[2011] 12 S.C.R. 661 REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT A MADRAS v. R. PERACHI & ORS. (Civil appeal No. 7936 of 2011) B SEPTEMBER 19, 2011 [J.M. PANCHAL AND H.L. GOKHALE, JJ.] Service law: c State Judicial Ministerial Service - Transfer of employee in the subordinate judiciary on administrative grounds -Decision of Chief Justice to transfer - On facts, respondent working as Sheristadar in the State Judicial Ministerial Service was transferred outside the District by the Chief 0 Justice - Writ petition - High Court held that the Chief Justice had no power to transfer the respondent unilaterally and the transfer was punitive and set aside the transfer because it would affect his promotion as P.A., directing the High Court to restore him in his District and confer him the post of P.A. - E On appeal, held: Action of transfer against the respondent was on the basis of the report of the Registrar {Vigilance) -Relevant material clearly show that the Full Court had passed a resolution under which the subject. of vigilance enquiries was retained with the Chief Justice - District Judge had opined that retention of the respondent in his district was undesirable from F the administration point of view - More so, the respondent did not dispute the power of the High Court to transfer him outside the district, nor the Division Bench interfered on that ground

- Respondent himself clearly stated in his affidavit that there was no malafide exercise in his transfer - Transfer is an G incident of service - One cannot make grievance if transfer is made on administrative grounds, without attaching any stigma - Pay, position and seniority of the respondent was not affected by the transfer, and thus, the transfer was not 661 H 662 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 12 S.C.R. A punitive merely because his promotional chances got affected due to the transfer - There is no right of promotion available to an employee - He has a right to be considered for promotion - Furthermore, the integrity of the officers functioning in the administration is of utmost importance to retain the confidence of the litigants in the fairness of the 8 judicial system - If there is any complaint in this behalf, the Chief Justice is expected to act on behalf of the High Court to see to it that the stream of justice does not get polluted at any level - Thus, the decision of Chief Justice to transfer C respondent outside that district could not be faulted - Order passed by the High Court is set aside. Transfer of employee in the subordinate judiciary on administrative grounds - Passing of judicial orders by the High Courts - Scope of - Held: Is limited - Transfer is an D incident of service - One cannot make grievance if transfer is made on administrative grounds, without attaching any stigma.

Constitution of India; 1950 - Control of the High Court E over the subordinate courts under - Held: Includes general superintendence of the working of the subordinate courts and their staff, since their appeals against the orders of the District Judges lie to the High Court - Word control in Article 235 is used in the comprehensive sense - It includes the control and 1 F superintendence of the High Court over the subordinate ' courts and the persons manning them both on the judicial and administrative side - Control over the subordinate courts vests in the High Court as a whole - However, it does not mean that a Full Court cannot authorize the Chief Justice in G respect of any matter whatsoever. Judicial Discipline - Judges deciding a subsequent case · overlooking judgment of a co-ordinate Bench - Propriety of - Held: Judges are bound by the earlier decision - They are not expected to take a different view from point of view of -l judicial discipline. REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 663 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI

First respondent was working as Sheristadar in the A State Judicial Ministerial Service and was holding the additional charge of the post of P.A. to the District Judge at place 'P'. The first respondent along with two head clerk were transferred outside the District by the order issued by the appellant on behalf of the High Court on 8 administrative grounds. The two head clerks filed writ petitions but the same were dismissed. The first respondent did not challenge his transfer at that time and joined the office at District 'R'. Thereafter, he came to know that the post of P.A. to District Judge 'T' was being C filled and he made a representation for consideration for the said post. The first respondent learnt that he was not considered for the post because he was alreaEly transferred outside the District. Aggrieved, the first respondent filed a Writ Petition; The Division Bench of the 0High Court set aside the transfer of the first respondent from District 'T' to District 'R' and directed the High Court to restore him in District 'T' with his seniority and confer on him the post of P.A. to the District Judge at place 'T'. Therefore, the appellant filed the instant appeal.

The appellant contended that the decision of the Division Bench was erroneous on both the grounds on which the Division Bench decided against the. appellant viz. that the transfer was punitive and that it was not passed by a competent authority. F . Allowing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1. The action of transfer against the first respondent was on the basis of. the report of the. Registrar (Vigilance). Besides, the District Judge had also· G opined that retention of the appellant in his district was undesirable from the point of view of administration, pending enquiry. Thus, it involved inter-district transfer. The respondentI No.1 did not dispute the power of the High Court to transfer him outside the district, nor did the H 664 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A Division Bench interfered therein on that ground. This is apart from the fact that transfer is an incident of service, and one cannot make a grievance if a transfer is made on the administrative grounds, and without attaching any stigma which was so done in the Instant case. [Para 21) B [679-G-H; 670-A-B] N.K Singh vs. Union of India AIR 1995 SC 423: 1994 (2) Suppl. SCR 772; State of Madhya Pradesh vs. S.S. Kourav, AIR 1995 SC 1056: 1995 (1) SCR 482; Airports Authority of India vs. Rajeev Ratan Pandey 2009 (8) SCC C 337: 2009 (13) SCR 343 - referred to

2.1 The first ground on which the Division Bench of the High Court interfered with the order of transfer was that the transfer order was passed by the then Chief o Justice initially, and he did not have the competence therefore. The appellant produced the relevant material before this Court which clearly shows that the Full Court had passed a resolution under which. the subject of vigilance enquiries was retained with the Chief Justice. s:: It is, therefore, difficult to accept the view of the Division Bench that the Chief Justice unilaterally transferred the-appellant outside the district, and the decision ought to have been taken either by the Full Court or a Committee appointed ·by the Full Court. [Para 26) [682-F-G; 683-F-H] F 2.2 The control of the High Court over the subordinate courts under Article 235 of the Constitution includes general superintendence of the working of the subordinate courts and their staff, since their appeals against the orders of the District Judges lie to the High G Court. The word control referred to in Article 235 of the Constitution has been used in the comprehensive sense and Includes the control and superintendence of the High Court over the subordinate courts and the persons manning them both on the judicial and administrative H side'. This control over the subordinate courts vests in REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 665 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI

the High Court as a whole. However, the same does not A mean that a Full Court cannot authorize the Chief Justice in respect of any matter whatsoever. [Para 26) [682-H; 683-A·C] 2.3 The Full Court of the Madras High Court had 8 passed a resolution way back in the year 1993 to retain the subject of "Vigilance Cell" with the Chief Justice. Therefore, it was fully within the authority of the then Chief Justice to take the decision to transfer the appellant outside district 'T'. The transfer was particularly C necessary in view of the complaint that was pending against him. The Division Bench observed that the complaint was an anonymous one. Even so, the same had been looked into by the Vigilance Cell, and the District Judge had reported that departmental enquiries were pending against the appellant and the other D employees against whom the complaint had been made. In view of all these factors, the Chief Justice had to take the necessary decision. [Para 26) [683-D-G] RM. Gurjar Vs. High Court of Gujarat AIR 1992 SC E 2000: 1992 (3) SCR 775; Gauhati High Court Vs. Ku/adhar Phukan 2002 (4) SCC 524; High Court of Rajasthan Vs. P.P. Singh & Anr. 2003 (4} sec 23 - relied on.

3.1 The other ground on which the Division Bench interfered with the transfer order is that according to the F Division Bench, but for this transfer order there was no other impediment for the District Judge to promote the respondent No.1. The Division Bench was of the view that the first respondent had lost the opportunity of getting promoted to the post of P.A. to the District Judge G on account of this transfer, and therefore, the same was punitive. The Bench ought to have noted that the transfer is an incident of service, and the first respondent himself had clearly stated in his affidavit in support of the petition that there was no malafide exercise in the present H 666 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A transfer. The transfer was purely on the administrative ground in view of the pending complaint and departmental enquiry against first respondent and other employees, with respect to their integrity. When a complaint against the integrity of an employee is being B investigated, very often he is transferred outside the concerned unit. That is desirable from the point of view of the administration as well as that of the employee. In the circumstances the decision of the then Chief Justice to transfer him outside that district could not be faulted. C [Para 27] [684-A-E]

3.2 There is no right of promotion available to an employee. He has a right to be considered for promotion which has been held to be a fundamental right. However, D though a right to be considered for promotion is a condition of service, mere chance of promotion is not. [Para 28] [684-G] S.B. Bhattacf)arjee Vs. S.D. Majumdar 2007 (10) SCC 513: 2007 (6) SCR 743; Mohd. Shujat Ali Vs. Union of India E AIR 1974 SC 1631: 1975 (1) SCR 449 - referred to 3.3 The fact that the first respondent could not be considered for promotion to the post of P.A. in district 'T' was undoubtedly the consequence of this transfer F outside that district. However, that itself cannot make his transfer a punitive one. The then Registrar General rightly stated in her affidavit before the High Court that the first respondent would be retaining his original seniority though he was transferred in another district. He was in the cadre of Sheristadar and he continued in that cadre G in district 'R' after he was transferred to that district. In district 'T', he was officiating as P.A to the District Judge since that post was vacant, but his substantive post was that of Sheristadar. The officiating work did not create any right in him to be continued in the post of P.A. That H was not also his case, and that is how he had sought to REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 667 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI

be empanelled for being considered for the promotion to A the post of P.A, though in district 'T'. Since the first respondent was no longer in district 'T', obviously he . could not be included in the panel prepared for consideration for the post of P.A. in that district. [Para 29] [684-H; 685-A-C] B 3.4 In the instant case, the pay, position and seniority of the first respondent was not affected by the impugned transfer, and therefore, the same could not be said to be punitive merely because his promotional chances got C affected due to the transfer. Thus, there was no question of providing him any opportunity of hearing at that stage before effecting the transfer, and the order of transfer could not be faulted on that count as well. [Para 30] [685-H; 686-A-B] D Paresh Chandra Nandi Vs. Controller of Stores, N. F. Railway AIR 1971 SC 359 - referred to.

3.5 Noting that the respondent No. 1 was transferred on account of an anonymous complaint, the Division E Bench had referred to a few judgments wherein this Court has emphasized the responsibility of the Higher Judiciary to guard the judicial officers in the Subordinate Courts against unjustified complaints. In the instant case, a Sheristadar was transferred on receiving a complaint, F although an anonymous one, but against whom a departmental inquiry is pending. He was transferred to another district though retaining him in the same cadre with the same pay as well as his seniority. Such an action was fully justified and within the authority of the High Court. No observations were made against him, nor was G any sti~ma attached. The reliance on the said three judgments to interfere in such an order clearly shows a non-application of mind by the Division Bench to the problem which the High Court Administration was faced with, and which was being attended in accordance with H 668 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R A the relevant rules. [Paras 31, 32] [686-C-H; 687-A-B] /shwar Chand Jain Vs. High Court Punjab and Haryana 1988 (3) SCC 370: 1988 (1) Suppl. SCR 396; K.P. Tiwari Vs. State of M.P. 1994 Suppl. (1) SCC 540:1993 ( 3) Suppl. SCR 497; Ramesh Chander Singh Vs. High Court Allahabad 20078 (4) SCC 247: 2007 (3) SCR 198 - referred to.

4. The Division Bench also erred in ignoring that the first respondent had been transferred under a common order alongwith two other employees-Head Clerks. The C writ petitions filed by them had been dismissed. Besides, a judgment of a co-ordinate bench in A.K. Vasudevan's case was cited before the Division Bench wherein the facts were almost identical. It was therefore, not expected of the Division Bench to take a different view from the D point of view of judicial discipline. [Para 33] [687-F-H] Sri Venkateswara Rice Ginn;,1g & Groundnut Oil Mill Vs. State of Andhra Pradesh AIR 1972 SC 51: 1972 (1) SCR 346 - relied on. E The Registrar of High Court of Madras Vs. Vasudevan, A.K. 1996 (1) MLJ 153 - referred to. 5. It cannot be ignored that the integrity of the officers functioning in the administration is of utmost importance F to retain the confidence of the litigants in the fairness of the judicial system. If there is any complaint in this behalf, the Chief Justice is expected to act on behalf of the High Court to see to it that the stream of justice does not get polluted at any level. The decisions on the judicial side G such as the one in the instant case create unnecessary difficulties for the High Court Administration. (Para 34] (688-A-D] High Court Judicature for Rajasthan Vs. Ramesh Chand Pa/iwa/ (1998) 3 SCC 72: 1998 (1) SCR 961- relied on. H REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 669 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L

6. The impugned judgment and order are wholly A unsustainable, and in complete disregard of the law laid down by this Court. The judgment and order dated passed by the High Court is set-aside. [Para 35) (689-C-D] B Jagdish Lal Vs. State of Haryana 1997 (6) SCC 538; High Court of Judicature at Bombay Vs. Shirishkumar Rangrao Patil, (1997) 6 SCC 339: 1997 (3) SCR 1131 Centre for Public Interest Litigation Vs. Union of India 2005 (8) SCC 202: 2005 (4 ) Suppl. SCR 77 - referred to c Case Law Reference: 1994 (2) Suppl. SCR 772 Referred to Para 22 1995 (1) SCR 482 Referred to Para 23 D 2009 (13) SCR 343 Referred to Para 23 1992 (3) SCR 775 Relied on Para 26 2002 (4) sc_c 524 Relied on Para 2.6 2003 (4) sec 239 Relied on Para 26 E AIR 1971 SC 359 Referred to Para 30 2007 (6) SCR 7 43 Referred to Para 28 1975 (1) SCR 449 Referred to Para 28 F AIR 1971 SC 359 Referred to Para 30 1988 (1) Suppl. SCR 396 Refered to Para 31 1993 (3) Suppl. SCR 497 Referred to Para 31 2007 (3) SCR 198 Referred to Para 31 G 1972 (1) SCR 346 Relied on Para.33 1998 (1) SCR 961 Relied on Para 34 1997 (6) sec 538 Referred to Para 15 H 670 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A 1997 (3) SCR 1131 Referred to Para 16 2005 (4) Suppl. SCR 77 Referred to Para 17 1996 (1) MLJ 153 Referred to Para 17, 18, 33 B CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 7936 of 2011. From the Judgment & Order dated 28.08.2008 of the High Court of Judicature at Madras, Madurai bench in W.P. (MD) C No. 7121 of 2007.

V. Balachandran for the Appellant. T.R.B. Siva Kumar, K.V. Vijayakumar for the Respondents. D The Judgment of the Court was delivered by H.L. GOKHALE, J. 1. Leave Granted. 2. This-appeal by Special Leave seeks to challenge the judgment and order dated 28.08.2008 passed by a DivisionE Bench of the Madras High Court (at Madurai Bench) in W.P. (MD) No.7121/2007. The Division Bench has.allowed the writ petition filed by the first respondent who is working as a Sheristadar in the District Judicial Service in the State of Tamil Nadu. F 3. The Division Bench by its impugned judgement and order has quashed and set-aside the transfer of the first respondent from District Thoothukudi to District Ramanathapuram, and directed the High Court to restore him G in District Tho.othukudi with his seniority, and confer on him the post of Personal Assistant (P.A.) to the District Judge, Thoothukudi. Facts leadings to this appeal are as follows · H 4. The first respondent joined the Tamil Nadu Judicial REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 671 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L. GOKHALE, J.]

Ministerial Service as a Typist on 11.4.1979, and was initially A posted in the Court of Judicial Magistrate II Class at Kovilpatti in District Thoothukudi (formerly known as Tuticorin). Over the period he was promoted from time to time and from 15.10.2001 onwards he was working as Sheristadar Category I in Court of Principal District Judge, Thoothukudi. He was also B holding the additional charge of the post of P.A. to the District Judge, Thoothukudi, since that post had fallen vacant. It is his case that he was expecting the regular promotion in the post of P.A. to the District Judge. c 5. It so transpired that the first respondent alongwith other two employees in the District, that is one S. Kuttiapa Esakki, Sheristadar, Sub-Court, Kovilpatti and one T.C. Shankar, Head . Clerk in the Court of Principal District Judge, Thoothukudi came to be transferred outside the district by order dated 19.9.2006 issued by the appellant on behalf of the High Court on D administrative grounds. These other two employees filed writ petitions bearing nos. WP (MD) No.9378 and 10528 of 2006 before the Madurai Bench of Madras High Court, but the petitions came to be dismissed by the High Court by its order dated 20.4.2007. The first respondent did not challenge his E transfer at that time and joined at the place where he was transferred in district Ramanathapuram. ,

6. The first respondent came to know that the post of P.A. to the District Judge, Thoothukudi was being filled, and on F 21.4.2007 he made a representation to the Principal District Judge, Thoothukudi, the respondent no.2 herein for being considered .for that post. The first respondent learnt that the fourth respondent was promoted to that post of P.A. to the District Judge though he was due to retire shortly on 31.8.2007. G He is junior to the first respondent as well as to the third respondent. Third respondent went on medical leave in July 2007 and that is how fourth respondent was promoted to that post. Later on, the first respondent learnt that he was not considered for this post for the reason that he was already H 672 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A transferred outside that district, and the reasons for the decision were recorded in the proceeding of the second respondent dated 6.6.2007.

7. At this stage the first respondent obtained necessary information by filing an application under the Right to8 Information Act, 2005 and then filed a writ petition on 24.8.2007 bearing W.P. (MD) No.7121/2007 before the Madurai Bench, and prayed that the proceeding dated 6.6.2007 bearing No.2697 concerning his non-consideration for that post be C called from the file of the second respondent, and be quashed and set-aside. He also prayed that a selection panel be prepared for the post of P.A. to the District Judge, Thoothukudi by including his name in that panel, and necessary orders be passed. The Principal District Judge was joined as the first respondent, the High Court was joined as the respondent no.2, D and the two concerned employees were joined as respondent no.3 and 4 in that petition.

8. The first respondent ,Gontended in his petition that in spite of his transfer from District Thoothukudi, he retained his E lien on his post in that district. That was the basis of his prayers. He did not challenge his transfer from that district. It is material to note what is stated in paragraph 8 of his affidavit in support of his writ petition. This para reads as follows:-"8. I submit that the 2nd respondent is well within his F powers to transfer any employee from one district to another district on administrative grounds and there was no malafide exercise in the present transfers. However, the 3rd and 4th respondents were left out though they too were the candidates. In any case, one cannot challenge G the transfers but the same shall not have the effect of obliterating the lien I hold and any right to be considered for the promotion as PA to the District Judge, Thoothukudi." H Thus, it would be seen that the first respondent accepted REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 673 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L. GOKHALE, J.] that it was within the powers of the appellant, i.e. the Registrar A General representing High Court Administration to transfer the employees from one district to another, and there was no malafide exercise in the present transfer. His only submission was that he retained his lien on his post in district Thoothukudi in spite of his transfer therefrom, and hf' should be considered s for promotion to the post of P.A. in that district. \

9. The writ petition was opposed by the' second respondent herein i.e. by the District Judge, Thoothukudi by filing an affidavit dated 20.3.2008. He pointed out that the first C respondent was transferred outside district Thoothukudi alongwith earlier mentioned two employees S. Kuttiapa Esakki and T.C. Shankar by the High Court under a common order on the basis of a confidential letter received from the then Principal District Judge, Thoothukudi. The District Judge also pointed out in his affidavit that the first respondent can claim appropriate D promotion in the district where he was transferred on the basis of his original seniority, but he can no longer claim it in district Thooihukudi wherein he had lost his lien. He referred to Rule 14(A) (d) of the Fundamental Rules of Tamil Nadu Government which lays down that the lien of a Government servant on his E post shall stand terminated on his acquiring !ien on another permanent post.

10. It was therefore, pointed out in the affidavit that after the writ petitions filed by the earlier mentioned two employees F were dismissed, the employees who were in the zone of consideration were considered for the promotion to the post of P.A. to District Judge, Thoothukudi, and the selection was made after considering the merit, ability and seniority of the candidates concerned as per rules 8 and 19 of Tamil Nadu G Judicial Ministerial Service Rules. As far as the claim of the first respondent to the lien on a post in Thoothukudi is concerned, it was pointed out that first respondent had not challenged his transfer from Thoothukudi. It was, therefore, submitted that the petition be dismissed. Since, the above referred Rule 14-A was H 674 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 12 S.C.R. A relied upon, we may quote the same which reads as follows:-"14-A: (a) Except as provided in clauses (c) and (d) of this rule, a Government servant's lien on a post may, in 8 no circumstances be terminated, even with his consent, if the result will be to leave him without a lien or a suspended lien upon a permanent post. (b) Deleted. c (c) Notwithstanding the provisions of Rule 14(a), the lien of a Government servant holding substantively a permanent post shall be terminated while on refused leave granted after the date of retirement under Rule 86 or corresponding other rules. Vide D G.0.829, Personnel and Administrative Reforms Department, dated 26.8.1985.

(d) A Government servant's lirn on a post shall stand terminated on his acquiring a lien on a permanent E post (whether under the Government or the Central Government or any other State Governments) outside the cadre on which he is borne." 11. A counter affidavit dated 18.7.2008 was filed by the F then Registrar of the High Court, and it was pointed out that the first respondent himself had not alleged any malafides to challenge his transfer. He had also admitted that transfer was within the powers of the High Court Administration. The affidavit stated that the transfers were effected on the basis of the report/directions received from the Vigilance Cell of the Madras G High Court, however, the transferred employee will retain his seniority in the Ramanathapuram district under explanation 1 of Rule 39 of the Tamil Nadu Judicial Ministerial Service Rule right from the date of his first appointment in Thoothukudi district. H REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 675 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L. GOKHALE, J.] 12. In view of these affidavits filed in reply to his petition, A the first respondent amended his petition nearly after nine months by filing an application dated 21.4.2008 with supporting affidavit, and now sought to add the prayer that the records relating to the transfer order dated 19.9.2006 be also called from the files of the High Court, and the same be quashed and B set-aside.

13. The amended petition was opposed by the then Registrar General of the High Court by filing one more affidavit dated 1.8.2008. She pointed out that the first respondent was C transferred along with two other employees outside the district Thoothukudi on administrative grounds by the High Court under administrative proceeding dated 19.9.2006. She also pointed out that a complaint had been received from the staff of the judicial department of that district by the Vigilance department D of the High Court on 2.1.2006. The complaint stated that the first respondent along with some other employees had formed a coterie in the District Court and they were dominating the District Administration-whereby the Court was suffering in its work, and therefore these employees be transferred to other district. That letter was forwarded to the District Judge, E Thoothukudi for his comments, who in turn wrote back to the High Court on 28.4.2006 placing it on record that departmental enquiries were pending against the first respondent and three other employees on the charges of corruption. The District Judge had also opined that if these employees were continued F in the district, the administration would be very much spoiled. It is, therefore, that the High Court Administration directed that the first respondent and the concerned employees be transferred outside the district on administrative grounds. There was no malafide intention whatsoever in these transfers. · G

14. Thereafter the first respondent sent a mercy petition to the High Court submitting that he was on the verge of promotion to a higher post viz., that of P.A., and therefore, he may be promoted in district Thoothukudi and if necessary be H 676 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 12 S.C.R. A transferred to the nearest district Tirunelveli. The High Court considered that representation but rejected it by its proceeding dated 8.5.2007. Incidentally, Ramanathapuram is also a district adjoining Thoothukudi. B 15. The writ petition was thereafter considered by a Division Bench of the Madras High Court at Madurai which passed the impugned order. The High Court did not accept the plea of the first respondent that he retained a lien in district Thoothukudi. It held that his lien in that district stood terminated in view of the above referred Rule 14 (A) (d) of the Fundamental C Rules, and also in view of the proposition laid down by this Court in Jagdish Lal Vs. State of Haryana reported in [1997 (6) sec 538), that an employee cannot simultaneously claim a lien on two posts. The Division Bench also did not find any error in the proceeding I order dated 6.6.2007 of the Principal D District Judge, Thoothukudi wherein he had recorded that the first respondent could not be taken up for consideration for promotion in district Thoothukudi, since he had been transferred outside .that district.

E 16. The Division Bench, however, held that although the High Court had the power to transfer the first respondent from one District unit to another unit, it had to be seen whether such power had been exercised by a competent authority or not. The Division Bench further held in para 20 of its judgment that as F per Article 216 of the Constitution, High Court means 'the Chief Justice and his companion Judges and the matter should have been placed before the full Court'. The bench also observed that in any case no committee had been constituted by the High Court in that matter before taking the decision to transfer, and G the impugned transfer was a unilateral decision taken by the then Honourable Chief Justice of Madras High Court. If such prior steps were taken, the order could have been held to be valid as per the judgment of this Court in High Court of Judicature at Bombay Vs. Shirishkumar Rangrao Patil H REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 677 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L. GOKHALE, J.)

-eported in (1997 (6) SCC 339]. At the end of para 20 of its A -udgment, the Court held as follows:-. "20 ................ At the cost of repetition it is to be held that no such Committee has been appointed or the matter has been placed before the Full Court and painfully 8 the impugned decision has been taken unilaterally by the then Honourable Chief Justice of the Madras High Court, which has been communicated through the second respondent/Registrar General, which cannot be said to be satisfying the meaning of 'High Court' embodied in the Constitution. On this ground also, the impugned transfer C order is liable to be set aside." 17. The Division Bench thereafter noted that the impugned order of transfer had been passed on an anonymous letter and thereafter on the basis of a report from the District Judge and O after ordering of a vigilance enquiry. The Division Bench referred to three judgments of this Court in lshwar Chand Jain Vs. High Court Punjab and Haryana r$ported in [1988 (3) SCC 370], K.P. Tiwari Vs. State of M.P. reported in [1994 Suppl. (1) SCC 540] and Ramesh Chander Singh Vs. High Court E Allahabad·reported in [2007 (4) SCC 247] and also to Centre for Public Interest Litigation Vs. Union of India reported in [2005 (8) sec 202) and thereafter observed in paragraph 25 and 26 as follows:-

"25. Thus, it has been time and again held by the F Honourable Apex Court that it is the duty of the higher judiciary to protect the officers of the lower judiciary from the persons, who make reckless, baseless and unfounded ·allegations, by way of anonymous petitions. The same reasoning would apply even in the case of staff members. G Admittedly, in the case on hand, the impugned action has been initiated pursuant to an anonymous petition received .......... " 26. None of these aspects have been taken into H 678 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A consideration before ordering transfer of the petitioner. No doubt, transfer is an incidence of service. But, since in the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case on hand, where the impugned order of transfer has served as a punishment on the petitioner, that too without conducting any enquiry, since it has impaired his chances of promotionB besides reducing his cadre to that of the Sheristadar of the Chief Judicial Magistrate's Court from that of the P.A to the District Judge, which he was enjoying even though as an additional charge, as there are many more seniors c in the Ramanathapuram District, now a question would arise as to whether such an order of transfer which worked as a punishment on the petitioner, is sustainable under law."

18. The appellant had drawn the attention of the Division D Bench to the judgment of another Division Bench of Madras High Court in the case of The Registrar of High Court of Madras Vs. Vasudevan, A.K. reported in [1996 (1) MLJ 153). In that matter complaints were received against court bailiffs working in the City Civil Court at Madras. After the vigilance E cell held discreet enquiries, they were transferred to various courts outside Madras on administrative grounds. A Single Judge had set-aside those transfers by holding them to be punitive. Allowing the Writ Appeal, the Division Bench had held that the employer is entitled to consider whether the particular F employee is suitable to work in a particular place or to continue there. It is however to be seen that transfer has not affected the service conditions in any way. The Division Bench held that the order of transfer had not affected any of the service conditions of the bailiffs and their chances of promotion were also not G diluted. Therefore, there was no question of providing any hearing as well. 19. The impugned judgment distinguished the judgment in Vasudevan's case by .observing that the promotional prospects of the first respondent were affected in the present matter which H REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 679 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L. GOKHALE, J.]

was not so in Vasudevan's case. The Division Bench observed A that after obtaining the remarks of the District Judge, the appellant ought to have issued a notice and sought the explanation from the first respondent. It was therefore, of the view that the first respondent had not been provided with any opportunity to explain and the transfer was punitive. The Court, B therefore, passed an order setting aside the transfer, directing the appellant and the District Judge to immediately restore the respondent •no.1 and 2 at District Thoothukudi alongwith his seniority, and confer on him the post of P.A. in that district, since, according to the Division Bench except the order of c impugned transfer, there was no other impediment for his promotion. It is this order which is challenged in this appeal. This Court has passed an order of status quo with respect to that order during the pendency of this appeal. DConsideration of rival submissions - 20. We have heard the counsel for the appellant and for respondent. No. 1. There is no appearance for the other respondent$ though served. It was submitted on behalf of the · appellant that the decision of the Division Bench was erroneous E on both tbe grounds on which the Division Bench decided against the appellant viz. (i) that the transfer was punitive and

(ii) that it was not passed by a competent authority. On the other hand, the counsel for the first respondent reiterated the submissions made on his behalf before the High Court, and F submitted that the order did not deserve to be interfered with in any manner whatsoever. 21. We have considered the submissions of both the counsel. As far as the action of transfer against the first respondent was concerned, the same was on the basis of the G report of the Registrar (Vigilance). Besides, the District Judge had also opined that retention of the appellant in his district was undesirable from the point of view of administration. Thus, it_ involved inter-district transfer. The respondent no.1 had not H • 680 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 12 S.C.R. A disputed the power of the High Court to transfer him outside the district, nor did the division bench interfere therein on that ground. This is apart from the fact that transfer is an incident of service, and one cannot make a grievance if a transfer is made on the administrative grounds, and without attaching any B stigma which was so done in the present case. 22. In the context of transfer of a govt. servant we may refer to the dicta of this Court in N.K. Singh Vs. Union. of India reported-Jn [AIR 1995 SC 423) where this Court observed in para 22 as follows:- C

"22 ..... Transfer ol a government servant in a transferable service is a necessary incident of the service career. Assessment of the quality of men is to be made by the superiors taking into account several factors including D suitability of the person for a particular post and exigencies of administration. Several imponderables requiring formation of a subjective opinion in that sphere may Pe involved, at times. The only realistic approach is to- leave it to the wisdom of the hierarchical superiors E to make the decision. Unless the decision is vitiated by ma/a fides or infraction of any professed norm of principle governing the transfer, which alone can be scrutinized judicially, there are no judicially manageable standards for scrutinizing all transfers and the courts lack the necessary expertise for personnel management of allF government departments. This must be left, in public interest, to the departmental heads subject to the limited judicial scrutiny indicated." 23. In State of Madhya Pradesh Vs. S.S. Kourav reported G in [AIR 1995 SC 1056], the Administrative Tribunal had interfered with the transfer order of the respondent and directed him to be posted at a particular place. It is relevant to note that while setting aside the order of the tribunal this Court observed in para 4 of its judgment as follows:- • H REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 681 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L. GOKHALE, J.]

"4 ...... The Courts or Tribunals are not appellate A forums to decide on transfers of officers on administrative grounds. The wheels of administration should be allowed to run smoothly and the Courts or Tribunals are not expected to interdict the working of the administrative system by trancferring the officers to proper places. It is B for the administration to take appropriate decision and such decisions shall stand unless they are vitiated either by ma/a fides or by extraneous consideration without any factual background foundation. In this case we have seen that on the administrative grounds the transfer orders c came to be issued. Therefore, we cannot go into the expediency of posting an officer at a particular place." We may mention that this Court has reiterated the legal position recently in Airports Authority of India Vs. Rajeev Ratan Pandey reported in [2009 (8) SCC 337] that 'in a matter of transfer of D a govt. employee, the scope of judicial review is limited and the High Court would not interfere with an order of transfer lightly, be it at interim stage or final hearing. This is so because the courts do not substitute their own decision in the matter of transfer.' E

24. The Division Bench has however interfered with the order of transfer on the ground that the transfer order was passed by the then Chief Justice unilaterally, and he did not have the competence therefor. In rebuttal, the appellant relied F upon a Full Court Resolution dated 19.7.1993, and the text thereof was placed before this Court. Item 3 thereof was regarding services of Judicial Officers, and Ministerial and Menial Staff. The subject of "Vigilance Cell" alongwith certain other subjects was specifically included therein as falling within G the jurisdiction of the Chief Justice alone. It was submitted that all residuary subjects not allocated to the committee of Judges or any individual Judge, remain within the jurisdiction of Chief Justice. Further, the Chief Justice has to supervise the admini~tration in the subordinate Courts also and has to take H 682 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A the decisions in emergencies, on all necessary matters. It was also submitted on behalf of the appellant that the Division Bench erred in not accepting the propositions emanating from the judgment of the other Division Bench in the case of A.K. Vasudevan (supra) which judgment had been left undisturbed B by this Court when a Special Leave Petition against the same was dismissed.

25. The other ground on which the Division bench has set-aside the transfer of the first respondent is that the transfer affected the promotional prospects of the first respondent, and C therefore it was punitive in nature. According to the Division Bench but for the transfer there was no impediment for the promotion of the first respondent, and therefore it directed his promotion. The appellant pointed out in this behalf that an employee does not have a right of promotion as such. He has D only a right to be considered for promotion, and even in the present case the District Judge had considered a panel of persons who came in the zone of consideration, and thereafter effected the promotion. The first respondent could not be included in that panel since he was already transferred outside E that district. It was therefore, submitted that the Division Bench had erred in directing the promotion of the first respondent to the post of P.A. to the District Judge and the order deserved to be set-aside.

F 26. As far as the first ground on which the High Court has interfered with the order of transfer is concerned, namely that it was not passed by a competent authority, the appellant has produced the relevant material before this Court which clearly shows that the Full Court had passed a resolution under which G the subject of vigilance enquiries was retained with the Chief Justice. Besides, in view of the pending inquiry against the appellant, the District Judge of Thoothukudi had expressed that it was not desirable to retain the appellant in that district. The control of the High Court over the subordinate courts under Article 235 of the Constitution includes general superintendence H REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 683 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L. GOKHALE, J.]

of the working of the subordinate courts and their staff, since A their appeals against the orders of the District Judges lie to the High Court. (see R.M. Gurjar Vs. High Court of Gujarat reported in AIR 1992 SC 2000). 'The word control referred to in Article 235 of the Constitution has been used in the comprehensive sense and includes the control and B superintendence of the High Court over the subordinate courts and the persons manning them both on the judicial and administrative side'. (see para 14 of Gauhati High Court Vs. Ku/adhar Phukan reported in [2002 (4) SCC 524]. This control over the subordinate courts vests in the High Court as a whole. c 'However, the same does not mean that a Full Court cannot authoriz.e the Chief Justice in respect of any matter whatsoever'. (see para 18 and 19 of High Court of Rajasthan Vs. P.P. Singh & Anr. [2003 (4) SCC 239]. The Full Court of the Madras High Court had passed a resolution way back in the year 1993 D to retain the subject of "Vigilance Cell" with the Chief Justice. Therefore, it was fully within the authority of the then Chief Justice to take the decision to transfer the appellant outside district Thoothukudi. The transfer was particularly necessary in view of the complaint that was pending against him. The E Division Bench has observed that the complaint was an anonymous one. Even so, the same had been looked into by the Vigilance Cell, and the District Judge had reported that departmental enquiries were pending against the appellant and the other employees against whom the complaint had been made. The District Judge had also opined that it was F undesirable to retain the appellant in his district from the point of view of the administration of that district. In view of all these factors, the Chief Justice had to take the necessary decision. It is, therefore, difficult to accept the view of the Division Bench that the Chief Justice unilaterally transferred the appellant G outside the district, c;ind the decision ought to have been taken either by the Full Court or a Committee appointed by the Full Court. In view of what is pointed· out above, there was no reason for the Division Bench to take such a view in the facts of the present matter. H

684 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R.

A 27. The other ground on which the Division Bench has interfered with the transfer order is that according to the Division Bench, but for this transfef order there was no other impediment for the District Judge to promote the respondent no.1. The Division Bench was of the view that the first B respondent had lost the opportunity of getting promoted to the post of P.A. to the District Judge on account of this transfer, and therefore the same was punitive. As far as this finding of the bench is concerned, it ought to have noted that the transfer is an incident of service, and the first respondent himself had c clearly stated in para 8 of his affidavit in support of the petition that there was no malafide exercise in the present transfer. As seen above, the transfer was purely on the administrative ground in view of the pending complaint and departmental enquiry against first respondent. When a complaint against the D integrity of an employee is being investigated, very often he is transferred outside the concerned unit. That is desirable from the point of view of the administration as well as that of the employee. The complaint with respect to the first respondent was that he was dominating the administration of the District E Judiciary, and the District Judge had reported that his retention in the district was undesirable, and also that departmental enquiries were pending against him and other employees, with respect to their integrity. In the circumstances the decision of the then Chief Justice to transfer him outside that district could not be faulted.

F 28. Besides, there is no right of promotion available to an employee. He has a right to be considered for promotion which has been held to be a fundamental right (see para 13 of S.B. Bhatfacharjee Vs. S.D. Majumdar, [2007 (10) SCC 513]. G However, though a right to be considered for promotion is a · condition of service, mere chance of promotion is not (see para 15 of the Constitution Bench judgment in Mohd. Shujat Ali Vs. Union of India, [AIR 1974 SC 1631]. 29. The fact that the first respondent could not be H REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT QF JUDICATURE 685 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACl:ll [H.L. GOKHALE, J.]

' 'considered for promotien to the post of P.A. in district A Thoothukudi was undoubtedly the consequence of this transfer outside that district. However, in view of what is stated above •. that itself cannot make· his transfer a punitive one. As rightly stated by the then Registrar General in her affidavit before the High Court, the first respondent would be retaining his original 8 seniority though he was transferred in another district. He was in the cadre of Sheristadar and he continued in that cadre in district Ramanathapuram after he was transferred to that district. In district Thoothukudi, he was officiating as P.A to the District Judge since that post was vacant, but his substantive post was C that of Sheristadar. The officiating work did not create any right in him to be continued in the post of P.A. That was not also his case, and that is how he had sought to be empanelled for being considered for the promotion to the post of P .A, though in district Thoothukudi. Since the first respondent was no longer in district D Thoothukudi, obviously he could not be included in the panel prepared for consideration for the post of P.A. in that district.

30. The first respondent was contending that his transfe(o was punitive only because his promotional chances were affected. This controversy is no longer res-integra. In Paresh E Chandra Nandi Vs. Controller of Stores, N.F. Railway [AIR 1971 SC 359] the situation was almost similar though the grievance of the appellant was that on accou.nt of transfer of respondents 4 to 8 into his department alongwith their lien, his chances for promotion were materially affected. The appellant F was working in the stores department of the North East Frontier Railway. This Court however, noted that the transfer was effected under the relevant rules on administrative grounds, and it did not affect his pay in any way. The court held that the transfer of a permanent employee alongwith the consequent G transfer of his lien cannot be challenged when the transfer is to a permanent post in the same cadre not carrying less pay, even if such transfer materially affects chances for promotion. In the present case the pay, position and seniority of the first respondent was not affected by the impugned transfer, and H · 686 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 12 S.C.R. A therefore, the same could not be said to be punitive merely because his promotional chances got affected due to the transfer. Hence, there was no question of providing him any opportunity of hearing at that stage before effecting the transfer, and the order of transfer could not be faulted on that count as well.8

31. Noting that the respondent No. 1 was transferred on account of an anonymous complaint the Division Bench had referred to a few judgments wherein this Court has emphasized the responsibility of the Higher Judiciary to guard the judicial C officers in the Subordinate Courts against unjustified complaints. lshwar Chand Jain (supra) was a case where the Advocates who were not satisfied with the orders passed by the Appellant Judicial Officer had made unjustified complaints against him. This Court had set-aside the order of termination D of services of the appellant which was based on these complaints, and in that context observed that if complaints are entertained on trifling matters relating to judicial orders which may have been upheld by the High Court on the judicial side, no judicial officer would feel protected. In K.P. Tiwari (supra) E the High Court had made disparaging remarks, against the appellant, a Judicial Officer, while recalling an unjustified bail order granted by him. This Court had deprecated attributing of improper motives to the subordinate officers. In Ramesh Chandra Singh (supra) disciplinary proceedings were initiated F by the High Court against the Appellant Judicial Officer for a bail order which order could not be said to be unjustified. The Disciplinary action was disapproved by this Court and the matter was remitted to the Full Court for its consideration.

32. As can be seen from these judgments, they were al' G rendered in altogether different context. In the present case we are concerned with a Sheristadar who has been transferred on receiving a complaint, although an anonymous one, but against whom a departmental inquiry is pending. He has been transferred to another district though retaining him in the same H REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 687 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L. GOKHALE, J.]

cadre with the same pay as well as his seniority. Such an action A was fully justified and within the authority of the High Court. No observations were made against him, nor was any stigma attached. The reliance on the above three judgments to interfere in such an order clearly shows a non-application of mind by the Division Bench to the problem which the High Court B Administration was faced with, and which was being attended in accordance with the relevant rules. In Centre for Public Interest Litigation (supra), the grievance was with respect to the likely appointment of respondent No. 3 to the post of Chief Secretary, Uttar Pradesh when she was facing criminal c prosecution. This Court had therefore directed that she be transferred to some other post in the cadre/grade to which she belonged. It was in this context that the Court made a general observation that, postings in sensitive posts should be made in transparent manner so that there is no scope for making D grievance, though grievances can be made for ulterior motive with the intention of damaging the reputation of an officer who is likely to be appointed in a sensitive post. These observations have also no application in the present case since all that has happened is that first respondent has been transferred from one district to another in view of a complaint received against him E and a pending inquiry. It cannot be said that the action was with a view to deny him any post. In fact the first respondent himself had stated in his Writ Petition to the High Court that there was no malafide exercise in his transfer.

F · 33. The Division Bench also erred in ignoring that the first respondent had been transferred under a common order alongwith two other employees i.e. S. Kuttiapa Esakki, and one T.C. Shankar. The Writ Petitions filed by them had been dismissed. Besides, a judgment of a co-ordinate bench in A.K. G Vasudevan was cited before the Division Bench wherein the facts were almost identical. It was therefore, not expected of the Division Bench to take a different view from the point of view of judicial discipline. To put it in the words of this Court in Sri Venkateswara Rice Ginning & Groundnut Oil Mill Vs. State H 688 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A of Andhra Pradesh reported in [AIR 1972 SC 51], 'it is regrettable that the learned Judges who decided the latter case overlooked the fact that they were bound by the earlier decision' (para 9 of the report in AIR).

34. We cannot ignore that the integrity of the officers8 functioning in the administration is of utmost importance to retain the confidence of the litigants in the fairness of the judicial system. If there is any complaint in this behalf, the Chief Justice is expected to act on behalf of the High Court to see to it that C the stream of justice does not get polluted at any level. We are pained to observe but we must state that the decisions on the judicial side such as the one in the present case create unnecessary difficulties for the High Court Administration. In High Court .Judicature for Rajasthan Vs. Ramesh Chand Paliwal reported in [1998 (3) SCC 72], the order under ) challenge was with respect to the issue whether the post of Deputy Registrar should be filled from amongst the officers belonging to the establishment of the High Court, or from the judicial side. A Division Bench of Rajasthan High Court had opined that the subject be placed before the Full Court, since E according to the bench the Chief Justice ought not to have brought in the officers from the judicial side for an administrative post. This Court set-aside that direction by holding that it amounted to encroachment upon the authority of the Chief Justice, and was contrary to the constitutional scheme. This was F a matter concerning an officer of the High Court covered under Article 229 of the Constitution. What the Apex Court has observed in para 38 of this judgment is quite relevant for the present matter and worth reproducing. This para 38 reads as follows:-

G "38. As pointed out above, under the constitutional scheme, Chief Justice is the supreme authority and the other Judges, so far as officers and servants of the High Court are concerned, have no role to play on the administrative side. Some Judges, undoubtedly, will H REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 689 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L. GOKHALE, J.] become Chief Justices in their own turn one day, but it is A imperative under the constitutional discipline that they work in tranquillity. Judge~ have been described as "hermits".· They have to live and behave like "hermits" who have no desire or aspiration, having shed it through penance. Their mission is to supply light and not heat. This is necessary B so that their latent desire to run the High Court administration may not sprout before time, at least, in some cases." 35. Thus it is very clear that the impugned judgment and c order are wholly unsustainable, and in complete disregard of the law laid down by this Court. This Court has, therefore, to allow this appeal and to set-aside the judgment and order dated 28.8.2008 passed by the Madras High Court on W.P.(MD) No. 7121 of 2007. Accordingly, this appeal is allowed and the order D dated 28.8.2008 passed by the Madras High Court on Writ Petition (MD) No. 7121 of 2007 is set-aside. The said writ petition shall stand dismissed. There will, however, not be any order as to the costs. N.J. _Appeal allowed. E

[2011] 12 S.C.R. 661 REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT A MADRAS v. R. PERACHI & ORS. (Civil appeal No. 7936 of 2011) B SEPTEMBER 19, 2011 [J.M. PANCHAL AND H.L. GOKHALE, JJ.] Service law: c State Judicial Ministerial Service - Transfer of employee in the subordinate judiciary on administrative grounds -Decision of Chief Justice to transfer - On facts, respondent working as Sheristadar in the State Judicial Ministerial Service was transferred outside the District by the Chief 0 Justice - Writ petition - High Court held that the Chief Justice had no power to transfer the respondent unilaterally and the transfer was punitive and set aside the transfer because it would affect his promotion as P.A., directing the High Court to restore him in his District and confer him the post of P.A. - E On appeal, held: Action of transfer against the respondent was on the basis of the report of the Registrar {Vigilance) -Relevant material clearly show that the Full Court had passed a resolution under which the subject. of vigilance enquiries was retained with the Chief Justice - District Judge had opined that retention of the respondent in his district was undesirable from F the administration point of view - More so, the respondent did not dispute the power of the High Court to transfer him outside the district, nor the Division Bench interfered on that ground

- Respondent himself clearly stated in his affidavit that there was no malafide exercise in his transfer - Transfer is an G incident of service - One cannot make grievance if transfer is made on administrative grounds, without attaching any stigma - Pay, position and seniority of the respondent was not affected by the transfer, and thus, the transfer was not 661 H 662 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 12 S.C.R. A punitive merely because his promotional chances got affected due to the transfer - There is no right of promotion available to an employee - He has a right to be considered for promotion - Furthermore, the integrity of the officers functioning in the administration is of utmost importance to retain the confidence of the litigants in the fairness of the 8 judicial system - If there is any complaint in this behalf, the Chief Justice is expected to act on behalf of the High Court to see to it that the stream of justice does not get polluted at any level - Thus, the decision of Chief Justice to transfer C respondent outside that district could not be faulted - Order passed by the High Court is set aside. Transfer of employee in the subordinate judiciary on administrative grounds - Passing of judicial orders by the High Courts - Scope of - Held: Is limited - Transfer is an D incident of service - One cannot make grievance if transfer is made on administrative grounds, without attaching any stigma.

Constitution of India; 1950 - Control of the High Court E over the subordinate courts under - Held: Includes general superintendence of the working of the subordinate courts and their staff, since their appeals against the orders of the District Judges lie to the High Court - Word control in Article 235 is used in the comprehensive sense - It includes the control and 1 F superintendence of the High Court over the subordinate ' courts and the persons manning them both on the judicial and administrative side - Control over the subordinate courts vests in the High Court as a whole - However, it does not mean that a Full Court cannot authorize the Chief Justice in G respect of any matter whatsoever. Judicial Discipline - Judges deciding a subsequent case · overlooking judgment of a co-ordinate Bench - Propriety of - Held: Judges are bound by the earlier decision - They are not expected to take a different view from point of view of -l judicial discipline. REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 663 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI

First respondent was working as Sheristadar in the A State Judicial Ministerial Service and was holding the additional charge of the post of P.A. to the District Judge at place 'P'. The first respondent along with two head clerk were transferred outside the District by the order issued by the appellant on behalf of the High Court on 8 administrative grounds. The two head clerks filed writ petitions but the same were dismissed. The first respondent did not challenge his transfer at that time and joined the office at District 'R'. Thereafter, he came to know that the post of P.A. to District Judge 'T' was being C filled and he made a representation for consideration for the said post. The first respondent learnt that he was not considered for the post because he was alreaEly transferred outside the District. Aggrieved, the first respondent filed a Writ Petition; The Division Bench of the 0High Court set aside the transfer of the first respondent from District 'T' to District 'R' and directed the High Court to restore him in District 'T' with his seniority and confer on him the post of P.A. to the District Judge at place 'T'. Therefore, the appellant filed the instant appeal.

The appellant contended that the decision of the Division Bench was erroneous on both the grounds on which the Division Bench decided against the. appellant viz. that the transfer was punitive and that it was not passed by a competent authority. F . Allowing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1. The action of transfer against the first respondent was on the basis of. the report of the. Registrar (Vigilance). Besides, the District Judge had also· G opined that retention of the appellant in his district was undesirable from the point of view of administration, pending enquiry. Thus, it involved inter-district transfer. The respondentI No.1 did not dispute the power of the High Court to transfer him outside the district, nor did the H 664 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A Division Bench interfered therein on that ground. This is apart from the fact that transfer is an incident of service, and one cannot make a grievance if a transfer is made on the administrative grounds, and without attaching any stigma which was so done in the Instant case. [Para 21) B [679-G-H; 670-A-B] N.K Singh vs. Union of India AIR 1995 SC 423: 1994 (2) Suppl. SCR 772; State of Madhya Pradesh vs. S.S. Kourav, AIR 1995 SC 1056: 1995 (1) SCR 482; Airports Authority of India vs. Rajeev Ratan Pandey 2009 (8) SCC C 337: 2009 (13) SCR 343 - referred to

2.1 The first ground on which the Division Bench of the High Court interfered with the order of transfer was that the transfer order was passed by the then Chief o Justice initially, and he did not have the competence therefore. The appellant produced the relevant material before this Court which clearly shows that the Full Court had passed a resolution under which. the subject of vigilance enquiries was retained with the Chief Justice. s:: It is, therefore, difficult to accept the view of the Division Bench that the Chief Justice unilaterally transferred the-appellant outside the district, and the decision ought to have been taken either by the Full Court or a Committee appointed ·by the Full Court. [Para 26) [682-F-G; 683-F-H] F 2.2 The control of the High Court over the subordinate courts under Article 235 of the Constitution includes general superintendence of the working of the subordinate courts and their staff, since their appeals against the orders of the District Judges lie to the High G Court. The word control referred to in Article 235 of the Constitution has been used in the comprehensive sense and Includes the control and superintendence of the High Court over the subordinate courts and the persons manning them both on the judicial and administrative H side'. This control over the subordinate courts vests in REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 665 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI

the High Court as a whole. However, the same does not A mean that a Full Court cannot authorize the Chief Justice in respect of any matter whatsoever. [Para 26) [682-H; 683-A·C] 2.3 The Full Court of the Madras High Court had 8 passed a resolution way back in the year 1993 to retain the subject of "Vigilance Cell" with the Chief Justice. Therefore, it was fully within the authority of the then Chief Justice to take the decision to transfer the appellant outside district 'T'. The transfer was particularly C necessary in view of the complaint that was pending against him. The Division Bench observed that the complaint was an anonymous one. Even so, the same had been looked into by the Vigilance Cell, and the District Judge had reported that departmental enquiries were pending against the appellant and the other D employees against whom the complaint had been made. In view of all these factors, the Chief Justice had to take the necessary decision. [Para 26) [683-D-G] RM. Gurjar Vs. High Court of Gujarat AIR 1992 SC E 2000: 1992 (3) SCR 775; Gauhati High Court Vs. Ku/adhar Phukan 2002 (4) SCC 524; High Court of Rajasthan Vs. P.P. Singh & Anr. 2003 (4} sec 23 - relied on.

3.1 The other ground on which the Division Bench interfered with the transfer order is that according to the F Division Bench, but for this transfer order there was no other impediment for the District Judge to promote the respondent No.1. The Division Bench was of the view that the first respondent had lost the opportunity of getting promoted to the post of P.A. to the District Judge G on account of this transfer, and therefore, the same was punitive. The Bench ought to have noted that the transfer is an incident of service, and the first respondent himself had clearly stated in his affidavit in support of the petition that there was no malafide exercise in the present H 666 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A transfer. The transfer was purely on the administrative ground in view of the pending complaint and departmental enquiry against first respondent and other employees, with respect to their integrity. When a complaint against the integrity of an employee is being B investigated, very often he is transferred outside the concerned unit. That is desirable from the point of view of the administration as well as that of the employee. In the circumstances the decision of the then Chief Justice to transfer him outside that district could not be faulted. C [Para 27] [684-A-E]

3.2 There is no right of promotion available to an employee. He has a right to be considered for promotion which has been held to be a fundamental right. However, D though a right to be considered for promotion is a condition of service, mere chance of promotion is not. [Para 28] [684-G] S.B. Bhattacf)arjee Vs. S.D. Majumdar 2007 (10) SCC 513: 2007 (6) SCR 743; Mohd. Shujat Ali Vs. Union of India E AIR 1974 SC 1631: 1975 (1) SCR 449 - referred to 3.3 The fact that the first respondent could not be considered for promotion to the post of P.A. in district 'T' was undoubtedly the consequence of this transfer F outside that district. However, that itself cannot make his transfer a punitive one. The then Registrar General rightly stated in her affidavit before the High Court that the first respondent would be retaining his original seniority though he was transferred in another district. He was in the cadre of Sheristadar and he continued in that cadre G in district 'R' after he was transferred to that district. In district 'T', he was officiating as P.A to the District Judge since that post was vacant, but his substantive post was that of Sheristadar. The officiating work did not create any right in him to be continued in the post of P.A. That H was not also his case, and that is how he had sought to REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 667 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI

be empanelled for being considered for the promotion to A the post of P.A, though in district 'T'. Since the first respondent was no longer in district 'T', obviously he . could not be included in the panel prepared for consideration for the post of P.A. in that district. [Para 29] [684-H; 685-A-C] B 3.4 In the instant case, the pay, position and seniority of the first respondent was not affected by the impugned transfer, and therefore, the same could not be said to be punitive merely because his promotional chances got C affected due to the transfer. Thus, there was no question of providing him any opportunity of hearing at that stage before effecting the transfer, and the order of transfer could not be faulted on that count as well. [Para 30] [685-H; 686-A-B] D Paresh Chandra Nandi Vs. Controller of Stores, N. F. Railway AIR 1971 SC 359 - referred to.

3.5 Noting that the respondent No. 1 was transferred on account of an anonymous complaint, the Division E Bench had referred to a few judgments wherein this Court has emphasized the responsibility of the Higher Judiciary to guard the judicial officers in the Subordinate Courts against unjustified complaints. In the instant case, a Sheristadar was transferred on receiving a complaint, F although an anonymous one, but against whom a departmental inquiry is pending. He was transferred to another district though retaining him in the same cadre with the same pay as well as his seniority. Such an action was fully justified and within the authority of the High Court. No observations were made against him, nor was G any sti~ma attached. The reliance on the said three judgments to interfere in such an order clearly shows a non-application of mind by the Division Bench to the problem which the High Court Administration was faced with, and which was being attended in accordance with H 668 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R A the relevant rules. [Paras 31, 32] [686-C-H; 687-A-B] /shwar Chand Jain Vs. High Court Punjab and Haryana 1988 (3) SCC 370: 1988 (1) Suppl. SCR 396; K.P. Tiwari Vs. State of M.P. 1994 Suppl. (1) SCC 540:1993 ( 3) Suppl. SCR 497; Ramesh Chander Singh Vs. High Court Allahabad 20078 (4) SCC 247: 2007 (3) SCR 198 - referred to.

4. The Division Bench also erred in ignoring that the first respondent had been transferred under a common order alongwith two other employees-Head Clerks. The C writ petitions filed by them had been dismissed. Besides, a judgment of a co-ordinate bench in A.K. Vasudevan's case was cited before the Division Bench wherein the facts were almost identical. It was therefore, not expected of the Division Bench to take a different view from the D point of view of judicial discipline. [Para 33] [687-F-H] Sri Venkateswara Rice Ginn;,1g & Groundnut Oil Mill Vs. State of Andhra Pradesh AIR 1972 SC 51: 1972 (1) SCR 346 - relied on. E The Registrar of High Court of Madras Vs. Vasudevan, A.K. 1996 (1) MLJ 153 - referred to. 5. It cannot be ignored that the integrity of the officers functioning in the administration is of utmost importance F to retain the confidence of the litigants in the fairness of the judicial system. If there is any complaint in this behalf, the Chief Justice is expected to act on behalf of the High Court to see to it that the stream of justice does not get polluted at any level. The decisions on the judicial side G such as the one in the instant case create unnecessary difficulties for the High Court Administration. (Para 34] (688-A-D] High Court Judicature for Rajasthan Vs. Ramesh Chand Pa/iwa/ (1998) 3 SCC 72: 1998 (1) SCR 961- relied on. H REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 669 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L

6. The impugned judgment and order are wholly A unsustainable, and in complete disregard of the law laid down by this Court. The judgment and order dated passed by the High Court is set-aside. [Para 35) (689-C-D] B Jagdish Lal Vs. State of Haryana 1997 (6) SCC 538; High Court of Judicature at Bombay Vs. Shirishkumar Rangrao Patil, (1997) 6 SCC 339: 1997 (3) SCR 1131 Centre for Public Interest Litigation Vs. Union of India 2005 (8) SCC 202: 2005 (4 ) Suppl. SCR 77 - referred to c Case Law Reference: 1994 (2) Suppl. SCR 772 Referred to Para 22 1995 (1) SCR 482 Referred to Para 23 D 2009 (13) SCR 343 Referred to Para 23 1992 (3) SCR 775 Relied on Para 26 2002 (4) sc_c 524 Relied on Para 2.6 2003 (4) sec 239 Relied on Para 26 E AIR 1971 SC 359 Referred to Para 30 2007 (6) SCR 7 43 Referred to Para 28 1975 (1) SCR 449 Referred to Para 28 F AIR 1971 SC 359 Referred to Para 30 1988 (1) Suppl. SCR 396 Refered to Para 31 1993 (3) Suppl. SCR 497 Referred to Para 31 2007 (3) SCR 198 Referred to Para 31 G 1972 (1) SCR 346 Relied on Para.33 1998 (1) SCR 961 Relied on Para 34 1997 (6) sec 538 Referred to Para 15 H 670 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A 1997 (3) SCR 1131 Referred to Para 16 2005 (4) Suppl. SCR 77 Referred to Para 17 1996 (1) MLJ 153 Referred to Para 17, 18, 33 B CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 7936 of 2011. From the Judgment & Order dated 28.08.2008 of the High Court of Judicature at Madras, Madurai bench in W.P. (MD) C No. 7121 of 2007.

V. Balachandran for the Appellant. T.R.B. Siva Kumar, K.V. Vijayakumar for the Respondents. D The Judgment of the Court was delivered by H.L. GOKHALE, J. 1. Leave Granted. 2. This-appeal by Special Leave seeks to challenge the judgment and order dated 28.08.2008 passed by a DivisionE Bench of the Madras High Court (at Madurai Bench) in W.P. (MD) No.7121/2007. The Division Bench has.allowed the writ petition filed by the first respondent who is working as a Sheristadar in the District Judicial Service in the State of Tamil Nadu. F 3. The Division Bench by its impugned judgement and order has quashed and set-aside the transfer of the first respondent from District Thoothukudi to District Ramanathapuram, and directed the High Court to restore him G in District Tho.othukudi with his seniority, and confer on him the post of Personal Assistant (P.A.) to the District Judge, Thoothukudi. Facts leadings to this appeal are as follows · H 4. The first respondent joined the Tamil Nadu Judicial REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 671 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L. GOKHALE, J.]

Ministerial Service as a Typist on 11.4.1979, and was initially A posted in the Court of Judicial Magistrate II Class at Kovilpatti in District Thoothukudi (formerly known as Tuticorin). Over the period he was promoted from time to time and from 15.10.2001 onwards he was working as Sheristadar Category I in Court of Principal District Judge, Thoothukudi. He was also B holding the additional charge of the post of P.A. to the District Judge, Thoothukudi, since that post had fallen vacant. It is his case that he was expecting the regular promotion in the post of P.A. to the District Judge. c 5. It so transpired that the first respondent alongwith other two employees in the District, that is one S. Kuttiapa Esakki, Sheristadar, Sub-Court, Kovilpatti and one T.C. Shankar, Head . Clerk in the Court of Principal District Judge, Thoothukudi came to be transferred outside the district by order dated 19.9.2006 issued by the appellant on behalf of the High Court on D administrative grounds. These other two employees filed writ petitions bearing nos. WP (MD) No.9378 and 10528 of 2006 before the Madurai Bench of Madras High Court, but the petitions came to be dismissed by the High Court by its order dated 20.4.2007. The first respondent did not challenge his E transfer at that time and joined at the place where he was transferred in district Ramanathapuram. ,

6. The first respondent came to know that the post of P.A. to the District Judge, Thoothukudi was being filled, and on F 21.4.2007 he made a representation to the Principal District Judge, Thoothukudi, the respondent no.2 herein for being considered .for that post. The first respondent learnt that the fourth respondent was promoted to that post of P.A. to the District Judge though he was due to retire shortly on 31.8.2007. G He is junior to the first respondent as well as to the third respondent. Third respondent went on medical leave in July 2007 and that is how fourth respondent was promoted to that post. Later on, the first respondent learnt that he was not considered for this post for the reason that he was already H 672 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A transferred outside that district, and the reasons for the decision were recorded in the proceeding of the second respondent dated 6.6.2007.

7. At this stage the first respondent obtained necessary information by filing an application under the Right to8 Information Act, 2005 and then filed a writ petition on 24.8.2007 bearing W.P. (MD) No.7121/2007 before the Madurai Bench, and prayed that the proceeding dated 6.6.2007 bearing No.2697 concerning his non-consideration for that post be C called from the file of the second respondent, and be quashed and set-aside. He also prayed that a selection panel be prepared for the post of P.A. to the District Judge, Thoothukudi by including his name in that panel, and necessary orders be passed. The Principal District Judge was joined as the first respondent, the High Court was joined as the respondent no.2, D and the two concerned employees were joined as respondent no.3 and 4 in that petition.

8. The first respondent ,Gontended in his petition that in spite of his transfer from District Thoothukudi, he retained his E lien on his post in that district. That was the basis of his prayers. He did not challenge his transfer from that district. It is material to note what is stated in paragraph 8 of his affidavit in support of his writ petition. This para reads as follows:-"8. I submit that the 2nd respondent is well within his F powers to transfer any employee from one district to another district on administrative grounds and there was no malafide exercise in the present transfers. However, the 3rd and 4th respondents were left out though they too were the candidates. In any case, one cannot challenge G the transfers but the same shall not have the effect of obliterating the lien I hold and any right to be considered for the promotion as PA to the District Judge, Thoothukudi." H Thus, it would be seen that the first respondent accepted REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 673 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L. GOKHALE, J.] that it was within the powers of the appellant, i.e. the Registrar A General representing High Court Administration to transfer the employees from one district to another, and there was no malafide exercise in the present transfer. His only submission was that he retained his lien on his post in district Thoothukudi in spite of his transfer therefrom, and hf' should be considered s for promotion to the post of P.A. in that district. \

9. The writ petition was opposed by the' second respondent herein i.e. by the District Judge, Thoothukudi by filing an affidavit dated 20.3.2008. He pointed out that the first C respondent was transferred outside district Thoothukudi alongwith earlier mentioned two employees S. Kuttiapa Esakki and T.C. Shankar by the High Court under a common order on the basis of a confidential letter received from the then Principal District Judge, Thoothukudi. The District Judge also pointed out in his affidavit that the first respondent can claim appropriate D promotion in the district where he was transferred on the basis of his original seniority, but he can no longer claim it in district Thooihukudi wherein he had lost his lien. He referred to Rule 14(A) (d) of the Fundamental Rules of Tamil Nadu Government which lays down that the lien of a Government servant on his E post shall stand terminated on his acquiring !ien on another permanent post.

10. It was therefore, pointed out in the affidavit that after the writ petitions filed by the earlier mentioned two employees F were dismissed, the employees who were in the zone of consideration were considered for the promotion to the post of P.A. to District Judge, Thoothukudi, and the selection was made after considering the merit, ability and seniority of the candidates concerned as per rules 8 and 19 of Tamil Nadu G Judicial Ministerial Service Rules. As far as the claim of the first respondent to the lien on a post in Thoothukudi is concerned, it was pointed out that first respondent had not challenged his transfer from Thoothukudi. It was, therefore, submitted that the petition be dismissed. Since, the above referred Rule 14-A was H 674 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 12 S.C.R. A relied upon, we may quote the same which reads as follows:-"14-A: (a) Except as provided in clauses (c) and (d) of this rule, a Government servant's lien on a post may, in 8 no circumstances be terminated, even with his consent, if the result will be to leave him without a lien or a suspended lien upon a permanent post. (b) Deleted. c (c) Notwithstanding the provisions of Rule 14(a), the lien of a Government servant holding substantively a permanent post shall be terminated while on refused leave granted after the date of retirement under Rule 86 or corresponding other rules. Vide D G.0.829, Personnel and Administrative Reforms Department, dated 26.8.1985.

(d) A Government servant's lirn on a post shall stand terminated on his acquiring a lien on a permanent E post (whether under the Government or the Central Government or any other State Governments) outside the cadre on which he is borne." 11. A counter affidavit dated 18.7.2008 was filed by the F then Registrar of the High Court, and it was pointed out that the first respondent himself had not alleged any malafides to challenge his transfer. He had also admitted that transfer was within the powers of the High Court Administration. The affidavit stated that the transfers were effected on the basis of the report/directions received from the Vigilance Cell of the Madras G High Court, however, the transferred employee will retain his seniority in the Ramanathapuram district under explanation 1 of Rule 39 of the Tamil Nadu Judicial Ministerial Service Rule right from the date of his first appointment in Thoothukudi district. H REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 675 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L. GOKHALE, J.] 12. In view of these affidavits filed in reply to his petition, A the first respondent amended his petition nearly after nine months by filing an application dated 21.4.2008 with supporting affidavit, and now sought to add the prayer that the records relating to the transfer order dated 19.9.2006 be also called from the files of the High Court, and the same be quashed and B set-aside.

13. The amended petition was opposed by the then Registrar General of the High Court by filing one more affidavit dated 1.8.2008. She pointed out that the first respondent was C transferred along with two other employees outside the district Thoothukudi on administrative grounds by the High Court under administrative proceeding dated 19.9.2006. She also pointed out that a complaint had been received from the staff of the judicial department of that district by the Vigilance department D of the High Court on 2.1.2006. The complaint stated that the first respondent along with some other employees had formed a coterie in the District Court and they were dominating the District Administration-whereby the Court was suffering in its work, and therefore these employees be transferred to other district. That letter was forwarded to the District Judge, E Thoothukudi for his comments, who in turn wrote back to the High Court on 28.4.2006 placing it on record that departmental enquiries were pending against the first respondent and three other employees on the charges of corruption. The District Judge had also opined that if these employees were continued F in the district, the administration would be very much spoiled. It is, therefore, that the High Court Administration directed that the first respondent and the concerned employees be transferred outside the district on administrative grounds. There was no malafide intention whatsoever in these transfers. · G

14. Thereafter the first respondent sent a mercy petition to the High Court submitting that he was on the verge of promotion to a higher post viz., that of P.A., and therefore, he may be promoted in district Thoothukudi and if necessary be H 676 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 12 S.C.R. A transferred to the nearest district Tirunelveli. The High Court considered that representation but rejected it by its proceeding dated 8.5.2007. Incidentally, Ramanathapuram is also a district adjoining Thoothukudi. B 15. The writ petition was thereafter considered by a Division Bench of the Madras High Court at Madurai which passed the impugned order. The High Court did not accept the plea of the first respondent that he retained a lien in district Thoothukudi. It held that his lien in that district stood terminated in view of the above referred Rule 14 (A) (d) of the Fundamental C Rules, and also in view of the proposition laid down by this Court in Jagdish Lal Vs. State of Haryana reported in [1997 (6) sec 538), that an employee cannot simultaneously claim a lien on two posts. The Division Bench also did not find any error in the proceeding I order dated 6.6.2007 of the Principal D District Judge, Thoothukudi wherein he had recorded that the first respondent could not be taken up for consideration for promotion in district Thoothukudi, since he had been transferred outside .that district.

E 16. The Division Bench, however, held that although the High Court had the power to transfer the first respondent from one District unit to another unit, it had to be seen whether such power had been exercised by a competent authority or not. The Division Bench further held in para 20 of its judgment that as F per Article 216 of the Constitution, High Court means 'the Chief Justice and his companion Judges and the matter should have been placed before the full Court'. The bench also observed that in any case no committee had been constituted by the High Court in that matter before taking the decision to transfer, and G the impugned transfer was a unilateral decision taken by the then Honourable Chief Justice of Madras High Court. If such prior steps were taken, the order could have been held to be valid as per the judgment of this Court in High Court of Judicature at Bombay Vs. Shirishkumar Rangrao Patil H REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 677 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L. GOKHALE, J.)

-eported in (1997 (6) SCC 339]. At the end of para 20 of its A -udgment, the Court held as follows:-. "20 ................ At the cost of repetition it is to be held that no such Committee has been appointed or the matter has been placed before the Full Court and painfully 8 the impugned decision has been taken unilaterally by the then Honourable Chief Justice of the Madras High Court, which has been communicated through the second respondent/Registrar General, which cannot be said to be satisfying the meaning of 'High Court' embodied in the Constitution. On this ground also, the impugned transfer C order is liable to be set aside." 17. The Division Bench thereafter noted that the impugned order of transfer had been passed on an anonymous letter and thereafter on the basis of a report from the District Judge and O after ordering of a vigilance enquiry. The Division Bench referred to three judgments of this Court in lshwar Chand Jain Vs. High Court Punjab and Haryana r$ported in [1988 (3) SCC 370], K.P. Tiwari Vs. State of M.P. reported in [1994 Suppl. (1) SCC 540] and Ramesh Chander Singh Vs. High Court E Allahabad·reported in [2007 (4) SCC 247] and also to Centre for Public Interest Litigation Vs. Union of India reported in [2005 (8) sec 202) and thereafter observed in paragraph 25 and 26 as follows:-

"25. Thus, it has been time and again held by the F Honourable Apex Court that it is the duty of the higher judiciary to protect the officers of the lower judiciary from the persons, who make reckless, baseless and unfounded ·allegations, by way of anonymous petitions. The same reasoning would apply even in the case of staff members. G Admittedly, in the case on hand, the impugned action has been initiated pursuant to an anonymous petition received .......... " 26. None of these aspects have been taken into H 678 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A consideration before ordering transfer of the petitioner. No doubt, transfer is an incidence of service. But, since in the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case on hand, where the impugned order of transfer has served as a punishment on the petitioner, that too without conducting any enquiry, since it has impaired his chances of promotionB besides reducing his cadre to that of the Sheristadar of the Chief Judicial Magistrate's Court from that of the P.A to the District Judge, which he was enjoying even though as an additional charge, as there are many more seniors c in the Ramanathapuram District, now a question would arise as to whether such an order of transfer which worked as a punishment on the petitioner, is sustainable under law."

18. The appellant had drawn the attention of the Division D Bench to the judgment of another Division Bench of Madras High Court in the case of The Registrar of High Court of Madras Vs. Vasudevan, A.K. reported in [1996 (1) MLJ 153). In that matter complaints were received against court bailiffs working in the City Civil Court at Madras. After the vigilance E cell held discreet enquiries, they were transferred to various courts outside Madras on administrative grounds. A Single Judge had set-aside those transfers by holding them to be punitive. Allowing the Writ Appeal, the Division Bench had held that the employer is entitled to consider whether the particular F employee is suitable to work in a particular place or to continue there. It is however to be seen that transfer has not affected the service conditions in any way. The Division Bench held that the order of transfer had not affected any of the service conditions of the bailiffs and their chances of promotion were also not G diluted. Therefore, there was no question of providing any hearing as well. 19. The impugned judgment distinguished the judgment in Vasudevan's case by .observing that the promotional prospects of the first respondent were affected in the present matter which H REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 679 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L. GOKHALE, J.]

was not so in Vasudevan's case. The Division Bench observed A that after obtaining the remarks of the District Judge, the appellant ought to have issued a notice and sought the explanation from the first respondent. It was therefore, of the view that the first respondent had not been provided with any opportunity to explain and the transfer was punitive. The Court, B therefore, passed an order setting aside the transfer, directing the appellant and the District Judge to immediately restore the respondent •no.1 and 2 at District Thoothukudi alongwith his seniority, and confer on him the post of P.A. in that district, since, according to the Division Bench except the order of c impugned transfer, there was no other impediment for his promotion. It is this order which is challenged in this appeal. This Court has passed an order of status quo with respect to that order during the pendency of this appeal. DConsideration of rival submissions - 20. We have heard the counsel for the appellant and for respondent. No. 1. There is no appearance for the other respondent$ though served. It was submitted on behalf of the · appellant that the decision of the Division Bench was erroneous E on both tbe grounds on which the Division Bench decided against the appellant viz. (i) that the transfer was punitive and

(ii) that it was not passed by a competent authority. On the other hand, the counsel for the first respondent reiterated the submissions made on his behalf before the High Court, and F submitted that the order did not deserve to be interfered with in any manner whatsoever. 21. We have considered the submissions of both the counsel. As far as the action of transfer against the first respondent was concerned, the same was on the basis of the G report of the Registrar (Vigilance). Besides, the District Judge had also opined that retention of the appellant in his district was undesirable from the point of view of administration. Thus, it_ involved inter-district transfer. The respondent no.1 had not H • 680 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 12 S.C.R. A disputed the power of the High Court to transfer him outside the district, nor did the division bench interfere therein on that ground. This is apart from the fact that transfer is an incident of service, and one cannot make a grievance if a transfer is made on the administrative grounds, and without attaching any B stigma which was so done in the present case. 22. In the context of transfer of a govt. servant we may refer to the dicta of this Court in N.K. Singh Vs. Union. of India reported-Jn [AIR 1995 SC 423) where this Court observed in para 22 as follows:- C

"22 ..... Transfer ol a government servant in a transferable service is a necessary incident of the service career. Assessment of the quality of men is to be made by the superiors taking into account several factors including D suitability of the person for a particular post and exigencies of administration. Several imponderables requiring formation of a subjective opinion in that sphere may Pe involved, at times. The only realistic approach is to- leave it to the wisdom of the hierarchical superiors E to make the decision. Unless the decision is vitiated by ma/a fides or infraction of any professed norm of principle governing the transfer, which alone can be scrutinized judicially, there are no judicially manageable standards for scrutinizing all transfers and the courts lack the necessary expertise for personnel management of allF government departments. This must be left, in public interest, to the departmental heads subject to the limited judicial scrutiny indicated." 23. In State of Madhya Pradesh Vs. S.S. Kourav reported G in [AIR 1995 SC 1056], the Administrative Tribunal had interfered with the transfer order of the respondent and directed him to be posted at a particular place. It is relevant to note that while setting aside the order of the tribunal this Court observed in para 4 of its judgment as follows:- • H REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 681 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L. GOKHALE, J.]

"4 ...... The Courts or Tribunals are not appellate A forums to decide on transfers of officers on administrative grounds. The wheels of administration should be allowed to run smoothly and the Courts or Tribunals are not expected to interdict the working of the administrative system by trancferring the officers to proper places. It is B for the administration to take appropriate decision and such decisions shall stand unless they are vitiated either by ma/a fides or by extraneous consideration without any factual background foundation. In this case we have seen that on the administrative grounds the transfer orders c came to be issued. Therefore, we cannot go into the expediency of posting an officer at a particular place." We may mention that this Court has reiterated the legal position recently in Airports Authority of India Vs. Rajeev Ratan Pandey reported in [2009 (8) SCC 337] that 'in a matter of transfer of D a govt. employee, the scope of judicial review is limited and the High Court would not interfere with an order of transfer lightly, be it at interim stage or final hearing. This is so because the courts do not substitute their own decision in the matter of transfer.' E

24. The Division Bench has however interfered with the order of transfer on the ground that the transfer order was passed by the then Chief Justice unilaterally, and he did not have the competence therefor. In rebuttal, the appellant relied F upon a Full Court Resolution dated 19.7.1993, and the text thereof was placed before this Court. Item 3 thereof was regarding services of Judicial Officers, and Ministerial and Menial Staff. The subject of "Vigilance Cell" alongwith certain other subjects was specifically included therein as falling within G the jurisdiction of the Chief Justice alone. It was submitted that all residuary subjects not allocated to the committee of Judges or any individual Judge, remain within the jurisdiction of Chief Justice. Further, the Chief Justice has to supervise the admini~tration in the subordinate Courts also and has to take H 682 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A the decisions in emergencies, on all necessary matters. It was also submitted on behalf of the appellant that the Division Bench erred in not accepting the propositions emanating from the judgment of the other Division Bench in the case of A.K. Vasudevan (supra) which judgment had been left undisturbed B by this Court when a Special Leave Petition against the same was dismissed.

25. The other ground on which the Division bench has set-aside the transfer of the first respondent is that the transfer affected the promotional prospects of the first respondent, and C therefore it was punitive in nature. According to the Division Bench but for the transfer there was no impediment for the promotion of the first respondent, and therefore it directed his promotion. The appellant pointed out in this behalf that an employee does not have a right of promotion as such. He has D only a right to be considered for promotion, and even in the present case the District Judge had considered a panel of persons who came in the zone of consideration, and thereafter effected the promotion. The first respondent could not be included in that panel since he was already transferred outside E that district. It was therefore, submitted that the Division Bench had erred in directing the promotion of the first respondent to the post of P.A. to the District Judge and the order deserved to be set-aside.

F 26. As far as the first ground on which the High Court has interfered with the order of transfer is concerned, namely that it was not passed by a competent authority, the appellant has produced the relevant material before this Court which clearly shows that the Full Court had passed a resolution under which G the subject of vigilance enquiries was retained with the Chief Justice. Besides, in view of the pending inquiry against the appellant, the District Judge of Thoothukudi had expressed that it was not desirable to retain the appellant in that district. The control of the High Court over the subordinate courts under Article 235 of the Constitution includes general superintendence H REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 683 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L. GOKHALE, J.]

of the working of the subordinate courts and their staff, since A their appeals against the orders of the District Judges lie to the High Court. (see R.M. Gurjar Vs. High Court of Gujarat reported in AIR 1992 SC 2000). 'The word control referred to in Article 235 of the Constitution has been used in the comprehensive sense and includes the control and B superintendence of the High Court over the subordinate courts and the persons manning them both on the judicial and administrative side'. (see para 14 of Gauhati High Court Vs. Ku/adhar Phukan reported in [2002 (4) SCC 524]. This control over the subordinate courts vests in the High Court as a whole. c 'However, the same does not mean that a Full Court cannot authoriz.e the Chief Justice in respect of any matter whatsoever'. (see para 18 and 19 of High Court of Rajasthan Vs. P.P. Singh & Anr. [2003 (4) SCC 239]. The Full Court of the Madras High Court had passed a resolution way back in the year 1993 D to retain the subject of "Vigilance Cell" with the Chief Justice. Therefore, it was fully within the authority of the then Chief Justice to take the decision to transfer the appellant outside district Thoothukudi. The transfer was particularly necessary in view of the complaint that was pending against him. The E Division Bench has observed that the complaint was an anonymous one. Even so, the same had been looked into by the Vigilance Cell, and the District Judge had reported that departmental enquiries were pending against the appellant and the other employees against whom the complaint had been made. The District Judge had also opined that it was F undesirable to retain the appellant in his district from the point of view of the administration of that district. In view of all these factors, the Chief Justice had to take the necessary decision. It is, therefore, difficult to accept the view of the Division Bench that the Chief Justice unilaterally transferred the appellant G outside the district, c;ind the decision ought to have been taken either by the Full Court or a Committee appointed by the Full Court. In view of what is pointed· out above, there was no reason for the Division Bench to take such a view in the facts of the present matter. H

684 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R.

A 27. The other ground on which the Division Bench has interfered with the transfer order is that according to the Division Bench, but for this transfef order there was no other impediment for the District Judge to promote the respondent no.1. The Division Bench was of the view that the first B respondent had lost the opportunity of getting promoted to the post of P.A. to the District Judge on account of this transfer, and therefore the same was punitive. As far as this finding of the bench is concerned, it ought to have noted that the transfer is an incident of service, and the first respondent himself had c clearly stated in para 8 of his affidavit in support of the petition that there was no malafide exercise in the present transfer. As seen above, the transfer was purely on the administrative ground in view of the pending complaint and departmental enquiry against first respondent. When a complaint against the D integrity of an employee is being investigated, very often he is transferred outside the concerned unit. That is desirable from the point of view of the administration as well as that of the employee. The complaint with respect to the first respondent was that he was dominating the administration of the District E Judiciary, and the District Judge had reported that his retention in the district was undesirable, and also that departmental enquiries were pending against him and other employees, with respect to their integrity. In the circumstances the decision of the then Chief Justice to transfer him outside that district could not be faulted.

F 28. Besides, there is no right of promotion available to an employee. He has a right to be considered for promotion which has been held to be a fundamental right (see para 13 of S.B. Bhatfacharjee Vs. S.D. Majumdar, [2007 (10) SCC 513]. G However, though a right to be considered for promotion is a · condition of service, mere chance of promotion is not (see para 15 of the Constitution Bench judgment in Mohd. Shujat Ali Vs. Union of India, [AIR 1974 SC 1631]. 29. The fact that the first respondent could not be H REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT QF JUDICATURE 685 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACl:ll [H.L. GOKHALE, J.]

' 'considered for promotien to the post of P.A. in district A Thoothukudi was undoubtedly the consequence of this transfer outside that district. However, in view of what is stated above •. that itself cannot make· his transfer a punitive one. As rightly stated by the then Registrar General in her affidavit before the High Court, the first respondent would be retaining his original 8 seniority though he was transferred in another district. He was in the cadre of Sheristadar and he continued in that cadre in district Ramanathapuram after he was transferred to that district. In district Thoothukudi, he was officiating as P.A to the District Judge since that post was vacant, but his substantive post was C that of Sheristadar. The officiating work did not create any right in him to be continued in the post of P.A. That was not also his case, and that is how he had sought to be empanelled for being considered for the promotion to the post of P .A, though in district Thoothukudi. Since the first respondent was no longer in district D Thoothukudi, obviously he could not be included in the panel prepared for consideration for the post of P.A. in that district.

30. The first respondent was contending that his transfe(o was punitive only because his promotional chances were affected. This controversy is no longer res-integra. In Paresh E Chandra Nandi Vs. Controller of Stores, N.F. Railway [AIR 1971 SC 359] the situation was almost similar though the grievance of the appellant was that on accou.nt of transfer of respondents 4 to 8 into his department alongwith their lien, his chances for promotion were materially affected. The appellant F was working in the stores department of the North East Frontier Railway. This Court however, noted that the transfer was effected under the relevant rules on administrative grounds, and it did not affect his pay in any way. The court held that the transfer of a permanent employee alongwith the consequent G transfer of his lien cannot be challenged when the transfer is to a permanent post in the same cadre not carrying less pay, even if such transfer materially affects chances for promotion. In the present case the pay, position and seniority of the first respondent was not affected by the impugned transfer, and H · 686 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 12 S.C.R. A therefore, the same could not be said to be punitive merely because his promotional chances got affected due to the transfer. Hence, there was no question of providing him any opportunity of hearing at that stage before effecting the transfer, and the order of transfer could not be faulted on that count as well.8

31. Noting that the respondent No. 1 was transferred on account of an anonymous complaint the Division Bench had referred to a few judgments wherein this Court has emphasized the responsibility of the Higher Judiciary to guard the judicial C officers in the Subordinate Courts against unjustified complaints. lshwar Chand Jain (supra) was a case where the Advocates who were not satisfied with the orders passed by the Appellant Judicial Officer had made unjustified complaints against him. This Court had set-aside the order of termination D of services of the appellant which was based on these complaints, and in that context observed that if complaints are entertained on trifling matters relating to judicial orders which may have been upheld by the High Court on the judicial side, no judicial officer would feel protected. In K.P. Tiwari (supra) E the High Court had made disparaging remarks, against the appellant, a Judicial Officer, while recalling an unjustified bail order granted by him. This Court had deprecated attributing of improper motives to the subordinate officers. In Ramesh Chandra Singh (supra) disciplinary proceedings were initiated F by the High Court against the Appellant Judicial Officer for a bail order which order could not be said to be unjustified. The Disciplinary action was disapproved by this Court and the matter was remitted to the Full Court for its consideration.

32. As can be seen from these judgments, they were al' G rendered in altogether different context. In the present case we are concerned with a Sheristadar who has been transferred on receiving a complaint, although an anonymous one, but against whom a departmental inquiry is pending. He has been transferred to another district though retaining him in the same H REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 687 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L. GOKHALE, J.]

cadre with the same pay as well as his seniority. Such an action A was fully justified and within the authority of the High Court. No observations were made against him, nor was any stigma attached. The reliance on the above three judgments to interfere in such an order clearly shows a non-application of mind by the Division Bench to the problem which the High Court B Administration was faced with, and which was being attended in accordance with the relevant rules. In Centre for Public Interest Litigation (supra), the grievance was with respect to the likely appointment of respondent No. 3 to the post of Chief Secretary, Uttar Pradesh when she was facing criminal c prosecution. This Court had therefore directed that she be transferred to some other post in the cadre/grade to which she belonged. It was in this context that the Court made a general observation that, postings in sensitive posts should be made in transparent manner so that there is no scope for making D grievance, though grievances can be made for ulterior motive with the intention of damaging the reputation of an officer who is likely to be appointed in a sensitive post. These observations have also no application in the present case since all that has happened is that first respondent has been transferred from one district to another in view of a complaint received against him E and a pending inquiry. It cannot be said that the action was with a view to deny him any post. In fact the first respondent himself had stated in his Writ Petition to the High Court that there was no malafide exercise in his transfer.

F · 33. The Division Bench also erred in ignoring that the first respondent had been transferred under a common order alongwith two other employees i.e. S. Kuttiapa Esakki, and one T.C. Shankar. The Writ Petitions filed by them had been dismissed. Besides, a judgment of a co-ordinate bench in A.K. G Vasudevan was cited before the Division Bench wherein the facts were almost identical. It was therefore, not expected of the Division Bench to take a different view from the point of view of judicial discipline. To put it in the words of this Court in Sri Venkateswara Rice Ginning & Groundnut Oil Mill Vs. State H 688 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 12 S.C.R. A of Andhra Pradesh reported in [AIR 1972 SC 51], 'it is regrettable that the learned Judges who decided the latter case overlooked the fact that they were bound by the earlier decision' (para 9 of the report in AIR).

34. We cannot ignore that the integrity of the officers8 functioning in the administration is of utmost importance to retain the confidence of the litigants in the fairness of the judicial system. If there is any complaint in this behalf, the Chief Justice is expected to act on behalf of the High Court to see to it that C the stream of justice does not get polluted at any level. We are pained to observe but we must state that the decisions on the judicial side such as the one in the present case create unnecessary difficulties for the High Court Administration. In High Court .Judicature for Rajasthan Vs. Ramesh Chand Paliwal reported in [1998 (3) SCC 72], the order under ) challenge was with respect to the issue whether the post of Deputy Registrar should be filled from amongst the officers belonging to the establishment of the High Court, or from the judicial side. A Division Bench of Rajasthan High Court had opined that the subject be placed before the Full Court, since E according to the bench the Chief Justice ought not to have brought in the officers from the judicial side for an administrative post. This Court set-aside that direction by holding that it amounted to encroachment upon the authority of the Chief Justice, and was contrary to the constitutional scheme. This was F a matter concerning an officer of the High Court covered under Article 229 of the Constitution. What the Apex Court has observed in para 38 of this judgment is quite relevant for the present matter and worth reproducing. This para 38 reads as follows:-

G "38. As pointed out above, under the constitutional scheme, Chief Justice is the supreme authority and the other Judges, so far as officers and servants of the High Court are concerned, have no role to play on the administrative side. Some Judges, undoubtedly, will H REGISTRAR GEN., HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE 689 AT MADRAS v. R. PERACHI [H.L. GOKHALE, J.] become Chief Justices in their own turn one day, but it is A imperative under the constitutional discipline that they work in tranquillity. Judge~ have been described as "hermits".· They have to live and behave like "hermits" who have no desire or aspiration, having shed it through penance. Their mission is to supply light and not heat. This is necessary B so that their latent desire to run the High Court administration may not sprout before time, at least, in some cases." 35. Thus it is very clear that the impugned judgment and c order are wholly unsustainable, and in complete disregard of the law laid down by this Court. This Court has, therefore, to allow this appeal and to set-aside the judgment and order dated 28.8.2008 passed by the Madras High Court on W.P.(MD) No. 7121 of 2007. Accordingly, this appeal is allowed and the order D dated 28.8.2008 passed by the Madras High Court on Writ Petition (MD) No. 7121 of 2007 is set-aside. The said writ petition shall stand dismissed. There will, however, not be any order as to the costs. N.J. _Appeal allowed. E