[2011] 12 S.C.R. 1173 PANCHO A V. STATE OF HARYANA (Criminal Appeal No.1050 of 2005) OCTOBER 20, 2011 B [AFTAB ALAM AND RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI, JJ.] PENAL CODE, 1860: ss.302, 302134 and 392 - Four accused stated to have c caused death of a tractor owner and taken away his tractor -Five months later extra-judicial confession stated to have been made by one of the accused - Three accused arrested and fourth died meanwhile - A country made pistol and some parts stated to have been recovered from the accused - o Conviction by trial court - Life imprisonment to two accused and sentence of death awarded to the accused who was stated to have shot at the deceased - High Court commuting the death sentence to life imprisonment - Appeals by two accused - Held: The extra-judicial confession made by one E of the accused is the main plank of prosecution case - Five months delay in the extra-judicial confession creates a doubt about its credibility - Besides, the said confession was made to a person who resides in a different village 35-40 kms away from accused's village and had no intimacy with the accused F concerned - There is discrepancy as to who shot at the deceased - Further, the accused, in his statement u/s. 313 CrPC denied to have made the said confessional statement

- This further makes a dent in the extra-judicial confession -There being no credible evidence to upheld the conviction, the impugned judgments and orders are set aside - Evidence G Act, 1872 - ss. 3 and 30 - Investigation - Recovery of incriminating articles . • 1173 H 1174 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A EVIDENCE ACT, .1872: ss. 3 and 30 - Extra-judicial confession of a co-accused - Evidentiary value of - Held: In dealing with a case against an accused, the court cannot start with the confession of a co-8 accused; it must begin with other evidence adduced by the prosecution and after it has formed its opinion with regard to the quality and effect of the said evidence, then it is permissible to turn to the confession in order to receive assurance to the conclusion of guilt which the judicial mind C is about to reach on the said other evidence - In the instant case, except the evidence of alleged belated recovery of certain articles, which have been found to be doubtful, there is no other evidence on record to connect the accused to the offence - Therefore, he cannot be convicted on the basis of the alleged extra-judicial confession of the co-accused -0 Penal Code, 1860 - ss. 302 and 392. INVEST/GA TION:

Incriminating articles recovered five months after the E incident at the instance of accused - Held: The brother of the deceased has signed the discovery statements of all the accused - Articles which are stated to have been discovered are easily available in the market - Belated discovery of these articles raises a question about their intrinsic evidentiary value F - The recovery of country made pistol is made more than about six months after the date of incident - The prosecution has not led any evidence to show as to in whose custody this pistol was during the period of six months after the incident -Accused, in his statement u/s. 313 Cr.P.C. has denied that any such recovery was made from him - The evidence G relating to discovery of these articles must, therefore, be rejected - Penal Code, 1860 - ss. 302 and 392. Accused A-1, A-2 and A-3 were pro~ecuted for an offence punishable u/s 396 IPC. According to the H prosecution case, as stated in the FIR lodged by PW 1, •

PANCHO v. STATE OF HARYANA 1175 on 7.2.1999, his brother 'KS' left the house for the Sugar A Mill on his tractor in order to bring back two trolleys which had been parked outside the Sugar Mill; that on 8.2.1999 at about 7.00 a.m., information was received that the dead body of 'KS' was lying in a pool of blood in the fields 10 feet away from the road; that both the trolleys B were parked on the road side but the tractor was not there; that some unknown persons had shot the said 'KS' dead and taken away the tractor. On 31.7.1999, A-1 was said to have approached PW 4, an ex-member of Panchayat, and told him that he along with A-2, A-3 and c the fourth accused (who died later), went on a truck; A-2 fired a shot from a country made pistol at 'KS'; A-3 stopped the tractor and threw the dead body in a wheat field; they left the trolley and took away the tractor to accused 'B' (absconding) and asked him to sell the 0 tractor. However, as the tractor could not be sold, they removed some of its parts and teft it on the road. A-1 was produced before the Inspector of Police (PW24). He was arrested and interrogated and on his disclosure statement and at the instance of the fourth accused, some parts of the tractor were recovered. On 16.8.1999, E PW 24 arrested A-2 and recovered a country made postol from him. On 25.9.1999, A-3 was arrested. The fourth accused died after the charge had been framed. The trial court found that only 4 persons had participated in the crime and, as such, convicted A-2 u/s 302 IPC and A-1 and F A-3 u/s 302/34 IPC. A-2 was sentenced to death; whereas A-1 and A-3 were awarded life sentence. All the three were further convicted and sentenced to 10 years RI u/s 392 IPC. The High Court interfered only to the limited extent that it commuted the death sentence of A-2 to G imprisonment for life. A-1 and A-2 filed the appeals. Allowing the appeals, the Court HELD: 1.1. The extra-judicial confession made by A- H

1176 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A 1 is the main plank of the prosecution case. It is true that an extra-judicial confession can be used against its maker, but as a matter of caution, courts look for corroboration to the same from other evidence on record. [para 1OJ [1183-C-D] B Gopa/ Sah v. State of Bihar (2008) 17 SCC 128 -referred to 1.2. In the instant case, the incident is stated to have occurred in the night intervening 7/2/1999 and 8/2/1999. C About five months later, on 31/7/1999, A1 is stated to have made a confession. This delay creates a doubt about its credibility. Besides, PW-4 before whom A1 is stated to have confessed, in his evidence has stated that his village is about 35 to 40 k.m. from the village of A1 and D none of his relatives stay in that village. He has stated that he knew A1; that he had come to his village at about

7.30 to 8.00 a.m. and stayed with him for 2.00 to 2.30 hours. It does not stand to reas "n that A 1 would go voluntarily to PW-4, who stayed in another village which E is about 35 to 40 k.m. away from his village and make a confessional statement to him. The prosecution evidence does not indicate that A1and PW-4 knew each other intimately. Therefore, the prosecution case that A1 made any extra-judicial confession to PW-4 cannot be F accepted. Further, PW-4 stated that A1 had confessed that A2 had shot dead deceased 'KS' with country made pistol. PW-24, the Inspector of Police, has stated that A1 confessed that they had shot dead the decea$ed. He does not say that A1 told him that A2 had fired at the G deceased. A1, in his statement recorded u/s 313 CrPC, has denied that he made any such statement. This retraction further makes a dent in the alleged extra-judicial confession. [para 11) [1183-F-H; 1184-A-D] 2.1. A2 was arrested on 16/8/1999. According to the H

PANCHO v. STATE OF HARYANA 1177 prosecution, his search resulted in recovery of a country A made pistol (Ex-P/12) of .315 bore. The recovery of country made pistol is made more than about six months after the date of incident. The prosecution has not led any evidence to show as to in whose custody this pistol was during the period of six months after the incident. A-2 in B his statement recorded u/s. 313 Cr.P.C. has denied that any such recovery was made from him. Even assuming that the recovery is proved, in the absence of any other cogent, it cannot be held that it is sufficient to establish that A2 caused the fatal firearm injury to deceased with C the said pistol. [para 12] [1184-E-H; 1185-A]

2.2. The prosecution has relied on certain other discoveries made at the instance of the accused. These discoveries are made five months after the incident and 0 significantly, PW-15 who is the brother of the deceased, is stated to be present when the discoveries were effected and all articles are identified by him. Pertinently, he has signed the discovery statements of all the accused. The articles which are stated to have been discovered are easily available in the market. Belated E discovery of these articles raises a question about their intrinsic evidentiary value. Besides, if as contended by the prosecution, the accused wanted to sell parts of the tractor, it is difficult to believe that they would preserve -them till 1/8/1999. The evidence relating to discovery of F these articles must, therefore, be rejected. [para 13] [1185-B-F] 3.1. As against A2, the prosecution is relying mainly on the extra-judicial confessional statement of A1. G -However, A1 retracted his confession. This Court in the case of Haricharan Kurmi* clarified that though confession may be regarded as evidence in generic sense because of the provisions of s. 30 of the Evidence Act, the fact remains that it is not evidence as defined in H 1178 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R.

A s.3 thereof. Therefore, in dealing with a case against an accused, the court cannot start with the confession of a co-accused; it must begin with other evidence adduced by the prosecution and after it has formed its opinion with regard to the quality and effect of the said evidence, then B it is permissible to turn to the confession in order to receive assurance to the conclusion of guilt which the judicial mind is about to reach on the said other evidence. [para 11, 14 and 16] (1184-C-D; 1185-G; 1187-0-E] C * Haricharan Kurmi v. State Bihar 1964 SCR 623 =AIR 1964 SC 1184; Kashmira Singh v. The State of Madhya Pradesh, 1952 SCR 526 :::: AIR 1952 SC 159 - referred to Bhuboni Sahu v. The King 76 Indian Appeals 147; Emperor v. La/it Mohan Chukerbutty, 38 Cal. 559 - referred D to 3.2. In the case on hand, so far as A2 is concerned, except the evidence of alleged belated discovery of certain articles at his instance, which have already been E found to be doubtful, there is no other evidence on record to connect him to the offence in question. Therefore, he cannot be convicted on the basis of the alleged extra-judicial confession of co-accused A1, which is also not credible. [para 17] [1187-F-H]

F 4. Once the extra-judicial confession stated to have been made by A1 is obliterated and kept out of consideration, his conviction also cannot be sustained because the alleged discovery of articles at his instance cannot be relied upon. There is thus, no credible G evidence to uphold the conviction of A1. In this view of the matter, the impugned judgments and orders are set aside. [para 17 and 18] [1187-F-H; 1188-A-B] Case Law Reference: H (2008) 11 sec 128 referred to para 10 PANCHO v. STATE OF HARYANA 1179 1952 SCR 526 referred to para 15 A 76 Indian Appeals 147 referred to para 15 38 Cal. 559 referred to para 15 1964 SCR 623 referred to para 16 B CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 1050 of 2005. From the Judgment & Order dated 3.5.2005 of the High Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in Criminal Appeal c No. 854-DB of 2004. WITH Crl. Appeal No. 1222 of 2005. U.U. Lalit, (A.C.), S.R. Sharma (for S. Srinivasan), Dr. Vipin Gupta, Rajeev Gaur 'Naseem' (for Kamal Mohan Gupta) D for the appearing parties.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by (SMT.) RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI, J. 1. These two E appeals, by special leave, can be disposed of by a common judgment as they arise out of the same facts and challenge the same judgment and order da.ted 3/5/2005 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court. Criminal Appeal No.1050 of 2005 is filed by original accused 2 - Pancho and Criminal Appeal No.1222 F of 2005 is filed by original accused 1 - Pratham. For the sake of convenience, original accused 1 - Pratham is referred to as "A 1-Pratham", original accused 2 - Pancho is referred to as "A2-Pancho" and original accused 3 - Gajraj is referred to as "A3-Gajraj". ···G 2. A 1-Pratham, A2-Pancho and A3-Gajraj were tried by the Additional Sessions Judge, Faridabad in Sessions Case No.40 of 11.12.2002 I 30.11.1999 for offence punishable under Section 396 of the Indian Penal Code (for short, "the IPC"). H 1180 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A. According to the prosecution, two more persons were involved in the offence in question viz. Shishu Ram @ Shishu, who expired after the charge was framed and one Bhago, who is absconding. He is declared absconder.

B 3. Shortly stated the case of the prosecution is that PW-1 Jagat Singh, brother of deceased Kartar Singh lodged FIR (Ex-PA) on 8/2/1999 at 8.40 a.m. with PW-12 ASI Keshav Ram at Sadar Palwal, Faridabad. PW-1 Jagat Singh reported that on 7/2/1999 deceased Kartar Singh had left their house for the C Sugar Mill, Palwal. He drove his own tractor. He was to bring back two trolleys of sugar cane which were already parked outside the Sugar Mill. PW-1 Jagat Singh further reported that on 8/2/1999 at about 7.00 a.m., they were informed that the dead body of Kartar Singh was lying in a pool of blood at a distance of 10 feet from the road in the field of PW-1 Jagat D Singh, a resident of Gopalgarh. Both the trolleys were parked cm the road side but the tractor was not at the spot. PW-1 Jagat Singh further reported that some unknown persons opened fire at deceased Kartar Singh due to which he sustained injuries on his waist and succumbed to the said injuries. PW-1 Jagat E Singh further reported that the said unknown persons had taken away the tractor.

4. It appears that till 31/7/1999, the investigating agency did not make any progress. According to the prosecution, on F 31/7/1999, A1-Pratham approached PW-4 Nathi Singh, Ex-Member of Panchayat and told him that on 5/2/1999 when he, accused-Shishu and A3-Gajraj were sitting in the house of A 1-Pratham, A3-Gajraj told them that they were in need of money. A2-Pancho told them that he had a country made pistol. They G discussed about the Sugar Mill at Bamnikhera where some farmers came with new tractors. They planned a robbery. They went on a truck to Bamnikhera at 7.00 p.m. where A3-Gajraj and accused-Shishu had a conversation with deceased Kartar Singh. When the tractor was unloaded, both of them H PANCHO v. STATE OF HARYANA 1181 [RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI, J.]

accompanied deceased Kartar Singh in his tractor. Accused- A Shishu and A 1-Pratham were standing outside. When the tractor traveled a distance of two killas, A3-Gajraj gave a signal. to A2-Pancho, .who fired a shot at deceased Kartar Singh from his country made pistol. A3-Gajraj stopped the tractor, removed the dead body of deceased Kartar Singh and threw it in a wheat B field. They left the tractor trolley at the spot and ran away with the tractor so as to reach Paramendra via Barsana. A 1-Pratham is further stated to have told PW-4 Nathi Singh that they took the tractor to accused-Bhago and narrated the entire incident to him and asked him to sell the tractor and thereafter c they went back to their house. A 1-Pratham is further stated to have told PW-4 Nathi Singh that they came back after a couple of days and came to know that the tractor could not be sold. Therefore, they removed some parts of the tractor and left it on the road near Bharatpur. As desired by A1-Pratham, he was . 0 produced before PW-24 Inspector Raghbir Singh on 31/7/1999 by PW-4 Nathi Singh. PW-24 Inspector Raghbir Singh arrested A 1-Pratham and interrogated him. According to PW-24 Raghbir Singh, during interrogation, A 1-Pratham told him that about 3-4 months back, he along with accused Shishu an_d other accused had snatched a tractor,· shot the driver of that E tractor, thrown his body in the field and taken the tractor with them. On the same day, accused-Shishu was arrested by PW-24 Raghbir Singh.

5. According to the prosecution, on 1/8/1999, A1-Pratham F disclosed that he had left the tractor on the road near Bharatpur, -·concealed some parts, which had come to his share i.e. the seat cover, one thin rod along with bumper in his field. In pursuance to this disclosure statement, the said articles were recovered at the instance of A1-Pratham. A battery box with G one tool box is stated to have been recovered at the instance of accused-Shishu. On 16/8/1999, PW-24 Inspector Raghbir Singh arrested A2-Pancho near Dabchick on the basis of suspicion. His personal search led to recovery of a country H 1182 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A made pistol of .315 bore (Ex-P12) which was taken into possession vide recovery memo (Ex-PL). It was attested by PW-15 Samunder Singh, brother of deceased Kartar Singh and one Hardev. On a statement made by A2-Pancho, the police also discovered an iron pipe and three pieces of rope from B under stones at Village Barsana which were identified by PW-15 Samunder Singh to be that of their tractor. They were taken into possession vide recovery memo (Ex-PM/1). On 25/9/1999, A3-Gajraj was arrested and at his instance, three pieces of ropes are stated to have been recovered.

c 6. Though the accused were charged under Section 396 of the IPC, learned Sessions Judge was of the view that conviction of the three accused cannot be recorded under Section 396 of the IPC as only four persons had participated in the crime. Learned Sessions Judge was of the view further D that A2-Pancho could be convicted under Section 302 of the IPC simplicitor and A 1-Pratham and A3-Gajraj could be convicted under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC. According to him, all the accused were also liable to be convicted under Section 392 of the IPC. So far as A2-Pancho E is concerned, learned Sessions Judge sentenced him to death for offence under Section 302 of the IPC as according to him, it was a heinous crime which would have wide ramification on the life of agricultural community. He sentenced A1-Pratham and A3-Gajraj to undergo imprisonment for life under Section 302 F read with Section 34 of the IPC. All the accused were sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for 10 years for the offence under Section 392 of the IPC. 7. While dealing with the reference under Section 366 of G the Criminal Procedure Code (for short, "the Code") and the criminal appeal filed by A 1-Pratham and A3-Gajraj, the High Court commuted the sentence of death imposed on A2-Pancho to imprisonment for life. The High Court confirmed the sentence of life imprisonment imposed on A1-Pratham and A3-Gajraj. The High Court maintained the sentence imposed on the H

PANCHO v. STATE OF HARYANA 1183 [RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI, J.] accused for offence under Section 392 of the IPC. A 8. We have heard counsel for the parties. We also requested Mr. Lalit, learned senior counsel to assist us. In deference to our request, Mr. Lalit has, as usual, ably assisted us. 8 9. There is no dispute about the fact that deceased Kartar Singh died on account of firearm injuries. Evidence of PW-17 Dr. Jagmohan Mittal, who did the postmortem on the dead body of deceased Kartar Singh is clear on that point. c 10. Extra-judicial confession made by A1-Pratham is the main plank of the prosecution case. It is true that an extra-judicial confession can be used against its maker, but as a matter of caution, courts look for corroboration to the same from other evidence on record. In Gopa/ Sah v. State of Bihar1, this D court while dealing with an extra-judicial confession held that an extra-judicial confession is on the face of it, a weak evidence and the courts are reluctant, in the absence of chain of cogent circumstances, to rely on it for the purpose of recording a conviction. We must, therefore, first ascertain whether extra- E judicial confession of A1-Pratham inspires confidence and then find out whether there are other cogent circumstances on record, to support it.

11. We have already referred to the evidence of PW-4 Nathi Singh before whom A 1-Pratham is stated to have F confessed that A2-Pancho had shot dead deceased Kartar Singh with country made pistol. PW-24 Inspector Raghbir Singh has stated that A1-Pratham confessed that they had shot dead deceased Kartar Singh. He does not say that A1-Pratham told him that A2-Pancho had fired at deceased Kartar Singh. The G incident is stated to have occurred in the night intervening 7/2/ 1999 and 8/2/1999. About five months later, on 31/7/1999, A1-Pratham is stated to have made a confession. This delay 1. (2008) 17 sec 128. 1184 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 12 S.C.R.

A creates a doubt about its credibility. Besides, in his evidence PW-4 Nathi Singh has stated that his village is about 35 to 40 k.m. from the village of A1-Pratham and none of his relatives stay in that village. He has stated that he knew A1-Pratham; that he had come to his village at about 7.30 to 8.00 a.m. and B stayed with him for 2.00 to 2.30 hours. It does not stand to reason that A1-Pratham would go voluntarily to PW-4 Nathi Singh, who stayed in another village which is about 35 to 40 k.m. away from his village and make a confessional statement to him. The prosecution evidence does not indicate that A 1-C Pratham and PW-4 Nathi Singh knew each other intimately. It is, therefore, difficult to accept the prosecution case that A 1-Pratham made any extra-judicial confession to PW-4 Nathi Singh. It may be stated here that in his statement recorded under Section 313 of the Code, A1-Pratham has denied that he made any such statement. This retraction further makes a dent in the0 alleged extra-judicial confession.

12. A2-Pancho was arrested 011 16/8/1999 near Dabchick Modale. According to the prosecution, his search resulted in recovery of a country made pistol (Ex-P/12) of .315 bore. The E recovery of country made pistol is made more than about six months after the date of incident. It is true that the report of FSL (Ex-PT) states that the country made pistol marked W/1 was test fired and that bullet marked BC/1 taken out from the body of deceased Kartar Singh had been fired from the said country F made pistol. The report also states that the holes on the clothes of deceased Kartar Singh which were sent for examination, had been caused by bullet projectiles. We are, however, of the opinion that, on the basis of this report, it is difficult to come to a conclusion that A2-Pancho was responsible for the firearm G injury caused to deceased Kartar Singh. The prosecution has not led any evidence to show as to in whose custody this pistol was during the period of six months after the incident. In his statement recorded under Section 313 of the Code, A2-Pancho has denied that any such recovery was made from him. Even H PANCHO v. STATE OF HARYANA 1185 [RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI, J.] assuming that the recovery is proved, we are unable to hold in A the absence of any other cogent evidence that it is sufficient to establish that A2-Pancho caused the fatal firearm injury to deceased Kartar Singh with the said pistol.

13. Apart from the pistol which is stated to have been B recovered from A2-Pancho, the prosecution has relied on certain other discoveries made at the instance of the accused. On 1/8/1999, pursuant to the statement made by A1-Pratham, one bumper, one patli and one seat cover are stated to have been discovered. PW-15 Samunder Singh, brother of the deceased identified the said articles to be that of their tractor. C On 16/8/1999 at the instance of A 1-Pancho, three pieces of ropes along with an iron pipe are stated to have been discovered. PW-15 Samunder Singh identified them as parts of their tractor. These discoveries are made five months after the incident and significantly, PW-15 Samunder Singh, who is D the brother of the deceased, is stated to be present when the discoveries were effected and all articles are identified by him, Pertinently, he has signed the discovery statements of all the accused. Articles which are stated to have been discovered are easily available in the market. There is nothing special about E them. Belated discovery of these articles raises a question about their intrinsic evidentiary value. Besides, if as contended by the prosecution, the accused wanted to sell parts of the tractor, it is difficult to believe that they would preserve them till 1/8/1999. The evidence relating to discovery of these articles must, F therefore, be rejected.

14. As against A2-Pancho, the prosecution is relying mainly on the extra-judicial confessional statement of A1-Pratham. The question which needs to be considered is what is the evidentiary G value of a retracted confession of a co-accused? 15. The law on this point is well settled by catena of judgments of this court. We may, however, refer to only two judgments to which our attention is drawn by Mr. Lalit, learned H 1186 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R.

A senior counsel. In Kashmira Singh v. The State of Madhya Pradesh2, referring to the judgment of the Privy Council in Bhuboni Sahu v. The King3, and observations of Sir Lawrence Jenkins in Emperor v. La/it Mohan Chukerbutty4, this court observed that proper way to approach a case involving s confession of a co-accused is, first, to marshal the evidence against the accused excluding the confession altogether from consideration and see whether, if it is believed, a conviction could safely be based on it. If it is capable of belief independently of the confession, then it is not necessary to call c the confession in aid. This court further noted that cases may arise where the judge is not prepared to act on the other evidence as it stands even though, if believed, it would be sufficient to sustain a conviction. In such an event, the judge may call in aid the confession and use it to lend assurance to the other evidence and thus fortify himself in believing what without0 the aid of the confession, he would not be prepared to accept.

16. In Haricharan Kurmi v. State Bihaf', the Constitution Bench of this court was again considering the same question. The Constitution Bench referred to Section 3 of the Evidence E Act and observed that confession of a co-accused is not evidence within the meaning of Section 3 of the Evidence Act. It is neither oral statement which the court permits or requires to be made before it as per Section 3(1) of the Evidence Act nor does it fall in the category of evidence referred to in Section F 3(2) of the Evidence Act which covers all documents produced for the inspection of the court. This court observed that even then Section 30 provides that a confession may be taken into consideration not only against its maker, but also against a co-accused. Thus, though such a confession may not be evidence G as strictly defined by Section 3 of the Evidence Act, it is an element which may be taken into consideration by the criminal 2. AIR 1952 SC 159. 3. 76 Indian Appeals 147. 4. 38 Cal. 559. H 5. AIR 1964 SC 1184. PANCHO v. STATE OF HARYANA 1187 [RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI, J.]

court and in that sense, it may be described as evidence in a A non-technical way. This court further observed that Section 30 · merely enables the court to take the confession into account. It is, not obligatory on the court to take the confession into account. This court reiterated that a confession cannot be treated as substantive evidence against a co-accused. Where B the prosecution relies upon the confession of one accused against another, the proper approach is to consider the other evidence against such an accused and if the said evidence appears to be satisfactory and the court is inclined to hold that the said evidence may sustain the charge framed against the c said accused, the court turns to the confession with a view to assuring itself that the conclusion which it is inclined to draw from the other evidence is right. This Court clarified that though confession may be regarded as evidence in generic sense because of the provisions of Section 30 of the Evidence Act, 0 the fact remains that it is not evidence as defined in Section 3 of the Evidence Act. Therefore, in dealing with a case against an accused, the court cannot start with the confession of a co-accused; it must begin with other evidence adduced by the prosecution and after it has formed its opinion with regard to E the quality and effect of the said evidence, then it is permissible to turn to the confession in order to receive assurance to the conclusion of guilt which the judicial mind is about to reach on the said other evidence.

17. Applying the above principles to the case on hand, we F find that so far as A2-Pancho is concerned, except the evidence of alleged belated discovery of certain articles at his instance, which we have already found to be doubtful, there is no. other evidence on record to connect him to the offence in question. When there is no other evidence of sterling quality on G record establishing his involvement, he cannot be convicted on the basis of the alleged extra-judicial confession of the co-accused A1-Pratham, which in our opinion, is also not credible. Once A1-Pratham's extra-judicial confession is obliterated and kept out of consideration, his conviction also cannot be H 1188 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011] 12 S.C.R. A sustained because we have come to the conclusion that the alleged discovery of articles at his instance cannot be relied upon. There is thus, no credible evidence to persuade us to uphold the conviction of A 1-Pratham. 18. In view of the above, we set aside the impugned8 judgment and order. A1-Pratham and A2-Pancho are on bail. Their bail bonds stand discharged. 19. Appeals are disposed of in the aforestated terms. C R.. P. Appeals allowed.

[2011] 12 S.C.R. 1173 PANCHO A V. STATE OF HARYANA (Criminal Appeal No.1050 of 2005) OCTOBER 20, 2011 B [AFTAB ALAM AND RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI, JJ.] PENAL CODE, 1860: ss.302, 302134 and 392 - Four accused stated to have c caused death of a tractor owner and taken away his tractor -Five months later extra-judicial confession stated to have been made by one of the accused - Three accused arrested and fourth died meanwhile - A country made pistol and some parts stated to have been recovered from the accused - o Conviction by trial court - Life imprisonment to two accused and sentence of death awarded to the accused who was stated to have shot at the deceased - High Court commuting the death sentence to life imprisonment - Appeals by two accused - Held: The extra-judicial confession made by one E of the accused is the main plank of prosecution case - Five months delay in the extra-judicial confession creates a doubt about its credibility - Besides, the said confession was made to a person who resides in a different village 35-40 kms away from accused's village and had no intimacy with the accused F concerned - There is discrepancy as to who shot at the deceased - Further, the accused, in his statement u/s. 313 CrPC denied to have made the said confessional statement

- This further makes a dent in the extra-judicial confession -There being no credible evidence to upheld the conviction, the impugned judgments and orders are set aside - Evidence G Act, 1872 - ss. 3 and 30 - Investigation - Recovery of incriminating articles . • 1173 H 1174 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A EVIDENCE ACT, .1872: ss. 3 and 30 - Extra-judicial confession of a co-accused - Evidentiary value of - Held: In dealing with a case against an accused, the court cannot start with the confession of a co-8 accused; it must begin with other evidence adduced by the prosecution and after it has formed its opinion with regard to the quality and effect of the said evidence, then it is permissible to turn to the confession in order to receive assurance to the conclusion of guilt which the judicial mind C is about to reach on the said other evidence - In the instant case, except the evidence of alleged belated recovery of certain articles, which have been found to be doubtful, there is no other evidence on record to connect the accused to the offence - Therefore, he cannot be convicted on the basis of the alleged extra-judicial confession of the co-accused -0 Penal Code, 1860 - ss. 302 and 392. INVEST/GA TION:

Incriminating articles recovered five months after the E incident at the instance of accused - Held: The brother of the deceased has signed the discovery statements of all the accused - Articles which are stated to have been discovered are easily available in the market - Belated discovery of these articles raises a question about their intrinsic evidentiary value F - The recovery of country made pistol is made more than about six months after the date of incident - The prosecution has not led any evidence to show as to in whose custody this pistol was during the period of six months after the incident -Accused, in his statement u/s. 313 Cr.P.C. has denied that any such recovery was made from him - The evidence G relating to discovery of these articles must, therefore, be rejected - Penal Code, 1860 - ss. 302 and 392. Accused A-1, A-2 and A-3 were pro~ecuted for an offence punishable u/s 396 IPC. According to the H prosecution case, as stated in the FIR lodged by PW 1, •

PANCHO v. STATE OF HARYANA 1175 on 7.2.1999, his brother 'KS' left the house for the Sugar A Mill on his tractor in order to bring back two trolleys which had been parked outside the Sugar Mill; that on 8.2.1999 at about 7.00 a.m., information was received that the dead body of 'KS' was lying in a pool of blood in the fields 10 feet away from the road; that both the trolleys B were parked on the road side but the tractor was not there; that some unknown persons had shot the said 'KS' dead and taken away the tractor. On 31.7.1999, A-1 was said to have approached PW 4, an ex-member of Panchayat, and told him that he along with A-2, A-3 and c the fourth accused (who died later), went on a truck; A-2 fired a shot from a country made pistol at 'KS'; A-3 stopped the tractor and threw the dead body in a wheat field; they left the trolley and took away the tractor to accused 'B' (absconding) and asked him to sell the 0 tractor. However, as the tractor could not be sold, they removed some of its parts and teft it on the road. A-1 was produced before the Inspector of Police (PW24). He was arrested and interrogated and on his disclosure statement and at the instance of the fourth accused, some parts of the tractor were recovered. On 16.8.1999, E PW 24 arrested A-2 and recovered a country made postol from him. On 25.9.1999, A-3 was arrested. The fourth accused died after the charge had been framed. The trial court found that only 4 persons had participated in the crime and, as such, convicted A-2 u/s 302 IPC and A-1 and F A-3 u/s 302/34 IPC. A-2 was sentenced to death; whereas A-1 and A-3 were awarded life sentence. All the three were further convicted and sentenced to 10 years RI u/s 392 IPC. The High Court interfered only to the limited extent that it commuted the death sentence of A-2 to G imprisonment for life. A-1 and A-2 filed the appeals. Allowing the appeals, the Court HELD: 1.1. The extra-judicial confession made by A- H

1176 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A 1 is the main plank of the prosecution case. It is true that an extra-judicial confession can be used against its maker, but as a matter of caution, courts look for corroboration to the same from other evidence on record. [para 1OJ [1183-C-D] B Gopa/ Sah v. State of Bihar (2008) 17 SCC 128 -referred to 1.2. In the instant case, the incident is stated to have occurred in the night intervening 7/2/1999 and 8/2/1999. C About five months later, on 31/7/1999, A1 is stated to have made a confession. This delay creates a doubt about its credibility. Besides, PW-4 before whom A1 is stated to have confessed, in his evidence has stated that his village is about 35 to 40 k.m. from the village of A1 and D none of his relatives stay in that village. He has stated that he knew A1; that he had come to his village at about

7.30 to 8.00 a.m. and stayed with him for 2.00 to 2.30 hours. It does not stand to reas "n that A 1 would go voluntarily to PW-4, who stayed in another village which E is about 35 to 40 k.m. away from his village and make a confessional statement to him. The prosecution evidence does not indicate that A1and PW-4 knew each other intimately. Therefore, the prosecution case that A1 made any extra-judicial confession to PW-4 cannot be F accepted. Further, PW-4 stated that A1 had confessed that A2 had shot dead deceased 'KS' with country made pistol. PW-24, the Inspector of Police, has stated that A1 confessed that they had shot dead the decea$ed. He does not say that A1 told him that A2 had fired at the G deceased. A1, in his statement recorded u/s 313 CrPC, has denied that he made any such statement. This retraction further makes a dent in the alleged extra-judicial confession. [para 11) [1183-F-H; 1184-A-D] 2.1. A2 was arrested on 16/8/1999. According to the H

PANCHO v. STATE OF HARYANA 1177 prosecution, his search resulted in recovery of a country A made pistol (Ex-P/12) of .315 bore. The recovery of country made pistol is made more than about six months after the date of incident. The prosecution has not led any evidence to show as to in whose custody this pistol was during the period of six months after the incident. A-2 in B his statement recorded u/s. 313 Cr.P.C. has denied that any such recovery was made from him. Even assuming that the recovery is proved, in the absence of any other cogent, it cannot be held that it is sufficient to establish that A2 caused the fatal firearm injury to deceased with C the said pistol. [para 12] [1184-E-H; 1185-A]

2.2. The prosecution has relied on certain other discoveries made at the instance of the accused. These discoveries are made five months after the incident and 0 significantly, PW-15 who is the brother of the deceased, is stated to be present when the discoveries were effected and all articles are identified by him. Pertinently, he has signed the discovery statements of all the accused. The articles which are stated to have been discovered are easily available in the market. Belated E discovery of these articles raises a question about their intrinsic evidentiary value. Besides, if as contended by the prosecution, the accused wanted to sell parts of the tractor, it is difficult to believe that they would preserve -them till 1/8/1999. The evidence relating to discovery of F these articles must, therefore, be rejected. [para 13] [1185-B-F] 3.1. As against A2, the prosecution is relying mainly on the extra-judicial confessional statement of A1. G -However, A1 retracted his confession. This Court in the case of Haricharan Kurmi* clarified that though confession may be regarded as evidence in generic sense because of the provisions of s. 30 of the Evidence Act, the fact remains that it is not evidence as defined in H 1178 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R.

A s.3 thereof. Therefore, in dealing with a case against an accused, the court cannot start with the confession of a co-accused; it must begin with other evidence adduced by the prosecution and after it has formed its opinion with regard to the quality and effect of the said evidence, then B it is permissible to turn to the confession in order to receive assurance to the conclusion of guilt which the judicial mind is about to reach on the said other evidence. [para 11, 14 and 16] (1184-C-D; 1185-G; 1187-0-E] C * Haricharan Kurmi v. State Bihar 1964 SCR 623 =AIR 1964 SC 1184; Kashmira Singh v. The State of Madhya Pradesh, 1952 SCR 526 :::: AIR 1952 SC 159 - referred to Bhuboni Sahu v. The King 76 Indian Appeals 147; Emperor v. La/it Mohan Chukerbutty, 38 Cal. 559 - referred D to 3.2. In the case on hand, so far as A2 is concerned, except the evidence of alleged belated discovery of certain articles at his instance, which have already been E found to be doubtful, there is no other evidence on record to connect him to the offence in question. Therefore, he cannot be convicted on the basis of the alleged extra-judicial confession of co-accused A1, which is also not credible. [para 17] [1187-F-H]

F 4. Once the extra-judicial confession stated to have been made by A1 is obliterated and kept out of consideration, his conviction also cannot be sustained because the alleged discovery of articles at his instance cannot be relied upon. There is thus, no credible G evidence to uphold the conviction of A1. In this view of the matter, the impugned judgments and orders are set aside. [para 17 and 18] [1187-F-H; 1188-A-B] Case Law Reference: H (2008) 11 sec 128 referred to para 10 PANCHO v. STATE OF HARYANA 1179 1952 SCR 526 referred to para 15 A 76 Indian Appeals 147 referred to para 15 38 Cal. 559 referred to para 15 1964 SCR 623 referred to para 16 B CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 1050 of 2005. From the Judgment & Order dated 3.5.2005 of the High Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in Criminal Appeal c No. 854-DB of 2004. WITH Crl. Appeal No. 1222 of 2005. U.U. Lalit, (A.C.), S.R. Sharma (for S. Srinivasan), Dr. Vipin Gupta, Rajeev Gaur 'Naseem' (for Kamal Mohan Gupta) D for the appearing parties.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by (SMT.) RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI, J. 1. These two E appeals, by special leave, can be disposed of by a common judgment as they arise out of the same facts and challenge the same judgment and order da.ted 3/5/2005 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court. Criminal Appeal No.1050 of 2005 is filed by original accused 2 - Pancho and Criminal Appeal No.1222 F of 2005 is filed by original accused 1 - Pratham. For the sake of convenience, original accused 1 - Pratham is referred to as "A 1-Pratham", original accused 2 - Pancho is referred to as "A2-Pancho" and original accused 3 - Gajraj is referred to as "A3-Gajraj". ···G 2. A 1-Pratham, A2-Pancho and A3-Gajraj were tried by the Additional Sessions Judge, Faridabad in Sessions Case No.40 of 11.12.2002 I 30.11.1999 for offence punishable under Section 396 of the Indian Penal Code (for short, "the IPC"). H 1180 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A. According to the prosecution, two more persons were involved in the offence in question viz. Shishu Ram @ Shishu, who expired after the charge was framed and one Bhago, who is absconding. He is declared absconder.

B 3. Shortly stated the case of the prosecution is that PW-1 Jagat Singh, brother of deceased Kartar Singh lodged FIR (Ex-PA) on 8/2/1999 at 8.40 a.m. with PW-12 ASI Keshav Ram at Sadar Palwal, Faridabad. PW-1 Jagat Singh reported that on 7/2/1999 deceased Kartar Singh had left their house for the C Sugar Mill, Palwal. He drove his own tractor. He was to bring back two trolleys of sugar cane which were already parked outside the Sugar Mill. PW-1 Jagat Singh further reported that on 8/2/1999 at about 7.00 a.m., they were informed that the dead body of Kartar Singh was lying in a pool of blood at a distance of 10 feet from the road in the field of PW-1 Jagat D Singh, a resident of Gopalgarh. Both the trolleys were parked cm the road side but the tractor was not at the spot. PW-1 Jagat Singh further reported that some unknown persons opened fire at deceased Kartar Singh due to which he sustained injuries on his waist and succumbed to the said injuries. PW-1 Jagat E Singh further reported that the said unknown persons had taken away the tractor.

4. It appears that till 31/7/1999, the investigating agency did not make any progress. According to the prosecution, on F 31/7/1999, A1-Pratham approached PW-4 Nathi Singh, Ex-Member of Panchayat and told him that on 5/2/1999 when he, accused-Shishu and A3-Gajraj were sitting in the house of A 1-Pratham, A3-Gajraj told them that they were in need of money. A2-Pancho told them that he had a country made pistol. They G discussed about the Sugar Mill at Bamnikhera where some farmers came with new tractors. They planned a robbery. They went on a truck to Bamnikhera at 7.00 p.m. where A3-Gajraj and accused-Shishu had a conversation with deceased Kartar Singh. When the tractor was unloaded, both of them H PANCHO v. STATE OF HARYANA 1181 [RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI, J.]

accompanied deceased Kartar Singh in his tractor. Accused- A Shishu and A 1-Pratham were standing outside. When the tractor traveled a distance of two killas, A3-Gajraj gave a signal. to A2-Pancho, .who fired a shot at deceased Kartar Singh from his country made pistol. A3-Gajraj stopped the tractor, removed the dead body of deceased Kartar Singh and threw it in a wheat B field. They left the tractor trolley at the spot and ran away with the tractor so as to reach Paramendra via Barsana. A 1-Pratham is further stated to have told PW-4 Nathi Singh that they took the tractor to accused-Bhago and narrated the entire incident to him and asked him to sell the tractor and thereafter c they went back to their house. A 1-Pratham is further stated to have told PW-4 Nathi Singh that they came back after a couple of days and came to know that the tractor could not be sold. Therefore, they removed some parts of the tractor and left it on the road near Bharatpur. As desired by A1-Pratham, he was . 0 produced before PW-24 Inspector Raghbir Singh on 31/7/1999 by PW-4 Nathi Singh. PW-24 Inspector Raghbir Singh arrested A 1-Pratham and interrogated him. According to PW-24 Raghbir Singh, during interrogation, A 1-Pratham told him that about 3-4 months back, he along with accused Shishu an_d other accused had snatched a tractor,· shot the driver of that E tractor, thrown his body in the field and taken the tractor with them. On the same day, accused-Shishu was arrested by PW-24 Raghbir Singh.

5. According to the prosecution, on 1/8/1999, A1-Pratham F disclosed that he had left the tractor on the road near Bharatpur, -·concealed some parts, which had come to his share i.e. the seat cover, one thin rod along with bumper in his field. In pursuance to this disclosure statement, the said articles were recovered at the instance of A1-Pratham. A battery box with G one tool box is stated to have been recovered at the instance of accused-Shishu. On 16/8/1999, PW-24 Inspector Raghbir Singh arrested A2-Pancho near Dabchick on the basis of suspicion. His personal search led to recovery of a country H 1182 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A made pistol of .315 bore (Ex-P12) which was taken into possession vide recovery memo (Ex-PL). It was attested by PW-15 Samunder Singh, brother of deceased Kartar Singh and one Hardev. On a statement made by A2-Pancho, the police also discovered an iron pipe and three pieces of rope from B under stones at Village Barsana which were identified by PW-15 Samunder Singh to be that of their tractor. They were taken into possession vide recovery memo (Ex-PM/1). On 25/9/1999, A3-Gajraj was arrested and at his instance, three pieces of ropes are stated to have been recovered.

c 6. Though the accused were charged under Section 396 of the IPC, learned Sessions Judge was of the view that conviction of the three accused cannot be recorded under Section 396 of the IPC as only four persons had participated in the crime. Learned Sessions Judge was of the view further D that A2-Pancho could be convicted under Section 302 of the IPC simplicitor and A 1-Pratham and A3-Gajraj could be convicted under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC. According to him, all the accused were also liable to be convicted under Section 392 of the IPC. So far as A2-Pancho E is concerned, learned Sessions Judge sentenced him to death for offence under Section 302 of the IPC as according to him, it was a heinous crime which would have wide ramification on the life of agricultural community. He sentenced A1-Pratham and A3-Gajraj to undergo imprisonment for life under Section 302 F read with Section 34 of the IPC. All the accused were sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for 10 years for the offence under Section 392 of the IPC. 7. While dealing with the reference under Section 366 of G the Criminal Procedure Code (for short, "the Code") and the criminal appeal filed by A 1-Pratham and A3-Gajraj, the High Court commuted the sentence of death imposed on A2-Pancho to imprisonment for life. The High Court confirmed the sentence of life imprisonment imposed on A1-Pratham and A3-Gajraj. The High Court maintained the sentence imposed on the H

PANCHO v. STATE OF HARYANA 1183 [RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI, J.] accused for offence under Section 392 of the IPC. A 8. We have heard counsel for the parties. We also requested Mr. Lalit, learned senior counsel to assist us. In deference to our request, Mr. Lalit has, as usual, ably assisted us. 8 9. There is no dispute about the fact that deceased Kartar Singh died on account of firearm injuries. Evidence of PW-17 Dr. Jagmohan Mittal, who did the postmortem on the dead body of deceased Kartar Singh is clear on that point. c 10. Extra-judicial confession made by A1-Pratham is the main plank of the prosecution case. It is true that an extra-judicial confession can be used against its maker, but as a matter of caution, courts look for corroboration to the same from other evidence on record. In Gopa/ Sah v. State of Bihar1, this D court while dealing with an extra-judicial confession held that an extra-judicial confession is on the face of it, a weak evidence and the courts are reluctant, in the absence of chain of cogent circumstances, to rely on it for the purpose of recording a conviction. We must, therefore, first ascertain whether extra- E judicial confession of A1-Pratham inspires confidence and then find out whether there are other cogent circumstances on record, to support it.

11. We have already referred to the evidence of PW-4 Nathi Singh before whom A 1-Pratham is stated to have F confessed that A2-Pancho had shot dead deceased Kartar Singh with country made pistol. PW-24 Inspector Raghbir Singh has stated that A1-Pratham confessed that they had shot dead deceased Kartar Singh. He does not say that A1-Pratham told him that A2-Pancho had fired at deceased Kartar Singh. The G incident is stated to have occurred in the night intervening 7/2/ 1999 and 8/2/1999. About five months later, on 31/7/1999, A1-Pratham is stated to have made a confession. This delay 1. (2008) 17 sec 128. 1184 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 12 S.C.R.

A creates a doubt about its credibility. Besides, in his evidence PW-4 Nathi Singh has stated that his village is about 35 to 40 k.m. from the village of A1-Pratham and none of his relatives stay in that village. He has stated that he knew A1-Pratham; that he had come to his village at about 7.30 to 8.00 a.m. and B stayed with him for 2.00 to 2.30 hours. It does not stand to reason that A1-Pratham would go voluntarily to PW-4 Nathi Singh, who stayed in another village which is about 35 to 40 k.m. away from his village and make a confessional statement to him. The prosecution evidence does not indicate that A 1-C Pratham and PW-4 Nathi Singh knew each other intimately. It is, therefore, difficult to accept the prosecution case that A 1-Pratham made any extra-judicial confession to PW-4 Nathi Singh. It may be stated here that in his statement recorded under Section 313 of the Code, A1-Pratham has denied that he made any such statement. This retraction further makes a dent in the0 alleged extra-judicial confession.

12. A2-Pancho was arrested 011 16/8/1999 near Dabchick Modale. According to the prosecution, his search resulted in recovery of a country made pistol (Ex-P/12) of .315 bore. The E recovery of country made pistol is made more than about six months after the date of incident. It is true that the report of FSL (Ex-PT) states that the country made pistol marked W/1 was test fired and that bullet marked BC/1 taken out from the body of deceased Kartar Singh had been fired from the said country F made pistol. The report also states that the holes on the clothes of deceased Kartar Singh which were sent for examination, had been caused by bullet projectiles. We are, however, of the opinion that, on the basis of this report, it is difficult to come to a conclusion that A2-Pancho was responsible for the firearm G injury caused to deceased Kartar Singh. The prosecution has not led any evidence to show as to in whose custody this pistol was during the period of six months after the incident. In his statement recorded under Section 313 of the Code, A2-Pancho has denied that any such recovery was made from him. Even H PANCHO v. STATE OF HARYANA 1185 [RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI, J.] assuming that the recovery is proved, we are unable to hold in A the absence of any other cogent evidence that it is sufficient to establish that A2-Pancho caused the fatal firearm injury to deceased Kartar Singh with the said pistol.

13. Apart from the pistol which is stated to have been B recovered from A2-Pancho, the prosecution has relied on certain other discoveries made at the instance of the accused. On 1/8/1999, pursuant to the statement made by A1-Pratham, one bumper, one patli and one seat cover are stated to have been discovered. PW-15 Samunder Singh, brother of the deceased identified the said articles to be that of their tractor. C On 16/8/1999 at the instance of A 1-Pancho, three pieces of ropes along with an iron pipe are stated to have been discovered. PW-15 Samunder Singh identified them as parts of their tractor. These discoveries are made five months after the incident and significantly, PW-15 Samunder Singh, who is D the brother of the deceased, is stated to be present when the discoveries were effected and all articles are identified by him, Pertinently, he has signed the discovery statements of all the accused. Articles which are stated to have been discovered are easily available in the market. There is nothing special about E them. Belated discovery of these articles raises a question about their intrinsic evidentiary value. Besides, if as contended by the prosecution, the accused wanted to sell parts of the tractor, it is difficult to believe that they would preserve them till 1/8/1999. The evidence relating to discovery of these articles must, F therefore, be rejected.

14. As against A2-Pancho, the prosecution is relying mainly on the extra-judicial confessional statement of A1-Pratham. The question which needs to be considered is what is the evidentiary G value of a retracted confession of a co-accused? 15. The law on this point is well settled by catena of judgments of this court. We may, however, refer to only two judgments to which our attention is drawn by Mr. Lalit, learned H 1186 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R.

A senior counsel. In Kashmira Singh v. The State of Madhya Pradesh2, referring to the judgment of the Privy Council in Bhuboni Sahu v. The King3, and observations of Sir Lawrence Jenkins in Emperor v. La/it Mohan Chukerbutty4, this court observed that proper way to approach a case involving s confession of a co-accused is, first, to marshal the evidence against the accused excluding the confession altogether from consideration and see whether, if it is believed, a conviction could safely be based on it. If it is capable of belief independently of the confession, then it is not necessary to call c the confession in aid. This court further noted that cases may arise where the judge is not prepared to act on the other evidence as it stands even though, if believed, it would be sufficient to sustain a conviction. In such an event, the judge may call in aid the confession and use it to lend assurance to the other evidence and thus fortify himself in believing what without0 the aid of the confession, he would not be prepared to accept.

16. In Haricharan Kurmi v. State Bihaf', the Constitution Bench of this court was again considering the same question. The Constitution Bench referred to Section 3 of the Evidence E Act and observed that confession of a co-accused is not evidence within the meaning of Section 3 of the Evidence Act. It is neither oral statement which the court permits or requires to be made before it as per Section 3(1) of the Evidence Act nor does it fall in the category of evidence referred to in Section F 3(2) of the Evidence Act which covers all documents produced for the inspection of the court. This court observed that even then Section 30 provides that a confession may be taken into consideration not only against its maker, but also against a co-accused. Thus, though such a confession may not be evidence G as strictly defined by Section 3 of the Evidence Act, it is an element which may be taken into consideration by the criminal 2. AIR 1952 SC 159. 3. 76 Indian Appeals 147. 4. 38 Cal. 559. H 5. AIR 1964 SC 1184. PANCHO v. STATE OF HARYANA 1187 [RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI, J.]

court and in that sense, it may be described as evidence in a A non-technical way. This court further observed that Section 30 · merely enables the court to take the confession into account. It is, not obligatory on the court to take the confession into account. This court reiterated that a confession cannot be treated as substantive evidence against a co-accused. Where B the prosecution relies upon the confession of one accused against another, the proper approach is to consider the other evidence against such an accused and if the said evidence appears to be satisfactory and the court is inclined to hold that the said evidence may sustain the charge framed against the c said accused, the court turns to the confession with a view to assuring itself that the conclusion which it is inclined to draw from the other evidence is right. This Court clarified that though confession may be regarded as evidence in generic sense because of the provisions of Section 30 of the Evidence Act, 0 the fact remains that it is not evidence as defined in Section 3 of the Evidence Act. Therefore, in dealing with a case against an accused, the court cannot start with the confession of a co-accused; it must begin with other evidence adduced by the prosecution and after it has formed its opinion with regard to E the quality and effect of the said evidence, then it is permissible to turn to the confession in order to receive assurance to the conclusion of guilt which the judicial mind is about to reach on the said other evidence.

17. Applying the above principles to the case on hand, we F find that so far as A2-Pancho is concerned, except the evidence of alleged belated discovery of certain articles at his instance, which we have already found to be doubtful, there is no. other evidence on record to connect him to the offence in question. When there is no other evidence of sterling quality on G record establishing his involvement, he cannot be convicted on the basis of the alleged extra-judicial confession of the co-accused A1-Pratham, which in our opinion, is also not credible. Once A1-Pratham's extra-judicial confession is obliterated and kept out of consideration, his conviction also cannot be H 1188 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011] 12 S.C.R. A sustained because we have come to the conclusion that the alleged discovery of articles at his instance cannot be relied upon. There is thus, no credible evidence to persuade us to uphold the conviction of A 1-Pratham. 18. In view of the above, we set aside the impugned8 judgment and order. A1-Pratham and A2-Pancho are on bail. Their bail bonds stand discharged. 19. Appeals are disposed of in the aforestated terms. C R.. P. Appeals allowed.