[2012] 9 S.C.R. 962 A SUBULAXMI V. M.D., TAMIL NADU STATE TRANSPORT CORPORATION & ANOTHER (Civil Appeal No. 7750 of 2012) B NOVEMBER 01, 2012 (K.S. RADHAKRISHNAN AND DIPAK MISRA, JJ.] Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 - s. 166 - Motor accident -C Amputation of left leg and right foot of victim - Claim for compensation - Claimant aged 30 years and earning Rs. 18,000 per annum - Tribunal granting Rs. 2,00,0001- as compensation with 9% interest - High Court enhancing the compensation amount to Rs. 2, 75, 0001- - But did not grant D any compensation on the head permanent disability and also denied interest on the enhanced amount - On appeal, held: Denial of compensation on the head permanent disability by the High Court is impermissible - High Court also erred in not granting interest on the enhanced amount - Compensation E amount enhanced to Rs. 6,48,6401- with 9% interest on the enhanced amount. The appellant-claimant filed an application u/s. 166 of Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 making a claim of Rs. 6,50,000/

- as compensation for the injuries sustained by her in a F motor accident. Her case was that the injuries resulted in amputation of her left leg and right foot and that she was earning Rs. 1,500/- per month at the time of accident. The tribunal granted Rs. 2,00,000/- as compensation (Rs. 86,000/- towards permanent disability; Rs. 14,000/-G towards pain and suffering, Rs. 66,000/- for loss of future income, Rs. 10,000 for medical expenses, Rs. 15,000 towards extra nourishment, Rs. 5000 for loss of income during treatment period and Rs. 4000/- for transport charges). H 962 SUBULAXMI v. M.D., TAMIL NADU STATE 963 TRANSPORT CORPORATION

Aggrieved by the award, claimant as well as the A respondent-Corporation filed cross-appeals. High Court awarded Rs. 1,50,000 on a singular head relating to permanent disability as well as loss of future earning; added Rs. 75,000 for replacement of artificial limb and future medical expenses. It also granted Rs. 20,000/- for B pain and suffering, Rs. 10,000/- for loss of amenities and Rs. 10,000/- towards attendant charges. This enhanced the compensation amount to Rs. 2,75,000/-. Hence the present appeal is filed by the claimant for further enhancement of compensation amount. c Partly allowing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1. The High Court was not justified in awarding compensation on a singular head relating to permanent disability and loss of future earning. o Compensation can be granted towards permanent disability as well as loss of future earnings, for one head relates to the impairment of person's capacity and the other relates to the sphere of pain and suffering and loss of enjoyment of life by the person himself. [Para 5] [967- E H; 968-A-B] K. Suresh v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. and Anr.

2012 (10)SCALE 516; Govind Yadav v. New India Insurance CompanyLimited (2011) 10 SCC 683; R.D. Hattangadi v. Pest Control (India) (P) Ltd. (1951) 1 SCC 551; Nizam's F Institute of Medical Sciences v. Prasanth S. Dhananka (2009) 6 SCC 1: 2009 (9) SCR 313; Reshma Kumari v. Madan Mohan (2009) 13 SCC 422: 2009 (11) SCR 305; Arvind Kumar Mishra v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. (2010) 10 SCC 254: 2010 (11) SCR 857; Raj Kumar v. Ajay Kumar G (2011) 1sec 343: 201 o (13) SCR 179 - relied on. Ramesh Chandra v. Randhir Singh (1990) 3 SCC 723:1990 (3)SCR 1; B. Kothandapani v. Tamil Nadu State Transport CorporationLtd. (2011) 6 SCC 420: 2011 (6) SCR H 964 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 9 S.C.R. A 791; Laxman v. DivisionalManager, Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. and Anr. 2012 ACJ 191 - referred to. 2. In the instant case, the tribunal had awarded a sum of Rs.86,000/- towards the permanent disability. The High Court has deleted it. The said deletion is impermissible.8 Regard being had to the nature of injury suffered and further taking note of the date of accident, a sum of Rs.1,00,0001- on this head would be appropriate. [Para 9] [971-B] C 3. The claimant was earning Rs.18,000/- per annum. As she has suffered 86% permanent disability, the future earning may be computed at 14% less and accordingly it is estimated that the multiplicand should be Rs.15,480/

- per annum. At the time of accident, she was 30 years of o age, and hence, the multiplier of 18 would be applicable. Thus, the loss of future earning by multiplying the multiplicand of Rs. 15,480/- by multiplier of 18, the amount would come to Rs. 2,78,640/-. [Para 10] [971-C-D] Sar/a Verma v. D. T. C (2009) 6 SCC 121: 2009 (5) SCR E 1098 - relied on. 4. As regards the pain and suffering and loss of amenities, a sum of Rs.1,00,000/- is granted. In respect of other heads, namely, medical expenses, extra F nourishment, transport charges and loss of earning during treatment, the amount awarded by the High Court is allowed to remain as such. Thus, the amount on the aforesaid scores would come to Rs.45,000/-. As far as the future replacement of artificial limbs and other medical G expenses are concerned, keeping in view the escalation of price, the same is enhanced to Rs.1,25,000/-. [Para 11] [971-E-G] 5. The High Court has erred in not granting interest on the enhanced sum. As is evincible, the tribunal had H granted payment of interest at the rate of 9% per annum. SUBULAXMI v. M.D., TAMIL NADU STATE 965 TRANSPORT CORPORATION Considering the totality of facts and circumstances, the A interest awarded by the tribunal is just and proper and accordingly it is directed that the interest on the differential enhanced sum shall carry interest at the rate 9% per annum from the date of filing of the claim petition till the date of deposit of the same. [Para 15] [972-G; 973- B A]

Abati Bezbaruah v. Dy. Director General, Geological Survey of lndiaand Anr. (2003) 3 SCC 148: 2003 (1) SCR 1229 ; Tamil Nadu StateTransport Corporation, Tanjore, crepresented by its MD v.Natarajan and Ors. (2003) 6 SCC 137 - relied on. Case Law Reference: 2012 (10) SCALE 516 Relied on Para 5 D 1990 (3) SCR 1 Referred to Para 5 2011 (6) SCR 791 Referred to Para 5 2012 ACJ 191 Referred to Para 5 E (2011) 10 sec 683 Relied on Para 6 (1951) 1 sec 551 Relied on Para 6 2009 (9) SCR 313 Relied on Para 6 2009 (11) SCR 305 Relied on Para 6 F 2010 (11) SCR 857 Relied on Para 6 2010 (13) SCR 179 Relied on Para 6 2009 (5) SCR 1098 Relied on Para 10 G 2003 (1) SCR 1229 Relied on Para 13 (2003) 6 sec 131 Relied on Para 14 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. H7750 of 2012. 966 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 9 S.C.R. A From the Judgment & Order dated 14.07.2010 of the High Court of Madras at Madurai in C.M.A. No. 2964 of 2003 and Cross Obj. (MD) No. 45 of 2008. Prachi Bajpai for the Appellant. B C. Paramasivam, B. Balaji for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DIPAK MISRA, J. 1. Leave granted.

C 2. The appellant as claimant filed an application under Section 166 of the.Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (for brevity 'the Act') before the Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal, Srivilliputtur (for short 'the tribunal') forming the subject matter of MCOP No. 244 of 1999, putting forth a claim of Rs.6,50,000/- as D compensation for the injuries sustained by her in a motor vehicle accident. Her claim petition was tried along with the petition preferred by one Mrs. Muthammal, the applicant in MCOP No. 245 of 1999.

E 3. The facts which are essential to be exposited are that on 13th March, 1998, the claimant-appellant, aged about 30 years, a match industry worker while travelling in a bus bearing registration number TN 59-N0912 belonging to the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation, Madurai Division (V), the respondent No. 2 before the tribunal, met with an accident F with another bus bearing registration number TN 59-N0912 belonging to the Madurai Division (I) of the said Corporation, the respondent No. 1 therein. The accident occurred because of careless and negligent driving of the drivers of both the vehicles. In the accident, the claimant suffered grievous injuries G which eventually resulted in the amputation of left leg below knee and abrasion in right shoulder and later amputation of right foot.. It was averred that she was earning a sum of Rs.1,500/J per month at the time of accident and remained in the hospital for a period of five and half months. Computing H the amount expended, pain and suffering, incapacity to have SUBULAXMI v. M.D., TAMIL NADU STATE 967 TRANSPORT CORPORATION [DIPAK MISRA, J.]

any future income and the deprivation of other amenities of life A and future comforts she claimed a sum of Rs.6,50,000/- as compensation. The tribunal granted Rs.2,00,000/- as compensation by award dated 22.10.2002 and fastened the liability on both the respondents. It is necessary to state here that the tribunal had awarded Rs.86,000/- towards permanent B disability assessing the same at 86%, Rs.14,000/- towards pain and suffering, Rs.66,000/- on the head of loss of future income, Rs.10,000/- for medical expenses, Rs.15,000/-towards extra nourishment, Rs.5,000/- for loss of income during the treatment period and Rs.4,000/- towards transport charges. c 4. Being grieved by the award, the Corporation preferred C.M.A. No. 2964 of 2003 and the claimant preferred Cross Objection (MD) No. 45 of 2008 for enhancement of the quantum. The High Court, while computing the amount of compensation, did not grant any amount for permanent disability but enhanced D the future income to Rs.1, 15,000/- and added Rs. 75,000/- for replacement of artificial limb and for future medical expenses. It also granted Rs.10,000/- for loss of amenities and Rs.10,000/

- towards attendant charges. On certain heads it also marginally enhanced the amount as a consequence of which the amounts E stood enhanced to Rs.2,75,000/-. It is apt to mention here that the High Court came to the conclusion that the claimant was entitled for compensation for loss of earning capacity due to disability and both were to be in compartment. It also did not grant interest on the enhanced sum. In the ultimate eventuate F the High Court vide its judgment dated 14.7.2010 rejected the appeal filed by respondent No. 1 and allowed the cross-cbjection in part. Being dissatisfied, the claimant has preferred the present appeal for enhancement of the amount of compensation. G 5. At the outset, it is requisite to be stated that the facts as have been adumbrated are not in dispute. Therefore, first we shall advert to the issue whether the High Court was justified in awarding compensation on a singular head relating to permanent disability and loss of future earning. In K. Suresh H 968 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 9 S.C.R.

A v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. and Another1, after refo/rihg to Ramesh Chandra v. Randhir Singh2 and B. Kothandapani v. Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd. 3, this Court expressed the view that compensation can be granted towards permanent disability as well as loss of future earnings, for one B head relates to the impairment of person's capacity and the other relates to the sphere of pain and suffering and loss of enjoyment of life by the person himself. The Bench also relied upon Laxman v. Divisional Manager, Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. and another4, wherein it has been laid down thus: -c "The ratio of the above noted judgments is that if the victim of an accident suffers permanent or temporary disability, then efforts should always be made to award adequate compensation not only for the physical injury and treatment, but also for the pain, suffering and trauma caused due to D accident, loss of earnings and victim's inability to lead a normal life and enjoy amenities, which he would have enjoyed but for the disability caused due to the accident." Thus, the view expressed by the High Court on this score E is not sustainable.

6. Be it noted, the High Court has granted Rs.20,000/- for pain and suffering and Rs.10,000/- for loss of amenities. In this context, we may profitably refer to Govind Yadav v. New India Insurance Company Limited5, wherein this Court after F referring to the pronouncements in R.D. Hattangadi v. Pest Control (India) (P) Ltd. 6, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences v. Prasanth S. Dhananka7, Reshma Kumari v. Madan 1. 2012 (10) SCALE 516. G 2. (1990) 3 sec 723. 3. (2011 > 6 sec 420. 4. 2012 ACJ 191. 5. (2011) 1o sec 683. 6. (1951) 1 sec 551. H 7. (2009) 13 sec 422. SUBULAXMI v. M.D., TAMIL NADU STATE 969 TRANSPORT CORPORATION [DIPAK MISRA, J.] Mohan8, Arvind Kumar Mishra v. New India Assurance Co. A Ltd. 9 and Raj Kumar v. Ajay Kumar10 has laid down as under:-"In our view, the principles laid down in Arvind Kumar Mishra v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. and Raj Kumar v. Ajay Kumar must be followed by all the Tribunals and B the High Courts in determining the quantum of compensation payable to the victims of accident, who are disabled either permanently or temporarily. If the victim of the accident suffers permanent disability, then efforts should always be made to award adequate compensation C not only for the physical injury and treatment, but also for the loss of earning and his inability to lead a normal life and enjoy amenities, which he would have enjoyed but for the disability caused due to the accident."

Thereafter, the Bench proceeded to state whether in the said D case, the compensation awarded to the claimant-victim was just and reasonable or he was entitled to enhanced compensation under certain heads, namely, (i) Loss of earning and other gains due to the amputation of leg; (ii) Loss of future earnings on account of permanent disability; (iii) Future medical E expenses; (iv) Compensation for pain, suffering and trauma caused due to the amputation of leg; (v) Loss of amenities including loss of the prospects of marriage; and (vi) Loss of expectation of life. F 7. It is seemly to state that in the said case, the tribunal had awarded Rs.2,56,800/- and the High Court had enhanced the same to Rs.3,06,000/-. This Court considering various aspects granted Rs.4,53,600/- in lieu of loss of earning, Rs.2,00,000/- towards future treatment, Rs.1,50,000/- for pain, suffering and trauma and Rs.1,50,000/- towards loss of amenity G and enjoyment of life and thereby determined the total amount a. c2009) 13 sec 422. 9. c2010) 10 sec 254. 10. c2011) 1 sec 343. H 970 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 9 S.C.R. A to Rs.9,53,600/-. While determining the said sum, the Bench observed as follows: -

"25. The compensation awarded by the Tribunal for pain, suffering and trauma caused due to the amputation of leg was meager. It is not in dispute that the appellant hadB remained in the hospital for a period of over three months. It is not possible for the tribunals and the courts to make a precise assessment of the pain and trauma suffered by a person whose limb is amputated as a result of accident. Even if the victim of accident gets artificial limb, he willc suffer from different kinds of handicaps and social stigma throughout his life. Therefore, in all such cases, the tribunals and the courts should make a broad guess for the purpose of fixing the amount of compensation. D 26. Admittedly, at the time of accident, the appellant was a young man of 24 years. For the remaining life, he will suffer the trauma of not being able to do his normal work. Therefore, we feel that ends of justice will be met by awarding him a sum of Rs1 ,50,000 in lieu of pain, suffering E and trauma caused due to the amputation of leg.

27. The compensation awarded by the Tribunal for the loss of amenities was also meager. It can only be a matter of imagination as to how the appellant will have to live for the rest of his life with one artificial leg. The appellant can be F expected to live for at least 50 years. During this period he will not be able to live like a normal human being and will not be able to enjoy life. The prospects of his marriage have considerably reduced. Therefore, it would be just and reasonable to award him a sum of Rs1 ,50,000 for the loss G of amenities and enjoyment of life." 8. We have reproduced from the said decision in extenso, as the Court has dwelled upon the fundamental concept of just compensation regard being had to the value of life and limb H in our country. Needless to say, the approach in such matters SUBULAXMI v. M.D., TAMIL NADU STATE 971 TRANSPORT CORPORATION [DIPAK MISRA, J.] has to be liberal as well as a balanced one. A 9. In the case at hand, th~ tribunal had awarded a sum of Rs.86,000/- towards the permanent disability. The High Court has deleted it. The said deletion as per our above discussion is impermissible. In our considered opinion regard being had 8to the nature of injury suffered and further taking note of the date of accident, a sum of Rs.1,00,000/- on this head would be appropriate and, accordingly, we so determine.

10. Presently, we shall proceed to compute the loss of earning capacity. The claimant was earning Rs.1,500/- per C month and thereby Rs.18,000/- per annum. As she has suffered 86% permanent disability, the future earning may be computed at 14% less and accordingly it is estimated that the multiplicand should be Rs.15,480/- per annum. At the time of accident, she was 30 years of age, and hence, the multiplier of 18 would be o • Thus,applicable, as has been held in Sarla Venna v. D. r.c. 11 the loss of future earning by multiplying the multiplicand of Rs.15,480/- by multiplier of 18, the amount would come to Rs.2, 78,640/-. 11. As far as the pain and suffering and loss of amenities E are concerned, we think it is appropriate to grant a sum of Rs.1,00,000/-. In respect of other heads, namely, medical expenses, extra nourishment, transport charges and loss of earning during treatment, the amount awarded by the High Court is allowed to remain as such. Thus, the amount on the F aforesaid scores would come to Rs.45,000/-. As far as the future replacement of artificial limbs and other medical expenses are concerned, keeping in view the escalation of price, we think it seemly to enhance it Rs.1,25,000/-. G 12. Presently to the grant of interest. The High Court has declined to award interest on the enhanced sum. No reason has been ascribed therefor. Section 171 of the Act deals with award of interest. It reads as follows: - 11. c2009) 6 sec 121. H

972 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 9 S.C.R. A "171. Award of interest where any claim is allowed. -Where any Claims Tribunal allows a claim for compensation made under this Act, such Tribunal may direct that in addition to the amount of compensation simple interest shall also be paid at such rate and from such date not earlier than the date of making the claim asB it may specify in this behalf." 13. In Abati Bezbaruah v. Dy. Director General, Geological Survey of India and Another12, S.B. Sinha, J. in his opinion after referring to the earlier decisions opined that C the question as to what should be the rate of interest would depend upon the facts and circumstances of each case and award of interest would normally depend on the bank rate prevailing at that time. AR. Laxmanan, J. in his concurring opinion stated as follows: - D "The rate of interest must be just and reasonable depending upon the facts and circumstances of each case and taking all relevant factors including inflation, change of economy, policy being adopted by Reserve Bank of India from time to time, how long the case is pending,E permanent injuries suffered by the victim, enormity of suffering loss of future income, loss of enjoyment of life etc., into consideration." 14. In Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation, Tanjore, F represented by its MD v. Natarajan and others13, this Court awarded interest at the rate of 9% per annum from the date of filing of claim petition on the amount of compensation.

15. Thus analysed, we are disposed to think that the High G Court has erred in not granting interest on the enhanced sum. As is evincible, the tribunal had granted payment of interest at the rate of 9% per annum. Considering the totality of facts and circumstances, we find that the interest awarded by the tribunal 12. (2003) 3 sec 148. H 13. (2003) 6 sec 137. SUBULAXMI v. M.D., TAMIL NADU STATE 973 TRANSPORT CORPORATION [DIPAK MISRA, J.] is just and proper and accordingly we direct that the interest A on the differential enhanced sum shall carry interest at the rate 9% per annum from the date of filing of the claim petition till the date of deposit of the same before the tribunal. The respondent corporation is directed to deposit the differential amount before the tribunal within a period of eight weeks from B today. 16. Consequently, the appeal is allowed to the extent indicated above. In the facts and circumstances of the case, there shall be no order as to costs. c K.K.T. Appeal partly allowed.

[2012] 9 S.C.R. 962 A SUBULAXMI V. M.D., TAMIL NADU STATE TRANSPORT CORPORATION & ANOTHER (Civil Appeal No. 7750 of 2012) B NOVEMBER 01, 2012 (K.S. RADHAKRISHNAN AND DIPAK MISRA, JJ.] Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 - s. 166 - Motor accident -C Amputation of left leg and right foot of victim - Claim for compensation - Claimant aged 30 years and earning Rs. 18,000 per annum - Tribunal granting Rs. 2,00,0001- as compensation with 9% interest - High Court enhancing the compensation amount to Rs. 2, 75, 0001- - But did not grant D any compensation on the head permanent disability and also denied interest on the enhanced amount - On appeal, held: Denial of compensation on the head permanent disability by the High Court is impermissible - High Court also erred in not granting interest on the enhanced amount - Compensation E amount enhanced to Rs. 6,48,6401- with 9% interest on the enhanced amount. The appellant-claimant filed an application u/s. 166 of Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 making a claim of Rs. 6,50,000/

- as compensation for the injuries sustained by her in a F motor accident. Her case was that the injuries resulted in amputation of her left leg and right foot and that she was earning Rs. 1,500/- per month at the time of accident. The tribunal granted Rs. 2,00,000/- as compensation (Rs. 86,000/- towards permanent disability; Rs. 14,000/-G towards pain and suffering, Rs. 66,000/- for loss of future income, Rs. 10,000 for medical expenses, Rs. 15,000 towards extra nourishment, Rs. 5000 for loss of income during treatment period and Rs. 4000/- for transport charges). H 962 SUBULAXMI v. M.D., TAMIL NADU STATE 963 TRANSPORT CORPORATION

Aggrieved by the award, claimant as well as the A respondent-Corporation filed cross-appeals. High Court awarded Rs. 1,50,000 on a singular head relating to permanent disability as well as loss of future earning; added Rs. 75,000 for replacement of artificial limb and future medical expenses. It also granted Rs. 20,000/- for B pain and suffering, Rs. 10,000/- for loss of amenities and Rs. 10,000/- towards attendant charges. This enhanced the compensation amount to Rs. 2,75,000/-. Hence the present appeal is filed by the claimant for further enhancement of compensation amount. c Partly allowing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1. The High Court was not justified in awarding compensation on a singular head relating to permanent disability and loss of future earning. o Compensation can be granted towards permanent disability as well as loss of future earnings, for one head relates to the impairment of person's capacity and the other relates to the sphere of pain and suffering and loss of enjoyment of life by the person himself. [Para 5] [967- E H; 968-A-B] K. Suresh v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. and Anr.

2012 (10)SCALE 516; Govind Yadav v. New India Insurance CompanyLimited (2011) 10 SCC 683; R.D. Hattangadi v. Pest Control (India) (P) Ltd. (1951) 1 SCC 551; Nizam's F Institute of Medical Sciences v. Prasanth S. Dhananka (2009) 6 SCC 1: 2009 (9) SCR 313; Reshma Kumari v. Madan Mohan (2009) 13 SCC 422: 2009 (11) SCR 305; Arvind Kumar Mishra v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. (2010) 10 SCC 254: 2010 (11) SCR 857; Raj Kumar v. Ajay Kumar G (2011) 1sec 343: 201 o (13) SCR 179 - relied on. Ramesh Chandra v. Randhir Singh (1990) 3 SCC 723:1990 (3)SCR 1; B. Kothandapani v. Tamil Nadu State Transport CorporationLtd. (2011) 6 SCC 420: 2011 (6) SCR H 964 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 9 S.C.R. A 791; Laxman v. DivisionalManager, Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. and Anr. 2012 ACJ 191 - referred to. 2. In the instant case, the tribunal had awarded a sum of Rs.86,000/- towards the permanent disability. The High Court has deleted it. The said deletion is impermissible.8 Regard being had to the nature of injury suffered and further taking note of the date of accident, a sum of Rs.1,00,0001- on this head would be appropriate. [Para 9] [971-B] C 3. The claimant was earning Rs.18,000/- per annum. As she has suffered 86% permanent disability, the future earning may be computed at 14% less and accordingly it is estimated that the multiplicand should be Rs.15,480/

- per annum. At the time of accident, she was 30 years of o age, and hence, the multiplier of 18 would be applicable. Thus, the loss of future earning by multiplying the multiplicand of Rs. 15,480/- by multiplier of 18, the amount would come to Rs. 2,78,640/-. [Para 10] [971-C-D] Sar/a Verma v. D. T. C (2009) 6 SCC 121: 2009 (5) SCR E 1098 - relied on. 4. As regards the pain and suffering and loss of amenities, a sum of Rs.1,00,000/- is granted. In respect of other heads, namely, medical expenses, extra F nourishment, transport charges and loss of earning during treatment, the amount awarded by the High Court is allowed to remain as such. Thus, the amount on the aforesaid scores would come to Rs.45,000/-. As far as the future replacement of artificial limbs and other medical G expenses are concerned, keeping in view the escalation of price, the same is enhanced to Rs.1,25,000/-. [Para 11] [971-E-G] 5. The High Court has erred in not granting interest on the enhanced sum. As is evincible, the tribunal had H granted payment of interest at the rate of 9% per annum. SUBULAXMI v. M.D., TAMIL NADU STATE 965 TRANSPORT CORPORATION Considering the totality of facts and circumstances, the A interest awarded by the tribunal is just and proper and accordingly it is directed that the interest on the differential enhanced sum shall carry interest at the rate 9% per annum from the date of filing of the claim petition till the date of deposit of the same. [Para 15] [972-G; 973- B A]

Abati Bezbaruah v. Dy. Director General, Geological Survey of lndiaand Anr. (2003) 3 SCC 148: 2003 (1) SCR 1229 ; Tamil Nadu StateTransport Corporation, Tanjore, crepresented by its MD v.Natarajan and Ors. (2003) 6 SCC 137 - relied on. Case Law Reference: 2012 (10) SCALE 516 Relied on Para 5 D 1990 (3) SCR 1 Referred to Para 5 2011 (6) SCR 791 Referred to Para 5 2012 ACJ 191 Referred to Para 5 E (2011) 10 sec 683 Relied on Para 6 (1951) 1 sec 551 Relied on Para 6 2009 (9) SCR 313 Relied on Para 6 2009 (11) SCR 305 Relied on Para 6 F 2010 (11) SCR 857 Relied on Para 6 2010 (13) SCR 179 Relied on Para 6 2009 (5) SCR 1098 Relied on Para 10 G 2003 (1) SCR 1229 Relied on Para 13 (2003) 6 sec 131 Relied on Para 14 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. H7750 of 2012. 966 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 9 S.C.R. A From the Judgment & Order dated 14.07.2010 of the High Court of Madras at Madurai in C.M.A. No. 2964 of 2003 and Cross Obj. (MD) No. 45 of 2008. Prachi Bajpai for the Appellant. B C. Paramasivam, B. Balaji for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DIPAK MISRA, J. 1. Leave granted.

C 2. The appellant as claimant filed an application under Section 166 of the.Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (for brevity 'the Act') before the Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal, Srivilliputtur (for short 'the tribunal') forming the subject matter of MCOP No. 244 of 1999, putting forth a claim of Rs.6,50,000/- as D compensation for the injuries sustained by her in a motor vehicle accident. Her claim petition was tried along with the petition preferred by one Mrs. Muthammal, the applicant in MCOP No. 245 of 1999.

E 3. The facts which are essential to be exposited are that on 13th March, 1998, the claimant-appellant, aged about 30 years, a match industry worker while travelling in a bus bearing registration number TN 59-N0912 belonging to the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation, Madurai Division (V), the respondent No. 2 before the tribunal, met with an accident F with another bus bearing registration number TN 59-N0912 belonging to the Madurai Division (I) of the said Corporation, the respondent No. 1 therein. The accident occurred because of careless and negligent driving of the drivers of both the vehicles. In the accident, the claimant suffered grievous injuries G which eventually resulted in the amputation of left leg below knee and abrasion in right shoulder and later amputation of right foot.. It was averred that she was earning a sum of Rs.1,500/J per month at the time of accident and remained in the hospital for a period of five and half months. Computing H the amount expended, pain and suffering, incapacity to have SUBULAXMI v. M.D., TAMIL NADU STATE 967 TRANSPORT CORPORATION [DIPAK MISRA, J.]

any future income and the deprivation of other amenities of life A and future comforts she claimed a sum of Rs.6,50,000/- as compensation. The tribunal granted Rs.2,00,000/- as compensation by award dated 22.10.2002 and fastened the liability on both the respondents. It is necessary to state here that the tribunal had awarded Rs.86,000/- towards permanent B disability assessing the same at 86%, Rs.14,000/- towards pain and suffering, Rs.66,000/- on the head of loss of future income, Rs.10,000/- for medical expenses, Rs.15,000/-towards extra nourishment, Rs.5,000/- for loss of income during the treatment period and Rs.4,000/- towards transport charges. c 4. Being grieved by the award, the Corporation preferred C.M.A. No. 2964 of 2003 and the claimant preferred Cross Objection (MD) No. 45 of 2008 for enhancement of the quantum. The High Court, while computing the amount of compensation, did not grant any amount for permanent disability but enhanced D the future income to Rs.1, 15,000/- and added Rs. 75,000/- for replacement of artificial limb and for future medical expenses. It also granted Rs.10,000/- for loss of amenities and Rs.10,000/

- towards attendant charges. On certain heads it also marginally enhanced the amount as a consequence of which the amounts E stood enhanced to Rs.2,75,000/-. It is apt to mention here that the High Court came to the conclusion that the claimant was entitled for compensation for loss of earning capacity due to disability and both were to be in compartment. It also did not grant interest on the enhanced sum. In the ultimate eventuate F the High Court vide its judgment dated 14.7.2010 rejected the appeal filed by respondent No. 1 and allowed the cross-cbjection in part. Being dissatisfied, the claimant has preferred the present appeal for enhancement of the amount of compensation. G 5. At the outset, it is requisite to be stated that the facts as have been adumbrated are not in dispute. Therefore, first we shall advert to the issue whether the High Court was justified in awarding compensation on a singular head relating to permanent disability and loss of future earning. In K. Suresh H 968 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 9 S.C.R.

A v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. and Another1, after refo/rihg to Ramesh Chandra v. Randhir Singh2 and B. Kothandapani v. Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd. 3, this Court expressed the view that compensation can be granted towards permanent disability as well as loss of future earnings, for one B head relates to the impairment of person's capacity and the other relates to the sphere of pain and suffering and loss of enjoyment of life by the person himself. The Bench also relied upon Laxman v. Divisional Manager, Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. and another4, wherein it has been laid down thus: -c "The ratio of the above noted judgments is that if the victim of an accident suffers permanent or temporary disability, then efforts should always be made to award adequate compensation not only for the physical injury and treatment, but also for the pain, suffering and trauma caused due to D accident, loss of earnings and victim's inability to lead a normal life and enjoy amenities, which he would have enjoyed but for the disability caused due to the accident." Thus, the view expressed by the High Court on this score E is not sustainable.

6. Be it noted, the High Court has granted Rs.20,000/- for pain and suffering and Rs.10,000/- for loss of amenities. In this context, we may profitably refer to Govind Yadav v. New India Insurance Company Limited5, wherein this Court after F referring to the pronouncements in R.D. Hattangadi v. Pest Control (India) (P) Ltd. 6, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences v. Prasanth S. Dhananka7, Reshma Kumari v. Madan 1. 2012 (10) SCALE 516. G 2. (1990) 3 sec 723. 3. (2011 > 6 sec 420. 4. 2012 ACJ 191. 5. (2011) 1o sec 683. 6. (1951) 1 sec 551. H 7. (2009) 13 sec 422. SUBULAXMI v. M.D., TAMIL NADU STATE 969 TRANSPORT CORPORATION [DIPAK MISRA, J.] Mohan8, Arvind Kumar Mishra v. New India Assurance Co. A Ltd. 9 and Raj Kumar v. Ajay Kumar10 has laid down as under:-"In our view, the principles laid down in Arvind Kumar Mishra v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. and Raj Kumar v. Ajay Kumar must be followed by all the Tribunals and B the High Courts in determining the quantum of compensation payable to the victims of accident, who are disabled either permanently or temporarily. If the victim of the accident suffers permanent disability, then efforts should always be made to award adequate compensation C not only for the physical injury and treatment, but also for the loss of earning and his inability to lead a normal life and enjoy amenities, which he would have enjoyed but for the disability caused due to the accident."

Thereafter, the Bench proceeded to state whether in the said D case, the compensation awarded to the claimant-victim was just and reasonable or he was entitled to enhanced compensation under certain heads, namely, (i) Loss of earning and other gains due to the amputation of leg; (ii) Loss of future earnings on account of permanent disability; (iii) Future medical E expenses; (iv) Compensation for pain, suffering and trauma caused due to the amputation of leg; (v) Loss of amenities including loss of the prospects of marriage; and (vi) Loss of expectation of life. F 7. It is seemly to state that in the said case, the tribunal had awarded Rs.2,56,800/- and the High Court had enhanced the same to Rs.3,06,000/-. This Court considering various aspects granted Rs.4,53,600/- in lieu of loss of earning, Rs.2,00,000/- towards future treatment, Rs.1,50,000/- for pain, suffering and trauma and Rs.1,50,000/- towards loss of amenity G and enjoyment of life and thereby determined the total amount a. c2009) 13 sec 422. 9. c2010) 10 sec 254. 10. c2011) 1 sec 343. H 970 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 9 S.C.R. A to Rs.9,53,600/-. While determining the said sum, the Bench observed as follows: -

"25. The compensation awarded by the Tribunal for pain, suffering and trauma caused due to the amputation of leg was meager. It is not in dispute that the appellant hadB remained in the hospital for a period of over three months. It is not possible for the tribunals and the courts to make a precise assessment of the pain and trauma suffered by a person whose limb is amputated as a result of accident. Even if the victim of accident gets artificial limb, he willc suffer from different kinds of handicaps and social stigma throughout his life. Therefore, in all such cases, the tribunals and the courts should make a broad guess for the purpose of fixing the amount of compensation. D 26. Admittedly, at the time of accident, the appellant was a young man of 24 years. For the remaining life, he will suffer the trauma of not being able to do his normal work. Therefore, we feel that ends of justice will be met by awarding him a sum of Rs1 ,50,000 in lieu of pain, suffering E and trauma caused due to the amputation of leg.

27. The compensation awarded by the Tribunal for the loss of amenities was also meager. It can only be a matter of imagination as to how the appellant will have to live for the rest of his life with one artificial leg. The appellant can be F expected to live for at least 50 years. During this period he will not be able to live like a normal human being and will not be able to enjoy life. The prospects of his marriage have considerably reduced. Therefore, it would be just and reasonable to award him a sum of Rs1 ,50,000 for the loss G of amenities and enjoyment of life." 8. We have reproduced from the said decision in extenso, as the Court has dwelled upon the fundamental concept of just compensation regard being had to the value of life and limb H in our country. Needless to say, the approach in such matters SUBULAXMI v. M.D., TAMIL NADU STATE 971 TRANSPORT CORPORATION [DIPAK MISRA, J.] has to be liberal as well as a balanced one. A 9. In the case at hand, th~ tribunal had awarded a sum of Rs.86,000/- towards the permanent disability. The High Court has deleted it. The said deletion as per our above discussion is impermissible. In our considered opinion regard being had 8to the nature of injury suffered and further taking note of the date of accident, a sum of Rs.1,00,000/- on this head would be appropriate and, accordingly, we so determine.

10. Presently, we shall proceed to compute the loss of earning capacity. The claimant was earning Rs.1,500/- per C month and thereby Rs.18,000/- per annum. As she has suffered 86% permanent disability, the future earning may be computed at 14% less and accordingly it is estimated that the multiplicand should be Rs.15,480/- per annum. At the time of accident, she was 30 years of age, and hence, the multiplier of 18 would be o • Thus,applicable, as has been held in Sarla Venna v. D. r.c. 11 the loss of future earning by multiplying the multiplicand of Rs.15,480/- by multiplier of 18, the amount would come to Rs.2, 78,640/-. 11. As far as the pain and suffering and loss of amenities E are concerned, we think it is appropriate to grant a sum of Rs.1,00,000/-. In respect of other heads, namely, medical expenses, extra nourishment, transport charges and loss of earning during treatment, the amount awarded by the High Court is allowed to remain as such. Thus, the amount on the F aforesaid scores would come to Rs.45,000/-. As far as the future replacement of artificial limbs and other medical expenses are concerned, keeping in view the escalation of price, we think it seemly to enhance it Rs.1,25,000/-. G 12. Presently to the grant of interest. The High Court has declined to award interest on the enhanced sum. No reason has been ascribed therefor. Section 171 of the Act deals with award of interest. It reads as follows: - 11. c2009) 6 sec 121. H

972 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 9 S.C.R. A "171. Award of interest where any claim is allowed. -Where any Claims Tribunal allows a claim for compensation made under this Act, such Tribunal may direct that in addition to the amount of compensation simple interest shall also be paid at such rate and from such date not earlier than the date of making the claim asB it may specify in this behalf." 13. In Abati Bezbaruah v. Dy. Director General, Geological Survey of India and Another12, S.B. Sinha, J. in his opinion after referring to the earlier decisions opined that C the question as to what should be the rate of interest would depend upon the facts and circumstances of each case and award of interest would normally depend on the bank rate prevailing at that time. AR. Laxmanan, J. in his concurring opinion stated as follows: - D "The rate of interest must be just and reasonable depending upon the facts and circumstances of each case and taking all relevant factors including inflation, change of economy, policy being adopted by Reserve Bank of India from time to time, how long the case is pending,E permanent injuries suffered by the victim, enormity of suffering loss of future income, loss of enjoyment of life etc., into consideration." 14. In Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation, Tanjore, F represented by its MD v. Natarajan and others13, this Court awarded interest at the rate of 9% per annum from the date of filing of claim petition on the amount of compensation.

15. Thus analysed, we are disposed to think that the High G Court has erred in not granting interest on the enhanced sum. As is evincible, the tribunal had granted payment of interest at the rate of 9% per annum. Considering the totality of facts and circumstances, we find that the interest awarded by the tribunal 12. (2003) 3 sec 148. H 13. (2003) 6 sec 137. SUBULAXMI v. M.D., TAMIL NADU STATE 973 TRANSPORT CORPORATION [DIPAK MISRA, J.] is just and proper and accordingly we direct that the interest A on the differential enhanced sum shall carry interest at the rate 9% per annum from the date of filing of the claim petition till the date of deposit of the same before the tribunal. The respondent corporation is directed to deposit the differential amount before the tribunal within a period of eight weeks from B today. 16. Consequently, the appeal is allowed to the extent indicated above. In the facts and circumstances of the case, there shall be no order as to costs. c K.K.T. Appeal partly allowed.