and without vitalC (cutis Anserina) if any, record reactions. be made regarding wrinkles on skin. D (3) Internal examination

c) Trechia & larynx identified (20) Chest:-food particles and mud found ( c) Larynx, trachea andE present and appreciated in thyroid bone trechea thyroid bone and larynx identified and intact. No injury appreciated in available parts including soft tissue of n F (21) ' ' ' . ' Missing Small intestine & its contents Large intestine & Its contents Missing G Liver its wt. & gall bladder Stomach & suprarenals Missing Spleen (with wt.) Missing Kidneys (with wt.) Missing Bladder Missing H SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF 557 GUJARAT AND ORS. [RANJAN GOGOi, J.] AGenitalia No injury found. Abhishek Shantilal Vaqhela: " B (2) External examination Body is in stage of(12) Proof of dead body & it decomposition hence PMsigns - (during examination lividity is not appreciated.of dead body its - hips, waist, c Foul smelling gas comingdead body & thighs or some from the body brown blackgrowth, blackening of some discoloration of skin found onparts after death if any) if face, chest, abdomen, bothswelling of any part then upper limbs and lower part ofexamination of fluid in it & D both the thighs and both legscondition of the skin. while upper part of thighs back of chest, gluteal region is less discolouration. Skin is early peeled off at places E scalp hair early peeled off. Marbelling is present on chest shoulder and thighs more on anterior aspects. Maggots of size 0.2 to 0.5 F ems. Crawling all over the body at places. Abdomen and external genetalia

distended due to decomposition gases. Anal G canal rectum part of sigmoid colon is prolapsed· out of anus due to decompositions toes of right foot except greater toe are missing degloving of skin of both H 558 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2012] 12 S.C.R. A hands found present due to decomposition. (13) Appearance of dead Facial features are blotted body- normal or swollen, and distorted. Eyes open eye condition of eyes, condition ball soften decomposed and B of tongue, face, type of protruded out from its sockets. discharges from ears or Mouth is semi-opened, nostrils (if any). tongue protruded out from oral cavity. White frothy fluid is coming from nose and c mouth. Both the ears are eaten in pinna region bv animals. (14) Condition of skin - blood stain etc. If probability of Both ears in pinna region and drowning then imprints of toes of right foot except D biting by aquatic animal greater toe eaten by animals. (cutis Anserina) if any, record be made regarding wrinkles on skin. E ....... . (17) Blunt or cut injuries on 1. Both ears in pinna region are missing. Margins are external parts of body, .its type, condition size and irregular pale without vital direction be noted with reactions nibbled by animals. F proper care and probable time of injury and its reason be noted.

2. Second, third, fourth and Petechial haemorrhage or fifth toes of right foot areG collection seen if any, then missing meta torsafs bones condition of muscles and exposed, margins irregular ligaments under the skin of and pale, No, vital reactions that area? found. Present nibbling by animals appreciated.H SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF 559 GUJARAT AND ORS. [RANJAN GOGOi, J.] Notice:- if there are No, ante mortem injury A innumerable injuries which qetected over the can't be noted in given available parts of the space, then a signed body. supplement be attached to it with details B (3) Internal examination (20) .... c c) No injury found in soft (c} Larynx, trachea and tissue and muscles of thyroid bone neck. Hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage intact few food particles and mud D appreciated in trechia 13. We have already referred to the series of communications exchanged between the officers of the investigating agency and the Department of Forensic Medicine, E BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad as well as the Deputy Director of the State Forensic Laboratory in an earlier part of this order. Such communications are in the form of queries made by the investigating agency and the replies of either the Department of Forensic Medicine of the BJ Medical College F or the authorities of the State Forensic Laboratory to such queries. The relevant contents of the said correspondence placed before us may be summarized below:

1. Though there are tear marks over the clothes there are no cut marks found on the bodies of the G deceased. 2. Presence of diatoms in cases of death by drowning may not always be found e.g. in case of dry drowning. At times the drowning medium (water) H may not contain any diatoms. 560 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2012] 12 S.C.R. A 3. Food particles and mud were found in trachea of both the deceased. 4. Animal bites were present on the bodies of both the deceased particularly in the region of the ears and toes in the case of deceased Abhishek andB additionally in the feet, chest and abdomen of deceased Dipesh. 5. No shaving of scalp hairs was found in either case and also no injuries over the neck to draw blood c were detected. 6. The disappearance of organs from the body of the deceased - Dipesh may have been due to wild animals pulling or carrying the same away.

D 14. Before proceeding any further in the matter it will be appropriate for us to notice the tenor of allegations mentioned in the FIR dated 07.11.2009 filed in respect of the incident in question. The aforesaid FIR was filed after more than one year of the incident and after holding of a detailed inquiry/ IE investigation into the incident. What has been alleged in the FIR is that on account of the delay on the part of the accused in organising a prompt and effective search of the missing children they could not be recovered alive, and in fact, even the dead bodies of the children could not be traced out for several days. F The specific stand taken in the FIR is that had a prompt search been carried out, possibly, the children could have been found alive or, at least, the dead bodies could have been recovered earlier so as to enable an effective post-mortem of the bodies to determine the precise cause of death. It is also alleged that G the Ashram authorities had advised the parents of the children to resort to various tantric practices to find out about the whereabouts of the children instead of promptly approaching the police. The failure of the said authorities to effectively man the gates behind the ashram adjoining the river bed have also H been highlighted in the FIR as another omission on the part of SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF. 561 GUJARAT AND ORS. [RANJAN GOGOi, J.]

the ashram authotities so as to give rise to the commission of A the offence of culpable homicide. 15. Two other aspects of the matter also need to be dealt with at this stage. In the opinion rendered by the Department of Forensic Medicine BJ medical College, Ahmedabad with B regard to cause of death of the two children, as extracted above, it is recorded that "presence of diatoms could not be detected". Relevant literature has been laid before the court to show that: "diatoms are among the well known water planktons ........... . Every water body has its own diatom diversity ...... Diatoms are C commonly found in water bodies like ponds, lakes, canals and rivers etc. but their concentration can be low or high in a particular water body, depending upon the season ........ " 16. The following extract from the works/literature placed before the court would also require a mention to understand the D significance of the absence of diatoms as mentioned in the report of the Department of Forensic Medicine BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad.

'When drowning takes place, diatoms enter into the E lung cavity of a person through the aspirated water and this water exerts a pressure on Jung cavity and rupturing of the Jung alveoli takes place. Through these entrances diatoms can enter into heart, liver, kidney, brain and bone marrow............ Analysis of diatoms present in the F lungs, liver, spleen, blood and bone marrow has for many years been undertaken as a confirmatory test in possible drowning cases. However, the diatom test has been controversial since numerous cases of false negative and false positive results have been documented.......... " G 17. The second significant fact which has to be noted is the meaning of the expression "without vital reactions" as appearing in different parts of the post mortem reports under Col. 12,13,14 of part II -external examination. In the statement H 562 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 12 S.C.R. A of the doctor who had conducted the post-mortem on the dead bodies of the children (as testified before the commission of enquiry appointed by the State Government), it has been explained that "if a person is living and is injured then whatever injury is caused, the process causing the injury is called vital B reaction." In fact in a published medical work placed before the Court by the learned counsel for the respondent, Shri Naphde, it is mentioned that when a wound is inflicted on a living organism a series of events is triggered called vital reaction.

18. Section 299 IPC defines culpable homicide as causing C of death by doing an act with the intention of causing of death or with the intention of causing such bodily injury as is likely to cause death or with the knowledge that by such act death is likely to be caused. Under Section 300 IPC all acts of culpable homicide amount to murder except what is specifically covered D by the exceptions to the said Section 300. Section 304 of Indian Penal Code provides for punishment for the offence of culpable homicide not amounting to murder.

19. Commission of the offence of culpable homicide would E require some positive act on the part of the accused as distinguished from silence, inaction or a mere lapse. Allegations of not carrying out a prompt search of the missing children; of delay in the lodging of formal complaint with the police and failure to take adequate measures to guard the access from F the ashram to the river, which are the principal allegations made in the FIR, cannot make out a case of culpable homicide not amounting to murder punishable under Section 304 IPC. To attract the ingredients of the said offence something more positive than a mere omission, lapse or negligence on the part of the named accused will have to be present. Such statements G are conspicuously absent in the FIR filed in the present case. A reading of the relevant part of the opinion of the Forensic Medicine Department of the BJ Medical College Ahmedabad would go to show that possibility of death of the children by H SHANTIBHAI J. VAGHELA AND ANR. v. STATE OF 563 GUJARAT AND ORS. [RANJAN GOGOi, J.]

drowning cannot be ruled out. Expert opinion available on A record indicates that mere absence of diatom will not exclude the aforesaid possibility. The relevant part of the post mortem report, as extracted, indicates presence of mud in the trachea of the children which fact also point to the possibility of death by drowning. The absence of any injuries on the body of the B deceased; the attack on the bodies by wild animals and the possibility of the taking away of the missing organs of the deceased Dipesh by wild animals are all mentioned in the post-mortem report. The said facts cannot be excluded or ignored while construing the prima facie liability of the accused named c in the FIR. The absence of any positive material to show the practice of black magic in connection with the incident is another significant fact that has to be taken note of. Taking into account all the aforesaid facts)! cannot be said that the High Court, in the present case, had committed any error in D exercising its jurisdiction to interdict the investigation of the offence under section 304 IPC against the accused named in the FIR. Such power, though must be exercised sparingly, has to be invoked if the facts of any given case so demand. This is precisely what the High Court had done in the present case without departing from any of the well settled principles of law E emanating from the long line of decisions of this court noticed in Asmathunnisa Vs. State of Andhra Pradesh rep. by the Public Prosecutor, High Court of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad1•

F 20. Our above view, naturally, has to be understood to be confined to the present stage of the proceedings and without, in any way impairing the powers of the Trial Court under Section 216 or Section 323 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. In fact we reiterate as held by this court in Central Bureau of G Investigation & Ors. Vs.Keshub Mahindra & Ors. 2 that the powers under the aforesaid provisions of the Code will always be available for exercise if subsequent facts would justify resort 1. c2011) 11 sec 259. H2. c2011) s sec 21s. 564 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 12 S.C.R. A to either of the provisions. We also deem it appropriate to add that though several decisions of this court had been placed before us to demonstrate that it is open to this Court to direct further investigation by the CBI even after the State police may have filed the charge sheet upon completion of its investigation, B we do not consider it necessary to go into any of the said decisions in view of our conclusions as recorded above. The mere reiteration of the availability of the judicial power to direct further investigations even after filing of the charge sheet as held in Narmada Bai Vs. State of Gujarat & Ors. 3 would suffice c for the present. 21. Consequently, and in the light of the foregoing discussions we dismiss the appeals subject to our observations as above. D B.B.B. Appeals dismissed. 3. c2011i s sec 79.