[2011) 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. 1000 A ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 4263 of 2003) NOVEMBER 8, 2011 B [D.K. JAIN AND ASOK KUMAR GANGULY, JJ.] Special Court (Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in Securities) Act, 1992: c ss. 11, 3(3) and (4) - Attachment of the properties of the Notified persons - Sale of shares - Appellants, their family members and the corporate entities belonging to them purchased more than 90 lakh shares in 'A' Company -Attachment of the majority of the holding - Order of the0 Special Court permitting the Custodian to sell 54, 88, 850 shares of '.A' Company at Rs. 901- per share - Correctness of

- Held: Special Court failed to make a serious effort to realise the highest possible price for the said shares - Special Court E overlooked the norms laid down by it; ignored the directions by this Court and glossed over the procedural irregularities committed by the Custodian - Special Court failed to comply with the principles of natural justice - It rejected the prayer of the appellants to grant them time to secure a better offer which resulted in the realisation of lesser amount by way of sale of F the subject shares, to the detriment of the appellants and other notified parties - Thus, the decision of the Special Court is vitiated and must be struck down in its entirety - However, sale of 54, 88, 850 shares was approved and all procedural modalities are stated to have been carried out and 36. 90 lakh G shares of 'A' Company are claimed to have been extinguished, the relief sought for by the appellants to rescind the entire sale of 54, 88, 850 shares would be impracticable and fraught with grave difficulties - Thus, matter is remitted to the Special Court for taking necessary steps to recover the 4. 95% H 1000 ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1001 ORS. shares from 'A' Company or its management, and put them A to fresh sale strict/yin terms of the norms. s. 10 - Sale of shares of attached properties of the Notified persons -Discretion ex~rcised by Special Court under ·

- Held: 'Discretion: when applied to a court of justice means 8 discretion guided by law - It must not be arbitrary, vague and fanciful but legal and regular - Same principle would govern an appeal preferred u/s. 10 - On facts, Special Court exercised its discretion in complete disregard to its own scheme and 'terms and conditions' approved by it for sale of C shares and in violation of the principles of natural justice, thus, the facts of the case calls for interference. Object and purpose of the Act - Held: Is not only to punish the persons involved in the act of criminal misconduct by defrauding the banks and financial institutions but also to D see that the properties, belonging to the persons notified by the Custodian are appropriated and disposed of for discharge of liabilities to the banks and financial institutions - Thus, a notified party has an intrinsic interest in the realisations, on the disposal of any attached property because it would have E a direct bearing on the discharge of his liabilities in terms of s. 11 - Custodian has to deal with the attached properties only in such manner as the Special Court may direct - Custodian is required to assist in the attachment of the notified person's property and to manage the same thereafter - Special Court F shall be guided by the principles of natural justice.

Doctrines/principles - Principles of natural justice -Extent and application of - Held: Requirement of giving reasonable opportunity of being heard before an order is made by an administrative, quasi judicial or judicial authority, G when such an order entails adverse civil consequences -There can be exceptions to the said doctrine - Its extent and its application cannot be put in a strait:jacket formula -Whether the principle has to be applied or not is to be considered bearing in mind the express language and the H 1002 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A basic scheme of the provision conferring the power; the nature of the power conferred; the purpose for which the power is conferred and the final effect of the exercise of that power on the rights of the person affected.

Appellants, their family members and the corporate8 entities belonging to the family members purchased more than 90 lakh shares in 'A' Company. In the year 1992, the majority of the holding came to be attached by a Notification. Thereafter, on direction by this Court, the Custodian to draft a scheme for sale of shares of the C notified parties and presented the same to the Special Court for the approval. The Special Court by order dated 17th August 2000, categorised the shares into routine shares, bulk shares and controlling block shares. The Special Court constituted a Disposal Committee for D disposal of shares as per the norms laid down in respect of sale of controlling block of shares. The Special Court approved the scheme, propounded by the Custodian for sale of Controlling Block of Shares in toto and ordered sale of all registered shares, except the shares of A E Company. The notified parties and 'A' Company challenged the order of the Special Court. This Court by order dated 23rd August, 2001 issued directions insofar as the sale of controlling block of shares. In compliance with the order, the Custodian drafted tne terms and F conditions of sale for sale of 54,88,850 shares of 'A' Company whereby it was stipulated that the Special Court after ascertaining the highest offer may give an opportunity to the management of the said Company to buy or to the Company to buy-back the said "Controlling G Block" of shares as per provisions of the Companies Act, 1956. Pursuant thereto, the Custo.dian invited bids and only two bids were received, the highest being Rs. 80/-. per share given by· Punjab National Bank. The Disposal Committee evaluated the said bids so received and H recommended that in addition to the said 54,88,850 ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1003

ORS. , shares, additional 8, 15,485 benami shares also be sold A · to the highest bidder subject to sanction by the Special Court. The Special Court permitted the Custodian to sell 54,88,850, shares of respondent No. 3-A Company at Rs. 90/- per share. Thus, the appellants filed the instant appeals. · B Partly allowing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1.1 It is plain that the Special Court (Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in Securities) Act, 1992 which is a special statute, is a complete code in itself. The C purpose and object for which it was enacted was not only to punish the persons who were involved in the act of criminal misconduct by defrauding the banks and financial institutions but also to see that the properties, moveable or immovable or both, belonging to the D persons notified by the Custodian were appropriated and disposed of for discharge of liabilities to the banks and financial institutions, specified government dues and any other liability. Therefore, a notified party has an intrinsic interest in the realisations, on the disposal of any E attached property because it would have a direct bearing on the discharge of his liabilities in terms of Section 11 of the Special Court Act. It is also clear that the Custodian has to deal with the attached properties only in such manner as the Special Court may direct. The Custodian F is required to assist in the attachment of the notified person's property and to manage the same thereafter.

The properties of the notified persons, whether attached or not, do not at any point of time, vest in him, unlike a Receiver under the Code of Civil Procedure or an official G Receiver under the Provincial Insolvency Act or official Assignee under the Presidency Insolvency Act. The statute also mandates that the Special Court shall be guided by the principles of natural justice. [Para 21) [1025-C-F] H 1004 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A 8. 0.1. Finance Ltd. Vs. Custodian & Ors. (1997) 10 SCC 488 : 1997 (3) SCR 51 - relied on.

1.2. It emerges from the scheme formulated by the Custodian for sale of shares in terms of the directions issued by this Court in its order dated 11th March 1996 8 (CA No.5225/1995); the norms laid down by the Special Court vide order dated 17th August 2000 and the modification of these norms by this Court vide order dated 23rd August, 2001 (CA No.5326/1995) that the underlying object of the procedure/norms laid down in C the scheme is to ensure that highest possible price on sale of shares is realised. It is manifest that with this end in view, this Court vide order dated 23rd August, 2001, left it to the Special Court to decide what procedure to adopt in order to realise the highest price for the shares. D The scheme/norms were further modified by the Special Court and this Court in a way to inject flexibility in the scheme in order to secure the highest price for the shares. [Para 22] [1025-G-H; 1026-A-C) E 1.3. In the light of the statutory provisions and the norms laid down for sale of the subject shares, the Special Court failed to make a serious effort to realise the highest possible price for the said shares. The Special Court overlooked the norms laid down by it in its order dated 17th August 2000; ignored the directions by this F Court contained in order dated 23rd August 2001 and glossed over the procedural irregularities committed by the Custodian. Condition No.14 of the terms and conditions of sale, clearly stipulated that it was only after the Special Court had ascertained the highest offer that G Apollo or its management were to be given an option to buy back the shares. However, the letter of the Custodian dated 28th April, 2003, addressed to Apollo clearly divulges the fact that the Custodian had, without ahy authority, invited Apollo and its management 'to bid' on H 30th April, 2003, the settled date, when the report of the ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1005

ORS.

Disposal Committee was yet to be considered by the A Special Court. It is evident from Condition No.15 of terms and conditions of sale, that the Special Court has the discretion to accept or reject any offer or bid that may be received for purchase of shares. Therefore, the stand of the Custodian that inviting Apollo to make the bid was B necessarily in compliance of the scheme/condition of sale, cannot be accepted inasmuch as it was for the Special Court to take such a decision at the appropriate time and not the Custodian. The Custodian could not have foreseen that the Special Court would not accept c the bid of the sole bidder viz. Punjab National Bank. So far as issue of notification in terms of Section 3(2) is concerned, the Custodian derives his power and authority from the Special Court Act but his jurisdiction to deal with property under attachment, flows only from 0 the orders which may be made by the Special Colltt constituted under the said Act. It is obligatory upon the Custodian to perform all the functions assigned to him strictly in accordance with the directions of the Special Court. In the instant case, although there is no material E on record which may suggest any malafides on the part of the Custodian yet it is convincing that by inviting Apollo to bid, vide letter dated 28th April, 2003, the Custodian did exceed the directions issued to him by the Special Court. However, being in the nature of a Fprocedural omission, the alleged violation is not per se sufficient to nullify the sale of shares.[Para 23) [1026-D-H; 1027-A-E]

1.4. The rules of "natural justice" are not embodied rules. The phrase "natural justice" is also not capable of G a precise definition. The underlying principle of natural justice, evolved under the common law, is to check arbitrary exercise of power by any.authority, irrespective of whether the power which is conferred on a statutory body or Tribunal is administrative or quasi judicial. The H 1006 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A concept of "natural justice" implies a duty to act fairly i.e. fair play in action. The aim of rules of natural justice is to secure justice or to put it negatively to prevent miscarriage of justice. It is thus, trite that requirement of giving reasonable opportunity of being heard before an B order is made by an administrative, quasi judicial or judicial authority, particularly when such an order entails adverse civil consequences, which would include infraction of property, personal rights and material deprivation for the party affected, cannot be sacrificed at c the alter of administrative exigency or celerity.

Undoubtedly, there can be exceptions to the said doctrine and as aforesaid the extent and its application cannot be put in a strait-jacket formula. The question whether the principle has to be applied or not is to be considered bearing in mind the express language and the basic0 scheme of the provision conferring the power; the nature of the power conferred; the purpose for which the power is conferred and the final effect of the exercise of that power on the rights of the person affected. [Paras 25 and E 27] [1027-G-H; 1028-A; 1029-D-F] A.K. Kraipak Vs. Union of India (1969) 2 SCC 262: 1970 (1) SCR 457 - relied on. Swadeshi Cotton Mills Vs. Union of India (1981) 1 SCC F 664 : 1981 (2) SCR 533 - referred to. 1.5. In the inst~nt case, the Special Court failed to comply with the principles of natural justice. The Special Court rejected the prayer of the appellants to grant them 48 hours' time to secure a better offer. In fact, by his letter G dated 29th April, 2003 addressed by the Cu~todian to the notified parties, including the appellants, the right of the appellants to bring better offer was foreclosed by the Custodian, which evidently was without the permission of the Special Court. Furthermore, the Special Court also H ignored its past precedents whereby it had granted time ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1007 ORS.

to the parties to get better offers for sale of shares of M/ A ~s Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. There is also force in the plea that the reason assigned by the Special Court in its order dated 30th April, 2003, for declining further time to the appellants, that deferment of decision on the sale of shares would have resulted in the share market falling B down is unsound and unfounded. The share market was already aware of the sale of a big chunk of shares of Apollo in view of the advertisement published by the Custodian and therefore; there was hardly any possibility of further volatility in the price of said shares. Thus, the c appellants have been denied a proper opportunity to bring a better offer for sale of shares, resulting in the realisation of lesser amount by way of sale of the subject shares, to the detriment of the appellants and other · notified parties. [Para 28) [1029-G-H; 1030-A-D] D

1.6. As regards the plea that the Special Court having exercised the discretion vested in it under the Special Court Act, keeping in view all the parameters relevant for disposal of the shares, the impugned order is not interfered with. There is no quarrel with the general E proposition that an _appellate court would not ordinarily substitute its discretion in the place of the discretion exercised by the trial court unl.ess it is shown to have been exercised under a mistake of law or fact or in disregard of a settled principle or by taking into F consideration irrelevant material. A 'discretion', when applied to a court of justice means discretion guided by ""law. It must not be arbitrary, vague and fanciful but legal and regular. Therefore, it is accepted that same principle would govern an appeal preferred under Section 10 of G the Special Court Act. However, since it is concluded that the Special Court has exercised its discretion in complete disregard to its own scheme and 'terms and conditions' approved by it for sale of shares and above all that the impugned order was passed in violation of the principles H 1008 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A of natural justice, the facts of the case calls for interference, to correct the wrong committed by the Special Court. [Para 29 and 30] [1030-F-H; 1031-A-B] R. Vs. Wilkes (1770) 4 Burr 2527 - Referred to.

B 1.7. In view of finding that the decision of the Special Court is vitiated on the afore-stated grounds, it must follow as a necessary consequence that in the normal course, the impugned order must be struck down in its entirety. However, bearing in mind the fact that the sale C of 54,88,850 shares was approved and all procedural modalities are stated to have been carried out in the year 2003, it is accepted that at this stage, when 36.90 lakh shares of Apollo are claimed to have been extinguished, the relief sought for by the appellants to rescind the entire D sale of 54,88,850 shares would be impracticable and fraught with grave difficulties. Therefore, the impugned order is set aside to the extent indicated and the case is remitted to the Special Court for taking necessary steps to recover the said 4.95% shares from Apollo or its E management, as the case may be, and put them to fresh sale strictly in terms of the norms as approved by this Court vide order dated 23rd August, 2001. The shareholders who would be affected by this order shall be entitled to the sale consideration paid by them to the F Custodian alongwith simple interest @6% p.a. from the date of payment by them upto the date of actual reimbursement by the Custodian in terms of this order. [Para 33] (1031-D-H; 1032-A]

Desh Bandhu Gupta Vs. N.L. Anand & Rajinder Singh G (1994) 1 SCC 131 : 1993 (2) Suppl. SCR 346; Gajadhar Prasad & Ors. Vs. Babu Bhakta Ratan & Ors. (1973) 2 SCC 629 : 1974 (1) SCR 372; Sudhir S. Mehta & Ors. Vs. Custodian & Anr. (2008) 12 SCC 84 : 2008 (8) SCR 1099; Ramji Dayawala And Sons (P) Ltd. Vs. Invest Import (1981) H 1 SCC 80 : 1981 (1) SCR 899; Wander Ltd. And Anr. Vs. ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1009 ORS. Antox India P. Ltd. 1990 (Supp) SCC 727; Ashwin S. Mehta A Vs. Custodian (2006) 2 SCC 385 : 2006 (1) SCR 56; Employees' State Insurance Corpn. & Ors. Vs. Jardine Henderson Staff Association & Ors. (2006) 6 SCC 581 : 2006 (4) Suppl. SCR 27; State of M.P. & Ors. Vs. Nandlal Jaiswal & Ors. (1986) 4 SCC 566 : 1987 (1) SCR 1; Ramana B Daya ram Sheffy Vs .. International Airport Authority of India & . Ors. (1979) 3 SCC 489 : 1979 (3) SCR 1014; Sesa Industries Limited Vs. Krishna H. Bajaj & Ors. (2011) 3 SCC 218: 2011 (3) SCR 317; Rajesh D. Darbar Vs. Narasingrao Krishnaji Kulkarni (2003) 7 SCC 219 : 2003 (2} ::Suppl. SCR 273 - c referred to. Susannah Sharp Vs. Wakefield & Ors. (1891) A.C. 173 - referred to. Case Law Reference: D 1997 (3) SCR 51 relied on Para 21 1970 (1) SCR 457 relied on Para 25 1981 (2) SCR 533 referred to Para 26 E (1770) 4 Burr 2527 referred to Para 29 1993 (2) Suppl. SCR 346 referred to Para 29 1974 (1) SCR 372 referred to Para 11 F

2008 (8) SCR 1099 referred to Para 11 1981 (1 ) SCR 899 referred to Para 13 1990 (Supp) sec 727 referred to Para 13 G 2006 (1) SCR56 referred to Para 13 2006 (4) Suppl. SCR 27 referred to Para 15 1987 (1) SCR 1 referred to Para 19 1979 (3) SCR 1014 referred to Para 19 H 1010 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A 2011 (3) SCR 317 referred to Para 19 2003 (2) Suppl. SCR 273 referred to Para 19 (1891) A.C. 173 referred to Para 19 B CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 4263 of 2003. From the Judgment & Order dated 2.5.2003 of the Special Court (Trial of offences relating to Transactions in Securities at Bombay) Act, .1992 in Misc. Petition No. 64 of 1998. c Joseph Vellapally. Dr. A.M. Singhvi, Kamini Jaiswal, Manik Karanjawala, Manu Nair Anuj Berry, Amit Bhandari (for Suresh A. Shroff & Co. Arvind Kumar Tewari, Subramonium Prasad, Varun Thakur, Varinder Kumar Sharma, for the appearing D parties.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by D.K. JAIN, J. 1. This appeal under Section 1O of the Special Court (Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in E Securities) Act, 1992 (for short "the Special Court Act") is directed against the order dated 30th April, 2003, as corrected vide order dated 2nd May, 2003, passed by the Special Court at Bombay, in Misc. Petition No. 64of1998. By the impugned orders, the Special Court has permitted the Custodian to sell F 54,88,850 shares of Apollo Tyres Ltd. (for short "Apollo"), respondent No. 3 in this appeal, at Rs.90/- per share. 2. The material facts giving rise to the appeal are as follows: G The appellants, one ,late Harshad S. Mehta, their other family members and the corporate entities belonging to the family members had purchased more than 90 lakh shares in Apollo. Except for the holding of two family members, the entire holding came to be attached by a notification on 6th June, H 1992. Under the said notification, 29 entities both individual and ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1011 ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.]

corporate were notified under Section 3(2) of the Special Court A Act. Prior to the issue of notification about 15 lakh shares of Apollo stood registered in the name of the notified parties and the balance shares were unregistered. About 39.16 lakh unregistered shares were disclosed by the late Harshad S. Mehta to the office of the Custodian, which were subsequently B handed over to the Central Bureau of Investigation (hereinafter referred to as "the CBI"). The CBI seized about 7 to 8 lakh un-registered shares in 1992, which also were handed over by them to the Custodian. The Custodian was also authorised to deal with a few lakh shares, identified as benami shares. c Thereafter, the Custodian moved an application before the Special Court seeking orders for effecting registration of unregistered shares in the name of the Custodian and for recovery of laps~d benefits that accrued on the said unregistered shares. The management of Apollo objected to 0the proposed registration, alleging violation of the takeover code and raised the question of ownership. However, the Special Court, vide order dated 19th November, 1999, allowed the registration of the un-registered shares in the name of the Custodian. E

3. By order dated 11th March, 1996, in Civil Appeal No.5225 of 1995, this Court, in a suo motu action, directed the Custodian to draft a scheme for sale of shares of the notified parties, which constituted bulk of the attached assets. Accordingly, a scheme was drafted by the Custodian in F consultation with the Government of India and thereafter, presented to this Court. Vide order dated 13th May, 1998, in Civil Appeal No. 5326of1995, this Court directed that the said scheme may be considered by the Special Court, with further modifications, if any. In furtherance of the said direction, the G scheme was presented to the Special Court for its approval. The notified parties strongly opposed the said scheme on several grounds. All the objections of the notified .parties were overruled and the Special Court, vide order dated 17th August, H 1012 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A 2000, categorised the shares into three classes - (i) routine shares; (ii) bulk shares and (iii) controlling block of shares. The Special Court constituted a Disposal Committee for disposal of shares as per the norms laid down in the said order. Norms in respect of sale of controlling block of shares read as follows: B "NORMS FOR SALE OF CONTROLLING BLOCK OF SHARES:

After completion of demat procedure for registered shares, the Custodian will give public advertisement in the c · newspapers inviting bids for purchase of Controlling Block of shares. The offers should be for the entire block of registered shares. The offers should be accompanied by a Demand Draft/Pay Order/Bankers' cheque representing 5% of the offered amount in cases of thinly traded shares D of companies like Killick Nixon whereas in cases of highly valued shares like Apollo Tyres, the offers shall be accompanied by Demand Draft/Pay Order/Bankers' cheque representing 2% of the offered amount. The said Pay Order/Demand Draft/bankers' cheque should be E drawn in favour of the Custodian, Ale - name of the notified parties say Dhanraj Mills. The offers can be made by individuals as well as by corporate and other entities. The offerer, whose offer is accepted by the Court, will be required to make payment within 15 days from the date of acceptance of the offer by the Court. Here also, theF Court reseNes its rights to accept or reject any of the highest offer or bid that may be received by the Court without assigning any reason whatsoever. Once the highest offer is ascertained, the management of the company should be given an option to buy the shares.G This is to avoid destablization of the company. The purchaser(s) shall comply with all regulations including the Take Over Regulations of SEBI. In cases where the Custodian finds that as on the relevant date, he does not possess shares of a company to the extent of 5% or H

ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1013 ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.] above, but he anticipates that in near future, the limit is likely A to reach with the other shares coming in, then the Custodian shall submit his report to the Court for keeping aside such shares of a notified party for future disposal. However, public financial institutions will not be required to make any deposit along with their offer(s)." B (Emphasis supplied) 4. The Special Court approved the scheme, propounded by the Custodian for sale of Controlling Block of Shares in toto and ordered sale of all registered shares, except the shares C of Apollo because their objection regarding registration of unregistered shares in the name of Custodian/notified parties, was pending adjudication by this Court. 5. The order of the Special Court was challenged both by D the notified parties and Apollo. By order dated 23rd August, 2001 in Civil Appeal No.7629 of 1999 [connected C.A. Nos. 7630 of 1999 and 5813 to 5814 of 2000], this Court, while approving the basic structure of the scheme and the directions given by the Special Court for disposal of shares, disposed of E the appeal with the following directions insofar as the sale of controlling block of shares, was concerned:

"In respect of the sale of controlling block of shares the only method laid down by the Special Court is to offer the sale of shares in a composite block. It is not known whether F such a sale will get the best price in respect there:of. We, therefore, direct that it will be open to the Special Court to decide whether to have the sale of the controlling block of shares either by inviting bids for purchase of controlling block as such or by selling the said shares according to G the norms fixed for the sale of bulk shares or by the norms fixed in respect of routine shares. The object being that the highest price possible should be realised, it is left to the Court to decide what procedure to adopt. H 1014 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R.

A If the Court thinks that it is best to adopt the norms laid down by it for sale of controlling block of shares (the 3rd method) then when highest offer is received and the Management of the Company is given an option to buy those shares at that price, then if the Management so B desires the Court should give the Company an opportunity to buy back the shares at the highest price offered by complying with the provisions of Section 77 A of the Companies Act. In other words, on the receipt of the offer for the sale of the controlling block, the Court will give an c opportunity, if it chooses to consider the offer, to the Management to buy or to the Company to buy back under Section 77A of the Companies Act. No other change in the Scheme as formulated by the Special Court is called for. D It is made clear that in respect of the controlling block of shares the third method will first be adopted, namely, the norms for sale of controlling block of shares; and it is only if the Court is satisfied that by adopting that method the highest price is not available then it will have an option to E follow the 2nd method relating to sale of bulk shares. Further, if the Court is satisfied that by following any of the above two methods the highest price is not available, then it will have an option to follow the norms as laid down for routine shares (the 1st method). F These appeals are disposed of in the aforesaid terms." (Emphasis supplied by us)

In compliance with the aforesaid orders/directions, the Custodian drafted the 'terms and conditions of sale' for sale G of 54,88,850 shares of Apollo. Some of the terms and conditions, relevant for this appeal are as follows : II H ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1015 ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.] 5. Even after acceptance of the offer/identification of the A highest bidder by the Disposal Committee, the approval of sale will be subject to the sanction of Hon'ble Special Court. B 7. The Bids are to be submitted for the entire lot of shares of the said Company viz. 54,88,850 shares. Bids in part (less number of shares than total) shall not be considered. c 14. The Custodian will obtain directions of the Hon'ble Court for approval of the offer of the highest bidder so D identified by the Disposal Committee. The Hon'ble Special Court after ascertaining the highest offer may give an opportunity to the management of the said Company to buy or to the Company to buy-back as per provisions of the Companies Act, 1956, the said "Controlling Block" E of shares if it so desires. 15. The sale as stated herein above is subject to the sanction of Hon'ble Special Court. The Hon'ble Special Court reserves the right to accept or reject any of the offer F or bids that may be received for purchase of the shares. n

6. Pursuant thereto, the Custodian invited bids from individuals as well as from the corporate and other entities. The G offers were to reach the office of the Custodian by 3.00 p.m. on or before 25th April 2003. In response, only two bids were received, the highest being Rs. 80/- per share given by Punjab National Bank. The Disposal Committee evaluated the bids so received and vide its minutes dated 25th April 2003, H 1016 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A recommended that in addition to the aforesaid 54,88,850 shares, additional 8, 15,485 benami shares also be sold to the highest bidder subject to sanction by the S_pecial Cou~t. Accordingly, the Custodian submitted a report to the Special Court for consideration and appropriate orders. By the B impugned order, dated 30th April, 2003, corrected vide order dated 2nd May, 2003, the Special Court directed sale of 54,88,850 shares to Apollo and its management at Rs.90/- per share. Being dissatisfied with and aggrieved by the order indicated hereinbefore, the appellants have preferred· this c appeal. 7. At the time of admission of this appeal on 29th May, 2003, the following interim order was made: "Appeal admitted. D

Mr. A.D.N. Rao, Ms. Manik Karanjawala and Ms. Pallavi Shroff, learned counsel accept notice on behalf of respondent Nos.1, 3 and 7 respectively. Learned counsel appearing for the Management - Respondent No.7 submits that as on date only 4.95% of the sharesE purchased alone are in existence. In regard to these existing shares, the learned counsel undertakes not to further alienate them. We record the said undertaking." 8. Ms. Kamini Jaiswal, learned counsel a:-ipearing on F behalf of the appellants, while assailing the impugned orders on several grounds, strenuously urged that the sale of 54,88,850 shares of Apollo ought to be rescinded, particularly because, the said sale was in conscious breach of the scheme as also the terms and conditions laid down for the sale of these G shares and was also in violation of the principles of natural justice. 9. Elaborating her contention th;:it the sale was in contravention of the scheme framed by the Custodian and duly H approved by the Special Court by order dated 17th August, ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1017 ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.]

2000 and with modifications by this Court vide order dated 23rd A August, 2001, learned counsel argued that Condition No.14· in the 'terms and conditions for sale' had been violated on three counts: viz. (i) Apollo and/or its. management could be invited to bid only after the Special Court had ascertained the highest offer and satisfied itself about the inadequacy of the other bids. B But the Custodian vide letter dated 28th April 2003, invited Apollo to bid for purchase of the said shares on his own volition, even before the bids received were placed before the Special Court; (ii) the offer to bid was to be made either to Apollo 'OR' its management and not to both as was done in the present c case and (iii) the buy back effected by Apollo was in complete violation of Section 77 A of the Companies Act, 1956 (for short "the Companies Act") as well as SEBI (Buy back of Securities) Regulations, 1998. It was also urged that by accepting the bids. of Apollo and respondent Nos.5 to 8, who were the investment. 0 companies of the promoters of Apollo, Condition No.7 of the said terms and conditions was also violated because each bid had to be for the entire lot of shares and not for a part of shares.

10. Alleging collusion between the Custodian, Apollo and its management, learned counsel submitted that, though the E appellants and their relatives and corporate entities promoted by them were together holding approximately one crore shares in Apollo, which were ready and available for sale, yet, the Custodian proposed sale of only 54,88,850 shares. Further, the Custodian never explained the rationale behind breaking up the F controlling block of shares to only 15.1 % of the equity capital when the total share holdings were easily more than 25% of the capital of the company. It was asserted that, the offer for sale of 15.1 % shares was deliberately resorted to by the Custodian only to ensure that no other bid came forward as G such a prospective bidder would have been bound to make a further public offer for purchase of 20% of the capital under SEBI (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 1997. It was strenuously urged that the Custodian, with ulterior motive, had made the conditions very stringent and H 1018 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A onerous to restrict and for that matter, practically deny participation of any other institution or individual in the bidding process.

11. It was contended that the impugned sale was in complete violation of the order of this Court dated 23rd August,8 2001, wherein it was stated that the object for laying down the norms was to realise the highest possible price for the shares. It was urged that in the instant case, instead of maximising the price, the shares were sold at a discount of 25% of the then C prevailing market price, thereby defeating the very purpose of the scheme. It was thus, contended before us that the Disposal Committee and the Custodian ought not to have recommended the acceptance of the bid at Rs.90/- per share since both the offers received were way below the then prevailing market price as well as the book value of shares. Under the given D circumstances, according to the learned counsel, the Special Court should have opted for the 2nd method relating to sale of bulk shares, as stipulated in the order of this Court dated 23rd August 2001. It was urged that the Special Court also failed to follow its past precedents, particularly in the case of Mis E Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd., when 8,04, 777 shares were ordered to be sold@ Rs.565/- per share. In that case, the bid was received under the Bulk Category @ Rs.540/- per share but on the insistence of the Special Court, the offer was improved to bring it at par with the prevailing market price. In F support of the proposition that the Custodian as also the Special Court having committed material irregularities, resulting in substantial injury to the appellants, the subject sale of shares is liable to be set aside, learned counsel placed reliance on the observations of this Court in Desh Bandhu Gupta Vs. N.L. G Anand & Rajinder Singh1 and Gajadhar Prasad & Ors. Vs. Babu Bhakta Ratan & Ors2.

12. Learned counsel strenuously contended that .the 1. (1994) 1 sec 131. H 2. (1973) 2 sec 629. ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1019 ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.] .

impugned order was also arbitrary and in violation of the A principles of natural justice in as much as the Spedal Court not only outrightly rejected the prayer made by the notified parties during the course of proceedings on 3oth April, 2003 for grant of 48 hours time to secure a better offer in the same manner as was done to secure a better offer for the Bulk category B shares of M/s Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd., it also failed to consider the objections raised by them in their written submissions filed on 2nd May, 2003. It was stressed that the Special Court rejected the legitimate request of the appellants without any justification and showed undue haste in ordering C the sale of shares, even ignoring the direction of this Court, i.e., to explore the possibility of selling the shares either under the Bulk Category or as Routine Shares to secure maximum price .for the shares. On the contrary, the Special Court granted Apollo and its management two days to bring their proper offer and 0earnest money on 2nd May, 2003, which fact is duly recorded in the impugned order dated 30th April, 2003. In order to bring home her allegation of discriminatory treatment at the hands of the Custodian as also by the Special Court, learned counsel referred to the two letters dated 28th April, 2003 and 29th April, E2003, addressed to the notified parties by the Custodian intimating them about the date when the Special Court would consider the bids received in response to the advertisement for sale of subject shares. While letter dated 28th April, 2003 allowed the notified parties to submit offers independently received by them for purchase of the said shares, letter dated F 29th April, 2003; made it clear that no offers brought by the notified parties to the Court would be considered. As regards the reasoning of the Special Court that any delay in finalisation of the bid would have resulted in a crash in the market price of the shares because of break in the news of purchase of huge G quantity of shares by one party, it was submitted that the said reasoning was again erroneous in as much as the news of sale of 54,88,850 shares of Apollo was already in public domain when advertisement for sale of these shares was published. It was thus, pleaded that the impugned order be set aside and H

1020 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A the entire sale of 54.88 lakhs shares be rescinded in public interest and to achieve the object of the Special Court Act.

13. Per contra, Mr. Joseph Vellapally, learned senior counsel appearing for Apollo, supporting the order; of the Special Court, at the outset, submitted that the said order had B been passed by the Special Court in exercise of wide discretionary powers conferred on it by the Special Court Act as also by this Court and that such discretion can be interfered with only if it is shown to have been exercised in violation of the statutory provisions or contrary to the well established judicial C principles. It was argued that in the present case the decision of the Special Court was based on the recommendation of the Disposal Committee, which consisted of experts in the field of securities and shares, and therefore, it cannot be said to be perverse so as to warrant interference by this Court. In order D to highlight the role of the Di~posal Committee and the probative value of its advice and recommendations, learned senior counsel commended us to a decision of this Court in Sudhir S. Mehta & Ors. Vs. Custodian & Anr. 3 In support of his submission that the Appellate Court should not lightly E interfere with the discretion exercised by the Trial Court, learned counsel placed heavy reliance on the decisions of this Court in Ramji Dayawala And Sons (P) Ltd. Vs. Invest Import'+ and Wander Ltd. And Anr. Vs. Antox India P. Ltd. 5, wherein it was held that the Appellate Court would not ordinarily substitute its F discretion in the place of the discretion exercised by the Trial Courts, save and except where the Trial Court had ignored the relevant evidence, sidetracked the approach to be adopted in the matter or overlooked various relevant considerations. The Appellate Court would normally not be justified in interfering G with the exercise of discretion under appeal solely on the ground that if it had considered the matter at the trial stage it

3. (2008) 12 sec 84. 4. (1981) 1 sec 80 at page 96. H 5. 1990 (Supp) sec 727. ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1021 ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.] would have come to a contrary conclusion. It was strenuously A urged that the Special Court having acted reasonably and in a judicious manner, this Court should not interfere with the decision of the Special Court in approving the sale of shares to Apollo. B 14. It was further contended by Mr. Vellapally that the appellants have no locus standi to assail the entire sale of 54.88 lakh shares as their shareholding was only 1,49,570 shares, as stated in the affidavit of the Custodian. It was pointed out that there was no averment in the appeal to the C effect that the same was being filed in a representative capacity on behalf of other members of Harshad Mehta Group. At best, the appellants could impugn sale of 1,49,570 shares.

15. It was also contended by Mr. Vellapally that in terms of the order of the Special Court dated 17th August, 2000 and D the order of this Court dated 23rd August, 2001, the management of Apollo had the right to buy and Apollo had the right to buy back its own shares under Section 77 A of the Companies Act, once the highest offer is received from those entities who participated in the bid. Sin.ce the purchase of E shares by Apollo was akin to an auction sale, its interests as a bonafide purchaser in the shares are saved, having no connection with the underlying dispute between the Custodian and the notified parties. In support of the contention, reliance was placed· on Ash win S. Mehta Vs. Custodian6 wherein, F according to the learned counsel, (albeit dealing with sale of commercial properties) in a similar situation, the interests of bona fide purchasers were protected. 16. Refuting the claim of the appellants that the said sale . of shares of Apollo was at a loss, it was submitted by Mr. G Vellapally that it is a matter of common knowledge that transactions in the stock market are speculative in nature and cannot be predicted with accuracy. It was submitted that this 6. (2006) 2 sec 385 at para 67-72. H 1022 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R.

A Court in the matter of Sudhir S. Mehta (supra), while dealing with the notified parties' objections to a sale of shares of Reliance Industries Ltd. had observed that the sale of shares between the period '12.12.2000 to 1.11.2007' (said period covering the sale of shares of Apollo) could not be said to be B at a toss, especially because of the fact that the said sale had been approved by the Disposal Committee, a committee of experts. 17. Lastly, learned senior counsel submitted that pursuant to the buy back of shares and on due compliance with the C provisions of Section 77 A read with Section 77A (7) of the Companies Act, Apollo had already extinguished 36.90 lakh shares so bought-back and therefore, to that extent, prayer of the appellants to rescind the purchase of shares is rendered infructuous. It was asserted that any order at this juncture, setting D aside the impugned order, would not result in resurrection of the extinguished shares but entail a fresh issue of shares under Sections 79 and 81 of the Companies Act, which is fraught with statutory restrictions and difficulties, resultantly affecting the rights of third party shareholders, who are not parties to the E present dispute.

18. Mr. Arvind Kumar Tewari, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the Custodian (respondent No. 2), supporting the impugned order, vehemently argued that the Special Court had F not only followed all the norms settled by this Court, it was also successful in obtaining a price higher by Rs.10/- per share as compared to what was offered by the highest bidder, viz. Punjab National Bank. It was alleged that in spite of being informed by the Custodian in advance, vide letter dated 28th April, 2003, G the appellants had failed to arrange for a purchaser who could bid higher than Apollo and had frivolously sought another two days time to arrange for a higher bid. 19. Dr. A: M. Singhvi, learned senior counsel appearing for respondents Nos. 3, 6 and 8, the co-bidders with Apollo, H while adopting all the submissions made on behalf of Apollo, ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1023 ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.]

reiterated that 'the said respondents being bonafide bidders, A having no concern with the procedure adopted by the Custodian for sale of shares, any interference by this Court with a well reasoned and equitable order passed by the. Special Court would cause extreme hardship to them. In support of the submission that having regard to the nature of controversy B sought to be raised by the appellants notified parties under the Special Court Act, this Court will be loath to interfere with the discretion exercised by the Special Court, learned senior counsel commended us to the decisions of this Court in Employees' State Insurance Corpn. & Ors. Vs. Jardine C Henderson Staff Association & Ors. 7, State ofM.P. & Ors. Vs. Nandlal Jaiswal & Ors. 8, Ramana Dayaram Shetty Vs.

International Airporl Authority of India & Ors. 9; Sesa Industries Limited Vs. Krishna H. Bajaj & Ors. 10 and on a decision of the House of Lords in Susannah Sharp Vs. Wakefield & Ors. 11 • In the alternative, learned counsel submitted that iffor any reason, D this Court was to come to a conclusion that the price realised for sale of said shares was at a discount and/or less than the market price then the relief granted to the appellants ought to be confined to their shareholding and the promoters may be directed to pay the difference between the price paid by them E for the purchase of shares i.e. Rs. 90/- per share and the then prevailing market price i.e. Rs. 120/- per share. In support of his proposition that this Court had sufficient powers under Article 142 of the Constitution of India to balance the equities between the parties and render complete justice by moulding F the relief, learned senior counsel placed reliance on the ·observations made by this Court in Rajesh D. Darbar Vs. Narasingrao Krishnaji Kulkami12• 7. c2006) 6 sec 581. G 8. (1986) 4 sec 566. 9. (1979) 3 sec 489. 10. c2011) 3 sec 218. 11. (1891) A.C. 173 12. c2003) 7 sec 219. H 1024 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R.

A 20. Before addressing the contentions advanced on behalf of the parties, it will be necessary and expedient to notice the overarching considerations behind the enactment of the Special Court Act, which came into force on 6th June, 1992. It replaced the Special Court (Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in Securities) Ordinance 1992, as promulgated 8 on 6th June 1992, when large scale irregularities and malpractices pertaining to the transactions in both Government and other securities, indulged in by some brokers in collusion with the employees of various banks and financial institutions C were noticed. The Special Court Act provides for establishment of a Special Court for speedy trial of offences relating to transactions in securities and disposal of properties attached thereunder. Section 3 of the Special Court Act relates to the appointment and functions of the Custodian. Sub-section (2) thereof clothes the Custodian with the power to notify in the D official gazette, the name of a person, who has been involved in any offence relating to transactions in securities during the period as mentioned therein. Sub-sections (3) and (4) of Section 3 stipulate that with the issue of the aforesaid notification, properties, movable or immovable or both, E belonging to the notified person shall stand attached, and such properties are to be dealt with by the Custodian in such manner as the Special Court may direct. Section 9A of the Special Court Act deals with the jurisdiction, power, authority and the procedure to be adopted by the Special Court in civil matters. F In short, on and from the commencement of the Special Court Act, the Special Court exercises all such jurisdiction etc. as are exercisable by a Civil Court in relation to any matter or claim relating to any property that stands attached under sub-section

(3) of Section 3 and it bars all other courts from exercising any G jurisdiction in relation to any matter or claim referred to in the said Section. Sub-section (4) of Section 9A of the Special Court Act contemplates that the Special Court shall not be bound by the procedure laid down by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and shall have the power to regulate its own procedure, but shall H be guided by the principles of natural justice. The other ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1025 ORS. (D.K. JAIN, J.] provision, which is releva.nt for our purpose is Section 11 of the A Special Court Act, which exclusively empowers the Special Court to give directions in the matter of disposal of the property of a notified person, under attachment. Sub-section (2) of Section 11- lists the priorities in which the liabilities of the notified person are required to be paid or discharged. B

21. It is plain that the Special Court Act which is a special statute, is a complete code in itself. The purpose and object for which it was enacted was not only to punish the persons who were involved in the act of criminal misconduct by defrauding C the banks and financial institutions but also to see that the · properties, moveable or immovable or both, belonging to the persons notified by the Custodian were appropriated and disposed of for discharge of liabilities to the banks and financial institutions, specified government dues and any other liability. Therefore, a notified party has an intrinsic interest in the D realisations, on the disposal of any attached property because it would have a direct bearing on the discharge of his liabilities in terms of Section 11 of the Special Court Act. It is also clear that the Custodian has to deal with the attached properties only in such manner as the Special Court may direct. The Custodian E is required to assist in the attachment of the notified person's property and to manage the same thereafter. The properties of the notified persons, whether attached or not, do not at any point of time, vest in him, unlike a Receiver under the Civil Procedure Code or an official Receiver under the Provincial F Insolvency Act or official Assignee under the Presidency Insolvency Act (See : 8.0./. Finance Ltd. Vs. Custodian & Ors.)13• The statute also mandates that the Special Court shall be guided by the principles of natural justice. G

22. At this juncture, it would also be profitable to briefly note the salient features of the scheme formulated by the Custodian for sale of shares in terms of the directions issued by this Court in its order dated 11th March 1996 (CA No.5225/1995); the 13. (1997) 10 sec 488. H 1026 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A norms laid down by the Special Court vide order dated 17th August 2000 and the modification of these norms by this Court vide order dated 23rd August, 2001 (CA No.5326/1995). What clearly emerges from the scheme/orders is that the underlying object of the procedure/norms laid down in the scheme is to B ensure that highest possible price on sale of shares is realised. It is manifest that with this end in view, this Court vide order dated 23rd August, 2001, left it to the Special Court to decide what procedure to adopt in order to realise the highest price for the shares. The scheme/norms had been further modified c by the Special Court and this Court in a way to inject flexibility in the scheme in order to secure the highest price for the shares.

23. Having examined the impugned order in the light of the Statutory provisions and the norms laid down for sale of the D subject shares, we are of the opinion that there is substance and merit in the submissions made by learned counsel for the appellants to the extent that the Special Court failed to make a serious effort to realise the highest possible price for the said shares. We also feel that the Special Court overlooked the E norms laid down by it in its order dated 17th August 2000; ignored the afore-extracted directions by this Court contained in order dated 23rd August 2001 and glossed over the procedural irregularities committed by the Custodian. As stated above, Condition No.14 of the terms and conditions of sale, F clearly stipulated that it was only after the Special Court had ascertained the highest offer that Apollo or its management was to be given an option to buy back the shares. However, the letter of the Custodian dated 28th April, 2003, addressed to Apollo clearly divulges the fact that the Custodian had, without any G authority, invited Apollo and its management 'to bid' on 30th April, 2003, the settled date, when the report of the Disposal Committee was yet to be considered by the Special Court. It is evident from Condition No.15 of terms and conditions of sale, that the Special Court has the discretion to accept or reject any H offer or bid that .may be received for purchase of shares. ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1027

ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.] Therefore, the stand of the Custodian that inviting Apollo to A make the bid was necessarily in compliance of the scheme/ condition of sale, cannot be accepted inasmuch as it was for the Special Court to take such a decision at the appropriate time and not the Custodian. The Custodian could not have foreseen that the Special Court would not accept the bid of the B sole bidder viz. Punjab National Bank. As aforesaid, so far as issue of notification in terms of Section 3(2) is concerned, the Custodian derives his power and authority from the Special Court Act but his jurisdiction to deal with property under attachment, flows only from the orders which may be made by c the Special Court constituted under the said Act. It is obligatory upon the Custodian to perform all the functions assigned to him strictly in accordance with the directions of the Special Court. In the present case, although we do not find any material on record which may suggest any malafides on the part of the 0 Custodian yet we are convinced that by inviting Apollo to bid, vide letter dated 28th April, 2003, the Custodian did exceed the directions issued to him by the Special Court. However, we feel that this being in the nature of a procedural omission, the alleged violation is not per se sufficient to nullify the sale of E shares.

24. T)1e next question for determination is whether or not the impugned decision of the Special Court is in breach of the principles of natural justice, thereby vitiating its decision to sell the subject shares to Apollo and the companies managed by F their promoters? 25. It is true that rules of "natural justice" are not embodied rules. The phrase "natural justice" is also not capable of a precise definition. The underlying principle of natural justice, G evolved under the common law, is to- check arbitrary exercise of power by any authority, irrespective of whether the power which is conferred on a statutory body or Tribunal is administrative or quasi judicial. The concept of "natural justice" implies a duty to act fairly i.e. fair play in action. As observed H '· 1028 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A in AK. Kraipak Vs. Union of India, 14 the aim of rules of natural justice is to secure justice or to put it negatively to prevent miscarriage of justice. 26. In Swadeshi Cotton Mills Vs. Union of lndia15, R.S. B Sarkaria, J., speaking for the majority in a three-Judge Bench, lucidly explained the meaning and scope of the concept of "natural justice". Referring to several decisions, His Lordship observed thus: (SCC p. 666) "Rules of natural justice are not embodied rules. Being c means to an end and not an end in themselves, it is not possible to make an exhaustive catalogue of such rules. But there are two fundamental maxims of natural justice viz.

(i) audi alteram partem (ii) memo judex in re sua. The audi alteram partem rule has many facets, two of them D being (a) notice of the case to be met; and (b) opportunity to explain. This rule cannot be sacrificed at the altar of administrative convenience or celerity. The general principle-as distinguished from an absolute rule of uniform application-seems to be that where a statute E does not, in terms, exclude this rule of prior hearing but contemplates a post-decisional hearing amounting to a full review of the original order on merits, then such a statute would be construed as excluding the audi alteram partem rule at the pre-decisional stage. Conversely if the statute conferring the power is silent with regard to the giving ofF a pre-decisional hearing to the person affected and the administrative decision taken by the authority involves civil consequences of a grave nature, and no full review or appeal on merits against that decision is provided, courts will be extremely reluctant to construe such a statute asG excluding the duty of affording even a minimal hearing, shorn of all its formal trappings and dilatory features at the pre-decisional stage, unless, viewed pragmatically, it 14. (1969) 2 sec 262. H 15. (1981) 1 sec 664. ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1029 ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.]

would paralyse the administrative proces$ or frustrate the A need for utmost promptitude. In short, this rule of fair play must not be jettisoned save in very exceptional circumstances where compulsive necessity so demands. The court must make every effort to salvage this cardinal rule to the maximum extent possible, with situational B modifications. But, the core of it must, however, remain, namely, that the person affected must have reasonable opportunity of being heard and the hearing .must be a genuine hearing and not an empty public relations exercise." c (emphasis supplied by_us)

27. It is thus, trite that requirement of giving r.easonable opportunity of being heard before an order is made by an administrative, quasi judicial or judicial authority, particularly D when such an order entails adverse civil consequences,which __ . would include infraction of property, personal rights and material deprivation for the party affected, cannot be sacrificed at the alter of administrative exigency or celerity. Undoubtedly, there can be exceptions to the said doctrine and as aforesaid the E extent and its application cannot be put in a strait-jacket formula. The question whether the principle ha$ to be applied or not is to be considered bearing in mind the express language and the basic scheme of the provision conferring the power; .the I nature of the power conferred; the purpose for which the power F · is conferred and the final effect of the exercise of that power on the rights of the person affected. 28. In the backdrop of the aforenoted legal principles and the requirement of sub-section 4 of Section 9A of the Special Court Act, we are of the opinion that in the present case the G Special Court failed to comply with the principles of natural justice. As noted above, the Special Court rejected the prayer of the appellants to grant them 48 hours' time to secure a better oifer. In fact, by his letter dated 29th April, 2003 addressed by the Custodian to the notifljd parties, including the appellants, H 1030 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R.

A the right of the appellants to bring better offer was foreclosed by the Custodian, which evidently was without the permission of the Special Court. Furthermore, the Special Court also ignored its past precedents whereby it had granted time to the parties to get better offers for sale of shares of Mis Ranbaxy B Laboratories Ltd. There is also force in the plea of learned counsel appearing for the appellants that the reason assigned by the Special Court in its order dated 30th April, 2003, for declining further time to the appellants, that deferment of decision on the sale of shares would have resulted in the share c market falling down is unsound and unfounded. As stated above, the share market was already aware of the sale of a big chunk of shares of Apollo in view of the advertisement published by the Custodian and therefore, there was hardly any possibility of further volatility in the price of said shares. We are thus, convinced that the appellants have been denied a proper0 opportunity to bring a better offer for sale of shares, resulting in the realisation of lesser amount by way of sale of the subject shares, to the detriment of the appellants and other notified parties. Therefore, the decision of the Special Court deserves E to be set aside on that short ground.

29. We shall now advert to the plea strenuously canvassed on behalf of the respondents that the Special Court having exercised the discretion vested in it under the Special Court Act, keeping in view all the parameters relevant for disposal of F the shares, this Court may not interfere with the impugned order. There is no quarrel with the general proposition that an Appellate Court will not ordinarily substitute its discretion in the place of the discretion exercised by the Trial Court unless.it is shown to have been exercised under a mistake of law or fact or in G disregard of a settled principle or by taking into consideration irrelevant material. A 'discretion', when applied to a court of justice means discretion guided by law. It must not be arbitrary, vague and fanciful but legal and regular. (See: R. Vs. Wilkes16). 30. We have therefore, no hesitation in agreeing with Mr. H ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1031 ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.]

· Vellapally to the extent that same principle would govern a.1 A appeal preferred under Section 10 of the Special Court Act. However, since we have come to the conclusion that the Special Court has exercised its discretion in complete disregard ·to its own scheme and 'terms and conditions' approved by it for sale of shar~s and above all that the B impugned order was passed in violation of the principles of natural justice, we think that the facts in hand call for our interference, to correct the wrong committed by the Special Court. 31. For the view we have taken above, we deem it C unnecessary to deal with the other contentions urged on behalf of the parties on the merits of the impugned order.

32. This brings us to the question of relief. In view of our finding that the decision of the Special Court is vitiated. on the D afore-stated grounds, it must follow as a necessary consequence that in the normal course, the impugned order must be struck down in its entirety. However, bearing in mind the fact that the sale of 54,88,850 shares was approved and all procedural modalities are stated to have been carried out E in the year 2003, we are inclined to agree with Mr. Vellapally and Dr. Singhvi that at this stage, when 36.90 lakh shares of . Apollo are claimed to have been extinguished, the relief sought for by the appellants to rescind the entire sale of 54,88,850 shares will be impracticable and fraught with' grave difficulties. F In our opinion, therefore, the relief in this appeal should be confined to 4.95% of the shares, subject matter of interim order, dated 29th May, 2003, extracted above. 33. In the result, we allow the appeal partly; set aside the impugned order to the extent indicated above and remit the G case to the Special Court for taking necessary steps to recover th_e said 4.95% shares from Apollo or its management, as the case may tie, and put them to fresh sale strictly in terms of the · aforenoted norms as approved by this Court vide order dated 23rd August, 2001. The shareholders who will be affected by H 1032 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011114 (ADDL.) S.C.R.

A this order shall be entitled to the sale consideration paid by them to the Custodian alongwith simple interest @6% p.a. from the date of payment by them upto the date of actual reimbursement by the Custodian in terms of this order. 34. However, in the facts and circumstances of the case,8 the parties are left to bear their own costs. N.J. Appeal partly allowed.

[2011) 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. 1000 A ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 4263 of 2003) NOVEMBER 8, 2011 B [D.K. JAIN AND ASOK KUMAR GANGULY, JJ.] Special Court (Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in Securities) Act, 1992: c ss. 11, 3(3) and (4) - Attachment of the properties of the Notified persons - Sale of shares - Appellants, their family members and the corporate entities belonging to them purchased more than 90 lakh shares in 'A' Company -Attachment of the majority of the holding - Order of the0 Special Court permitting the Custodian to sell 54, 88, 850 shares of '.A' Company at Rs. 901- per share - Correctness of

- Held: Special Court failed to make a serious effort to realise the highest possible price for the said shares - Special Court E overlooked the norms laid down by it; ignored the directions by this Court and glossed over the procedural irregularities committed by the Custodian - Special Court failed to comply with the principles of natural justice - It rejected the prayer of the appellants to grant them time to secure a better offer which resulted in the realisation of lesser amount by way of sale of F the subject shares, to the detriment of the appellants and other notified parties - Thus, the decision of the Special Court is vitiated and must be struck down in its entirety - However, sale of 54, 88, 850 shares was approved and all procedural modalities are stated to have been carried out and 36. 90 lakh G shares of 'A' Company are claimed to have been extinguished, the relief sought for by the appellants to rescind the entire sale of 54, 88, 850 shares would be impracticable and fraught with grave difficulties - Thus, matter is remitted to the Special Court for taking necessary steps to recover the 4. 95% H 1000 ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1001 ORS. shares from 'A' Company or its management, and put them A to fresh sale strict/yin terms of the norms. s. 10 - Sale of shares of attached properties of the Notified persons -Discretion ex~rcised by Special Court under ·

- Held: 'Discretion: when applied to a court of justice means 8 discretion guided by law - It must not be arbitrary, vague and fanciful but legal and regular - Same principle would govern an appeal preferred u/s. 10 - On facts, Special Court exercised its discretion in complete disregard to its own scheme and 'terms and conditions' approved by it for sale of C shares and in violation of the principles of natural justice, thus, the facts of the case calls for interference. Object and purpose of the Act - Held: Is not only to punish the persons involved in the act of criminal misconduct by defrauding the banks and financial institutions but also to D see that the properties, belonging to the persons notified by the Custodian are appropriated and disposed of for discharge of liabilities to the banks and financial institutions - Thus, a notified party has an intrinsic interest in the realisations, on the disposal of any attached property because it would have E a direct bearing on the discharge of his liabilities in terms of s. 11 - Custodian has to deal with the attached properties only in such manner as the Special Court may direct - Custodian is required to assist in the attachment of the notified person's property and to manage the same thereafter - Special Court F shall be guided by the principles of natural justice.

Doctrines/principles - Principles of natural justice -Extent and application of - Held: Requirement of giving reasonable opportunity of being heard before an order is made by an administrative, quasi judicial or judicial authority, G when such an order entails adverse civil consequences -There can be exceptions to the said doctrine - Its extent and its application cannot be put in a strait:jacket formula -Whether the principle has to be applied or not is to be considered bearing in mind the express language and the H 1002 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A basic scheme of the provision conferring the power; the nature of the power conferred; the purpose for which the power is conferred and the final effect of the exercise of that power on the rights of the person affected.

Appellants, their family members and the corporate8 entities belonging to the family members purchased more than 90 lakh shares in 'A' Company. In the year 1992, the majority of the holding came to be attached by a Notification. Thereafter, on direction by this Court, the Custodian to draft a scheme for sale of shares of the C notified parties and presented the same to the Special Court for the approval. The Special Court by order dated 17th August 2000, categorised the shares into routine shares, bulk shares and controlling block shares. The Special Court constituted a Disposal Committee for D disposal of shares as per the norms laid down in respect of sale of controlling block of shares. The Special Court approved the scheme, propounded by the Custodian for sale of Controlling Block of Shares in toto and ordered sale of all registered shares, except the shares of A E Company. The notified parties and 'A' Company challenged the order of the Special Court. This Court by order dated 23rd August, 2001 issued directions insofar as the sale of controlling block of shares. In compliance with the order, the Custodian drafted tne terms and F conditions of sale for sale of 54,88,850 shares of 'A' Company whereby it was stipulated that the Special Court after ascertaining the highest offer may give an opportunity to the management of the said Company to buy or to the Company to buy-back the said "Controlling G Block" of shares as per provisions of the Companies Act, 1956. Pursuant thereto, the Custo.dian invited bids and only two bids were received, the highest being Rs. 80/-. per share given by· Punjab National Bank. The Disposal Committee evaluated the said bids so received and H recommended that in addition to the said 54,88,850 ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1003

ORS. , shares, additional 8, 15,485 benami shares also be sold A · to the highest bidder subject to sanction by the Special Court. The Special Court permitted the Custodian to sell 54,88,850, shares of respondent No. 3-A Company at Rs. 90/- per share. Thus, the appellants filed the instant appeals. · B Partly allowing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1.1 It is plain that the Special Court (Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in Securities) Act, 1992 which is a special statute, is a complete code in itself. The C purpose and object for which it was enacted was not only to punish the persons who were involved in the act of criminal misconduct by defrauding the banks and financial institutions but also to see that the properties, moveable or immovable or both, belonging to the D persons notified by the Custodian were appropriated and disposed of for discharge of liabilities to the banks and financial institutions, specified government dues and any other liability. Therefore, a notified party has an intrinsic interest in the realisations, on the disposal of any E attached property because it would have a direct bearing on the discharge of his liabilities in terms of Section 11 of the Special Court Act. It is also clear that the Custodian has to deal with the attached properties only in such manner as the Special Court may direct. The Custodian F is required to assist in the attachment of the notified person's property and to manage the same thereafter.

The properties of the notified persons, whether attached or not, do not at any point of time, vest in him, unlike a Receiver under the Code of Civil Procedure or an official G Receiver under the Provincial Insolvency Act or official Assignee under the Presidency Insolvency Act. The statute also mandates that the Special Court shall be guided by the principles of natural justice. [Para 21) [1025-C-F] H 1004 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A 8. 0.1. Finance Ltd. Vs. Custodian & Ors. (1997) 10 SCC 488 : 1997 (3) SCR 51 - relied on.

1.2. It emerges from the scheme formulated by the Custodian for sale of shares in terms of the directions issued by this Court in its order dated 11th March 1996 8 (CA No.5225/1995); the norms laid down by the Special Court vide order dated 17th August 2000 and the modification of these norms by this Court vide order dated 23rd August, 2001 (CA No.5326/1995) that the underlying object of the procedure/norms laid down in C the scheme is to ensure that highest possible price on sale of shares is realised. It is manifest that with this end in view, this Court vide order dated 23rd August, 2001, left it to the Special Court to decide what procedure to adopt in order to realise the highest price for the shares. D The scheme/norms were further modified by the Special Court and this Court in a way to inject flexibility in the scheme in order to secure the highest price for the shares. [Para 22] [1025-G-H; 1026-A-C) E 1.3. In the light of the statutory provisions and the norms laid down for sale of the subject shares, the Special Court failed to make a serious effort to realise the highest possible price for the said shares. The Special Court overlooked the norms laid down by it in its order dated 17th August 2000; ignored the directions by this F Court contained in order dated 23rd August 2001 and glossed over the procedural irregularities committed by the Custodian. Condition No.14 of the terms and conditions of sale, clearly stipulated that it was only after the Special Court had ascertained the highest offer that G Apollo or its management were to be given an option to buy back the shares. However, the letter of the Custodian dated 28th April, 2003, addressed to Apollo clearly divulges the fact that the Custodian had, without ahy authority, invited Apollo and its management 'to bid' on H 30th April, 2003, the settled date, when the report of the ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1005

ORS.

Disposal Committee was yet to be considered by the A Special Court. It is evident from Condition No.15 of terms and conditions of sale, that the Special Court has the discretion to accept or reject any offer or bid that may be received for purchase of shares. Therefore, the stand of the Custodian that inviting Apollo to make the bid was B necessarily in compliance of the scheme/condition of sale, cannot be accepted inasmuch as it was for the Special Court to take such a decision at the appropriate time and not the Custodian. The Custodian could not have foreseen that the Special Court would not accept c the bid of the sole bidder viz. Punjab National Bank. So far as issue of notification in terms of Section 3(2) is concerned, the Custodian derives his power and authority from the Special Court Act but his jurisdiction to deal with property under attachment, flows only from 0 the orders which may be made by the Special Colltt constituted under the said Act. It is obligatory upon the Custodian to perform all the functions assigned to him strictly in accordance with the directions of the Special Court. In the instant case, although there is no material E on record which may suggest any malafides on the part of the Custodian yet it is convincing that by inviting Apollo to bid, vide letter dated 28th April, 2003, the Custodian did exceed the directions issued to him by the Special Court. However, being in the nature of a Fprocedural omission, the alleged violation is not per se sufficient to nullify the sale of shares.[Para 23) [1026-D-H; 1027-A-E]

1.4. The rules of "natural justice" are not embodied rules. The phrase "natural justice" is also not capable of G a precise definition. The underlying principle of natural justice, evolved under the common law, is to check arbitrary exercise of power by any.authority, irrespective of whether the power which is conferred on a statutory body or Tribunal is administrative or quasi judicial. The H 1006 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A concept of "natural justice" implies a duty to act fairly i.e. fair play in action. The aim of rules of natural justice is to secure justice or to put it negatively to prevent miscarriage of justice. It is thus, trite that requirement of giving reasonable opportunity of being heard before an B order is made by an administrative, quasi judicial or judicial authority, particularly when such an order entails adverse civil consequences, which would include infraction of property, personal rights and material deprivation for the party affected, cannot be sacrificed at c the alter of administrative exigency or celerity.

Undoubtedly, there can be exceptions to the said doctrine and as aforesaid the extent and its application cannot be put in a strait-jacket formula. The question whether the principle has to be applied or not is to be considered bearing in mind the express language and the basic0 scheme of the provision conferring the power; the nature of the power conferred; the purpose for which the power is conferred and the final effect of the exercise of that power on the rights of the person affected. [Paras 25 and E 27] [1027-G-H; 1028-A; 1029-D-F] A.K. Kraipak Vs. Union of India (1969) 2 SCC 262: 1970 (1) SCR 457 - relied on. Swadeshi Cotton Mills Vs. Union of India (1981) 1 SCC F 664 : 1981 (2) SCR 533 - referred to. 1.5. In the inst~nt case, the Special Court failed to comply with the principles of natural justice. The Special Court rejected the prayer of the appellants to grant them 48 hours' time to secure a better offer. In fact, by his letter G dated 29th April, 2003 addressed by the Cu~todian to the notified parties, including the appellants, the right of the appellants to bring better offer was foreclosed by the Custodian, which evidently was without the permission of the Special Court. Furthermore, the Special Court also H ignored its past precedents whereby it had granted time ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1007 ORS.

to the parties to get better offers for sale of shares of M/ A ~s Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. There is also force in the plea that the reason assigned by the Special Court in its order dated 30th April, 2003, for declining further time to the appellants, that deferment of decision on the sale of shares would have resulted in the share market falling B down is unsound and unfounded. The share market was already aware of the sale of a big chunk of shares of Apollo in view of the advertisement published by the Custodian and therefore; there was hardly any possibility of further volatility in the price of said shares. Thus, the c appellants have been denied a proper opportunity to bring a better offer for sale of shares, resulting in the realisation of lesser amount by way of sale of the subject shares, to the detriment of the appellants and other · notified parties. [Para 28) [1029-G-H; 1030-A-D] D

1.6. As regards the plea that the Special Court having exercised the discretion vested in it under the Special Court Act, keeping in view all the parameters relevant for disposal of the shares, the impugned order is not interfered with. There is no quarrel with the general E proposition that an _appellate court would not ordinarily substitute its discretion in the place of the discretion exercised by the trial court unl.ess it is shown to have been exercised under a mistake of law or fact or in disregard of a settled principle or by taking into F consideration irrelevant material. A 'discretion', when applied to a court of justice means discretion guided by ""law. It must not be arbitrary, vague and fanciful but legal and regular. Therefore, it is accepted that same principle would govern an appeal preferred under Section 10 of G the Special Court Act. However, since it is concluded that the Special Court has exercised its discretion in complete disregard to its own scheme and 'terms and conditions' approved by it for sale of shares and above all that the impugned order was passed in violation of the principles H 1008 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A of natural justice, the facts of the case calls for interference, to correct the wrong committed by the Special Court. [Para 29 and 30] [1030-F-H; 1031-A-B] R. Vs. Wilkes (1770) 4 Burr 2527 - Referred to.

B 1.7. In view of finding that the decision of the Special Court is vitiated on the afore-stated grounds, it must follow as a necessary consequence that in the normal course, the impugned order must be struck down in its entirety. However, bearing in mind the fact that the sale C of 54,88,850 shares was approved and all procedural modalities are stated to have been carried out in the year 2003, it is accepted that at this stage, when 36.90 lakh shares of Apollo are claimed to have been extinguished, the relief sought for by the appellants to rescind the entire D sale of 54,88,850 shares would be impracticable and fraught with grave difficulties. Therefore, the impugned order is set aside to the extent indicated and the case is remitted to the Special Court for taking necessary steps to recover the said 4.95% shares from Apollo or its E management, as the case may be, and put them to fresh sale strictly in terms of the norms as approved by this Court vide order dated 23rd August, 2001. The shareholders who would be affected by this order shall be entitled to the sale consideration paid by them to the F Custodian alongwith simple interest @6% p.a. from the date of payment by them upto the date of actual reimbursement by the Custodian in terms of this order. [Para 33] (1031-D-H; 1032-A]

Desh Bandhu Gupta Vs. N.L. Anand & Rajinder Singh G (1994) 1 SCC 131 : 1993 (2) Suppl. SCR 346; Gajadhar Prasad & Ors. Vs. Babu Bhakta Ratan & Ors. (1973) 2 SCC 629 : 1974 (1) SCR 372; Sudhir S. Mehta & Ors. Vs. Custodian & Anr. (2008) 12 SCC 84 : 2008 (8) SCR 1099; Ramji Dayawala And Sons (P) Ltd. Vs. Invest Import (1981) H 1 SCC 80 : 1981 (1) SCR 899; Wander Ltd. And Anr. Vs. ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1009 ORS. Antox India P. Ltd. 1990 (Supp) SCC 727; Ashwin S. Mehta A Vs. Custodian (2006) 2 SCC 385 : 2006 (1) SCR 56; Employees' State Insurance Corpn. & Ors. Vs. Jardine Henderson Staff Association & Ors. (2006) 6 SCC 581 : 2006 (4) Suppl. SCR 27; State of M.P. & Ors. Vs. Nandlal Jaiswal & Ors. (1986) 4 SCC 566 : 1987 (1) SCR 1; Ramana B Daya ram Sheffy Vs .. International Airport Authority of India & . Ors. (1979) 3 SCC 489 : 1979 (3) SCR 1014; Sesa Industries Limited Vs. Krishna H. Bajaj & Ors. (2011) 3 SCC 218: 2011 (3) SCR 317; Rajesh D. Darbar Vs. Narasingrao Krishnaji Kulkarni (2003) 7 SCC 219 : 2003 (2} ::Suppl. SCR 273 - c referred to. Susannah Sharp Vs. Wakefield & Ors. (1891) A.C. 173 - referred to. Case Law Reference: D 1997 (3) SCR 51 relied on Para 21 1970 (1) SCR 457 relied on Para 25 1981 (2) SCR 533 referred to Para 26 E (1770) 4 Burr 2527 referred to Para 29 1993 (2) Suppl. SCR 346 referred to Para 29 1974 (1) SCR 372 referred to Para 11 F

2008 (8) SCR 1099 referred to Para 11 1981 (1 ) SCR 899 referred to Para 13 1990 (Supp) sec 727 referred to Para 13 G 2006 (1) SCR56 referred to Para 13 2006 (4) Suppl. SCR 27 referred to Para 15 1987 (1) SCR 1 referred to Para 19 1979 (3) SCR 1014 referred to Para 19 H 1010 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A 2011 (3) SCR 317 referred to Para 19 2003 (2) Suppl. SCR 273 referred to Para 19 (1891) A.C. 173 referred to Para 19 B CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 4263 of 2003. From the Judgment & Order dated 2.5.2003 of the Special Court (Trial of offences relating to Transactions in Securities at Bombay) Act, .1992 in Misc. Petition No. 64 of 1998. c Joseph Vellapally. Dr. A.M. Singhvi, Kamini Jaiswal, Manik Karanjawala, Manu Nair Anuj Berry, Amit Bhandari (for Suresh A. Shroff & Co. Arvind Kumar Tewari, Subramonium Prasad, Varun Thakur, Varinder Kumar Sharma, for the appearing D parties.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by D.K. JAIN, J. 1. This appeal under Section 1O of the Special Court (Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in E Securities) Act, 1992 (for short "the Special Court Act") is directed against the order dated 30th April, 2003, as corrected vide order dated 2nd May, 2003, passed by the Special Court at Bombay, in Misc. Petition No. 64of1998. By the impugned orders, the Special Court has permitted the Custodian to sell F 54,88,850 shares of Apollo Tyres Ltd. (for short "Apollo"), respondent No. 3 in this appeal, at Rs.90/- per share. 2. The material facts giving rise to the appeal are as follows: G The appellants, one ,late Harshad S. Mehta, their other family members and the corporate entities belonging to the family members had purchased more than 90 lakh shares in Apollo. Except for the holding of two family members, the entire holding came to be attached by a notification on 6th June, H 1992. Under the said notification, 29 entities both individual and ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1011 ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.]

corporate were notified under Section 3(2) of the Special Court A Act. Prior to the issue of notification about 15 lakh shares of Apollo stood registered in the name of the notified parties and the balance shares were unregistered. About 39.16 lakh unregistered shares were disclosed by the late Harshad S. Mehta to the office of the Custodian, which were subsequently B handed over to the Central Bureau of Investigation (hereinafter referred to as "the CBI"). The CBI seized about 7 to 8 lakh un-registered shares in 1992, which also were handed over by them to the Custodian. The Custodian was also authorised to deal with a few lakh shares, identified as benami shares. c Thereafter, the Custodian moved an application before the Special Court seeking orders for effecting registration of unregistered shares in the name of the Custodian and for recovery of laps~d benefits that accrued on the said unregistered shares. The management of Apollo objected to 0the proposed registration, alleging violation of the takeover code and raised the question of ownership. However, the Special Court, vide order dated 19th November, 1999, allowed the registration of the un-registered shares in the name of the Custodian. E

3. By order dated 11th March, 1996, in Civil Appeal No.5225 of 1995, this Court, in a suo motu action, directed the Custodian to draft a scheme for sale of shares of the notified parties, which constituted bulk of the attached assets. Accordingly, a scheme was drafted by the Custodian in F consultation with the Government of India and thereafter, presented to this Court. Vide order dated 13th May, 1998, in Civil Appeal No. 5326of1995, this Court directed that the said scheme may be considered by the Special Court, with further modifications, if any. In furtherance of the said direction, the G scheme was presented to the Special Court for its approval. The notified parties strongly opposed the said scheme on several grounds. All the objections of the notified .parties were overruled and the Special Court, vide order dated 17th August, H 1012 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A 2000, categorised the shares into three classes - (i) routine shares; (ii) bulk shares and (iii) controlling block of shares. The Special Court constituted a Disposal Committee for disposal of shares as per the norms laid down in the said order. Norms in respect of sale of controlling block of shares read as follows: B "NORMS FOR SALE OF CONTROLLING BLOCK OF SHARES:

After completion of demat procedure for registered shares, the Custodian will give public advertisement in the c · newspapers inviting bids for purchase of Controlling Block of shares. The offers should be for the entire block of registered shares. The offers should be accompanied by a Demand Draft/Pay Order/Bankers' cheque representing 5% of the offered amount in cases of thinly traded shares D of companies like Killick Nixon whereas in cases of highly valued shares like Apollo Tyres, the offers shall be accompanied by Demand Draft/Pay Order/Bankers' cheque representing 2% of the offered amount. The said Pay Order/Demand Draft/bankers' cheque should be E drawn in favour of the Custodian, Ale - name of the notified parties say Dhanraj Mills. The offers can be made by individuals as well as by corporate and other entities. The offerer, whose offer is accepted by the Court, will be required to make payment within 15 days from the date of acceptance of the offer by the Court. Here also, theF Court reseNes its rights to accept or reject any of the highest offer or bid that may be received by the Court without assigning any reason whatsoever. Once the highest offer is ascertained, the management of the company should be given an option to buy the shares.G This is to avoid destablization of the company. The purchaser(s) shall comply with all regulations including the Take Over Regulations of SEBI. In cases where the Custodian finds that as on the relevant date, he does not possess shares of a company to the extent of 5% or H

ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1013 ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.] above, but he anticipates that in near future, the limit is likely A to reach with the other shares coming in, then the Custodian shall submit his report to the Court for keeping aside such shares of a notified party for future disposal. However, public financial institutions will not be required to make any deposit along with their offer(s)." B (Emphasis supplied) 4. The Special Court approved the scheme, propounded by the Custodian for sale of Controlling Block of Shares in toto and ordered sale of all registered shares, except the shares C of Apollo because their objection regarding registration of unregistered shares in the name of Custodian/notified parties, was pending adjudication by this Court. 5. The order of the Special Court was challenged both by D the notified parties and Apollo. By order dated 23rd August, 2001 in Civil Appeal No.7629 of 1999 [connected C.A. Nos. 7630 of 1999 and 5813 to 5814 of 2000], this Court, while approving the basic structure of the scheme and the directions given by the Special Court for disposal of shares, disposed of E the appeal with the following directions insofar as the sale of controlling block of shares, was concerned:

"In respect of the sale of controlling block of shares the only method laid down by the Special Court is to offer the sale of shares in a composite block. It is not known whether F such a sale will get the best price in respect there:of. We, therefore, direct that it will be open to the Special Court to decide whether to have the sale of the controlling block of shares either by inviting bids for purchase of controlling block as such or by selling the said shares according to G the norms fixed for the sale of bulk shares or by the norms fixed in respect of routine shares. The object being that the highest price possible should be realised, it is left to the Court to decide what procedure to adopt. H 1014 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R.

A If the Court thinks that it is best to adopt the norms laid down by it for sale of controlling block of shares (the 3rd method) then when highest offer is received and the Management of the Company is given an option to buy those shares at that price, then if the Management so B desires the Court should give the Company an opportunity to buy back the shares at the highest price offered by complying with the provisions of Section 77 A of the Companies Act. In other words, on the receipt of the offer for the sale of the controlling block, the Court will give an c opportunity, if it chooses to consider the offer, to the Management to buy or to the Company to buy back under Section 77A of the Companies Act. No other change in the Scheme as formulated by the Special Court is called for. D It is made clear that in respect of the controlling block of shares the third method will first be adopted, namely, the norms for sale of controlling block of shares; and it is only if the Court is satisfied that by adopting that method the highest price is not available then it will have an option to E follow the 2nd method relating to sale of bulk shares. Further, if the Court is satisfied that by following any of the above two methods the highest price is not available, then it will have an option to follow the norms as laid down for routine shares (the 1st method). F These appeals are disposed of in the aforesaid terms." (Emphasis supplied by us)

In compliance with the aforesaid orders/directions, the Custodian drafted the 'terms and conditions of sale' for sale G of 54,88,850 shares of Apollo. Some of the terms and conditions, relevant for this appeal are as follows : II H ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1015 ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.] 5. Even after acceptance of the offer/identification of the A highest bidder by the Disposal Committee, the approval of sale will be subject to the sanction of Hon'ble Special Court. B 7. The Bids are to be submitted for the entire lot of shares of the said Company viz. 54,88,850 shares. Bids in part (less number of shares than total) shall not be considered. c 14. The Custodian will obtain directions of the Hon'ble Court for approval of the offer of the highest bidder so D identified by the Disposal Committee. The Hon'ble Special Court after ascertaining the highest offer may give an opportunity to the management of the said Company to buy or to the Company to buy-back as per provisions of the Companies Act, 1956, the said "Controlling Block" E of shares if it so desires. 15. The sale as stated herein above is subject to the sanction of Hon'ble Special Court. The Hon'ble Special Court reserves the right to accept or reject any of the offer F or bids that may be received for purchase of the shares. n

6. Pursuant thereto, the Custodian invited bids from individuals as well as from the corporate and other entities. The G offers were to reach the office of the Custodian by 3.00 p.m. on or before 25th April 2003. In response, only two bids were received, the highest being Rs. 80/- per share given by Punjab National Bank. The Disposal Committee evaluated the bids so received and vide its minutes dated 25th April 2003, H 1016 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A recommended that in addition to the aforesaid 54,88,850 shares, additional 8, 15,485 benami shares also be sold to the highest bidder subject to sanction by the S_pecial Cou~t. Accordingly, the Custodian submitted a report to the Special Court for consideration and appropriate orders. By the B impugned order, dated 30th April, 2003, corrected vide order dated 2nd May, 2003, the Special Court directed sale of 54,88,850 shares to Apollo and its management at Rs.90/- per share. Being dissatisfied with and aggrieved by the order indicated hereinbefore, the appellants have preferred· this c appeal. 7. At the time of admission of this appeal on 29th May, 2003, the following interim order was made: "Appeal admitted. D

Mr. A.D.N. Rao, Ms. Manik Karanjawala and Ms. Pallavi Shroff, learned counsel accept notice on behalf of respondent Nos.1, 3 and 7 respectively. Learned counsel appearing for the Management - Respondent No.7 submits that as on date only 4.95% of the sharesE purchased alone are in existence. In regard to these existing shares, the learned counsel undertakes not to further alienate them. We record the said undertaking." 8. Ms. Kamini Jaiswal, learned counsel a:-ipearing on F behalf of the appellants, while assailing the impugned orders on several grounds, strenuously urged that the sale of 54,88,850 shares of Apollo ought to be rescinded, particularly because, the said sale was in conscious breach of the scheme as also the terms and conditions laid down for the sale of these G shares and was also in violation of the principles of natural justice. 9. Elaborating her contention th;:it the sale was in contravention of the scheme framed by the Custodian and duly H approved by the Special Court by order dated 17th August, ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1017 ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.]

2000 and with modifications by this Court vide order dated 23rd A August, 2001, learned counsel argued that Condition No.14· in the 'terms and conditions for sale' had been violated on three counts: viz. (i) Apollo and/or its. management could be invited to bid only after the Special Court had ascertained the highest offer and satisfied itself about the inadequacy of the other bids. B But the Custodian vide letter dated 28th April 2003, invited Apollo to bid for purchase of the said shares on his own volition, even before the bids received were placed before the Special Court; (ii) the offer to bid was to be made either to Apollo 'OR' its management and not to both as was done in the present c case and (iii) the buy back effected by Apollo was in complete violation of Section 77 A of the Companies Act, 1956 (for short "the Companies Act") as well as SEBI (Buy back of Securities) Regulations, 1998. It was also urged that by accepting the bids. of Apollo and respondent Nos.5 to 8, who were the investment. 0 companies of the promoters of Apollo, Condition No.7 of the said terms and conditions was also violated because each bid had to be for the entire lot of shares and not for a part of shares.

10. Alleging collusion between the Custodian, Apollo and its management, learned counsel submitted that, though the E appellants and their relatives and corporate entities promoted by them were together holding approximately one crore shares in Apollo, which were ready and available for sale, yet, the Custodian proposed sale of only 54,88,850 shares. Further, the Custodian never explained the rationale behind breaking up the F controlling block of shares to only 15.1 % of the equity capital when the total share holdings were easily more than 25% of the capital of the company. It was asserted that, the offer for sale of 15.1 % shares was deliberately resorted to by the Custodian only to ensure that no other bid came forward as G such a prospective bidder would have been bound to make a further public offer for purchase of 20% of the capital under SEBI (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 1997. It was strenuously urged that the Custodian, with ulterior motive, had made the conditions very stringent and H 1018 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A onerous to restrict and for that matter, practically deny participation of any other institution or individual in the bidding process.

11. It was contended that the impugned sale was in complete violation of the order of this Court dated 23rd August,8 2001, wherein it was stated that the object for laying down the norms was to realise the highest possible price for the shares. It was urged that in the instant case, instead of maximising the price, the shares were sold at a discount of 25% of the then C prevailing market price, thereby defeating the very purpose of the scheme. It was thus, contended before us that the Disposal Committee and the Custodian ought not to have recommended the acceptance of the bid at Rs.90/- per share since both the offers received were way below the then prevailing market price as well as the book value of shares. Under the given D circumstances, according to the learned counsel, the Special Court should have opted for the 2nd method relating to sale of bulk shares, as stipulated in the order of this Court dated 23rd August 2001. It was urged that the Special Court also failed to follow its past precedents, particularly in the case of Mis E Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd., when 8,04, 777 shares were ordered to be sold@ Rs.565/- per share. In that case, the bid was received under the Bulk Category @ Rs.540/- per share but on the insistence of the Special Court, the offer was improved to bring it at par with the prevailing market price. In F support of the proposition that the Custodian as also the Special Court having committed material irregularities, resulting in substantial injury to the appellants, the subject sale of shares is liable to be set aside, learned counsel placed reliance on the observations of this Court in Desh Bandhu Gupta Vs. N.L. G Anand & Rajinder Singh1 and Gajadhar Prasad & Ors. Vs. Babu Bhakta Ratan & Ors2.

12. Learned counsel strenuously contended that .the 1. (1994) 1 sec 131. H 2. (1973) 2 sec 629. ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1019 ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.] .

impugned order was also arbitrary and in violation of the A principles of natural justice in as much as the Spedal Court not only outrightly rejected the prayer made by the notified parties during the course of proceedings on 3oth April, 2003 for grant of 48 hours time to secure a better offer in the same manner as was done to secure a better offer for the Bulk category B shares of M/s Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd., it also failed to consider the objections raised by them in their written submissions filed on 2nd May, 2003. It was stressed that the Special Court rejected the legitimate request of the appellants without any justification and showed undue haste in ordering C the sale of shares, even ignoring the direction of this Court, i.e., to explore the possibility of selling the shares either under the Bulk Category or as Routine Shares to secure maximum price .for the shares. On the contrary, the Special Court granted Apollo and its management two days to bring their proper offer and 0earnest money on 2nd May, 2003, which fact is duly recorded in the impugned order dated 30th April, 2003. In order to bring home her allegation of discriminatory treatment at the hands of the Custodian as also by the Special Court, learned counsel referred to the two letters dated 28th April, 2003 and 29th April, E2003, addressed to the notified parties by the Custodian intimating them about the date when the Special Court would consider the bids received in response to the advertisement for sale of subject shares. While letter dated 28th April, 2003 allowed the notified parties to submit offers independently received by them for purchase of the said shares, letter dated F 29th April, 2003; made it clear that no offers brought by the notified parties to the Court would be considered. As regards the reasoning of the Special Court that any delay in finalisation of the bid would have resulted in a crash in the market price of the shares because of break in the news of purchase of huge G quantity of shares by one party, it was submitted that the said reasoning was again erroneous in as much as the news of sale of 54,88,850 shares of Apollo was already in public domain when advertisement for sale of these shares was published. It was thus, pleaded that the impugned order be set aside and H

1020 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A the entire sale of 54.88 lakhs shares be rescinded in public interest and to achieve the object of the Special Court Act.

13. Per contra, Mr. Joseph Vellapally, learned senior counsel appearing for Apollo, supporting the order; of the Special Court, at the outset, submitted that the said order had B been passed by the Special Court in exercise of wide discretionary powers conferred on it by the Special Court Act as also by this Court and that such discretion can be interfered with only if it is shown to have been exercised in violation of the statutory provisions or contrary to the well established judicial C principles. It was argued that in the present case the decision of the Special Court was based on the recommendation of the Disposal Committee, which consisted of experts in the field of securities and shares, and therefore, it cannot be said to be perverse so as to warrant interference by this Court. In order D to highlight the role of the Di~posal Committee and the probative value of its advice and recommendations, learned senior counsel commended us to a decision of this Court in Sudhir S. Mehta & Ors. Vs. Custodian & Anr. 3 In support of his submission that the Appellate Court should not lightly E interfere with the discretion exercised by the Trial Court, learned counsel placed heavy reliance on the decisions of this Court in Ramji Dayawala And Sons (P) Ltd. Vs. Invest Import'+ and Wander Ltd. And Anr. Vs. Antox India P. Ltd. 5, wherein it was held that the Appellate Court would not ordinarily substitute its F discretion in the place of the discretion exercised by the Trial Courts, save and except where the Trial Court had ignored the relevant evidence, sidetracked the approach to be adopted in the matter or overlooked various relevant considerations. The Appellate Court would normally not be justified in interfering G with the exercise of discretion under appeal solely on the ground that if it had considered the matter at the trial stage it

3. (2008) 12 sec 84. 4. (1981) 1 sec 80 at page 96. H 5. 1990 (Supp) sec 727. ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1021 ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.] would have come to a contrary conclusion. It was strenuously A urged that the Special Court having acted reasonably and in a judicious manner, this Court should not interfere with the decision of the Special Court in approving the sale of shares to Apollo. B 14. It was further contended by Mr. Vellapally that the appellants have no locus standi to assail the entire sale of 54.88 lakh shares as their shareholding was only 1,49,570 shares, as stated in the affidavit of the Custodian. It was pointed out that there was no averment in the appeal to the C effect that the same was being filed in a representative capacity on behalf of other members of Harshad Mehta Group. At best, the appellants could impugn sale of 1,49,570 shares.

15. It was also contended by Mr. Vellapally that in terms of the order of the Special Court dated 17th August, 2000 and D the order of this Court dated 23rd August, 2001, the management of Apollo had the right to buy and Apollo had the right to buy back its own shares under Section 77 A of the Companies Act, once the highest offer is received from those entities who participated in the bid. Sin.ce the purchase of E shares by Apollo was akin to an auction sale, its interests as a bonafide purchaser in the shares are saved, having no connection with the underlying dispute between the Custodian and the notified parties. In support of the contention, reliance was placed· on Ash win S. Mehta Vs. Custodian6 wherein, F according to the learned counsel, (albeit dealing with sale of commercial properties) in a similar situation, the interests of bona fide purchasers were protected. 16. Refuting the claim of the appellants that the said sale . of shares of Apollo was at a loss, it was submitted by Mr. G Vellapally that it is a matter of common knowledge that transactions in the stock market are speculative in nature and cannot be predicted with accuracy. It was submitted that this 6. (2006) 2 sec 385 at para 67-72. H 1022 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R.

A Court in the matter of Sudhir S. Mehta (supra), while dealing with the notified parties' objections to a sale of shares of Reliance Industries Ltd. had observed that the sale of shares between the period '12.12.2000 to 1.11.2007' (said period covering the sale of shares of Apollo) could not be said to be B at a toss, especially because of the fact that the said sale had been approved by the Disposal Committee, a committee of experts. 17. Lastly, learned senior counsel submitted that pursuant to the buy back of shares and on due compliance with the C provisions of Section 77 A read with Section 77A (7) of the Companies Act, Apollo had already extinguished 36.90 lakh shares so bought-back and therefore, to that extent, prayer of the appellants to rescind the purchase of shares is rendered infructuous. It was asserted that any order at this juncture, setting D aside the impugned order, would not result in resurrection of the extinguished shares but entail a fresh issue of shares under Sections 79 and 81 of the Companies Act, which is fraught with statutory restrictions and difficulties, resultantly affecting the rights of third party shareholders, who are not parties to the E present dispute.

18. Mr. Arvind Kumar Tewari, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the Custodian (respondent No. 2), supporting the impugned order, vehemently argued that the Special Court had F not only followed all the norms settled by this Court, it was also successful in obtaining a price higher by Rs.10/- per share as compared to what was offered by the highest bidder, viz. Punjab National Bank. It was alleged that in spite of being informed by the Custodian in advance, vide letter dated 28th April, 2003, G the appellants had failed to arrange for a purchaser who could bid higher than Apollo and had frivolously sought another two days time to arrange for a higher bid. 19. Dr. A: M. Singhvi, learned senior counsel appearing for respondents Nos. 3, 6 and 8, the co-bidders with Apollo, H while adopting all the submissions made on behalf of Apollo, ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1023 ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.]

reiterated that 'the said respondents being bonafide bidders, A having no concern with the procedure adopted by the Custodian for sale of shares, any interference by this Court with a well reasoned and equitable order passed by the. Special Court would cause extreme hardship to them. In support of the submission that having regard to the nature of controversy B sought to be raised by the appellants notified parties under the Special Court Act, this Court will be loath to interfere with the discretion exercised by the Special Court, learned senior counsel commended us to the decisions of this Court in Employees' State Insurance Corpn. & Ors. Vs. Jardine C Henderson Staff Association & Ors. 7, State ofM.P. & Ors. Vs. Nandlal Jaiswal & Ors. 8, Ramana Dayaram Shetty Vs.

International Airporl Authority of India & Ors. 9; Sesa Industries Limited Vs. Krishna H. Bajaj & Ors. 10 and on a decision of the House of Lords in Susannah Sharp Vs. Wakefield & Ors. 11 • In the alternative, learned counsel submitted that iffor any reason, D this Court was to come to a conclusion that the price realised for sale of said shares was at a discount and/or less than the market price then the relief granted to the appellants ought to be confined to their shareholding and the promoters may be directed to pay the difference between the price paid by them E for the purchase of shares i.e. Rs. 90/- per share and the then prevailing market price i.e. Rs. 120/- per share. In support of his proposition that this Court had sufficient powers under Article 142 of the Constitution of India to balance the equities between the parties and render complete justice by moulding F the relief, learned senior counsel placed reliance on the ·observations made by this Court in Rajesh D. Darbar Vs. Narasingrao Krishnaji Kulkami12• 7. c2006) 6 sec 581. G 8. (1986) 4 sec 566. 9. (1979) 3 sec 489. 10. c2011) 3 sec 218. 11. (1891) A.C. 173 12. c2003) 7 sec 219. H 1024 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R.

A 20. Before addressing the contentions advanced on behalf of the parties, it will be necessary and expedient to notice the overarching considerations behind the enactment of the Special Court Act, which came into force on 6th June, 1992. It replaced the Special Court (Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in Securities) Ordinance 1992, as promulgated 8 on 6th June 1992, when large scale irregularities and malpractices pertaining to the transactions in both Government and other securities, indulged in by some brokers in collusion with the employees of various banks and financial institutions C were noticed. The Special Court Act provides for establishment of a Special Court for speedy trial of offences relating to transactions in securities and disposal of properties attached thereunder. Section 3 of the Special Court Act relates to the appointment and functions of the Custodian. Sub-section (2) thereof clothes the Custodian with the power to notify in the D official gazette, the name of a person, who has been involved in any offence relating to transactions in securities during the period as mentioned therein. Sub-sections (3) and (4) of Section 3 stipulate that with the issue of the aforesaid notification, properties, movable or immovable or both, E belonging to the notified person shall stand attached, and such properties are to be dealt with by the Custodian in such manner as the Special Court may direct. Section 9A of the Special Court Act deals with the jurisdiction, power, authority and the procedure to be adopted by the Special Court in civil matters. F In short, on and from the commencement of the Special Court Act, the Special Court exercises all such jurisdiction etc. as are exercisable by a Civil Court in relation to any matter or claim relating to any property that stands attached under sub-section

(3) of Section 3 and it bars all other courts from exercising any G jurisdiction in relation to any matter or claim referred to in the said Section. Sub-section (4) of Section 9A of the Special Court Act contemplates that the Special Court shall not be bound by the procedure laid down by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and shall have the power to regulate its own procedure, but shall H be guided by the principles of natural justice. The other ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1025 ORS. (D.K. JAIN, J.] provision, which is releva.nt for our purpose is Section 11 of the A Special Court Act, which exclusively empowers the Special Court to give directions in the matter of disposal of the property of a notified person, under attachment. Sub-section (2) of Section 11- lists the priorities in which the liabilities of the notified person are required to be paid or discharged. B

21. It is plain that the Special Court Act which is a special statute, is a complete code in itself. The purpose and object for which it was enacted was not only to punish the persons who were involved in the act of criminal misconduct by defrauding C the banks and financial institutions but also to see that the · properties, moveable or immovable or both, belonging to the persons notified by the Custodian were appropriated and disposed of for discharge of liabilities to the banks and financial institutions, specified government dues and any other liability. Therefore, a notified party has an intrinsic interest in the D realisations, on the disposal of any attached property because it would have a direct bearing on the discharge of his liabilities in terms of Section 11 of the Special Court Act. It is also clear that the Custodian has to deal with the attached properties only in such manner as the Special Court may direct. The Custodian E is required to assist in the attachment of the notified person's property and to manage the same thereafter. The properties of the notified persons, whether attached or not, do not at any point of time, vest in him, unlike a Receiver under the Civil Procedure Code or an official Receiver under the Provincial F Insolvency Act or official Assignee under the Presidency Insolvency Act (See : 8.0./. Finance Ltd. Vs. Custodian & Ors.)13• The statute also mandates that the Special Court shall be guided by the principles of natural justice. G

22. At this juncture, it would also be profitable to briefly note the salient features of the scheme formulated by the Custodian for sale of shares in terms of the directions issued by this Court in its order dated 11th March 1996 (CA No.5225/1995); the 13. (1997) 10 sec 488. H 1026 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A norms laid down by the Special Court vide order dated 17th August 2000 and the modification of these norms by this Court vide order dated 23rd August, 2001 (CA No.5326/1995). What clearly emerges from the scheme/orders is that the underlying object of the procedure/norms laid down in the scheme is to B ensure that highest possible price on sale of shares is realised. It is manifest that with this end in view, this Court vide order dated 23rd August, 2001, left it to the Special Court to decide what procedure to adopt in order to realise the highest price for the shares. The scheme/norms had been further modified c by the Special Court and this Court in a way to inject flexibility in the scheme in order to secure the highest price for the shares.

23. Having examined the impugned order in the light of the Statutory provisions and the norms laid down for sale of the D subject shares, we are of the opinion that there is substance and merit in the submissions made by learned counsel for the appellants to the extent that the Special Court failed to make a serious effort to realise the highest possible price for the said shares. We also feel that the Special Court overlooked the E norms laid down by it in its order dated 17th August 2000; ignored the afore-extracted directions by this Court contained in order dated 23rd August 2001 and glossed over the procedural irregularities committed by the Custodian. As stated above, Condition No.14 of the terms and conditions of sale, F clearly stipulated that it was only after the Special Court had ascertained the highest offer that Apollo or its management was to be given an option to buy back the shares. However, the letter of the Custodian dated 28th April, 2003, addressed to Apollo clearly divulges the fact that the Custodian had, without any G authority, invited Apollo and its management 'to bid' on 30th April, 2003, the settled date, when the report of the Disposal Committee was yet to be considered by the Special Court. It is evident from Condition No.15 of terms and conditions of sale, that the Special Court has the discretion to accept or reject any H offer or bid that .may be received for purchase of shares. ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1027

ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.] Therefore, the stand of the Custodian that inviting Apollo to A make the bid was necessarily in compliance of the scheme/ condition of sale, cannot be accepted inasmuch as it was for the Special Court to take such a decision at the appropriate time and not the Custodian. The Custodian could not have foreseen that the Special Court would not accept the bid of the B sole bidder viz. Punjab National Bank. As aforesaid, so far as issue of notification in terms of Section 3(2) is concerned, the Custodian derives his power and authority from the Special Court Act but his jurisdiction to deal with property under attachment, flows only from the orders which may be made by c the Special Court constituted under the said Act. It is obligatory upon the Custodian to perform all the functions assigned to him strictly in accordance with the directions of the Special Court. In the present case, although we do not find any material on record which may suggest any malafides on the part of the 0 Custodian yet we are convinced that by inviting Apollo to bid, vide letter dated 28th April, 2003, the Custodian did exceed the directions issued to him by the Special Court. However, we feel that this being in the nature of a procedural omission, the alleged violation is not per se sufficient to nullify the sale of E shares.

24. T)1e next question for determination is whether or not the impugned decision of the Special Court is in breach of the principles of natural justice, thereby vitiating its decision to sell the subject shares to Apollo and the companies managed by F their promoters? 25. It is true that rules of "natural justice" are not embodied rules. The phrase "natural justice" is also not capable of a precise definition. The underlying principle of natural justice, G evolved under the common law, is to- check arbitrary exercise of power by any authority, irrespective of whether the power which is conferred on a statutory body or Tribunal is administrative or quasi judicial. The concept of "natural justice" implies a duty to act fairly i.e. fair play in action. As observed H '· 1028 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R. A in AK. Kraipak Vs. Union of India, 14 the aim of rules of natural justice is to secure justice or to put it negatively to prevent miscarriage of justice. 26. In Swadeshi Cotton Mills Vs. Union of lndia15, R.S. B Sarkaria, J., speaking for the majority in a three-Judge Bench, lucidly explained the meaning and scope of the concept of "natural justice". Referring to several decisions, His Lordship observed thus: (SCC p. 666) "Rules of natural justice are not embodied rules. Being c means to an end and not an end in themselves, it is not possible to make an exhaustive catalogue of such rules. But there are two fundamental maxims of natural justice viz.

(i) audi alteram partem (ii) memo judex in re sua. The audi alteram partem rule has many facets, two of them D being (a) notice of the case to be met; and (b) opportunity to explain. This rule cannot be sacrificed at the altar of administrative convenience or celerity. The general principle-as distinguished from an absolute rule of uniform application-seems to be that where a statute E does not, in terms, exclude this rule of prior hearing but contemplates a post-decisional hearing amounting to a full review of the original order on merits, then such a statute would be construed as excluding the audi alteram partem rule at the pre-decisional stage. Conversely if the statute conferring the power is silent with regard to the giving ofF a pre-decisional hearing to the person affected and the administrative decision taken by the authority involves civil consequences of a grave nature, and no full review or appeal on merits against that decision is provided, courts will be extremely reluctant to construe such a statute asG excluding the duty of affording even a minimal hearing, shorn of all its formal trappings and dilatory features at the pre-decisional stage, unless, viewed pragmatically, it 14. (1969) 2 sec 262. H 15. (1981) 1 sec 664. ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1029 ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.]

would paralyse the administrative proces$ or frustrate the A need for utmost promptitude. In short, this rule of fair play must not be jettisoned save in very exceptional circumstances where compulsive necessity so demands. The court must make every effort to salvage this cardinal rule to the maximum extent possible, with situational B modifications. But, the core of it must, however, remain, namely, that the person affected must have reasonable opportunity of being heard and the hearing .must be a genuine hearing and not an empty public relations exercise." c (emphasis supplied by_us)

27. It is thus, trite that requirement of giving r.easonable opportunity of being heard before an order is made by an administrative, quasi judicial or judicial authority, particularly D when such an order entails adverse civil consequences,which __ . would include infraction of property, personal rights and material deprivation for the party affected, cannot be sacrificed at the alter of administrative exigency or celerity. Undoubtedly, there can be exceptions to the said doctrine and as aforesaid the E extent and its application cannot be put in a strait-jacket formula. The question whether the principle ha$ to be applied or not is to be considered bearing in mind the express language and the basic scheme of the provision conferring the power; .the I nature of the power conferred; the purpose for which the power F · is conferred and the final effect of the exercise of that power on the rights of the person affected. 28. In the backdrop of the aforenoted legal principles and the requirement of sub-section 4 of Section 9A of the Special Court Act, we are of the opinion that in the present case the G Special Court failed to comply with the principles of natural justice. As noted above, the Special Court rejected the prayer of the appellants to grant them 48 hours' time to secure a better oifer. In fact, by his letter dated 29th April, 2003 addressed by the Custodian to the notifljd parties, including the appellants, H 1030 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 14 (ADDL.) S.C.R.

A the right of the appellants to bring better offer was foreclosed by the Custodian, which evidently was without the permission of the Special Court. Furthermore, the Special Court also ignored its past precedents whereby it had granted time to the parties to get better offers for sale of shares of Mis Ranbaxy B Laboratories Ltd. There is also force in the plea of learned counsel appearing for the appellants that the reason assigned by the Special Court in its order dated 30th April, 2003, for declining further time to the appellants, that deferment of decision on the sale of shares would have resulted in the share c market falling down is unsound and unfounded. As stated above, the share market was already aware of the sale of a big chunk of shares of Apollo in view of the advertisement published by the Custodian and therefore, there was hardly any possibility of further volatility in the price of said shares. We are thus, convinced that the appellants have been denied a proper0 opportunity to bring a better offer for sale of shares, resulting in the realisation of lesser amount by way of sale of the subject shares, to the detriment of the appellants and other notified parties. Therefore, the decision of the Special Court deserves E to be set aside on that short ground.

29. We shall now advert to the plea strenuously canvassed on behalf of the respondents that the Special Court having exercised the discretion vested in it under the Special Court Act, keeping in view all the parameters relevant for disposal of F the shares, this Court may not interfere with the impugned order. There is no quarrel with the general proposition that an Appellate Court will not ordinarily substitute its discretion in the place of the discretion exercised by the Trial Court unless.it is shown to have been exercised under a mistake of law or fact or in G disregard of a settled principle or by taking into consideration irrelevant material. A 'discretion', when applied to a court of justice means discretion guided by law. It must not be arbitrary, vague and fanciful but legal and regular. (See: R. Vs. Wilkes16). 30. We have therefore, no hesitation in agreeing with Mr. H ASHIWIN S. MEHTA & ANR. v. UNION OF INDIA & 1031 ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.]

· Vellapally to the extent that same principle would govern a.1 A appeal preferred under Section 10 of the Special Court Act. However, since we have come to the conclusion that the Special Court has exercised its discretion in complete disregard ·to its own scheme and 'terms and conditions' approved by it for sale of shar~s and above all that the B impugned order was passed in violation of the principles of natural justice, we think that the facts in hand call for our interference, to correct the wrong committed by the Special Court. 31. For the view we have taken above, we deem it C unnecessary to deal with the other contentions urged on behalf of the parties on the merits of the impugned order.

32. This brings us to the question of relief. In view of our finding that the decision of the Special Court is vitiated. on the D afore-stated grounds, it must follow as a necessary consequence that in the normal course, the impugned order must be struck down in its entirety. However, bearing in mind the fact that the sale of 54,88,850 shares was approved and all procedural modalities are stated to have been carried out E in the year 2003, we are inclined to agree with Mr. Vellapally and Dr. Singhvi that at this stage, when 36.90 lakh shares of . Apollo are claimed to have been extinguished, the relief sought for by the appellants to rescind the entire sale of 54,88,850 shares will be impracticable and fraught with' grave difficulties. F In our opinion, therefore, the relief in this appeal should be confined to 4.95% of the shares, subject matter of interim order, dated 29th May, 2003, extracted above. 33. In the result, we allow the appeal partly; set aside the impugned order to the extent indicated above and remit the G case to the Special Court for taking necessary steps to recover th_e said 4.95% shares from Apollo or its management, as the case may tie, and put them to fresh sale strictly in terms of the · aforenoted norms as approved by this Court vide order dated 23rd August, 2001. The shareholders who will be affected by H 1032 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011114 (ADDL.) S.C.R.

A this order shall be entitled to the sale consideration paid by them to the Custodian alongwith simple interest @6% p.a. from the date of payment by them upto the date of actual reimbursement by the Custodian in terms of this order. 34. However, in the facts and circumstances of the case,8 the parties are left to bear their own costs. N.J. Appeal partly allowed.