[2012] 6 S.C.R. 834 A NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. v. GOPALI & ORS. (Civil Appeal ·No. 5179 of 2012) JULY 05, 2012 B [G.S. SINGHVI AND SUDHANSU JYOTI MUKHOPADHAYA, JJ.] MOTOR VEHICLES ACT, 1988: c s. 166 - Motor accident - Death of victim - Claim for compensation - Computation of income of deceased -Consideration of increase in income - Held: High Court was justified in determining the amount of compensation by o granting 100% increase in the income of the deceased - In the normal course, the deceased would have served for 22 years and during that period his salary would have certainly doubled because the employer was paying 20% of his salary as bonus per year - Insurer's challenge to the impugned order E is meritless. Motor accident - Death of victim - Compensation -Deduction towards personal expenses - Held: Single Judgf! · of the High Court did not commit any error by not following F the rule of 1!3rd deduction towards the personal expenses of the deceased - In the instant case, the deceased had 8 dependents including four sons and one daughter - Where the family of the deceased comprised of 5 persons or more having an income of Rs.3,0001- to Rs.5,0001-, it is virtually G impossible for him to spend more than 1/10th of the total income upon himself. Motor accident - Compensation - Multiplier - Deceased aged about 36 years - Held: Tribunal and High Court were H 834 NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. v. GOPALI & 835 ORS.

not right in applying the multiplier of 10 - They should have A adopted the multiplier of 15 for the purpose of determining the amount of compensation - This is a fit case in which the Court should exercise power under Art. 142 of the Constitution and .enhance the compensaUon determined by High Court, by applying appropriate multiplier - With a view to do complete B justice to the claimants, the· amount of compensation is redetermined by applying the multiplier of 15 and accordingly, the claimants are entitled to total amount of Rs. 10, 63, 0401 a -, as detailed in the judgment - The claimants shall also get interest on the enhanced compensation at the rate of 12% per C annum from the date of filing the claim petition - Interest -Constitution of India, 1950 - Article 142. COSTS: D Payment of compensation delayed - Compensation awarded by Tribunal enhanced by single Judge of High Court, confirmed by Division Bench of High Court - Held: Since the insurer had· enjoyed the ex-parte interim order pa~sed by Supreme Court for a period of five years, it is directed to pay E cost of Rs.5 lakhs to the claimants. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE:

··Appeal by insurer challenging the compensation awarded by Tribunal, enhanced by single Judge of High Court F and confirmed by Division Bench of High Court - Ex-parte interim order - Court expressed its concern with regard to the ex-parte interim order continuing to operate for years together without the matter being listed for effective hearing - Interim G' order - .Ex-parte interim order - .Practice and procedure . . Santosfi Devi v. National Insurance Company Ltd. and others 2012(3) SCR 1178 ~ relied on General Manager, Kera/a State Road Transport H 836 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 6 S.C.R. A Corporation v. Susamma Thomas (1994) 2 SCC 176; Sar/a Verma v. Delhi Transport Corporation 2009 (5) SCR 1098 = (2009) 6 SCC 121; UP. SRTC v. Trilok Chandra (1996) 4 SCC 362 and Fakeerappa v. Karnataka Cement Pipe Factory 2004 (2) SCR 369 = (2004) 2 SCC- 473 - referred to. B Case Law Reference: (1994) 2 sec 116 referred to para 7 2009 (5 ) SCR 1098 referred to para 14 0 (1996) 4 sec 362 referred to para 15 2004 (2 ) SCR 369 referred to para 15 2012(3) SCR 1178 relied on para 16 D CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 5179 of 2012. From the Judgment & Order dat~ 22.03.2007 of the High Court of Judicature at Rajasthan at JaQlur Bench, Jaipur in D.B. E Special Appeal No. 49 of 2005. Nikunj Dayal, Pramod Dayal for the Appellant. The Order of the Court was delivered F ORDER 1. Leave granted.

2. India is acclaimed for achieving a flourishing G constitutional order, an inventive and activist judiciary, aided by a proficient bar and supported by the State. However, the Courts and Tribunals, which the citizens are expected to approach for redressal of their grievance and protection of their fundamental, constitutional and legal rights, are beset with the H problems of delays and costs. In a country where 36 per cent NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. v. GOPALI & 837 ORS.

of the population live below the poverty line, these deficiencies A in the justice delivery system prevent a large segment of the population from availing legal remedies. The disadvantaged and poor are deprived of access to justice because of the costs of litigation, both in terms of actual expenses and lost opportunities, and the laudable goal of securing justice - social, B economic and political enshrined in the Preamble to the Constitution of India remains an illusion for them. The infrastructure of Courts and the processes which govern them are simply inaccessible to the poor. The State, which has been mandated by Article 39A of the Constitution to ensure that the C operation of the legal system promotes justice by providing free legal aid and that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities, has not been able to create an effective mechanism Dfor making justice accessible to the poor, downtrodden and disadvantaged. In last two and a half decades the institution of the legal services authorities has rendered yeoman's service in the field of providing legal aid to the poor but a lot is required to be done for ensuring justice to economically deprived section E of the society and those who suffer from other disabilities like illiteracy and ignorance.

3. We have prefaced the disposal of this petition, filed against order dated 22.~.2007 passed by the Division Bench Fof the Rajasthan High Court whereby the special appeal filed by the appellant against the judgment of the learned Single Judge was dismissed as not maintainable, by making the aforementioned observ,ations because in last almost 20 years the claimants - the aged parents, wife and five children of Nanag G Ram, who became a victim of road accident in 1992, must have exhausted all their resources in prosecuting and contesting the litigation till the stage of High Court and they must not have been left with money sufficient for engaging an advocate in this Court and also because in last almost five years, during which H 838 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 6 S.C.R.

A the special leave petition remained pending in this Court, they must have lost all hopes to get justice. The learned Single Judge of the High Court had allowed the appeal filed by the dependants of Nanag Ram under Section 173 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (for short, 'the Act') and enhanced the B compensation awarded by Motor Accident Claims Tribunal, Jaipur (for short, 'the Tribunal') by an amount of Rs.4,85,000/-and directed the appellant to pay the enhanced compensation with interest at the rate of 12 per cent per annum from the date of filing the claim petition till 31.12.2000 and at the rate of 9 C per cent from 1.1.2001 till the payment thereof, but on account of ex-parte interim order passed by this Court on 23.7.2007, the claimants could get a paltry sum of Rs. 2 lakhs .and they perhaps thought that it will not be worthwhile to spend money for contesting the special leave petition filed by the appellant. D This is perhaps the thinking of many thousands of poor litigants, who succeed in the Courts below and the High Courts but cannot afford the cost and expenses of contesting litigation in the highest Court of the country and suffer silently in the name E of the Almighty God by treating it as their destiny.

4. Nanag Ram died in a road accident which occurred on 9.3.1992 when his motorcycle was struck by a truck ownedby respondent No.10-Ram Chandra Paliwal and driven by Raghu Nath, whose name was deleted from the array ofparties vide F order dated 2.4.2009. At the time of accident, Nanag Ram's age was about 36 years and he was employed as a Machine Operator in National Engineering Company Ltd., Jaipur for a salary of Rs.4,000/- per month. G 5. The dependants of Nanag Ram filed a petition under ·Section 166 of the Act for award of compensation to the tune of Rs.24 lakhs by alleging that their bread winner had died due to rash and negligent driving of the truck by Shri Raghu Nath. While the owner of the truck and its driver did not file a reply to H NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. v. GOPALI & 839 ORS. contest the claim petition, the appellant raised all possible A objections. In the reply filed on behalf of the appellant it was prayed that the claimants be directed to prove whether the driver of the offending vehicle was in the employment of the owner and had a va!id and effective driving licence. The appellant also sought a direction to the owner for production B of the original insurance policy and, as is usually done in such cases, it claimed that the accident was not caused due to rash and negligent driving of the truck. An alternative plea taken by the appellant was that if an award is passed, the contributory negligence of both the drivers be determined. C

6. After considering the pleadings and evidence of the parties, the Tribunal held that the accident was caused due to rash and negligent driving of the truck. The Tribunal also accepted the claimants' assertion that the deceased was D employed as a Machine Operator in National Engineering Company, Jaipur. The Tribunal then referred to the evidence produced by the claimants on the issue of monthly income of the deceased and held that it could be taken as Rs.3,000/- per month. After deducting 1/3rd towards personal expenses and E applying the multiplier of 10, the Tribunal concluded that the claimants are entitled to total compensation of Rs.2,55,000/-with interest at the rate of 12 per cent per annum w.e.f. 5.9.1992. F 7. The learned Single Judge of the High Court took cognizance of the fact that the employer was annually paying bonus to the deceased at the rate of 20 per cent of his salary, referred to the judgment of this Court in General Manager, Kera/a State Road Transport Corporation v. Susamma G Thomas (1994) 2 sec 176 and held. that the claimants are entitled to total compensation of Rs.6,45,300/-. The learned Single Judge made additions of small amounts towards pains and sufferings, loss of love and affection, consortium, security H 840 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012) 6 S.C.R. A and protection and directed the appellant to pay an additional amount of Rs.4,85,000/- with interest at the rate of 12 per cent per annum.

8. The special appeal filed by the appellant was dismissed B by the Division Bench of the High Court by relying upon Section 1OOA of the Code of Civil Procedure. 9. On 23.7.2007, this Court ordered notice on the special leave petition and indirectly stayed the judgment of the learned C Single Judge of the High Court. For the sake of reference that order is extracted below: "Issue notice. Without prejudice to the claims involved, let the petitioner D deposit a sum of Rupees three lakhs with the concerned MACT within four weeks from today. A sum of Rupees two lakhs shall be permitted to be withdrawn by the clairnant without furnishing security."

E 10. As is the fate of large number of other special leave petitions, this petition was not listed before the Court for next five years for effective hearing and the appellant continued to enjoy the benefit of ex-parte interim order. For the first time, the case was listed before the Registrar on 15.10.2008.i.e. after F almost one year and three months of the issue of notice. The Registrar noted that notice has not been served upon respondent Nos. 1 to 8 and 10 and an application has been filed for deleting respondent No. 9 from the array of parties. On 2.4.2009, the application was allowed by the Chamber Judge. G For next two years an~ five months, the file of the case did not see the light of the day. On 14.9.2011, the case was listed before the Registrar, who recorded the statement of the appellant's counsel that he does not want to bring on· record the legal representatives of respondent Nos. 1 and 3. On H Nl:.W INUIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. v. GOPALI & 841 . ORS.

12.10.2011, the matter was again listed before the Registrar, A who directed that the matter be placed before the Chamber Judge. When the matter was listed before the Chamber Judge, he noted that the legal representatives of respondent Nos. 1 and 3 are already on record. It should be a matter of concern for those who are associated with this institution as to why an B ex-parte interim order passed by the Court should continue to operate for years together without the matter being listed for effective hearing. If the claimants had been members of economically affluent sections of the society, they would have engaged an eminent advocate and taken steps for hearing of C the matter at an early date but, as noted earlier, they do not have the financial capacity and resources to engage any advocate for contesting the special leave petition. 11. We have heard learned counsel for the appellant and D carefully perused the record. 12. In our view, the appellant's challenge to the impugned order is meritless and the appeal is liable to be dismissed. We are also convinced that this is a fit case in which the Court E should exercise power under Article 142 of the Constitution and enhance the compensation determined by the High Court by applying appropriate multiplier. 13. We shall first consider whether the High Court was F justified in not applying the rule of 1/3rd deduction towards personal expenses of the deceased.

14. In Sar/a Verma v. Delhi Transport Corporation (2009) 6 SCC 121, the two Judge Bench made an endeavor to standardise the parameters for determination of the G compensation payable by the insurer and I or the owner of the offending vehicle. While dealing with the issue of deduction towards personal. expenses, the Court made the following observations: H • 842 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 6 S.C.R. A "We have already noticed that the personal and living expenses of the deceased should be deducted from the income, to arrive at the contribution to the dependants. No evidence need be led to show the actual expenses of the deceased. In fact, any evidence in that behalf will be wholly B unverifiable and likely to be unreliable. The claimants will. obviously tend to .claim that the deceased was very frugal and did not have any expensive habits and was spending virtually the entire income on the family. In some cases, it may be so. No claimant would admit that the deceased C was a spendthrift, even if he was one.

It is also very difficult for the respondents in a claim petition to produce evidence to show that the deceased was spending a considerable part of the income on himself or o that he was contributing only a small part of the income on his family. Therefore, it became necessary to standardise the deductions to be made under the head of personal and living expenses of the deceased. This lead to the practice of deducting towards personal and living expenses of the E deceased, one-third of the income if the deceased was married, and one-half (50%) of the income if the deceased was a bachelor. This practice was evolved out of experience, logic and convenience. In fact one-third deduction got statutory recognition under the Second F Schedule to the Act, in respect of claims under Section 163-A of the Motor Vehicle~ Act, 1988 ("the MV Act", for short). But, such percentage of deduction is not an inflexible rule and offers merely a guideline." G 15. The Bench then referred to the judgments in Kera/a State Road Transport Corporation v. Susamma Thomas (1994) 2 SCC 176, U.P.SRTC v. Tri/ok Chandra (1996) 4 SCC 362 and Fakeerappa v. Karnataka Cement Pipe Factory (2004) 2 sec 473 and held: H NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. v. GOPALI & 843 ORS.

"Though in some cases the deduction to be made towards A personal and living expenses is calculated on the basis of units indicated in Trilok Chandra, the general practice is to apply standardised deductions. Having considered several subsequent decisions of this Court, we are of the view that where the deceased was married, the deduction B towards personal and living expenses of the deceased, should be one-third (1/3rd) where the number of dependent family members is 2 to 3, one-fourth (1/4th) where the number of dependent family members is 4 to 6, and one-fifth (1/5th) where the number of dependent family members C exceeds six."

16. The issue was recently considered in Santosh Devi v. National Insurance Company Ltd. and others (Civil Appeal No.3723 of 2012 decided on 23.3.2012) and it was observed: D "It is also not possible to approve the view taken by the Tribunal which has been reiterated by the High Court albeit without assigning reasons that the deceased would have spent 1/3rd bf his total earning, i.e., Rs. 500/-, towards E personal expenses. It seems that the Presiding Officer of the Tribunal and the learned Single Judge of the High Court were totally oblivious of the h<iird realities of the life. It will be impossible for a person whose monthly income is Rs.1,500/- to spend 1/3rd on himself leaving 2/3rd for the F family consisting offive persons. Ordinarily, such a person would, at best, spend 1/10th of his income on himself or use that amount as personal expenses and leave the rest for his family." G 17. National Sample Survey Report No. 527 on Household Consumer Expenditure in India 2006-07, which has been prepared after conducting thorough research on the subject contains the figures of monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) for various classes. These are extracted below: H m 0 tD )> Table SR: Hreak-un of total monthl\' ocr cdr>ita consumer cx~nditurc ~MPCE) b,r group~~·f items for households in different l\1rCE classes All-India Rural CJ)

no. ofhhs monlhly per capila expenditure (Rs.) on item group for households in MPCE class (Rs.) reporting c lJitem group consumption ;:u per m 0- 235 - 270- 320- 365- 410- 455 - 510- 580- 690- 890- 1155 & all IOOO sample s:: 235 no 320 365 410 455 510 580 690 890 1155 morc cla.'iSCS hhs hhs m (I) (2 ()) (5) (6 (7 (8 (9) (10) (Ill (12) (131 (14) (IS (16) ()cereals 67.12 76.36 H8.88"' 95.46 96.64 !02.97 !07.42 114.03 120.46 125.43 129.52 144.23 114.RO 986 32847 0gram 0.27 1.04 0.68 0.50 0.68 0.85 0.64 0.88 l.03 1.33 1.73 2.91 . I.JR 199 7489 ccereal substituu.-s 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.12 0.20 0.21 0.41 0.45 0.83 1.94 0.46 71 2837 ;:u pulses and their products 5.14 8.11 11.62 IJ.34 14.45 16.95 18.96 20.54 22.68 27.02 31.42 40.IS 22.67 973 3238) -I 2.K6 8.73 19.43 27.33 31.27 39.97milk and milk products 9.39 1207 52.41 75.89 96.72 151.72 56.23 766 263801 ;:u 18.93 7.85 21.SO 23.16 25.36 27.37 982 32649 15.38 16.82 44.49 27.22edible oil 11.47 32.01 36.68 egg, fish and rn.:al 3.38 6.31 7.44 10.39 13.29 JS.00 17.75 19.79 24.31 29.50 38.74 52.13 24.32 616 23272 m vegetables 14.91 20.67 25.39 28.91 30.20 34.50 36.62 40.01 44.79 49.98 56.44 67.88 43.06 986 32826 lJ fruits: fresh I.II 1.46 2.01 2.82 3.70 4.18 5.19 6.17 8.99 11.75 lb.75 32.28 10.02 773 27530 0fruits: dry 0.04 0.08 O.JO 0.81 0.74 1.04 J.14 1.56 1.87 2.69 4.30 8.82 2.45 298 10146 ;:u 7.07 8.IO 9.05 10.77 12.04 3.21 5.06 6.16 14.07 17.12 20.61 27.87 14.04 957suga.- 318801

1.5 I 1.00 1.00 1.14 J.14 1.21 1.77 1.99salt 0.69 0.79 0.90 1.38 . j.34 985 32772 -ICJ) spices 5.32 7.50 8.30 9.70 J0.77 J 1.63 12.54 13.90 15.28 17.18 20.19 24.27 14.96 985 32761 beverages, etc. S.09 7.46 10.29 11.72 14.78 16.27 19.10 22.21 25.79 33.65 46.72 92.60 30.67 982 32800 total: food 117.01 155.76 186.IO 210.63 232.76 262-53 285.92 317.88 360.84 425.SO 502.44 693.32 363.42 999 33123 pan 0.23 0.41 0.96 1.44 1.87 1.65 J.74 1.99 2.92 3.26 4.67 4.43 2.64 305 10407 tobacco 1.91 3.84 4.80 S.97 5.68 6.05 7.40 8.71 9.02 9.89 11.05 15.17 8,70 618 19528 intoxicants 1.92 2.28 3.58 3.40 4.91 4.11 4.22 4.53 5.90 6.35 7.77 17.63 6.36 181 6278 fuel and light 31.32 36.04 35.25 39.35 43.42 47.66 51.54 58.75 65.74 75.82 90.22 123.85 66.07 995 33093 clothing 15.69 17.42 20.07 23.48 26.64 27.53 32.96 36.54 41.49 49.31 n.54 85.99 42.42 997 33076footwear 2.26 2.08 2.14 2.71 3.50 3.62 4.36 5.07 5.98 7.97 .27 15.73 6.53 972 32368 en , CJ) () ;:u z_ m ~ Table SR (contd.): Break-up of total monthly pe~ capita co~sumcr expenditure (Ml'CE) by groups. of itc.nts f~r h.;u.Cholds in different MPCE z classes All-India I Rural 0

monthly per capita expenditure (Rs.) on ikm group for housc.-holds in MPCE class (Rs.) no. ofhhs reporting )> consumotion )> item group O· 23S. 270- 320- 365- 410- 4S5 - SlO - 580- 690· 890- 1155& all J'C' sample (/) 23S 270 320 36S 410 455 SlO 580 690 890 llSS more classes 1000 hhs (/) .hhs I) f2J (3) (4 (S) (6 17) (8) {9 (10) {I I) 112 {13) {14) {15) 116) c education 1.91 2.14 2.98 S.32 6.07 7.19 8.70 11.03 15.74 24.54 33.70 9S.17 22.16 615 21722 :;o medical-institutional 0.2S 0.S8 0.80 1.57. 4.07 4.14 3.67 4.4.:? SAO 11.31 24.02 94.38 IS.SS 127 5076 )> medical-non-inst. S.26 5.63 9.85 11.75 11.90 17.98 19.29 23.94 28.05 42.80 S7,93 125.53 36.74 685 23349 Oz entertainment 0.64 0.69 0.50 0.81 1.71 1.34 2.40 2.34 :um 4.68 8.76 18.36 4.74 279 11404 ;o () goods for personal care 0.23 0.34 0.24 0.29 0.92 0.59 1.08 1.41 1.44 1.99 2.52 4.61 1.63 IS3 5460 toilet articles 5.42 6.32 7.60 9.41 10.25 11.42 12.79 14.49 16.79 20.18 24.61 43.52 17.87 994 32966 (/) m sundry articles 3.98 5.45 5.95 7.14 8.10 9.31 10.38 12.18 14.26 17.12 22.46 31.90 14.6S 993 32916 . () cons. services excluding 0

conveyance 4.31 5.46 7.29 8.20 9.96 11.85 14.33 16.21 21.56 JO.SI 48.92 109.15 29.09 968 31867 conveyance 2.60 4.07 3.26 4.S9 7.16 7.57 ID.II 12.04 15.42 26.39 44.51 114.97 25.77 754 27051 r rent 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.34 0.23 0.37 0.77 0.65 0.94 2.48 4.31 19.31 3.00 63 2648 -I taxes and ccsscs O.OS 0.09 0.22 0.47 0.38 0.58 0.84 0.90 1.16 l.85 2.74 6.46 1'6S 347 13380 0 durable goods total 2.45 6.20 4.S9 6.4S 6.26 7.44 8.54 11.57 IS.76 17.77 40.S7 138.13 26.18 844 27399 , total: non-food 80.44 99.0S 110.10 132.70 153.03 170.40 195.11 226.78 271.40 354.20 499.56 1064.28 331.75 1000 33145 :-::: total e1:penditare 197.45 254.81 296.20 343.33 385.79 432.93 481.03 544.66 632.23 779.69 1002.01 1757.60 695.16 1000 33146 clothing: second hand 029 1.12 0.36 0.29 0.39 0.40 o.so 0.26 0.21 0.33 0.27 0.19 0.33 69 2761 G) footwear: second hand 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 8 o.oi 409 0 2nd hand dbrable goods 0.34 0.94 0.02 0.02 S.00 0.15 0.00 0.01 0.65 0.05. 0.05 8 305 o.os o.os ostd. no. hhs(OO) 19254 27459 S7024 72159 107622 118332 146398 170830 242565 259952 186193 200894 1608681 ~cstd. no. pcrs(OO) 93943 159161 336277 402184 628S41 646317 769698 883179 1133508 1197816 7999S8 . 733037 7783617 r no. of sample households 228 299 698 1137 15S9 1888 2413 3190 4580 6029 46S4 6471 33146 Qono. of sample persons 1167 1785 4262 6569 9053 10427 13327 16902 23846 29967 21960 25820 165085 ' 00 ~ (11 )> ::c m 0 OJ :::c .,, m Cl () OJ )> 00 ~ O>

Table SU: Breakwup of total monthly per capita consumer cxpendilure-(MPCE) by groups of items for households in different MPCE dasscs All-India Urban en c no. ofhhs "'U monthly per capita expenditure (Rs.) on item group for households in MPCE class (Rs.) rcpoiting :::0 consumn1ion m

per 0- 335- 395- 485- 580- 675- 790- 930- 1100- 1380- ISSO- 2540& all sample hhs s:: 1000 335 395 485 580 675 790 930 1100 1380 1880 2540 more classes hhs m ti\ (2) 13l 141 15) 16 17 18 19 110 (I I 112 113 114' 115) 116 () cereals 72.87 85.96 90.75 99.71 105.84 107.86 114.19 117.79 124.64 131.56 142.38 151.16 118.80 948 29024 0 gram 0.42 0.47 0.56 0.74 0.94 1.02 1.40 1.73 2.02 2.44 2.55 3.00 1.68 271 8232 cereal substirutcs 0.06 0.09 0.20 0.34 0.26 0.44 0.44 0.46 0.52 0.60 0.75 1.02 0.50 88 2256 c pulses and their products 12.12 15.17 17.13 20.62 22.74 . 25.13 27.37 29.24 32.13 36.60 40.93 47.25 30.06 938 28697 :::0 milk and milk products 11.25 20.39 25.29 33.76 46.68 57.SO 69.83 89.31 !07.14 138.0I 161.88 235.62 97.49 893 27409 --i edible oil 14.12 18.39 20.81 23.42 27.76 30.42 33.38 36.21 42.06 46.33 52.12 59.81 37.52 941 28810 :::0 37.40 24.33 25.20 29.93 6.93 30.71 571 I0.97 19.44 51.46 67.53 egg, fish and meat 15.13 41.02 34.20 17945 m 39.80 43.50 50.49 70.31 20.84 27.36 37.88 54.18 62.46 77.18 30.75 98.71 56.87 943 28884 vegetables "'U fruits: fresh 2.63 3.59 4.62 7.01 8.63 10.16 13.03 15.39 21.44 29.66 40.18 71.11 21.97 887 27616 fruits: dry 0.44 0.87 1.31 1.35 1.73 2.54 2.78 3.62 4.81 7.18 13.28 23.46 6.03 419 13278 0 sugar 7.14 8.67 I0.65 11.01 13.41 14.71 16.05 17.94 19.17 20.20 22.76 25.53 17.25 933 28576 :::0 salt 0.88 0.96 1.10 1.21 1.37 1.47 1.57 1.68 1.82 1.88 2.03 2.35 1.66 942 28847 --i spices 7.70 10.20 12.02 13.98 14.97 16.37 17.37 19.08 20.40 21.50 23.75 28.40 18.82 941 28825 en beverages, etc.. 13.00 16.89 18.39 25.11 29.26 35.05 41.58 50.99 66.57 91.22 126.27 271.33 74.42 997 30485 total: food 170.42 219.98 248;70 295..59 337.73 371.37 419.42 468.Jl 542.58 638.49 757.Sl 1086~ 517.25 999 30562 pan 0.72 1.30 1.88 2.66 2.21 2.62 2.78 3.02 3.82 3.66 4.41 4. 3.12 199 7097 tobacco 3.81 4.36 5.90 8.08 6.78 8.22 8.81 9.26 8.85· 10.00 9.92 17.03 . 9.22 356 J0914 intoxicants I.SO 1.69 3.44 4.38 5.16 4.28 5.40 4.49 6.31 7.21 6.73 16.04 6.24 99 3164 fue1 and light 38.42 47.01 56.77 64.68 73.68 85.05 92.24 I07.32 123.75 143.54 171.36 255.81 117.44 993 30384 clothing 19.05 22.96 28.70 31.85 37.90 43.39 49.12 59.90 67.98 85.86 114.21 188.80 70.25 997 30498 footwear 2.59 3.12 4.21 4.67 5.95 7.22 8.53 10.36 12.49 16.94 23.06 38.19 13.07 985 30137 O> en

() :::0 Table SU (contd.): Break-up of total monthly per capita consumer cxpenditure.(MPCE) by groups of items for households in different Ml'CE z classes · · m All India Urban ~ no! ofhhs monthly per capita expenditure (Rs.) on item group for households in MPCE class (Rs.) repclrting z consumption item gr~up 0 . )> . 0. 335 - 395. 485. 580. 675 - 790- 930- 1100- 1380- 1880- 2540& all 1000'"" Sample )> hhs (J) 335 395 485 580 675 790 930 1100 1380 1880 2540 more classes hhs

(I) . 121 (3) (4) (5) (6) . (7 (8) (9) (10) . (11) (12) (13) (14 (15) (16) (J) education 5.27 6.35 11.39 13.21 11.68 2658 38.02 48.73 68.4-1 110.25 182.02 424.68 91.60 721 22518 c medical-institutional 2.34 1.10 2.43 6.17 3.9-1 8.64 10.39 12.16 lb.90 14.35 40.18 128.41 24.35 140 4199 ;;u medical-non-inst. 8 ..69 12.90 18.23 24.15 25.34 34.30 44.93 46.19 55.71 73.29 95.96 167.96 58.23 718 21973 )> entertainment O.T! 1.60 2.91 4.97 7.14 9.09 12.55 16.06 22.37 32.77 48.10 87.27 24.05 581 19683 goods for personal care 0.2.2 0.37 0.51 0.59 0.67 1.15 1.41 2.36 2.08 3.30 6.58 10.97 2.88 133 5258 Oz ;;u () toilet articles 8.77 I0.66 12.76 15.53 18.44 21.17 24.14 27.43 32.82 41.09 52.05 72.65 31.82 998 30516sundry articles 6.18 8.35 9.75 12.27 14.40 16.87 19.41 21.50 26.65 33.32 43.24 63.92 26.09 992 30388 oo mcons. services excluding . () ·conveyance 7.04 9.85 13.50 15.78 21.54 29.19 38.73 54.04 75.79 118.46 201.07 447.~ 98.57 979 29926 0 conveyance 4.61 4.88 7.09 10.77 18.12 23.05 29.58 45.66 67.06 103.32 162.52 369.38 81.63 842 26258 rent 3.25 5.98. 7.08 12.33 14.33 24.18 32.43 46.06 59.31 91.58 125.05 264.55 66.96 365 10449 r taxes arid cesscs 0.65 1.56 1.96 2.31· 3.41 5.00 5.68 7.42 8.76 11.72 18.93 42.49 10.52 521 16087 -I durable goodS total 2.59 3.85 5.71 7.37 9.53 12.40 15.83 20.77 28.46 51.14 96.82 382.12 59.21 818 24981 0 tobd: non-food 116.48 147.88 194.23 241.77 290.24 362.40 43997 542.72 687.SS 961.82 1402.21 2982.06 795.25 1000 30583 286.90total e&P._c:nditvre 367.85 442.94 537.36 1011.04 1230.14 1600.31 2159.72 4068.34 859AO 627.96 733.77 1312.50 1000 30583 :<:: 0.82c!Olhing:"scconcl 0.53 0.22 0.17 0.09 hand 0.25 0.32 0.34 0.30 0.39 0.31 0.17 0.16 38 1587 f__,,,: second hand 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.01 O.oJ 0.02 9 276 G) 0.002°' 0.08 0.23 0.21 0.50 1.08 0.87 6.14 hand durable good< 0.20 0.92 0.04 0.08 0.32 II 304 0 50.98i~rcnt 170.39 211.24 60.83 143.57 284.56 472.82 826.60 73.44 91.30 107.16 123.44 245.22 653 20248 6764cstd. no. hhs(OO) 62420 9524 78203 58647 82775 75987 23316 58892 37046 38559 46300 578434 ~ 215004cstd. no. pcrs(OO) 36334 59014 324424 .209981 275815 312892 219963 138395 195388 207808 2483925 228906 cno. of sample. households 265 335 837 1259 1423 1795 2269 2561 3939 5885 4739 5276 30583 no. of sample persons 1539. 2101 4983 6902 7623 9220 11009 11810 17022 23096 16372 15151 126828 !<"' (X)

..... m 0 () )> "' 848 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 6 S.C.R.

A 18. Here, we are dealing with a case in which the deceased had 8 dependents including four sons and one daughter. The question which arises for our consideration is whether in 1992 a person having an income of less than Rs.3,000/- and a family of 9 could think of spending 1/3rd of B his income on himself. On a conservative estimate, it is possible to say, he would have spent at least 50% of the income on the purchase of foodgrains, milk, etc., and for payment of water, electricity and other bills. 25% of the income would have been spent on the education of children which would have included c school/college fee, cost of books, etc. 15% of the income would have been used for meeting other family necessities, like, clothes, medical expenses, etc. He would have then been left with 10% of his income, a portion of which could be used to meet unforeseen contingencies and on the occasion of festivals. In this scenario, any deduction towards personal0 expenses would be unrealistic. In any case, where the family of the deceased comprised of 5 persons or more having an income of Rs.3,000/- to Rs.5,000/-, it is virtually impossible for him to spend more than 1/10th of the total income upon himself. E 19. What we have observed hereinabove may not apply to rich people living in urban areas who can afford to spend a substantial amount of their income in clubs, hotels and on drinks parties. In those cases, there may be a semblance of justification in applying the rule of 1/3rd deduction but it would F be wholly unrealistic to universally apply that rule in all cases.

20. On the basis of the above discussion, we hold that the learned Single Judge of the High Court did not commit any error by not following the rule of 1/3rd deduction towards the G personal expenses of the deceased. 21. We are also of the view that the High Court was justified in determining the amount of compensation by granting 100% increase in the income of the deceased. In the normal course, the deceased would have served for 22 years and during that H period his salary would have certainly doubled because the NEW !NOIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. v. GOPALI & 849 ORS. employer was paying 20% of his salary as bonus per year. A 22. The issue which remains to be considered is whether the Tribunal and the High Court committed an error by applying the multiplier of 10. 8 23.. In Sar/a Verma v. Delhi Transport Corporation (supra), this Court considered the question relating to selection of multiplier, referred to the judgments in Kera/a State Road Transport Corporation v. Susamma Thomas (supra), U.P.SRTC v. Tri/ok Chandra (supra) and the Second Schedule appended to the Act and held : c

"We therefore hold that the multiplier to be used should be as mentioned in Column (4) of the table above (prepared by applying Susa·mma Thomas, Trilok Chandra and Charlie), which starts with an operative multiplier of 18 (for 0 the age groups of 15 to 20 and 21 to 25 years), reduced by one unit for every five years, that is M-17 for 26 to 30 years, M-16 for 31 to 35 years, M-15 for 36 to 40 years, M-14 for 41 to 45 years, and M-13 for 46 to 50 years, then reduced by two units for every five years, that is, M-11 for E 51 to 55 years, M-9 for 56 to 60 years, M-7 for 61 to 65 years and M-5 for 66 to 70 years." 24. It is not in dispute that at the time of accident, the age of the deceased was 36 years. Therefore, the Tribunal and the High Court were not right in applying the multiplier of 10. They F should have adopted the multiplier of 15 for the purpose of determining the amount of compensation. 25. In the result, the appeal i~missed. However, with a view to do complete justice to the claimants, we suo motu re- G determine the amount of compensation in the following terms by applying the multiplier of 15 and hold that the claimants are entitled to a total amount of Rs.10,63,040/-: Amount of compensation with 12 months salary and 15 as multiplier : Rs. 5378 x 12 x 15 = H 850 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012) 6 S.C.R. A Rs.9,68,040 [Rs.2,689 pm x 2= Rs. 5,378/- pm] Compensation to Family members

for loss of love & affection, deprivation of protection, social security, etc. Rs.70,000/-B Compensation to the widow of the deceased for loss of love & affection, pains and sufferings, loss of consortium, deprivation of protection, social security, etc. : Rs.25,000/ c Total Compensation Rs.10,63,040 {Rs.9,68,040 + Rs. 70,000 + Rs. 25,000) 26. The claimants shall also get interest on the enhanced compensation at the rate of 12% per annum from the date of D filing the claim petition. 27. The appellant is directed to pay the enhanced I additional compensation and interest to the claimants within a period of six weeks by getting a demand draft prepared in the E name of respondent No.2, that is, the widow of the deceased. The latter shall invest 50% of the amount in a fixed deposit of three years term in a nationalized bank. 28. Since the appellant had enjoyed the ex-parte interim order passed by this Court for a period of five years, it is F directed to pay cost of Rs.5 lakhs to the claimants. 29. The appellant shall submit compliance report in the Registry of the Rajasthan High Court, Jaipur Bench. The Registry shall list the matter before an appropriate Bench for G perusal of the report. If the Bench finds that the appellant has failed to comply with the directions contained in this order, it shall initiate proceedings against the officers of the appellant under the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 and also order recovery of the amount as arrears of land revenue.

H R.P. Appeal dismissed.

[2012] 6 S.C.R. 834 A NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. v. GOPALI & ORS. (Civil Appeal ·No. 5179 of 2012) JULY 05, 2012 B [G.S. SINGHVI AND SUDHANSU JYOTI MUKHOPADHAYA, JJ.] MOTOR VEHICLES ACT, 1988: c s. 166 - Motor accident - Death of victim - Claim for compensation - Computation of income of deceased -Consideration of increase in income - Held: High Court was justified in determining the amount of compensation by o granting 100% increase in the income of the deceased - In the normal course, the deceased would have served for 22 years and during that period his salary would have certainly doubled because the employer was paying 20% of his salary as bonus per year - Insurer's challenge to the impugned order E is meritless. Motor accident - Death of victim - Compensation -Deduction towards personal expenses - Held: Single Judgf! · of the High Court did not commit any error by not following F the rule of 1!3rd deduction towards the personal expenses of the deceased - In the instant case, the deceased had 8 dependents including four sons and one daughter - Where the family of the deceased comprised of 5 persons or more having an income of Rs.3,0001- to Rs.5,0001-, it is virtually G impossible for him to spend more than 1/10th of the total income upon himself. Motor accident - Compensation - Multiplier - Deceased aged about 36 years - Held: Tribunal and High Court were H 834 NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. v. GOPALI & 835 ORS.

not right in applying the multiplier of 10 - They should have A adopted the multiplier of 15 for the purpose of determining the amount of compensation - This is a fit case in which the Court should exercise power under Art. 142 of the Constitution and .enhance the compensaUon determined by High Court, by applying appropriate multiplier - With a view to do complete B justice to the claimants, the· amount of compensation is redetermined by applying the multiplier of 15 and accordingly, the claimants are entitled to total amount of Rs. 10, 63, 0401 a -, as detailed in the judgment - The claimants shall also get interest on the enhanced compensation at the rate of 12% per C annum from the date of filing the claim petition - Interest -Constitution of India, 1950 - Article 142. COSTS: D Payment of compensation delayed - Compensation awarded by Tribunal enhanced by single Judge of High Court, confirmed by Division Bench of High Court - Held: Since the insurer had· enjoyed the ex-parte interim order pa~sed by Supreme Court for a period of five years, it is directed to pay E cost of Rs.5 lakhs to the claimants. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE:

··Appeal by insurer challenging the compensation awarded by Tribunal, enhanced by single Judge of High Court F and confirmed by Division Bench of High Court - Ex-parte interim order - Court expressed its concern with regard to the ex-parte interim order continuing to operate for years together without the matter being listed for effective hearing - Interim G' order - .Ex-parte interim order - .Practice and procedure . . Santosfi Devi v. National Insurance Company Ltd. and others 2012(3) SCR 1178 ~ relied on General Manager, Kera/a State Road Transport H 836 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 6 S.C.R. A Corporation v. Susamma Thomas (1994) 2 SCC 176; Sar/a Verma v. Delhi Transport Corporation 2009 (5) SCR 1098 = (2009) 6 SCC 121; UP. SRTC v. Trilok Chandra (1996) 4 SCC 362 and Fakeerappa v. Karnataka Cement Pipe Factory 2004 (2) SCR 369 = (2004) 2 SCC- 473 - referred to. B Case Law Reference: (1994) 2 sec 116 referred to para 7 2009 (5 ) SCR 1098 referred to para 14 0 (1996) 4 sec 362 referred to para 15 2004 (2 ) SCR 369 referred to para 15 2012(3) SCR 1178 relied on para 16 D CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 5179 of 2012. From the Judgment & Order dat~ 22.03.2007 of the High Court of Judicature at Rajasthan at JaQlur Bench, Jaipur in D.B. E Special Appeal No. 49 of 2005. Nikunj Dayal, Pramod Dayal for the Appellant. The Order of the Court was delivered F ORDER 1. Leave granted.

2. India is acclaimed for achieving a flourishing G constitutional order, an inventive and activist judiciary, aided by a proficient bar and supported by the State. However, the Courts and Tribunals, which the citizens are expected to approach for redressal of their grievance and protection of their fundamental, constitutional and legal rights, are beset with the H problems of delays and costs. In a country where 36 per cent NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. v. GOPALI & 837 ORS.

of the population live below the poverty line, these deficiencies A in the justice delivery system prevent a large segment of the population from availing legal remedies. The disadvantaged and poor are deprived of access to justice because of the costs of litigation, both in terms of actual expenses and lost opportunities, and the laudable goal of securing justice - social, B economic and political enshrined in the Preamble to the Constitution of India remains an illusion for them. The infrastructure of Courts and the processes which govern them are simply inaccessible to the poor. The State, which has been mandated by Article 39A of the Constitution to ensure that the C operation of the legal system promotes justice by providing free legal aid and that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities, has not been able to create an effective mechanism Dfor making justice accessible to the poor, downtrodden and disadvantaged. In last two and a half decades the institution of the legal services authorities has rendered yeoman's service in the field of providing legal aid to the poor but a lot is required to be done for ensuring justice to economically deprived section E of the society and those who suffer from other disabilities like illiteracy and ignorance.

3. We have prefaced the disposal of this petition, filed against order dated 22.~.2007 passed by the Division Bench Fof the Rajasthan High Court whereby the special appeal filed by the appellant against the judgment of the learned Single Judge was dismissed as not maintainable, by making the aforementioned observ,ations because in last almost 20 years the claimants - the aged parents, wife and five children of Nanag G Ram, who became a victim of road accident in 1992, must have exhausted all their resources in prosecuting and contesting the litigation till the stage of High Court and they must not have been left with money sufficient for engaging an advocate in this Court and also because in last almost five years, during which H 838 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 6 S.C.R.

A the special leave petition remained pending in this Court, they must have lost all hopes to get justice. The learned Single Judge of the High Court had allowed the appeal filed by the dependants of Nanag Ram under Section 173 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (for short, 'the Act') and enhanced the B compensation awarded by Motor Accident Claims Tribunal, Jaipur (for short, 'the Tribunal') by an amount of Rs.4,85,000/-and directed the appellant to pay the enhanced compensation with interest at the rate of 12 per cent per annum from the date of filing the claim petition till 31.12.2000 and at the rate of 9 C per cent from 1.1.2001 till the payment thereof, but on account of ex-parte interim order passed by this Court on 23.7.2007, the claimants could get a paltry sum of Rs. 2 lakhs .and they perhaps thought that it will not be worthwhile to spend money for contesting the special leave petition filed by the appellant. D This is perhaps the thinking of many thousands of poor litigants, who succeed in the Courts below and the High Courts but cannot afford the cost and expenses of contesting litigation in the highest Court of the country and suffer silently in the name E of the Almighty God by treating it as their destiny.

4. Nanag Ram died in a road accident which occurred on 9.3.1992 when his motorcycle was struck by a truck ownedby respondent No.10-Ram Chandra Paliwal and driven by Raghu Nath, whose name was deleted from the array ofparties vide F order dated 2.4.2009. At the time of accident, Nanag Ram's age was about 36 years and he was employed as a Machine Operator in National Engineering Company Ltd., Jaipur for a salary of Rs.4,000/- per month. G 5. The dependants of Nanag Ram filed a petition under ·Section 166 of the Act for award of compensation to the tune of Rs.24 lakhs by alleging that their bread winner had died due to rash and negligent driving of the truck by Shri Raghu Nath. While the owner of the truck and its driver did not file a reply to H NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. v. GOPALI & 839 ORS. contest the claim petition, the appellant raised all possible A objections. In the reply filed on behalf of the appellant it was prayed that the claimants be directed to prove whether the driver of the offending vehicle was in the employment of the owner and had a va!id and effective driving licence. The appellant also sought a direction to the owner for production B of the original insurance policy and, as is usually done in such cases, it claimed that the accident was not caused due to rash and negligent driving of the truck. An alternative plea taken by the appellant was that if an award is passed, the contributory negligence of both the drivers be determined. C

6. After considering the pleadings and evidence of the parties, the Tribunal held that the accident was caused due to rash and negligent driving of the truck. The Tribunal also accepted the claimants' assertion that the deceased was D employed as a Machine Operator in National Engineering Company, Jaipur. The Tribunal then referred to the evidence produced by the claimants on the issue of monthly income of the deceased and held that it could be taken as Rs.3,000/- per month. After deducting 1/3rd towards personal expenses and E applying the multiplier of 10, the Tribunal concluded that the claimants are entitled to total compensation of Rs.2,55,000/-with interest at the rate of 12 per cent per annum w.e.f. 5.9.1992. F 7. The learned Single Judge of the High Court took cognizance of the fact that the employer was annually paying bonus to the deceased at the rate of 20 per cent of his salary, referred to the judgment of this Court in General Manager, Kera/a State Road Transport Corporation v. Susamma G Thomas (1994) 2 sec 176 and held. that the claimants are entitled to total compensation of Rs.6,45,300/-. The learned Single Judge made additions of small amounts towards pains and sufferings, loss of love and affection, consortium, security H 840 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012) 6 S.C.R. A and protection and directed the appellant to pay an additional amount of Rs.4,85,000/- with interest at the rate of 12 per cent per annum.

8. The special appeal filed by the appellant was dismissed B by the Division Bench of the High Court by relying upon Section 1OOA of the Code of Civil Procedure. 9. On 23.7.2007, this Court ordered notice on the special leave petition and indirectly stayed the judgment of the learned C Single Judge of the High Court. For the sake of reference that order is extracted below: "Issue notice. Without prejudice to the claims involved, let the petitioner D deposit a sum of Rupees three lakhs with the concerned MACT within four weeks from today. A sum of Rupees two lakhs shall be permitted to be withdrawn by the clairnant without furnishing security."

E 10. As is the fate of large number of other special leave petitions, this petition was not listed before the Court for next five years for effective hearing and the appellant continued to enjoy the benefit of ex-parte interim order. For the first time, the case was listed before the Registrar on 15.10.2008.i.e. after F almost one year and three months of the issue of notice. The Registrar noted that notice has not been served upon respondent Nos. 1 to 8 and 10 and an application has been filed for deleting respondent No. 9 from the array of parties. On 2.4.2009, the application was allowed by the Chamber Judge. G For next two years an~ five months, the file of the case did not see the light of the day. On 14.9.2011, the case was listed before the Registrar, who recorded the statement of the appellant's counsel that he does not want to bring on· record the legal representatives of respondent Nos. 1 and 3. On H Nl:.W INUIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. v. GOPALI & 841 . ORS.

12.10.2011, the matter was again listed before the Registrar, A who directed that the matter be placed before the Chamber Judge. When the matter was listed before the Chamber Judge, he noted that the legal representatives of respondent Nos. 1 and 3 are already on record. It should be a matter of concern for those who are associated with this institution as to why an B ex-parte interim order passed by the Court should continue to operate for years together without the matter being listed for effective hearing. If the claimants had been members of economically affluent sections of the society, they would have engaged an eminent advocate and taken steps for hearing of C the matter at an early date but, as noted earlier, they do not have the financial capacity and resources to engage any advocate for contesting the special leave petition. 11. We have heard learned counsel for the appellant and D carefully perused the record. 12. In our view, the appellant's challenge to the impugned order is meritless and the appeal is liable to be dismissed. We are also convinced that this is a fit case in which the Court E should exercise power under Article 142 of the Constitution and enhance the compensation determined by the High Court by applying appropriate multiplier. 13. We shall first consider whether the High Court was F justified in not applying the rule of 1/3rd deduction towards personal expenses of the deceased.

14. In Sar/a Verma v. Delhi Transport Corporation (2009) 6 SCC 121, the two Judge Bench made an endeavor to standardise the parameters for determination of the G compensation payable by the insurer and I or the owner of the offending vehicle. While dealing with the issue of deduction towards personal. expenses, the Court made the following observations: H • 842 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 6 S.C.R. A "We have already noticed that the personal and living expenses of the deceased should be deducted from the income, to arrive at the contribution to the dependants. No evidence need be led to show the actual expenses of the deceased. In fact, any evidence in that behalf will be wholly B unverifiable and likely to be unreliable. The claimants will. obviously tend to .claim that the deceased was very frugal and did not have any expensive habits and was spending virtually the entire income on the family. In some cases, it may be so. No claimant would admit that the deceased C was a spendthrift, even if he was one.

It is also very difficult for the respondents in a claim petition to produce evidence to show that the deceased was spending a considerable part of the income on himself or o that he was contributing only a small part of the income on his family. Therefore, it became necessary to standardise the deductions to be made under the head of personal and living expenses of the deceased. This lead to the practice of deducting towards personal and living expenses of the E deceased, one-third of the income if the deceased was married, and one-half (50%) of the income if the deceased was a bachelor. This practice was evolved out of experience, logic and convenience. In fact one-third deduction got statutory recognition under the Second F Schedule to the Act, in respect of claims under Section 163-A of the Motor Vehicle~ Act, 1988 ("the MV Act", for short). But, such percentage of deduction is not an inflexible rule and offers merely a guideline." G 15. The Bench then referred to the judgments in Kera/a State Road Transport Corporation v. Susamma Thomas (1994) 2 SCC 176, U.P.SRTC v. Tri/ok Chandra (1996) 4 SCC 362 and Fakeerappa v. Karnataka Cement Pipe Factory (2004) 2 sec 473 and held: H NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. v. GOPALI & 843 ORS.

"Though in some cases the deduction to be made towards A personal and living expenses is calculated on the basis of units indicated in Trilok Chandra, the general practice is to apply standardised deductions. Having considered several subsequent decisions of this Court, we are of the view that where the deceased was married, the deduction B towards personal and living expenses of the deceased, should be one-third (1/3rd) where the number of dependent family members is 2 to 3, one-fourth (1/4th) where the number of dependent family members is 4 to 6, and one-fifth (1/5th) where the number of dependent family members C exceeds six."

16. The issue was recently considered in Santosh Devi v. National Insurance Company Ltd. and others (Civil Appeal No.3723 of 2012 decided on 23.3.2012) and it was observed: D "It is also not possible to approve the view taken by the Tribunal which has been reiterated by the High Court albeit without assigning reasons that the deceased would have spent 1/3rd bf his total earning, i.e., Rs. 500/-, towards E personal expenses. It seems that the Presiding Officer of the Tribunal and the learned Single Judge of the High Court were totally oblivious of the h<iird realities of the life. It will be impossible for a person whose monthly income is Rs.1,500/- to spend 1/3rd on himself leaving 2/3rd for the F family consisting offive persons. Ordinarily, such a person would, at best, spend 1/10th of his income on himself or use that amount as personal expenses and leave the rest for his family." G 17. National Sample Survey Report No. 527 on Household Consumer Expenditure in India 2006-07, which has been prepared after conducting thorough research on the subject contains the figures of monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) for various classes. These are extracted below: H m 0 tD )> Table SR: Hreak-un of total monthl\' ocr cdr>ita consumer cx~nditurc ~MPCE) b,r group~~·f items for households in different l\1rCE classes All-India Rural CJ)

no. ofhhs monlhly per capila expenditure (Rs.) on item group for households in MPCE class (Rs.) reporting c lJitem group consumption ;:u per m 0- 235 - 270- 320- 365- 410- 455 - 510- 580- 690- 890- 1155 & all IOOO sample s:: 235 no 320 365 410 455 510 580 690 890 1155 morc cla.'iSCS hhs hhs m (I) (2 ()) (5) (6 (7 (8 (9) (10) (Ill (12) (131 (14) (IS (16) ()cereals 67.12 76.36 H8.88"' 95.46 96.64 !02.97 !07.42 114.03 120.46 125.43 129.52 144.23 114.RO 986 32847 0gram 0.27 1.04 0.68 0.50 0.68 0.85 0.64 0.88 l.03 1.33 1.73 2.91 . I.JR 199 7489 ccereal substituu.-s 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.12 0.20 0.21 0.41 0.45 0.83 1.94 0.46 71 2837 ;:u pulses and their products 5.14 8.11 11.62 IJ.34 14.45 16.95 18.96 20.54 22.68 27.02 31.42 40.IS 22.67 973 3238) -I 2.K6 8.73 19.43 27.33 31.27 39.97milk and milk products 9.39 1207 52.41 75.89 96.72 151.72 56.23 766 263801 ;:u 18.93 7.85 21.SO 23.16 25.36 27.37 982 32649 15.38 16.82 44.49 27.22edible oil 11.47 32.01 36.68 egg, fish and rn.:al 3.38 6.31 7.44 10.39 13.29 JS.00 17.75 19.79 24.31 29.50 38.74 52.13 24.32 616 23272 m vegetables 14.91 20.67 25.39 28.91 30.20 34.50 36.62 40.01 44.79 49.98 56.44 67.88 43.06 986 32826 lJ fruits: fresh I.II 1.46 2.01 2.82 3.70 4.18 5.19 6.17 8.99 11.75 lb.75 32.28 10.02 773 27530 0fruits: dry 0.04 0.08 O.JO 0.81 0.74 1.04 J.14 1.56 1.87 2.69 4.30 8.82 2.45 298 10146 ;:u 7.07 8.IO 9.05 10.77 12.04 3.21 5.06 6.16 14.07 17.12 20.61 27.87 14.04 957suga.- 318801

1.5 I 1.00 1.00 1.14 J.14 1.21 1.77 1.99salt 0.69 0.79 0.90 1.38 . j.34 985 32772 -ICJ) spices 5.32 7.50 8.30 9.70 J0.77 J 1.63 12.54 13.90 15.28 17.18 20.19 24.27 14.96 985 32761 beverages, etc. S.09 7.46 10.29 11.72 14.78 16.27 19.10 22.21 25.79 33.65 46.72 92.60 30.67 982 32800 total: food 117.01 155.76 186.IO 210.63 232.76 262-53 285.92 317.88 360.84 425.SO 502.44 693.32 363.42 999 33123 pan 0.23 0.41 0.96 1.44 1.87 1.65 J.74 1.99 2.92 3.26 4.67 4.43 2.64 305 10407 tobacco 1.91 3.84 4.80 S.97 5.68 6.05 7.40 8.71 9.02 9.89 11.05 15.17 8,70 618 19528 intoxicants 1.92 2.28 3.58 3.40 4.91 4.11 4.22 4.53 5.90 6.35 7.77 17.63 6.36 181 6278 fuel and light 31.32 36.04 35.25 39.35 43.42 47.66 51.54 58.75 65.74 75.82 90.22 123.85 66.07 995 33093 clothing 15.69 17.42 20.07 23.48 26.64 27.53 32.96 36.54 41.49 49.31 n.54 85.99 42.42 997 33076footwear 2.26 2.08 2.14 2.71 3.50 3.62 4.36 5.07 5.98 7.97 .27 15.73 6.53 972 32368 en , CJ) () ;:u z_ m ~ Table SR (contd.): Break-up of total monthly pe~ capita co~sumcr expenditure (Ml'CE) by groups. of itc.nts f~r h.;u.Cholds in different MPCE z classes All-India I Rural 0

monthly per capita expenditure (Rs.) on ikm group for housc.-holds in MPCE class (Rs.) no. ofhhs reporting )> consumotion )> item group O· 23S. 270- 320- 365- 410- 4S5 - SlO - 580- 690· 890- 1155& all J'C' sample (/) 23S 270 320 36S 410 455 SlO 580 690 890 llSS more classes 1000 hhs (/) .hhs I) f2J (3) (4 (S) (6 17) (8) {9 (10) {I I) 112 {13) {14) {15) 116) c education 1.91 2.14 2.98 S.32 6.07 7.19 8.70 11.03 15.74 24.54 33.70 9S.17 22.16 615 21722 :;o medical-institutional 0.2S 0.S8 0.80 1.57. 4.07 4.14 3.67 4.4.:? SAO 11.31 24.02 94.38 IS.SS 127 5076 )> medical-non-inst. S.26 5.63 9.85 11.75 11.90 17.98 19.29 23.94 28.05 42.80 S7,93 125.53 36.74 685 23349 Oz entertainment 0.64 0.69 0.50 0.81 1.71 1.34 2.40 2.34 :um 4.68 8.76 18.36 4.74 279 11404 ;o () goods for personal care 0.23 0.34 0.24 0.29 0.92 0.59 1.08 1.41 1.44 1.99 2.52 4.61 1.63 IS3 5460 toilet articles 5.42 6.32 7.60 9.41 10.25 11.42 12.79 14.49 16.79 20.18 24.61 43.52 17.87 994 32966 (/) m sundry articles 3.98 5.45 5.95 7.14 8.10 9.31 10.38 12.18 14.26 17.12 22.46 31.90 14.6S 993 32916 . () cons. services excluding 0

conveyance 4.31 5.46 7.29 8.20 9.96 11.85 14.33 16.21 21.56 JO.SI 48.92 109.15 29.09 968 31867 conveyance 2.60 4.07 3.26 4.S9 7.16 7.57 ID.II 12.04 15.42 26.39 44.51 114.97 25.77 754 27051 r rent 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.34 0.23 0.37 0.77 0.65 0.94 2.48 4.31 19.31 3.00 63 2648 -I taxes and ccsscs O.OS 0.09 0.22 0.47 0.38 0.58 0.84 0.90 1.16 l.85 2.74 6.46 1'6S 347 13380 0 durable goods total 2.45 6.20 4.S9 6.4S 6.26 7.44 8.54 11.57 IS.76 17.77 40.S7 138.13 26.18 844 27399 , total: non-food 80.44 99.0S 110.10 132.70 153.03 170.40 195.11 226.78 271.40 354.20 499.56 1064.28 331.75 1000 33145 :-::: total e1:penditare 197.45 254.81 296.20 343.33 385.79 432.93 481.03 544.66 632.23 779.69 1002.01 1757.60 695.16 1000 33146 clothing: second hand 029 1.12 0.36 0.29 0.39 0.40 o.so 0.26 0.21 0.33 0.27 0.19 0.33 69 2761 G) footwear: second hand 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 8 o.oi 409 0 2nd hand dbrable goods 0.34 0.94 0.02 0.02 S.00 0.15 0.00 0.01 0.65 0.05. 0.05 8 305 o.os o.os ostd. no. hhs(OO) 19254 27459 S7024 72159 107622 118332 146398 170830 242565 259952 186193 200894 1608681 ~cstd. no. pcrs(OO) 93943 159161 336277 402184 628S41 646317 769698 883179 1133508 1197816 7999S8 . 733037 7783617 r no. of sample households 228 299 698 1137 15S9 1888 2413 3190 4580 6029 46S4 6471 33146 Qono. of sample persons 1167 1785 4262 6569 9053 10427 13327 16902 23846 29967 21960 25820 165085 ' 00 ~ (11 )> ::c m 0 OJ :::c .,, m Cl () OJ )> 00 ~ O>

Table SU: Breakwup of total monthly per capita consumer cxpendilure-(MPCE) by groups of items for households in different MPCE dasscs All-India Urban en c no. ofhhs "'U monthly per capita expenditure (Rs.) on item group for households in MPCE class (Rs.) rcpoiting :::0 consumn1ion m

per 0- 335- 395- 485- 580- 675- 790- 930- 1100- 1380- ISSO- 2540& all sample hhs s:: 1000 335 395 485 580 675 790 930 1100 1380 1880 2540 more classes hhs m ti\ (2) 13l 141 15) 16 17 18 19 110 (I I 112 113 114' 115) 116 () cereals 72.87 85.96 90.75 99.71 105.84 107.86 114.19 117.79 124.64 131.56 142.38 151.16 118.80 948 29024 0 gram 0.42 0.47 0.56 0.74 0.94 1.02 1.40 1.73 2.02 2.44 2.55 3.00 1.68 271 8232 cereal substirutcs 0.06 0.09 0.20 0.34 0.26 0.44 0.44 0.46 0.52 0.60 0.75 1.02 0.50 88 2256 c pulses and their products 12.12 15.17 17.13 20.62 22.74 . 25.13 27.37 29.24 32.13 36.60 40.93 47.25 30.06 938 28697 :::0 milk and milk products 11.25 20.39 25.29 33.76 46.68 57.SO 69.83 89.31 !07.14 138.0I 161.88 235.62 97.49 893 27409 --i edible oil 14.12 18.39 20.81 23.42 27.76 30.42 33.38 36.21 42.06 46.33 52.12 59.81 37.52 941 28810 :::0 37.40 24.33 25.20 29.93 6.93 30.71 571 I0.97 19.44 51.46 67.53 egg, fish and meat 15.13 41.02 34.20 17945 m 39.80 43.50 50.49 70.31 20.84 27.36 37.88 54.18 62.46 77.18 30.75 98.71 56.87 943 28884 vegetables "'U fruits: fresh 2.63 3.59 4.62 7.01 8.63 10.16 13.03 15.39 21.44 29.66 40.18 71.11 21.97 887 27616 fruits: dry 0.44 0.87 1.31 1.35 1.73 2.54 2.78 3.62 4.81 7.18 13.28 23.46 6.03 419 13278 0 sugar 7.14 8.67 I0.65 11.01 13.41 14.71 16.05 17.94 19.17 20.20 22.76 25.53 17.25 933 28576 :::0 salt 0.88 0.96 1.10 1.21 1.37 1.47 1.57 1.68 1.82 1.88 2.03 2.35 1.66 942 28847 --i spices 7.70 10.20 12.02 13.98 14.97 16.37 17.37 19.08 20.40 21.50 23.75 28.40 18.82 941 28825 en beverages, etc.. 13.00 16.89 18.39 25.11 29.26 35.05 41.58 50.99 66.57 91.22 126.27 271.33 74.42 997 30485 total: food 170.42 219.98 248;70 295..59 337.73 371.37 419.42 468.Jl 542.58 638.49 757.Sl 1086~ 517.25 999 30562 pan 0.72 1.30 1.88 2.66 2.21 2.62 2.78 3.02 3.82 3.66 4.41 4. 3.12 199 7097 tobacco 3.81 4.36 5.90 8.08 6.78 8.22 8.81 9.26 8.85· 10.00 9.92 17.03 . 9.22 356 J0914 intoxicants I.SO 1.69 3.44 4.38 5.16 4.28 5.40 4.49 6.31 7.21 6.73 16.04 6.24 99 3164 fue1 and light 38.42 47.01 56.77 64.68 73.68 85.05 92.24 I07.32 123.75 143.54 171.36 255.81 117.44 993 30384 clothing 19.05 22.96 28.70 31.85 37.90 43.39 49.12 59.90 67.98 85.86 114.21 188.80 70.25 997 30498 footwear 2.59 3.12 4.21 4.67 5.95 7.22 8.53 10.36 12.49 16.94 23.06 38.19 13.07 985 30137 O> en

() :::0 Table SU (contd.): Break-up of total monthly per capita consumer cxpenditure.(MPCE) by groups of items for households in different Ml'CE z classes · · m All India Urban ~ no! ofhhs monthly per capita expenditure (Rs.) on item group for households in MPCE class (Rs.) repclrting z consumption item gr~up 0 . )> . 0. 335 - 395. 485. 580. 675 - 790- 930- 1100- 1380- 1880- 2540& all 1000'"" Sample )> hhs (J) 335 395 485 580 675 790 930 1100 1380 1880 2540 more classes hhs

(I) . 121 (3) (4) (5) (6) . (7 (8) (9) (10) . (11) (12) (13) (14 (15) (16) (J) education 5.27 6.35 11.39 13.21 11.68 2658 38.02 48.73 68.4-1 110.25 182.02 424.68 91.60 721 22518 c medical-institutional 2.34 1.10 2.43 6.17 3.9-1 8.64 10.39 12.16 lb.90 14.35 40.18 128.41 24.35 140 4199 ;;u medical-non-inst. 8 ..69 12.90 18.23 24.15 25.34 34.30 44.93 46.19 55.71 73.29 95.96 167.96 58.23 718 21973 )> entertainment O.T! 1.60 2.91 4.97 7.14 9.09 12.55 16.06 22.37 32.77 48.10 87.27 24.05 581 19683 goods for personal care 0.2.2 0.37 0.51 0.59 0.67 1.15 1.41 2.36 2.08 3.30 6.58 10.97 2.88 133 5258 Oz ;;u () toilet articles 8.77 I0.66 12.76 15.53 18.44 21.17 24.14 27.43 32.82 41.09 52.05 72.65 31.82 998 30516sundry articles 6.18 8.35 9.75 12.27 14.40 16.87 19.41 21.50 26.65 33.32 43.24 63.92 26.09 992 30388 oo mcons. services excluding . () ·conveyance 7.04 9.85 13.50 15.78 21.54 29.19 38.73 54.04 75.79 118.46 201.07 447.~ 98.57 979 29926 0 conveyance 4.61 4.88 7.09 10.77 18.12 23.05 29.58 45.66 67.06 103.32 162.52 369.38 81.63 842 26258 rent 3.25 5.98. 7.08 12.33 14.33 24.18 32.43 46.06 59.31 91.58 125.05 264.55 66.96 365 10449 r taxes arid cesscs 0.65 1.56 1.96 2.31· 3.41 5.00 5.68 7.42 8.76 11.72 18.93 42.49 10.52 521 16087 -I durable goodS total 2.59 3.85 5.71 7.37 9.53 12.40 15.83 20.77 28.46 51.14 96.82 382.12 59.21 818 24981 0 tobd: non-food 116.48 147.88 194.23 241.77 290.24 362.40 43997 542.72 687.SS 961.82 1402.21 2982.06 795.25 1000 30583 286.90total e&P._c:nditvre 367.85 442.94 537.36 1011.04 1230.14 1600.31 2159.72 4068.34 859AO 627.96 733.77 1312.50 1000 30583 :<:: 0.82c!Olhing:"scconcl 0.53 0.22 0.17 0.09 hand 0.25 0.32 0.34 0.30 0.39 0.31 0.17 0.16 38 1587 f__,,,: second hand 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.01 O.oJ 0.02 9 276 G) 0.002°' 0.08 0.23 0.21 0.50 1.08 0.87 6.14 hand durable good< 0.20 0.92 0.04 0.08 0.32 II 304 0 50.98i~rcnt 170.39 211.24 60.83 143.57 284.56 472.82 826.60 73.44 91.30 107.16 123.44 245.22 653 20248 6764cstd. no. hhs(OO) 62420 9524 78203 58647 82775 75987 23316 58892 37046 38559 46300 578434 ~ 215004cstd. no. pcrs(OO) 36334 59014 324424 .209981 275815 312892 219963 138395 195388 207808 2483925 228906 cno. of sample. households 265 335 837 1259 1423 1795 2269 2561 3939 5885 4739 5276 30583 no. of sample persons 1539. 2101 4983 6902 7623 9220 11009 11810 17022 23096 16372 15151 126828 !<"' (X)

..... m 0 () )> "' 848 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 6 S.C.R.

A 18. Here, we are dealing with a case in which the deceased had 8 dependents including four sons and one daughter. The question which arises for our consideration is whether in 1992 a person having an income of less than Rs.3,000/- and a family of 9 could think of spending 1/3rd of B his income on himself. On a conservative estimate, it is possible to say, he would have spent at least 50% of the income on the purchase of foodgrains, milk, etc., and for payment of water, electricity and other bills. 25% of the income would have been spent on the education of children which would have included c school/college fee, cost of books, etc. 15% of the income would have been used for meeting other family necessities, like, clothes, medical expenses, etc. He would have then been left with 10% of his income, a portion of which could be used to meet unforeseen contingencies and on the occasion of festivals. In this scenario, any deduction towards personal0 expenses would be unrealistic. In any case, where the family of the deceased comprised of 5 persons or more having an income of Rs.3,000/- to Rs.5,000/-, it is virtually impossible for him to spend more than 1/10th of the total income upon himself. E 19. What we have observed hereinabove may not apply to rich people living in urban areas who can afford to spend a substantial amount of their income in clubs, hotels and on drinks parties. In those cases, there may be a semblance of justification in applying the rule of 1/3rd deduction but it would F be wholly unrealistic to universally apply that rule in all cases.

20. On the basis of the above discussion, we hold that the learned Single Judge of the High Court did not commit any error by not following the rule of 1/3rd deduction towards the G personal expenses of the deceased. 21. We are also of the view that the High Court was justified in determining the amount of compensation by granting 100% increase in the income of the deceased. In the normal course, the deceased would have served for 22 years and during that H period his salary would have certainly doubled because the NEW !NOIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. v. GOPALI & 849 ORS. employer was paying 20% of his salary as bonus per year. A 22. The issue which remains to be considered is whether the Tribunal and the High Court committed an error by applying the multiplier of 10. 8 23.. In Sar/a Verma v. Delhi Transport Corporation (supra), this Court considered the question relating to selection of multiplier, referred to the judgments in Kera/a State Road Transport Corporation v. Susamma Thomas (supra), U.P.SRTC v. Tri/ok Chandra (supra) and the Second Schedule appended to the Act and held : c

"We therefore hold that the multiplier to be used should be as mentioned in Column (4) of the table above (prepared by applying Susa·mma Thomas, Trilok Chandra and Charlie), which starts with an operative multiplier of 18 (for 0 the age groups of 15 to 20 and 21 to 25 years), reduced by one unit for every five years, that is M-17 for 26 to 30 years, M-16 for 31 to 35 years, M-15 for 36 to 40 years, M-14 for 41 to 45 years, and M-13 for 46 to 50 years, then reduced by two units for every five years, that is, M-11 for E 51 to 55 years, M-9 for 56 to 60 years, M-7 for 61 to 65 years and M-5 for 66 to 70 years." 24. It is not in dispute that at the time of accident, the age of the deceased was 36 years. Therefore, the Tribunal and the High Court were not right in applying the multiplier of 10. They F should have adopted the multiplier of 15 for the purpose of determining the amount of compensation. 25. In the result, the appeal i~missed. However, with a view to do complete justice to the claimants, we suo motu re- G determine the amount of compensation in the following terms by applying the multiplier of 15 and hold that the claimants are entitled to a total amount of Rs.10,63,040/-: Amount of compensation with 12 months salary and 15 as multiplier : Rs. 5378 x 12 x 15 = H 850 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012) 6 S.C.R. A Rs.9,68,040 [Rs.2,689 pm x 2= Rs. 5,378/- pm] Compensation to Family members

for loss of love & affection, deprivation of protection, social security, etc. Rs.70,000/-B Compensation to the widow of the deceased for loss of love & affection, pains and sufferings, loss of consortium, deprivation of protection, social security, etc. : Rs.25,000/ c Total Compensation Rs.10,63,040 {Rs.9,68,040 + Rs. 70,000 + Rs. 25,000) 26. The claimants shall also get interest on the enhanced compensation at the rate of 12% per annum from the date of D filing the claim petition. 27. The appellant is directed to pay the enhanced I additional compensation and interest to the claimants within a period of six weeks by getting a demand draft prepared in the E name of respondent No.2, that is, the widow of the deceased. The latter shall invest 50% of the amount in a fixed deposit of three years term in a nationalized bank. 28. Since the appellant had enjoyed the ex-parte interim order passed by this Court for a period of five years, it is F directed to pay cost of Rs.5 lakhs to the claimants. 29. The appellant shall submit compliance report in the Registry of the Rajasthan High Court, Jaipur Bench. The Registry shall list the matter before an appropriate Bench for G perusal of the report. If the Bench finds that the appellant has failed to comply with the directions contained in this order, it shall initiate proceedings against the officers of the appellant under the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 and also order recovery of the amount as arrears of land revenue.

H R.P. Appeal dismissed.