[2011] 1 S.C.R. 579 PRAFULL GORADIA A v. · ~ ' UNION OF INDIA (Writ Petition (Civil) No. 1 of 2007) JANUARY 28, 2011 B [MARKANDEY kATJU AND GYAN SUDHA MISRA, JJ.] Haj Committee Act, 2002 - Constitutional validity of -Challenge to - Writ petition - Plea of the petitioner that he is a Hindu but has to pay direct and indirect taxes, part of whose c proceeds go for the purpose of Haj pilgrimage, which is only done by Muslims - Held: Article 27 would be violated if a ' ' substantial part of the entire income taxi central excise! customs duties/sales tax or any other tax collected in India, were to be utilized for promotion or maintenance of any D particular religion or religious denomination - It is nowhere mentioned in the writ petition as. to what percentage of any particular tax has been utilized for the purpose of the Haj pilgrimage - If only a relatively small part of any tax collected is utilized for providing some conveniences or facilities or E concessions to any religious denomination, that would not be violative of Article 27 of the Constitution - Thus, there is no violation of Article 27 as also Articles 14 and 15 of the ;-· Constitution - Constitution of India, 1950-Articles 27, 14, 15 and 32. F Constitution of India, 1950 - Arlicle 27 - When attracted

- Held: Article 27 is a provision in the Constitution, and not an ordinary statute - It is attracted when the statute by which the tax is levied specifically states that the proceeds of the tax would be utilized for a particular religion - Article 27 would G J:?e attracted even when the statute is a general statute, like the Income Tax Act or the Central Excise Act or the State Sa/es Tax Acts, which do not speciflJ for what purpose the 579 H 580 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 1 S.C.R. A proceeds would be utilized provided that a substantial part of such proceeds are in fact utilized for a particular religion. .-,... Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments vs. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar 1954 (5) SCR 1005; Jagannath Ramanuj Das vs. State of Orissa and Anr. 1954(5) SCR 8 1046; T. M.A. Pae Foundation vs. State of Karnataka AIR 2003 SC 355; Kesavanand Bharati vs. State of Kera/a 1973 (4) SGC 225; Tansport ans Dock Workers Union vs. Mumbai Port Trust 2010(12) Scale 217; Government of Andhra Pradesh vs. P. Laxmi Devi AIR 2008 SC 1640; Kai/as and C Ors. vs. State of Maharashtra JT 2011(1)19; Hinsa Virodhak Sangh vs. Mirzapur Moti Kuresh Jamaat AIR 2008 SC 1892 - referred to. James vs. Commonwealth of Australia (1936) AC 578;

D British Coal Corporation vs. The King AIR 1935 P.C. 158; McCulloch vs. Maryland 17 U.S. 316(1819); Missourie vs. Holland 252 U.S. 416 (1920); Bain Peanut Co. vs. Pinson, 282 U.S. 499 (1931 ); Missourie, Kansas and Tennessee · Railroad vs. May 194 U.S. 267 (1904) ,_ referred to. E Case Law Reference: 1954 (5) SCR 1005 Referred to Para 6 1954(5) SCR 1046 Referred to Para 6 F AIR 2003 SC 355 Referred to Para 6 1973 (4) sec 22s Referred to Para 8, 9 (1936) AC 578 Referred to Para 9 AIR 1935 P.C. 158 Referrfi?d to Para 9 G 17 us 316(1819) Referred to Para 9 252 U.S. 416(1920) Referred to Para 9 282 U.S. 499 (1.931) Referred to Para 17 _l:L PRAFULL GORADIA v. UNION OF INDIA 581 194 U.S. 267 (1904) Referred to Para 17 A 2010(12) Scale 217 Referred to Para 20 AIR 2008 SC 1640 Referred to Para 21 JT 2011 (1) 19 Referred to Para 24 B AIR 2008 SC 1892 Referred to Para 24 CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition (Civil) No . ...).;_ 1 of 2007. c M.N. Krishnamani, Alok Singh, Soumyajit Pani, Amit Kumar, V.M. Srivastava, P.D. Sharma for the Petitioner. Ashok Bhan, Shweta Verma, Arvind Kr. Sharma, Sushma.. Suri for the Respondent. D The following order of the Court was delivered ~ ORDER 1. Heard learned counsel for the parties. E

2. This Writ Petition under Article 32 of the Constitution had been initially filed challenging the constitutional validity of the Haj Committee Act 1959, but thereafter by an amendment + application the Haj Committee Act of 2002 which replaced the 1959 Act, has been challenged. F 3. The ground for challenge is that the said Act is violative of Articles 14, 15, and 27 of the Constitution. The grievance of the petitioner is that he is a Hindu but he has to pay direct and indirect taxes, part of whose proceeds go for the purpose of "'--,. the Haj pilgrimage, which is only done by Muslims. For the Haj, G the Indian Government inter alia grants a subsidy in the air fare of the pilgrims. 4. Particular emphasis has been given by the petitioner to Article 27 of the Constitution which states:- H "'. 582 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 1 S.C.R. A "27. Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.-No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or B religious denomination."

5. The petitioner contends that his fundamental right under Article 27 of the Constitution is being violated. We have, therefore, to correctly understand and interpret Article 27. _),. c 6. There are not many decisions which have given an indepth interpretation of Article 27. The decision in Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments vs. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar, 1954 (5) SCR 1005 held (vide page 1045) that since the object of the Madras Hindu Religious D and Charitable Endowments Act, 1951 is not to foster or preserve the Hindu religion but to see that religious trusts and ·~ institutions are properly administered, Article 27 is not attracted. The same view was taken in Jagannath Ramanuj Das vs. State of Orissa and Anr. 1954(5) SCR 1046. The decision in T.M.A. Pae Foundation vs. State of Kamataka, AIR 2003 SC 355E (vide paragraph 85) does not really deal with Article 27 at any depth.

7. There can be two views about Article 27. One view can + be that Article 27 is attracted only when the statute by which F the tax is levied specifically states that the proceeds of the tax • will be utilized for a particular religion. The other view can be that Article 27 will be attracted even when the statute is a general statute, like the Income Tax Act or the Central Excise Act or the State Sales Tax Acts (which do not specify for what purpose G the proceeds will be utilized) provided that a substantial part --,..--_,.--r of such proceeds are in fact utilized for a particular religion.

8. In our opinion Article 27 will be attracted in both these eventualities. This is because Article 27 is a provision in the Constitution, and not an ordinary statute. Principles ofH .- ·;.~.,;~~;,'#~1r-:·'""""'°!'•· ~' .,,, ,.. PRAFULL GORADIA v. UNION OF INDIA 583 interpreting the Constitution are to some extent different from A --< those of interpreting an ordinary statute vide judgment of Hon'ble · Sikri, J. in Kesavanand Bharati vs. tate of Kera/a, 1973 (4) SCC 225 (vide para 15). The object of Article 27 is to maintain secularism, and hence we must construe it fr9m that angle. B 9. As Lord Wright observed in James vs. Commonwealth · of Australia, (1936) AC 578 .• a Constitution is not to be _.._ interpreted in a narrow or pedantic manner (followed in re C.P. & Berar Act, AIR 1939 F.C.I.). This is because a Constitution is a constituent or organic statute, vide British Coal Corporation vs. The King, AIR 1935 P.C. 158 and c Kesavanand Bharati vs. State of Kera/a, 1973 (4) SCC 225 (vide para 506). While a statute must ordinarily be construed as on the day it was enacted, a Constitution cannot be construed in that manner, for it is intended to endure for ages to come, as Chief Justice Marshal of the U.S. Supreme Court D observed in McCulloch vs. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316(1819) and by Mr. Justice Holmes in Missourie vs. Holland, 252 U.S. 416(1920). Hence a strict construction cannot be given to it.

10. In our opinion Article 27 would be violated if a E substantial part of the entire income tax collected in India, or a substantial part of the entire central excise or the customs duties or sales tax, or a substantial part of any other tax collected in India, were to be utilized for promotion o~ maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination. F In other wordf:, suppose 25 per cent of the entire income tax collected in India was utilized for promoting or maintaining any particular religion or religicus denomination, that, in our opinion, •. would be violative of Article 27 of the Constitution . .... 1 11. However, the petitioner has not made any averment G ·-- in his Writ Petition that a substantial part of any tax collected in India is utilized for the purpose of Haj. All that has been said in paragraph 5 (i) and (ii) of the Writ Petition is :-"(i) That the respondent herein has be.en imposing ' and collecting various kinds of direct and indirect taxes H' 584 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 1 S.C.R. A from the petitioner and other citizens of the country. ~ (ii) That a part of the taxes so collected have been • utilized for various purposes including promotion and maintenance of a particular religion and religious institutions."8 12. Thus, it is nowhere mentioned in the Writ Petition as .. to what percentage of any particular tax has been utilized for the purpose of the Haj pilgrimage. The allegation in para 5(ii) ;IL of the Writ Petition is very vague.

c 13. In our opinion, if only a relatively small part of any tax collected is utilized for providing some conveniences or facilities or concessions to any religious denomination, that would not be violative of Article 27 of the Constitution. It is only when a substantial part of the tax is utilized for any particular D religion that Article 27 would be violated. 14. As pointed out in para 8 (iv), (v) and (viii) of the counter affidavit filed on behalf of the Central Government, the State Government incurs some expenditure for the Kumbh Mela, the Central Government incurs expenditure for facilitating IndianE citizens to go on pilgrimage to Mansarover, etc. Similarly in para 8 (vii) of the counter affidavit it is mentioned that some State Governments provide facilities to Hindu and Sikh pilgrims to visit Temples and Gurudwaras in Pakistan. These are very small expenditures in proportion to the entire tax collected.F 15. Moreover, in para 8(iii) of the counter affidavit the Central Government has stated that it is not averse to the idea of granting support to the pilgrimage conducted by any community. -~G 16. In our opinion, we must not be too rigid in these matters, and must give some free play to the joints of the State machinery. A balanced view has to be taken here, and we cannot say that even if one paisa of Government money is spent for a particular religion there will be violation of Article 27. I H I PRAFULL GORADIA v. UNION OF INDIA 585

17. As observed by Mr. Justice Holmes, the celebrated A -'( Judge of the U.S. Supreme Court in Bain Peanut Co. vs. Pinson, 282 U.S. 499, 501 (1931) "The interpretation of constitutional principles must not be too literal. We must remember that the machinery of the government would not work if it were not allowed a little play in its joints" (see also 8 Missourie, Kansas and Tennessee Railroad vs. May, 194 U.S. 267 (1904). ~ 18. Hence, in our opinion, there is no violation of Article 27 of the Constitution. c 19. There is also no violation of Articles 14 and 15 because facilities are also given, and expenditures incurred, by the Central and State Governments in India for other religions. Thus there is no discrimination. D 20. In Transport & Dock Workers Union vs. Mumbai Port -~ Trust, 2010(12) Scale 217 this Court observed that Article 14 cannot be interpreted in a doctrinaire or dogmatic manner. It is not prudent or pragmatic for the Court to insist on absolute equality when there are diverse situations and contingencies, as in the present case (vide paragraphs 39-and 43). E 21. Apart from the above, we have held in Government of Andhra Pradesh vs. P. Laxmi Devi, AIR 2008 SC 1640 that ~y Court should exercise great restraint when deciding the constitutionality of a statute, and every-effort sho~ld be made F to uphold its validity.

22. Parliament has the legislative competence to enact the Haj Committee Act in view of entry 20 to List 1 of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution which states : "Pilgrimages to places outside India". G .,., 23. Thus there is no force in this petition and it is dismissed. 24. Before parting with this case we would like to mention that India is a country of tremendous diversity, which is due to H 586 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 1 S.C.R. A the fact that it is broadly a country of immigrants (like North America) as explained in detail by us jn Kai/as & Others vs. State of Maharashtra, JT 2011 (1) 19. As observed in paragraph 32 of the said decision, since India is a country of great diversity, it is absolutely essential if we wish to keep our B country united to have tolerance and equal respect for all communities and sects (see also in this connection the decision in Hinsa Virodhak Sangh vs. Mirzapur Moti Kuresh Jamaat, AIR 2008 SC 1892 vide paragraphs 41 to 60). It is due to the ,J._ wisdom of our founding fathers that we have a Constitution c which is secular in character, and which caters to the tremendous ~iversity in our country.

25. It may be mentioned that when India became independent in 1947 there were partition riots in many parts of the sub-continent, and a large number of people were killed, D injured and displaced. Religious passions were inflamed at that time, and when passions are inflamed it is difficult to keep a cool head. It is the greatness of our founding fathers that under the leadership of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru they kept a cool head and decided to declare India a secular country instead of a E Hindu country. This was a very difficult decision at that time because Pakistan had declared itself an Islamic State and hence there must have been tremendous pressure on Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and our other leaders to declare a Hindu l State. It is their greatness that they resisted this pressure and F kept a cool head and rightly declared India to be a secular state. 26. This is why despite all its tremendous diversity India is still united. In this sub-continent, with all its tremendous diversity (because 92 per cent of the people living in the sub continent are descendants of immigrants) the only policy which G can work and provide for stability and progress is secularism --r and giving equal respect to all communities, sects, denominations, etc. N.J. Petition dismissed. H

[2011] 1 S.C.R. 579 PRAFULL GORADIA A v. · ~ ' UNION OF INDIA (Writ Petition (Civil) No. 1 of 2007) JANUARY 28, 2011 B [MARKANDEY kATJU AND GYAN SUDHA MISRA, JJ.] Haj Committee Act, 2002 - Constitutional validity of -Challenge to - Writ petition - Plea of the petitioner that he is a Hindu but has to pay direct and indirect taxes, part of whose c proceeds go for the purpose of Haj pilgrimage, which is only done by Muslims - Held: Article 27 would be violated if a ' ' substantial part of the entire income taxi central excise! customs duties/sales tax or any other tax collected in India, were to be utilized for promotion or maintenance of any D particular religion or religious denomination - It is nowhere mentioned in the writ petition as. to what percentage of any particular tax has been utilized for the purpose of the Haj pilgrimage - If only a relatively small part of any tax collected is utilized for providing some conveniences or facilities or E concessions to any religious denomination, that would not be violative of Article 27 of the Constitution - Thus, there is no violation of Article 27 as also Articles 14 and 15 of the ;-· Constitution - Constitution of India, 1950-Articles 27, 14, 15 and 32. F Constitution of India, 1950 - Arlicle 27 - When attracted

- Held: Article 27 is a provision in the Constitution, and not an ordinary statute - It is attracted when the statute by which the tax is levied specifically states that the proceeds of the tax would be utilized for a particular religion - Article 27 would G J:?e attracted even when the statute is a general statute, like the Income Tax Act or the Central Excise Act or the State Sa/es Tax Acts, which do not speciflJ for what purpose the 579 H 580 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 1 S.C.R. A proceeds would be utilized provided that a substantial part of such proceeds are in fact utilized for a particular religion. .-,... Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments vs. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar 1954 (5) SCR 1005; Jagannath Ramanuj Das vs. State of Orissa and Anr. 1954(5) SCR 8 1046; T. M.A. Pae Foundation vs. State of Karnataka AIR 2003 SC 355; Kesavanand Bharati vs. State of Kera/a 1973 (4) SGC 225; Tansport ans Dock Workers Union vs. Mumbai Port Trust 2010(12) Scale 217; Government of Andhra Pradesh vs. P. Laxmi Devi AIR 2008 SC 1640; Kai/as and C Ors. vs. State of Maharashtra JT 2011(1)19; Hinsa Virodhak Sangh vs. Mirzapur Moti Kuresh Jamaat AIR 2008 SC 1892 - referred to. James vs. Commonwealth of Australia (1936) AC 578;

D British Coal Corporation vs. The King AIR 1935 P.C. 158; McCulloch vs. Maryland 17 U.S. 316(1819); Missourie vs. Holland 252 U.S. 416 (1920); Bain Peanut Co. vs. Pinson, 282 U.S. 499 (1931 ); Missourie, Kansas and Tennessee · Railroad vs. May 194 U.S. 267 (1904) ,_ referred to. E Case Law Reference: 1954 (5) SCR 1005 Referred to Para 6 1954(5) SCR 1046 Referred to Para 6 F AIR 2003 SC 355 Referred to Para 6 1973 (4) sec 22s Referred to Para 8, 9 (1936) AC 578 Referred to Para 9 AIR 1935 P.C. 158 Referrfi?d to Para 9 G 17 us 316(1819) Referred to Para 9 252 U.S. 416(1920) Referred to Para 9 282 U.S. 499 (1.931) Referred to Para 17 _l:L PRAFULL GORADIA v. UNION OF INDIA 581 194 U.S. 267 (1904) Referred to Para 17 A 2010(12) Scale 217 Referred to Para 20 AIR 2008 SC 1640 Referred to Para 21 JT 2011 (1) 19 Referred to Para 24 B AIR 2008 SC 1892 Referred to Para 24 CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition (Civil) No . ...).;_ 1 of 2007. c M.N. Krishnamani, Alok Singh, Soumyajit Pani, Amit Kumar, V.M. Srivastava, P.D. Sharma for the Petitioner. Ashok Bhan, Shweta Verma, Arvind Kr. Sharma, Sushma.. Suri for the Respondent. D The following order of the Court was delivered ~ ORDER 1. Heard learned counsel for the parties. E

2. This Writ Petition under Article 32 of the Constitution had been initially filed challenging the constitutional validity of the Haj Committee Act 1959, but thereafter by an amendment + application the Haj Committee Act of 2002 which replaced the 1959 Act, has been challenged. F 3. The ground for challenge is that the said Act is violative of Articles 14, 15, and 27 of the Constitution. The grievance of the petitioner is that he is a Hindu but he has to pay direct and indirect taxes, part of whose proceeds go for the purpose of "'--,. the Haj pilgrimage, which is only done by Muslims. For the Haj, G the Indian Government inter alia grants a subsidy in the air fare of the pilgrims. 4. Particular emphasis has been given by the petitioner to Article 27 of the Constitution which states:- H "'. 582 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 1 S.C.R. A "27. Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.-No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or B religious denomination."

5. The petitioner contends that his fundamental right under Article 27 of the Constitution is being violated. We have, therefore, to correctly understand and interpret Article 27. _),. c 6. There are not many decisions which have given an indepth interpretation of Article 27. The decision in Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments vs. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar, 1954 (5) SCR 1005 held (vide page 1045) that since the object of the Madras Hindu Religious D and Charitable Endowments Act, 1951 is not to foster or preserve the Hindu religion but to see that religious trusts and ·~ institutions are properly administered, Article 27 is not attracted. The same view was taken in Jagannath Ramanuj Das vs. State of Orissa and Anr. 1954(5) SCR 1046. The decision in T.M.A. Pae Foundation vs. State of Kamataka, AIR 2003 SC 355E (vide paragraph 85) does not really deal with Article 27 at any depth.

7. There can be two views about Article 27. One view can + be that Article 27 is attracted only when the statute by which F the tax is levied specifically states that the proceeds of the tax • will be utilized for a particular religion. The other view can be that Article 27 will be attracted even when the statute is a general statute, like the Income Tax Act or the Central Excise Act or the State Sales Tax Acts (which do not specify for what purpose G the proceeds will be utilized) provided that a substantial part --,..--_,.--r of such proceeds are in fact utilized for a particular religion.

8. In our opinion Article 27 will be attracted in both these eventualities. This is because Article 27 is a provision in the Constitution, and not an ordinary statute. Principles ofH .- ·;.~.,;~~;,'#~1r-:·'""""'°!'•· ~' .,,, ,.. PRAFULL GORADIA v. UNION OF INDIA 583 interpreting the Constitution are to some extent different from A --< those of interpreting an ordinary statute vide judgment of Hon'ble · Sikri, J. in Kesavanand Bharati vs. tate of Kera/a, 1973 (4) SCC 225 (vide para 15). The object of Article 27 is to maintain secularism, and hence we must construe it fr9m that angle. B 9. As Lord Wright observed in James vs. Commonwealth · of Australia, (1936) AC 578 .• a Constitution is not to be _.._ interpreted in a narrow or pedantic manner (followed in re C.P. & Berar Act, AIR 1939 F.C.I.). This is because a Constitution is a constituent or organic statute, vide British Coal Corporation vs. The King, AIR 1935 P.C. 158 and c Kesavanand Bharati vs. State of Kera/a, 1973 (4) SCC 225 (vide para 506). While a statute must ordinarily be construed as on the day it was enacted, a Constitution cannot be construed in that manner, for it is intended to endure for ages to come, as Chief Justice Marshal of the U.S. Supreme Court D observed in McCulloch vs. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316(1819) and by Mr. Justice Holmes in Missourie vs. Holland, 252 U.S. 416(1920). Hence a strict construction cannot be given to it.

10. In our opinion Article 27 would be violated if a E substantial part of the entire income tax collected in India, or a substantial part of the entire central excise or the customs duties or sales tax, or a substantial part of any other tax collected in India, were to be utilized for promotion o~ maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination. F In other wordf:, suppose 25 per cent of the entire income tax collected in India was utilized for promoting or maintaining any particular religion or religicus denomination, that, in our opinion, •. would be violative of Article 27 of the Constitution . .... 1 11. However, the petitioner has not made any averment G ·-- in his Writ Petition that a substantial part of any tax collected in India is utilized for the purpose of Haj. All that has been said in paragraph 5 (i) and (ii) of the Writ Petition is :-"(i) That the respondent herein has be.en imposing ' and collecting various kinds of direct and indirect taxes H' 584 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 1 S.C.R. A from the petitioner and other citizens of the country. ~ (ii) That a part of the taxes so collected have been • utilized for various purposes including promotion and maintenance of a particular religion and religious institutions."8 12. Thus, it is nowhere mentioned in the Writ Petition as .. to what percentage of any particular tax has been utilized for the purpose of the Haj pilgrimage. The allegation in para 5(ii) ;IL of the Writ Petition is very vague.

c 13. In our opinion, if only a relatively small part of any tax collected is utilized for providing some conveniences or facilities or concessions to any religious denomination, that would not be violative of Article 27 of the Constitution. It is only when a substantial part of the tax is utilized for any particular D religion that Article 27 would be violated. 14. As pointed out in para 8 (iv), (v) and (viii) of the counter affidavit filed on behalf of the Central Government, the State Government incurs some expenditure for the Kumbh Mela, the Central Government incurs expenditure for facilitating IndianE citizens to go on pilgrimage to Mansarover, etc. Similarly in para 8 (vii) of the counter affidavit it is mentioned that some State Governments provide facilities to Hindu and Sikh pilgrims to visit Temples and Gurudwaras in Pakistan. These are very small expenditures in proportion to the entire tax collected.F 15. Moreover, in para 8(iii) of the counter affidavit the Central Government has stated that it is not averse to the idea of granting support to the pilgrimage conducted by any community. -~G 16. In our opinion, we must not be too rigid in these matters, and must give some free play to the joints of the State machinery. A balanced view has to be taken here, and we cannot say that even if one paisa of Government money is spent for a particular religion there will be violation of Article 27. I H I PRAFULL GORADIA v. UNION OF INDIA 585

17. As observed by Mr. Justice Holmes, the celebrated A -'( Judge of the U.S. Supreme Court in Bain Peanut Co. vs. Pinson, 282 U.S. 499, 501 (1931) "The interpretation of constitutional principles must not be too literal. We must remember that the machinery of the government would not work if it were not allowed a little play in its joints" (see also 8 Missourie, Kansas and Tennessee Railroad vs. May, 194 U.S. 267 (1904). ~ 18. Hence, in our opinion, there is no violation of Article 27 of the Constitution. c 19. There is also no violation of Articles 14 and 15 because facilities are also given, and expenditures incurred, by the Central and State Governments in India for other religions. Thus there is no discrimination. D 20. In Transport & Dock Workers Union vs. Mumbai Port -~ Trust, 2010(12) Scale 217 this Court observed that Article 14 cannot be interpreted in a doctrinaire or dogmatic manner. It is not prudent or pragmatic for the Court to insist on absolute equality when there are diverse situations and contingencies, as in the present case (vide paragraphs 39-and 43). E 21. Apart from the above, we have held in Government of Andhra Pradesh vs. P. Laxmi Devi, AIR 2008 SC 1640 that ~y Court should exercise great restraint when deciding the constitutionality of a statute, and every-effort sho~ld be made F to uphold its validity.

22. Parliament has the legislative competence to enact the Haj Committee Act in view of entry 20 to List 1 of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution which states : "Pilgrimages to places outside India". G .,., 23. Thus there is no force in this petition and it is dismissed. 24. Before parting with this case we would like to mention that India is a country of tremendous diversity, which is due to H 586 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 1 S.C.R. A the fact that it is broadly a country of immigrants (like North America) as explained in detail by us jn Kai/as & Others vs. State of Maharashtra, JT 2011 (1) 19. As observed in paragraph 32 of the said decision, since India is a country of great diversity, it is absolutely essential if we wish to keep our B country united to have tolerance and equal respect for all communities and sects (see also in this connection the decision in Hinsa Virodhak Sangh vs. Mirzapur Moti Kuresh Jamaat, AIR 2008 SC 1892 vide paragraphs 41 to 60). It is due to the ,J._ wisdom of our founding fathers that we have a Constitution c which is secular in character, and which caters to the tremendous ~iversity in our country.

25. It may be mentioned that when India became independent in 1947 there were partition riots in many parts of the sub-continent, and a large number of people were killed, D injured and displaced. Religious passions were inflamed at that time, and when passions are inflamed it is difficult to keep a cool head. It is the greatness of our founding fathers that under the leadership of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru they kept a cool head and decided to declare India a secular country instead of a E Hindu country. This was a very difficult decision at that time because Pakistan had declared itself an Islamic State and hence there must have been tremendous pressure on Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and our other leaders to declare a Hindu l State. It is their greatness that they resisted this pressure and F kept a cool head and rightly declared India to be a secular state. 26. This is why despite all its tremendous diversity India is still united. In this sub-continent, with all its tremendous diversity (because 92 per cent of the people living in the sub continent are descendants of immigrants) the only policy which G can work and provide for stability and progress is secularism --r and giving equal respect to all communities, sects, denominations, etc. N.J. Petition dismissed. H