[2012] 3 S.C.R. 992 A RAMESHKUMAR AGARWAL v RAJMALA EXPORTS PVT. LTD. & ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 3295 of 2012) MARCH 30, 2012 8 [P. SATHASIVAM AND J. CHELAMESWAR, JJ.] Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 - Or. VI, r. 17 - Amendment of pleadings -Suit by respondent for specific performance of C agreement of sale of immovable property - Subsequent prayer by plaintiff-respondent for amendment of the plaint -Plea of defendant-appellant that the proposed amendment altered the cause of action - Held: Not tenable - The amendment application was filed immediately after filing of O the suit and before commencement of the trial - The proposed amendment merely introduced facts/evidence in support of the contention already pleaded, viz., that the entire consideration under the agreement had been paid - In the original plaint, the details of payment of consideration were E not stated and by the amendment, the plaintiff wanted to explain how money consideration was paid - There was thus no inconsistency in the case of the plaintiff- By the proposed amendment, the plaintiff was not altering the cause of action and in any way prejudice the defendants - The amendment F sought for was also not barred by limitation. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908- Or. VI, r.17-Amendment of pleadings - Object and scope of - Factors to be taken into consideration while dealing with application for amendments

- Held: While deciding application for arpendment ordinarily G the Court must not refuse bona fide, legitimate, honest and necessary amendments and should never permit mala fide and dishonest amendments - Purpose and object of Order VI Rule 17 of CPC is to allow either party to alter or amend his pleadings in such manner and on such terms as may be H 992 RAMESHKUMAR AGARWAL v. RAJMALA EXPORTS 993 PVT. LTD. & ORS. just - Amendment cannot be claimed as a matter of right and A under all circumstances, but the Courts while deciding such prayers should not adopt a hyper-technical approach - Liberal approach should be the general rule particularly, in cases where the other side can be compensated with costs -Normally, amendments are allowed in the pleadings to avoid B multiplicity of litigations. Respondent no.1 filed suit for specific performance of agreement of sale of immovable property before the High Court. Later, respondent no.1-plaintiff took out C Chamber Summons in the suit for amendment of the plaint. A Single Judge of the High Court partly allowed the Chamber Summons. Against the order, the appellant-defendant filed appeal before the Division Bench of the High Court which dismissed the same. Hence the present appeal. D

Dismissing the appeal, the Court HELD:1. After filing a suit for specific performance in the year 2007, the plaintiff filed Chamber Summons for E amendment of plaint for impleadment of two parties as plaintiff Nos. 2 & 3 and three parties as defendant Nos. 3,4 & 5 apart from the fact that he wants to explain how money consideration under the agreement of sale was paid. A perusal of the amendment application shows that Fplaintiff by this amendment seeks to incorporate certain facts, which according to him, establish that an aggregate amount of Rs. 2,05,00,000/- was paid by him and the proposed plaintiffs prior to the suit agreement; that defendant No.1 confirmed having received the payment from the plaintiffs in the name of his nominees, namely, G proposed defendant Nos. 3-5 and the receipt of the amount was reflected in the accounts of proposed defendant Nos. 3-5. It is also projected that the proposed amendment is limited to the extent of contending that defendant Nos. 1 and 2 and the proposed defendants H 994 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 3 S.C.R.

A treated the payment made by the plaintiffs to defendant Nos.3 to 5 as payment having been made to defendant No.1. Though the appellant herein-defendant No.1 therein, contended that the proposed amendment altered the cause of action, after perusal of the entire averments, this B Court is of the view that it merely introduce facts/evidence in support of the contention already pleaded, viz., that the entire consideration under the agreement has been paid. In the original plaint, the details of payment of consideration have not been stated and by the present c amendment, the plaintiff wants to explain how money was paid. Accordingly, there is no inconsistency in the case of the plaintiff. The claim that the present amendment being barred by limitation is also rightly rejected by the Courts below. [Para 5] [998-E-H; 999-A-B] D 2. Order VI Rule 17 of CPC enables the parties to make amendment of the plaint. It is clear that while deciding the application for amendment ordinarily the Court must not refuse bona fide, legitimate, honest and necessary amendments and should never permit mala E fide and dishonest amendments. The purpose and object of Order VI Rule 17 of CPC is to allow either party to alter or amend his pleadings in such manner and on such terms as may be just. Amendment cannot be claimed as a matter of right and under all circumstances, but the F Courts while deciding such prayers should not adopt a hyper-technical approach. Liberal approach should be the general rule particularly, in cases where the other side can be compensated with costs. Normally, amendments are allowed in the pleadings to avoid multiplicity of G litigations. [Paras 7, 11] [999-F; 1001-H; 1002-A-C] Rajkumar Gurawara (Dead) Through L.Rs vs. S.K.

Sarwagi & Company Private Limited & Anr. (2008) 14 SCC 364: 2008 (8) SCR 700 and Revajeetu Builders & Developers vs. Narayanaswamy & Sons & Ors. (2009) 10 H SCC 84: 2009 (15) SCR 103 - referred to. RAMESHKUMAR AGARWAL v. RAJMALA EXPORTS 995 PVT. LTD. & ORS. 3. In the instant case, in view of the fact that the A amendment application came to be filed immediately after filing of the suit (suit came to be filed in 2007 and the amendment application was in 2008) i.e. before commencement of the trial and taking note of the fact that the single Judge confined the relief only to a certain B extent and also that in the proposed amendment the plaintiff wants to explain how the money was paid, though necessary averments in the form of foundation have already been laid in the original plaint, it is held that by this process the plaintiff is not altering the cause of c action and in any way prejudice defendants. [Para 12] [1002-0-E] 4. By the present amendment, the plaintiff furnished more details about the mode of payment of consideration. Accordingly, it is held that there is no D inconsistency and the amendment sought for is not barred by limitation. [Para 13] [1002-F] Case Law Reference: E 2008 (8) SCR 700 referred to Para 9 2009 (15) SCR 103 referred to Para 10 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 3295 of 2012. F

From the Judgment & Order dated 8.6.2010 of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay in Appeal No. 40 of 2010 in Chamber Summons No. 1233 of 2008 in Suit No. 2374 of 2007. G Shekhar Naphade, Amit Kumar Sharma, E.C. Agrawala for the Appellant. · Vinay Navare, Abha R. Sharma, Gaurav Agrawal for the Respondents. H 996 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 3 S.C.R. A The Judgment of the Court was delivered by P.SATHASIVAM, J. 1.Leave granted. 2. This appeal is directed against the final judgment and order dated 08.06.2010 passed by the High Court of B Judicature at Bombay in Appeal No. 40 of 2010 in Chamber Summons No. 1233 of 2008 in Suit No. 2374 of 2007 whereby the High Court disposed of the appeal filed by the appellant herein by partly allowing Chamber Summons No. 1233 of 2008 filed by respondent No.1 herein for amendment in the plaint. c 3. Brief facts:

(a) The property (Bungalow) in question was constructed by the late Ganpatrai Agarwal, father of the appellant herein. Vipin Kumar Agarwal, respondent No.4 is the brother of the D appellant. The land on which the said bungalow is constructed is a leasehold property and belongs to Hatkesh Co-operative Housing Society Limited (hereinafter referred to as "the Society"). The Society granted leasehold rights in respect of the said plot by indenture of lease dated 22.02.1976. The E mother of the appellant passed away in 1991 and his father also passed away in 2002. After the death of the parents, the appellant holds 50% share in the suit property and his brother, respondent No.4 herein, also holds remaining 50% share in the suit property. F (b) According to the appellant, in the year 2002, for setting up a new business, he was in need of substantial finance and for that purpose, he approached respondent No.1-Company through its Director Mr. Rajendra Kumar Aggarwal, who is his G co-brother. Respondent No.2 agreed to finance the proposed projects on the condition that some documents are required to be executed as security. In 2006, the appellant signed an agreement with the Company promising to give his share in the bungalow as a security for the loan. The said agreement was H to be acted only when the Company will give an advance loan RAMESHKUMAR AGARWAL v. RAJMALA EXPORTS 997 PVT. LTD. & ORS. [P. SATHASIVAM, J.]

of Rs.1,85,00,000/- and further upon failure of the appellant to A repay the same within a period of two years from the date of disbursement of the full amount of loan with interest @ 12% p.a. Even before getting the loan amount, the appellant herein signed the agreement. Due to adverse market conditions, the appellant did not go ahead with the proposed project and did B not take any kind of financial assistance from respondent No.1 - Company and respondent No.2 - co-brother of the appellant. (c) According to respondent No.2, the appellant signed an agreement for sale on 02.02.2006 for selling 50% of his C undivided right, title and interest in the suit property. On 16.08.2007, respondent No.1-Company filed a suit for specific performance being Suit No.2374 of 2007 before the High Court of Bombay alleging that the appellant herein had agreed to sell his 50% share in the suit property to the Company for a consideration of Rs.1,85,00,000/- and also alleged that the D appellant ensured that respondent No.4 - the brother of the appellant would sell his 50% undivided share in the property to the Company for Rs.3,00,00,000/- and represented him as an agent of respondent No.4. On 06.09.2007, respondent No.1 - Company took out Notice of Motion No.3241 of 2007 in which E an ex-parte ad interim order was passed in their favour.

(d) The appellant herein sent a letter dated 10.09.2007 through his advocate to respondent Nos. 1 & 2 for seeking details of the consideration of Rs.1,85,00,000/- and also for F inspection of various documents referred to and relied on by them in the plaint as well as in the Notice of Motion. After inspecting the documents, the appellant filed a reply and prayed for vacating of the ex-pa rte ad interim order dated 06.09.2007. After hearing the parties, the High Court, by order dated G 26.11.2007, vacated the ex-parte ad interim order. On 20.08.2008, respondent No.1-Company took. out Chamber Summons No. 1233 of 2008 in Suit No. 2374 of 2007 with a prayer to amend the plaint by impleading other parties. The appellant herein opposed the same. However, by order dated H 998 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 3 S.C.R. A 21.11.2009, learned Single Judge of the High Court partly allowed the Chamber Summons. (e) Against the order dated 21.11.2009, the appellant herein preferred an appeal before the Division Bench being B Appeal No. 40 of 2009 in Chamber Summons No. 1233 of 2008 in Suit No. 2374 of 2007. By the impugned order dated 08.06.2010, the Division Bench of the High Court dismissed the appeal. (f) Aggrieved by the said order of the High Court, the C appellant has filed this appeal by way of special leave before this Court.

4. Heard Mr. Shekhar Naphade, learned senior counsel for the appellant, Mr. Gaurav Agrawal, learned counsel for D respondent Nos. 1-3 and Mr. Vinay Navare, learned counsel for respondent No.4. 5. After filing a suit for specific performance in the year 2007, the plaintiff filed Chamber Summons No. 1233 of 2008 for amendment of plaint for impleadment of two parties as E plaintiff Nos. 2 & 3 and three parties as defendant Nos. 3,4 & 5 apart from the fact that he wants to explain how money was paid. A perusal of the amendment application shows that plaintiff by this amendment seeks to incorporate certain facts, which according to him, establish that an aggregate amount of F Rs. 2,05,00,000/- was paid by him and the proposed plaintiffs prior to the suit agreement; that defendant No.1 confirmed having received the payment from the plaintiffs in the name of his nominees, namely, proposed defendant Nos. 3-5 and the receipt of the amount was reflected in the accounts of proposed G defendant Nos. 3-5. It is also projected that the proposed amendment is limited to the extent of contending that defendant Nos. 1 and 2 and the proposed defendants treated the payment made by the plaintiffs to defendant Nos.3 to 5 as payment having been made to defendant No.1. Though the appellant H herein - defendant No.1 therein, contended that the proposed RAMESHKUMAR AGARWAL v. RAJMALA EXPORTS 999 PVT. LTD. & ORS. [P. SATHASIVAM, J.]

amendment altered the cause of action, after perusal of the A entire averments, we are of the view that it merely introduce facts/evidence in support of the contention already pleaded, viz., that the entire consideration under the agreement has been paid. In the original plaint, the details of payment of consideration have not been stated and by the present s amendment, the plaintiff wants to explain how money was paid. Accordingly, there is no inconsistency in the case of the plaintiff. The claim that the present amendment being barred by limitation is also rightly rejected by the Courts below. In fact, the learned single Judge allowed the Chamber summons only to c the extent of prayers (a) and (b) subject to clarification made in paragraph 14 of his order. 6. Order VI Rule 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (hereinafter referred to as "the Code") makes it clear that every pleading shall contain only a statement in a concise form of the D material facts on which the party pleading relies for his claim or defence but not the evidence by which they are to be proved. Sub-rule (2) of Rule 2 makes it clear that every pleading shall be divided into paragraphs, numbered consecutively, each allegation being, so far as is convenient, contained in a E separate paragraph. Sub-rule (3) of Rule 2 mandates that dates, sums and numbers shall be expressed in a pleading in figures as well as in words.

7. Order VI Rule 17 of the Code enables the parties to F make amendment of the plaint which reads as under; "17. Amendment of pleadings - The Court may at any stage of t.he proceedings allow either party to alter or amend his pleadings in such manner and on such terms as may be just, and all such amendments shall be made G as may be necessary for the purpose of determining the real questions in controversy between the parties: Provided that no application for amendment shall be allowed after the trial has commenced, unless the Court H 1000 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 3 S.C.R. A comes to the conclusion that in spite of due diligence, the party could not have raised the matter before the commencement of trial."

8. Order I Rule 1 of the Code speaks about_ who may be joined in a suit as plaintiffs. Mr. Shekhar Naphade, learned8 senior counsel for the appellant, after taking us through the agreement for sale dated 02.02.2006, pointed out that the parties to the said agreement being only Rameshkumar Agarwal, the present appellant and Rajmala Exports Pvt. Ltd., respondent No.1 herein and the other proposed parties, C particularly, Plaintiff Nos. 2 & 3 have nothing to do with the contract, and according to him, the Courts below have committed an error in entertaining the amendment application. In the light of the said contention, we have carefully perused the agreement for sale dated 02.02.2006, parties to the same and D the relevant provisions from the Code. We have already pointed out that the learned single Judge himself has agreed with the objection as to proposed defendant Nos. 3-5 and found that they are not necessary parties to the suit, however, inasmuch as the main object of the amendment sought for by the plaintiff E is to explain how the money was paid, permitted the other reliefs including impleadment of plaintiff Nos. 2 & 3 as parties to the suit. 9.ln Rajkumar Gurawara (Dead) Through L.Rs vs. S.K.

F Sarwagi & Company Private Limited & Anr. (2008) 14 SCC 364, this Court considered the scope of amendment of pleadings before or after the commencement of the trial. In paragraph 18, this Court held as under:-"........... It is settled law that the grant of application for G amendment be subject to certain conditions, namely, {i) when the nature of it is changed by permitting amendment; {ii) when the amendment would result in introducing new cause of action and intends to prejudice the other party; (iii) when allowing amendment application defeats the law H of limitation ......... " RAMESH KUMAR AGARWAL v. RAJ MALA EXPORTS 1001 PVT. LTD. & ORS, [P. SATHASIVAM. J.] 10. In Revajeetu Builders & Developers vs. A Narayanaswamy & Sons & Ors. (2009) 10 SCC 84, this Court once again considered the scope of amendment of pleadings. In paragraph 63, it concluded as follows: "Factors to be taken into consideration while dealing with 8 applications for amendments 63. On critically analysing both the English and Indian cases, some basic principles emerge which ought to be taken into consideration while allowing or rejecting the application for amendment: C (1) whether the amendment sought is imperative for proper and effective adjudication of the case; (2) whether the application for amendment is bona 0 fide or mala fide; (3) the amendment should not cause such prejudice to the other side which cannot be compensated adequately in terms of money; E

(4) refusing amendment would in fact lead to injustice or lead to multiple litigation; (5) whether the proposed amendment constitutionally or fundamentally changes the nature and character of the F case; and (6) as a general rule, the court should decline amendments if a fresh suit on the amended claims would be barred by limitation on the date of application. G These are some of the important factors which may be kept in mind while dealing with application filed under Order 6 Rule 17. These are only illustrative and not exhaustive." 11. It is clear that while deciding the application for H 1002 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 3 S.C.R. A amendment ordinarily the Court must not refuse bona fide, legitimate, honest and necessary amendments and should never permit mala fide and dishonest amendments. The purpose and object of Order VI Rule 17 of the Code is to allow either party to alter or amend his pleadings in such manner and B on such terms as may be just. Amendment cannot be claimed as a matter of right and under all circumstances, but the Courts while deciding such prayers should not adopt a hyper-technical approach. Liberal approach should be the general rule particularly, in cases where the other side can be compensated c with costs. Normally, amendments are allowed in the pleadings to avoid multiplicity of litigations.

12. In view of the fact that the amendment application came to be filed immediately after filing of the suit (suit came to be filed in 2007 and the amendment application was in 2008) i.e. D before commencement of the trial and taking note of the fact that the learned single Judge confined the relief only to a certain extent and also that in the proposed amendment the plaintiff wants to explain how the money was paid, though necessary averments in the form of foundation have already been laid in E the original plaint, we hold that by this process the plaintiff is not altering the cause of action and in any way prejudi.ce defendants. 13. By the present amendment, the plaintiff furnished more F details about the mode of payment of consideration. Accordingly, we hold that there is no inconsistency and the amendment sought for is not barred by limitation. We fully agree with the conclusion arrived at by the learned single Judge and the Division Bench of the High Court. G 14. In the light of what we have stated above, we do not find any merit in the appeal, consequently, the same is dismissed. No order as to costs. B.B.B. Appeal dismissed. H

[2012] 3 S.C.R. 992 A RAMESHKUMAR AGARWAL v RAJMALA EXPORTS PVT. LTD. & ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 3295 of 2012) MARCH 30, 2012 8 [P. SATHASIVAM AND J. CHELAMESWAR, JJ.] Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 - Or. VI, r. 17 - Amendment of pleadings -Suit by respondent for specific performance of C agreement of sale of immovable property - Subsequent prayer by plaintiff-respondent for amendment of the plaint -Plea of defendant-appellant that the proposed amendment altered the cause of action - Held: Not tenable - The amendment application was filed immediately after filing of O the suit and before commencement of the trial - The proposed amendment merely introduced facts/evidence in support of the contention already pleaded, viz., that the entire consideration under the agreement had been paid - In the original plaint, the details of payment of consideration were E not stated and by the amendment, the plaintiff wanted to explain how money consideration was paid - There was thus no inconsistency in the case of the plaintiff- By the proposed amendment, the plaintiff was not altering the cause of action and in any way prejudice the defendants - The amendment F sought for was also not barred by limitation. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908- Or. VI, r.17-Amendment of pleadings - Object and scope of - Factors to be taken into consideration while dealing with application for amendments

- Held: While deciding application for arpendment ordinarily G the Court must not refuse bona fide, legitimate, honest and necessary amendments and should never permit mala fide and dishonest amendments - Purpose and object of Order VI Rule 17 of CPC is to allow either party to alter or amend his pleadings in such manner and on such terms as may be H 992 RAMESHKUMAR AGARWAL v. RAJMALA EXPORTS 993 PVT. LTD. & ORS. just - Amendment cannot be claimed as a matter of right and A under all circumstances, but the Courts while deciding such prayers should not adopt a hyper-technical approach - Liberal approach should be the general rule particularly, in cases where the other side can be compensated with costs -Normally, amendments are allowed in the pleadings to avoid B multiplicity of litigations. Respondent no.1 filed suit for specific performance of agreement of sale of immovable property before the High Court. Later, respondent no.1-plaintiff took out C Chamber Summons in the suit for amendment of the plaint. A Single Judge of the High Court partly allowed the Chamber Summons. Against the order, the appellant-defendant filed appeal before the Division Bench of the High Court which dismissed the same. Hence the present appeal. D

Dismissing the appeal, the Court HELD:1. After filing a suit for specific performance in the year 2007, the plaintiff filed Chamber Summons for E amendment of plaint for impleadment of two parties as plaintiff Nos. 2 & 3 and three parties as defendant Nos. 3,4 & 5 apart from the fact that he wants to explain how money consideration under the agreement of sale was paid. A perusal of the amendment application shows that Fplaintiff by this amendment seeks to incorporate certain facts, which according to him, establish that an aggregate amount of Rs. 2,05,00,000/- was paid by him and the proposed plaintiffs prior to the suit agreement; that defendant No.1 confirmed having received the payment from the plaintiffs in the name of his nominees, namely, G proposed defendant Nos. 3-5 and the receipt of the amount was reflected in the accounts of proposed defendant Nos. 3-5. It is also projected that the proposed amendment is limited to the extent of contending that defendant Nos. 1 and 2 and the proposed defendants H 994 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 3 S.C.R.

A treated the payment made by the plaintiffs to defendant Nos.3 to 5 as payment having been made to defendant No.1. Though the appellant herein-defendant No.1 therein, contended that the proposed amendment altered the cause of action, after perusal of the entire averments, this B Court is of the view that it merely introduce facts/evidence in support of the contention already pleaded, viz., that the entire consideration under the agreement has been paid. In the original plaint, the details of payment of consideration have not been stated and by the present c amendment, the plaintiff wants to explain how money was paid. Accordingly, there is no inconsistency in the case of the plaintiff. The claim that the present amendment being barred by limitation is also rightly rejected by the Courts below. [Para 5] [998-E-H; 999-A-B] D 2. Order VI Rule 17 of CPC enables the parties to make amendment of the plaint. It is clear that while deciding the application for amendment ordinarily the Court must not refuse bona fide, legitimate, honest and necessary amendments and should never permit mala E fide and dishonest amendments. The purpose and object of Order VI Rule 17 of CPC is to allow either party to alter or amend his pleadings in such manner and on such terms as may be just. Amendment cannot be claimed as a matter of right and under all circumstances, but the F Courts while deciding such prayers should not adopt a hyper-technical approach. Liberal approach should be the general rule particularly, in cases where the other side can be compensated with costs. Normally, amendments are allowed in the pleadings to avoid multiplicity of G litigations. [Paras 7, 11] [999-F; 1001-H; 1002-A-C] Rajkumar Gurawara (Dead) Through L.Rs vs. S.K.

Sarwagi & Company Private Limited & Anr. (2008) 14 SCC 364: 2008 (8) SCR 700 and Revajeetu Builders & Developers vs. Narayanaswamy & Sons & Ors. (2009) 10 H SCC 84: 2009 (15) SCR 103 - referred to. RAMESHKUMAR AGARWAL v. RAJMALA EXPORTS 995 PVT. LTD. & ORS. 3. In the instant case, in view of the fact that the A amendment application came to be filed immediately after filing of the suit (suit came to be filed in 2007 and the amendment application was in 2008) i.e. before commencement of the trial and taking note of the fact that the single Judge confined the relief only to a certain B extent and also that in the proposed amendment the plaintiff wants to explain how the money was paid, though necessary averments in the form of foundation have already been laid in the original plaint, it is held that by this process the plaintiff is not altering the cause of c action and in any way prejudice defendants. [Para 12] [1002-0-E] 4. By the present amendment, the plaintiff furnished more details about the mode of payment of consideration. Accordingly, it is held that there is no D inconsistency and the amendment sought for is not barred by limitation. [Para 13] [1002-F] Case Law Reference: E 2008 (8) SCR 700 referred to Para 9 2009 (15) SCR 103 referred to Para 10 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 3295 of 2012. F

From the Judgment & Order dated 8.6.2010 of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay in Appeal No. 40 of 2010 in Chamber Summons No. 1233 of 2008 in Suit No. 2374 of 2007. G Shekhar Naphade, Amit Kumar Sharma, E.C. Agrawala for the Appellant. · Vinay Navare, Abha R. Sharma, Gaurav Agrawal for the Respondents. H 996 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 3 S.C.R. A The Judgment of the Court was delivered by P.SATHASIVAM, J. 1.Leave granted. 2. This appeal is directed against the final judgment and order dated 08.06.2010 passed by the High Court of B Judicature at Bombay in Appeal No. 40 of 2010 in Chamber Summons No. 1233 of 2008 in Suit No. 2374 of 2007 whereby the High Court disposed of the appeal filed by the appellant herein by partly allowing Chamber Summons No. 1233 of 2008 filed by respondent No.1 herein for amendment in the plaint. c 3. Brief facts:

(a) The property (Bungalow) in question was constructed by the late Ganpatrai Agarwal, father of the appellant herein. Vipin Kumar Agarwal, respondent No.4 is the brother of the D appellant. The land on which the said bungalow is constructed is a leasehold property and belongs to Hatkesh Co-operative Housing Society Limited (hereinafter referred to as "the Society"). The Society granted leasehold rights in respect of the said plot by indenture of lease dated 22.02.1976. The E mother of the appellant passed away in 1991 and his father also passed away in 2002. After the death of the parents, the appellant holds 50% share in the suit property and his brother, respondent No.4 herein, also holds remaining 50% share in the suit property. F (b) According to the appellant, in the year 2002, for setting up a new business, he was in need of substantial finance and for that purpose, he approached respondent No.1-Company through its Director Mr. Rajendra Kumar Aggarwal, who is his G co-brother. Respondent No.2 agreed to finance the proposed projects on the condition that some documents are required to be executed as security. In 2006, the appellant signed an agreement with the Company promising to give his share in the bungalow as a security for the loan. The said agreement was H to be acted only when the Company will give an advance loan RAMESHKUMAR AGARWAL v. RAJMALA EXPORTS 997 PVT. LTD. & ORS. [P. SATHASIVAM, J.]

of Rs.1,85,00,000/- and further upon failure of the appellant to A repay the same within a period of two years from the date of disbursement of the full amount of loan with interest @ 12% p.a. Even before getting the loan amount, the appellant herein signed the agreement. Due to adverse market conditions, the appellant did not go ahead with the proposed project and did B not take any kind of financial assistance from respondent No.1 - Company and respondent No.2 - co-brother of the appellant. (c) According to respondent No.2, the appellant signed an agreement for sale on 02.02.2006 for selling 50% of his C undivided right, title and interest in the suit property. On 16.08.2007, respondent No.1-Company filed a suit for specific performance being Suit No.2374 of 2007 before the High Court of Bombay alleging that the appellant herein had agreed to sell his 50% share in the suit property to the Company for a consideration of Rs.1,85,00,000/- and also alleged that the D appellant ensured that respondent No.4 - the brother of the appellant would sell his 50% undivided share in the property to the Company for Rs.3,00,00,000/- and represented him as an agent of respondent No.4. On 06.09.2007, respondent No.1 - Company took out Notice of Motion No.3241 of 2007 in which E an ex-parte ad interim order was passed in their favour.

(d) The appellant herein sent a letter dated 10.09.2007 through his advocate to respondent Nos. 1 & 2 for seeking details of the consideration of Rs.1,85,00,000/- and also for F inspection of various documents referred to and relied on by them in the plaint as well as in the Notice of Motion. After inspecting the documents, the appellant filed a reply and prayed for vacating of the ex-pa rte ad interim order dated 06.09.2007. After hearing the parties, the High Court, by order dated G 26.11.2007, vacated the ex-parte ad interim order. On 20.08.2008, respondent No.1-Company took. out Chamber Summons No. 1233 of 2008 in Suit No. 2374 of 2007 with a prayer to amend the plaint by impleading other parties. The appellant herein opposed the same. However, by order dated H 998 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 3 S.C.R. A 21.11.2009, learned Single Judge of the High Court partly allowed the Chamber Summons. (e) Against the order dated 21.11.2009, the appellant herein preferred an appeal before the Division Bench being B Appeal No. 40 of 2009 in Chamber Summons No. 1233 of 2008 in Suit No. 2374 of 2007. By the impugned order dated 08.06.2010, the Division Bench of the High Court dismissed the appeal. (f) Aggrieved by the said order of the High Court, the C appellant has filed this appeal by way of special leave before this Court.

4. Heard Mr. Shekhar Naphade, learned senior counsel for the appellant, Mr. Gaurav Agrawal, learned counsel for D respondent Nos. 1-3 and Mr. Vinay Navare, learned counsel for respondent No.4. 5. After filing a suit for specific performance in the year 2007, the plaintiff filed Chamber Summons No. 1233 of 2008 for amendment of plaint for impleadment of two parties as E plaintiff Nos. 2 & 3 and three parties as defendant Nos. 3,4 & 5 apart from the fact that he wants to explain how money was paid. A perusal of the amendment application shows that plaintiff by this amendment seeks to incorporate certain facts, which according to him, establish that an aggregate amount of F Rs. 2,05,00,000/- was paid by him and the proposed plaintiffs prior to the suit agreement; that defendant No.1 confirmed having received the payment from the plaintiffs in the name of his nominees, namely, proposed defendant Nos. 3-5 and the receipt of the amount was reflected in the accounts of proposed G defendant Nos. 3-5. It is also projected that the proposed amendment is limited to the extent of contending that defendant Nos. 1 and 2 and the proposed defendants treated the payment made by the plaintiffs to defendant Nos.3 to 5 as payment having been made to defendant No.1. Though the appellant H herein - defendant No.1 therein, contended that the proposed RAMESHKUMAR AGARWAL v. RAJMALA EXPORTS 999 PVT. LTD. & ORS. [P. SATHASIVAM, J.]

amendment altered the cause of action, after perusal of the A entire averments, we are of the view that it merely introduce facts/evidence in support of the contention already pleaded, viz., that the entire consideration under the agreement has been paid. In the original plaint, the details of payment of consideration have not been stated and by the present s amendment, the plaintiff wants to explain how money was paid. Accordingly, there is no inconsistency in the case of the plaintiff. The claim that the present amendment being barred by limitation is also rightly rejected by the Courts below. In fact, the learned single Judge allowed the Chamber summons only to c the extent of prayers (a) and (b) subject to clarification made in paragraph 14 of his order. 6. Order VI Rule 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (hereinafter referred to as "the Code") makes it clear that every pleading shall contain only a statement in a concise form of the D material facts on which the party pleading relies for his claim or defence but not the evidence by which they are to be proved. Sub-rule (2) of Rule 2 makes it clear that every pleading shall be divided into paragraphs, numbered consecutively, each allegation being, so far as is convenient, contained in a E separate paragraph. Sub-rule (3) of Rule 2 mandates that dates, sums and numbers shall be expressed in a pleading in figures as well as in words.

7. Order VI Rule 17 of the Code enables the parties to F make amendment of the plaint which reads as under; "17. Amendment of pleadings - The Court may at any stage of t.he proceedings allow either party to alter or amend his pleadings in such manner and on such terms as may be just, and all such amendments shall be made G as may be necessary for the purpose of determining the real questions in controversy between the parties: Provided that no application for amendment shall be allowed after the trial has commenced, unless the Court H 1000 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 3 S.C.R. A comes to the conclusion that in spite of due diligence, the party could not have raised the matter before the commencement of trial."

8. Order I Rule 1 of the Code speaks about_ who may be joined in a suit as plaintiffs. Mr. Shekhar Naphade, learned8 senior counsel for the appellant, after taking us through the agreement for sale dated 02.02.2006, pointed out that the parties to the said agreement being only Rameshkumar Agarwal, the present appellant and Rajmala Exports Pvt. Ltd., respondent No.1 herein and the other proposed parties, C particularly, Plaintiff Nos. 2 & 3 have nothing to do with the contract, and according to him, the Courts below have committed an error in entertaining the amendment application. In the light of the said contention, we have carefully perused the agreement for sale dated 02.02.2006, parties to the same and D the relevant provisions from the Code. We have already pointed out that the learned single Judge himself has agreed with the objection as to proposed defendant Nos. 3-5 and found that they are not necessary parties to the suit, however, inasmuch as the main object of the amendment sought for by the plaintiff E is to explain how the money was paid, permitted the other reliefs including impleadment of plaintiff Nos. 2 & 3 as parties to the suit. 9.ln Rajkumar Gurawara (Dead) Through L.Rs vs. S.K.

F Sarwagi & Company Private Limited & Anr. (2008) 14 SCC 364, this Court considered the scope of amendment of pleadings before or after the commencement of the trial. In paragraph 18, this Court held as under:-"........... It is settled law that the grant of application for G amendment be subject to certain conditions, namely, {i) when the nature of it is changed by permitting amendment; {ii) when the amendment would result in introducing new cause of action and intends to prejudice the other party; (iii) when allowing amendment application defeats the law H of limitation ......... " RAMESH KUMAR AGARWAL v. RAJ MALA EXPORTS 1001 PVT. LTD. & ORS, [P. SATHASIVAM. J.] 10. In Revajeetu Builders & Developers vs. A Narayanaswamy & Sons & Ors. (2009) 10 SCC 84, this Court once again considered the scope of amendment of pleadings. In paragraph 63, it concluded as follows: "Factors to be taken into consideration while dealing with 8 applications for amendments 63. On critically analysing both the English and Indian cases, some basic principles emerge which ought to be taken into consideration while allowing or rejecting the application for amendment: C (1) whether the amendment sought is imperative for proper and effective adjudication of the case; (2) whether the application for amendment is bona 0 fide or mala fide; (3) the amendment should not cause such prejudice to the other side which cannot be compensated adequately in terms of money; E

(4) refusing amendment would in fact lead to injustice or lead to multiple litigation; (5) whether the proposed amendment constitutionally or fundamentally changes the nature and character of the F case; and (6) as a general rule, the court should decline amendments if a fresh suit on the amended claims would be barred by limitation on the date of application. G These are some of the important factors which may be kept in mind while dealing with application filed under Order 6 Rule 17. These are only illustrative and not exhaustive." 11. It is clear that while deciding the application for H 1002 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2012] 3 S.C.R. A amendment ordinarily the Court must not refuse bona fide, legitimate, honest and necessary amendments and should never permit mala fide and dishonest amendments. The purpose and object of Order VI Rule 17 of the Code is to allow either party to alter or amend his pleadings in such manner and B on such terms as may be just. Amendment cannot be claimed as a matter of right and under all circumstances, but the Courts while deciding such prayers should not adopt a hyper-technical approach. Liberal approach should be the general rule particularly, in cases where the other side can be compensated c with costs. Normally, amendments are allowed in the pleadings to avoid multiplicity of litigations.

12. In view of the fact that the amendment application came to be filed immediately after filing of the suit (suit came to be filed in 2007 and the amendment application was in 2008) i.e. D before commencement of the trial and taking note of the fact that the learned single Judge confined the relief only to a certain extent and also that in the proposed amendment the plaintiff wants to explain how the money was paid, though necessary averments in the form of foundation have already been laid in E the original plaint, we hold that by this process the plaintiff is not altering the cause of action and in any way prejudi.ce defendants. 13. By the present amendment, the plaintiff furnished more F details about the mode of payment of consideration. Accordingly, we hold that there is no inconsistency and the amendment sought for is not barred by limitation. We fully agree with the conclusion arrived at by the learned single Judge and the Division Bench of the High Court. G 14. In the light of what we have stated above, we do not find any merit in the appeal, consequently, the same is dismissed. No order as to costs. B.B.B. Appeal dismissed. H