[2011] 9 S.C.R. 290 ~-~ A FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. (Civil Appeal No. 5448 of 2006) JULY 19, 2011B ' [D.K. JAIN AND H.L. DATTU, JJ.] Land Acquisition Act, 1894: c ss. 4 and 11 -Acquisition of land in two villages - Award by Land Acquisition Officer upheld by High Court and finally by Supreme Court in Gafar~ case - Appeals by some other land owners of both the r villages for enhancement of " compensation - HELD: The question of adequacy of compensation for the lands acquired in these two villagesD under the same notifications has been gone into by Supreme Court in the case of Gafar wherein the Court after meticulously examining all the legal contentions canvassed by the parties to the /is, took the view that the evidences relied upon by the reference court while enhancing the compensation were notE reliable, and, therefore, the High Court was justified in setting aside the order passed by the reference court and restoring the award passed by the LAO - The judgment in Gafar's case does not require reconsideration - Therefore, it would not be ., ' proper for the Court to take a different view, on the ground that -F what was considered in Gafar's case was on a different fact situation - Res judicata - Precedent.

Recovery of differential compensation amount from land owners - Amount of compensation enhanced by reference •G court - High Court restoring the award of Land Acquisition .. Officer - Supreme Court upholding the order of High Court -Plea that the amount paid by way of compensation pursuant to judgment of reference court be not recovered - HELD: The land acquisition in question is of two decades old, and it is H 290 FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 291 ....., DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR . plausible that the landowners have utilized the compensation A · amount paid for one purpose or the other - In the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case and in the interest of justice, it is clarified that the respondents are restrained from recovering the amounts paid as compensation or enforcing security offered while withdrawing the compensation amount B ~ pursuant to order passed by the reference court. Constitution of India, 1950: Article 141 - Law declared by Supreme Court- Binding . effect of- Land acquisition - Compensation awarded by Land c Acquisition Officer upheld by Supreme Court in Gafar's case

- Appeals by other land owners of the same villages whose lands were acquired under the same notifications whereunder ..,. the land were acquired of claimants in Gafar's case - HELD: Only the principles of law that emanate from a judgment of D Supreme Court, which have aided in reaching a conclusion of the problem, are binding precedents within the meaning of Article 141 - However, if the question of law before the Court · is the same as in the previous case, the judgment of the Court in the former is binding in the latter, for the reason that E the question of law before the Court is already settled - Thus, if the Court determines a certain issue for a certain set of facts, then, that issue stands determined for any other matter on the same set of facts - Precedent. F " NATURAL JUSTICE." Opportunity of hearing - In some of the appeals before the High Court, award of Land Acquisition Officer was upheld - Decision of High Court upheld by Supreme Court in Gafar's r case - Subsequent appeals by other claimants on the G grounds that in some cases their counsel were not heard while in some others applications for substitution of L. Rs. of deceased appellants were not considered before the High Court - HELD: On perusal of the appeal paper books of the instant appeals, it is evident that in some of the appeals the I . H 292 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R.

.....A presence of the counsel before the High Court is recorded -It is settled position that the Court speaks through its order and whatever stated therein has to be read as correct -Therefore, it cannot be said that counsel were not heard in all the matters against which the appeals are filed - As regards B applications for substitution, the Court would have remitted the matter back to the High Court to give an opportunity of hearing to the legal representatives concerned and decide the appeals on merits - That, however, would only be a formality because having regard to the law laid down by the Court in Gafar's case, the High Court is be,· ind to follow that decision,c since the notification for acquiring ft, q lands in respect of the villages are the same. Notification u/s 4 read with s. 17 of the Land ,.

Acquisition Act, 1894 dated 20.09.1990 was issued in D respect of the lands of Harthala village. The Land Acquisition Officer awarded compensation by the award dated 18.09.1993 assessing the market value of the acquired lands at Rs. 80 per sq. meter. The reference court enhanced the compensation by assessing the E market value of the lands to Rs. 270 per sq. meter. In respect of lands of village Mukkabpur, pursuant to the Notification uls 4 published on 20.08.1992, the LAO fixed the compensation at the rate of Rs.92.59 per sq. meter. The reference court enhanced the compensation to Rs. ,,F 350 per sq. meter. The appeals filed by the State having been allowed by the High Court, the land owners filed the instant appeals. Dismissing the appeals, the Court G y HELD: 1. In the instant appeals, the challenge is for ' the compensation assessed for the lands notified and acquired under the notifications pertaining to the two villages. The question of adequacy of compensation for the lands acquired in these two villages under the same H 294 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R. A passed by a Court having no jurisdiction thereof and/or involving a pure question of law. The principle of res judicata will, therefore, have no application in the facts of the instant case. [para 15) [303-F-G)

2.2 As regards the plea that the judgment in the case8 of Gafar did not operate as a precedent for the present batch of cases as no point of law was decided, it is now well settled that a decision of this Court based on specific facts does not operate as a precedent for future cases. C Only the principles of law that emanate from a judgment of Supreme Court, which have aided in reaching a conclusion of the problem, are binding precedents within the meaning of Article 141. However, if the question of law before the Court is the same as in the previous case, the judgment of the Court in the former is binding in the latter,D for the reason that the question of law before the Court -is already settled. Thus, if the Court determines a certain issue for a certain set of facts, then, that issue stands determined for any other matter on the same set of facts. [para 20) [309-C-E] E Shenoy & Co. v. CTO, 1985 ( 3) SCR 659 = (1985) 2 SCC 512,; Director of Settlements, A.P. v. M.R. Apparao, 2002 ( 2 ) SCR 661 =(2002) 4 SCC 638,; Union of India v. Krishan Lal Arneja, 2004 (1 ) Suppl. SCR 801 = (2004) 8 F sec 453 - relied on.

3.1 So far as the plea of not affording of an opportunity of hearing because of non-listing of some appeals, disposal of some appeals in absence of the counsel for the appellants who had sent illness slips and G in some others, substitution applications being pending, it is pertinent to note in the factual matrix of the case, the issue of adequacy of compensation for the acquisition of land, in the two villages, is now settled by this Court in the case of Gafar. The decision of co-equal Bench is H FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 295 DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. _..; binding on this Court. Judicial decorum and certainty of A law require a Division Bench to follow the decision of another Division Bench and of a larger Bench. [para 21-22] [309-F-H; 310-A-C] Union of India vs. Raghubir Singh (1989) 178 ITR 548 - ~ B relied on. 3.2 However, on perusal of the appeal paper books of the thirty appeals before this Court, it is evident that in some of the appeals the presence of the learned counsel is recorded. It is settled position that the Court c speaks through its order and whatever stated therein has to be read as correct. Therefore, it cannot be said that · counsel were not heard in all the matters against which the appeals are filed. [para 26] [311-E-H] D

3.3 Having regard to the submissions urged on behalf of the appellants in so far as not considering the applications for substitution of the L.Rs. of deceased appellants, this Court would have remitted the matter back to the High Court to give an opportunity of hearing E to the legal representatives of some of the deceased appellants and decide the appeals on merits. That, however, would only be a formality because having regard to the law laid down by this Court in Gafar's case, the High Court is bound to follow that decision, since the ., F notification for acquiring the lands in respect of the villages are the same. [para 27] [312-A-C] 4. As regards the prayer for a direction that the amounts paid by way of compensation pursuant to the 1 judgment of the reference court need not be recovered G and the securities furnished by some of the appellants need not be enforced, it is significant to note that the land acquisition in question is of two decades old, and it is plausible. that the landowners have utilized the compensation amount paid for one purpose or the other. H 296 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R. A In the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case and in the interest of justice, it is clarified that the respondents are restrained from recovering the amounts paid as compensation or enforcing security offered while withdrawing the compensation amount pursuant to order B passed by the reference court. [para 28] [312-D-F] Case Law Reference:

2007 (9 ) SCR 32 relied on paar 6 (1970) 2 sec 267 relied on para 14c 1985 (3) SCR 659 relied on para 17 2002 (2) SCR 661 relied on para 18 2004 (1) Suppl. SCR 801 relied on para 19 D (1989) 178 ITR 548 relied on para 22 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 5448 of 2006. E From the Judgment & Order dated 05.03.2004 of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad in First Appeal No. 538 of 1998. WITH F C.A. Nos. 5382, 5387, 5388, 5389, 5391, 5394, 5395, 5397, •. 5412,5421,5428,5429,5432.5436,5444,5445,5446,5455, 5457, 5499,5501, 5502,5504, 5506,5507, 5508, 5511, 5533 & 5452 of 2006. M.L. Varma, Rudreshwar Singh, Raju Sultana, Kaushik G Poddar, Gopal Jha, Satya Mitra, Jitendra Mohan Sharma for r ~ the Appellants. M.P. Shorawala, Jyoti Saxena, Shashi Kiran, Ajay K. Agrawal, T. Mahipaf for the Respondents. H FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 297 DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by A H.L. DATTU, J. 1. This batch of appeals is directed against the separate orders passed by the High Court of Allahabad in Regular First Appeals filed by land owners for enhancement of compensation awarded by the Reference 8 Court for the lands acquired under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, [hereinafter referred to as 'the Act'] in the villages of Harthala and Mukkarrabpur. There are in all 30 appeals before us, out of which, 23 are in relation to the village of Harthala and 7 in relation to the village of Mukkarrabpur. c

2. In view of the orders we propose to pass in all these appeals, we deem it unnecessary to state the facts giving rise to the present appeals in greater details and a brief reference thereto would suffice to appreciate the controversy. D 3. Lands in Village of Hartha/a:- There are twenty three appeals relating to this village. Under Section 4 read with Section 17 of the Act, Notification dated 20.09.1990 was issued and published by the State Government for the acquisition of the lands of the appellants. Subsequently, a E declaration dated 10.06.1991 was published in the Gazette, under Section 6 of the Act. The lands acquired were taken .\ ' physical possession by the State Government. In accordance with Section 11 of the Act, the Land Acquisition Officer [hereinafter referred to as 'the LAO'] assessed t~e market value F . d lands at Rs 80 per sq. meter v1de order dated of the acquire · . fi d ·th the award of 18 09 1993 as compensation. Dissat1s ie ".'1 . . .

th~ LAO, the land owners filed objections •. mter-alla cla1mmg that the market value of th~ a.cquired lands I~ R~. 1~0~ ~~~ s~f meter due to the prox1m1ty of the. Ian s o G Morad,abad After scrutinizing the evidence on record, the Reference Court had come to the conclusion that the market value of the nearby land was Rs. 550 per sq. met~r, ~owever, taking into consideration the location and potentiality ~f the lands and also proximity of the lands from the city of H Moradabad and oth~r relevant factors, enhanced the '< 298 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R. A compensation awarded to Rs. 270 per sq. meter. The State preferred appeals against the enhancement so made by the Reference Court and the High Court has allowed the same in the light of the judgment of the Court in First Appeal No. 247 of 1997 dated 05.03.2004. B 4. Lands in village of Mukkarabbpur:- Seven of the present appeals relate to the village of Mukkarabbpur. A Notification for acquisition of the lands under the Act was issued and published on 20.08.1992. In pursuance of the Notification, the State took possession of the said lands on C 06.05.1997 by paying 80% of the estimated compensation at the rate of Rs. 150 per sq. meter. However, vide order dated 29.08.1997, the LAO fixed the compensation at the rate of Rs.

92.59 per sq. meter. Aggrieved by the same, the appellants moved the Reference Court and produced evidence in support D of their claim that the prevailing rates of land in that village and its roundabouts were much '1igher. After giving due consideration to the claim made and the evidence on record, the Reference Court enhanced the compensation to Rs. 350 per sq. meter. The respondents preferred appeals to the High E Court, and the same came to be allowed, reviving the award passed by the LAO. 5. Shri. M.L. Varma, learned senior counsel, appears for the appellants, and Shri. M.P. Shorawala, learned counsel, holds the brief for the respondents.F 6. At the outset, it is relevant to note that the question of adequacy of compensation for the lands acquired in these two villages under the same notification has been gone into by this Court in the case of Gafar and Ors. v. Moradabad G Development Authority, (2007) 7 SCC 614. In that case, this • Court made a detailed enquiry into the method of valuation adopted by the LAO and the enhancement of compensation by the Reference Court. This Court took the view that the evidence relied_ upon by the Reference Court while enhancing H the compensation were not reliable, and, therefore, the High FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 299 ,,,/ DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. [H.L. DATTU, J.]

Court was justified in setting aside the order passed by the A Reference Court and restoring the award passed by the LAO. " 7. In Gafar's case for the lands acquired in the village of . Harthala under Notification dated 13.09.1991, after a detailed -· consideration of the compensation awarded by the LAO, this 8 Court held: "15. We find that the Awarding Officer had taken note of a sale deed, which· was at a time proximate to the date of notifications in these cases and it related to a piece of land, though a small extent, which was not distant from the c acquired lands, to borrow the language of the Awarding Officer. We are inclined to see some force in the stand adopted by the High Court that the Awarding Officer himself had been generous in his award. Since he has adopted such a rate, the question is whether this Court D should interfere with the decision of the High Court ~- restoring that Award or award any further compensation.

16. The scope of interference by this Court was delineated~ by the decision in Kanta Prasad Singh v. State of Bihar E) wherein this Court held that there was an element of guess ' '- work inherent in most cases involving determination of the market value of the acquired land. If the judgment of the ., High Court revealed that it had taken into consideration the relevant factors prescribed by the Act, in appeal under F Article 133 of the Constitution of India, assessment of market value thus made should not be disturbed by the Supreme Court. For the purpose of deciding whether we should interfere, we have taken note of the position ! adopted by the Awarding Officer, the stand adopted by the Reference Court and the relevant aspects discussed by the G High Court. On such appreciation of the facts and circumstances of the case as a whole, we are of the view that the sum of Rs. 80 per square meter awa'.ded ~s compensation in these cases is just compenstt1ond P~~ H to the \and owners. Once we have thus oun 300 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R. " A compensation to be just, there arises no occasion for this Court to interfere with the decision of the High Court restoring the award of the Land Acquisition Officer. 17. In view of our conclusion as above. all the appeals relating to Harthala have only to be dismissed."8 8. In respect to the lands acquired in village of Mukkarabbpur, this Court, in Gafar's case, held:

"18. In respect of the lands at Mukkarrabpur, the claim for c enhancement was allowed by the Reference Court in spite of the finding that the evidence of P.Ws. 1 and 2 adduced on behalf of the claimants was unreliable. It also found that the two sale deeds relied on by the claimant in support of the claim for enhancement were also not comparable or reliable in the light of the evidence of the claimant himselfD and that it has not been shown that the lands involved therein were comparable to the lands acquired. In spite of .. it, the Reference Court granted an enhancement only based on its award in L.A.R. No. 134of1988 and on that basis the award was made at Rs. 192/- per square meter.E Obviously, the award in L.A.R. No. 134 of 1988 was set ! aside by the High Court. Hence, the award of the Reference Court in the case on hand became untenable. Once no reliance could be placed on that award to enhance the compensation, it is clear that even on the •' F finding of the Reference Court, no claim for enhancement has been made out by the claimants. In that situation, the High Court was fully justified in setting aside the award of the Reference Court and in restoring the award of the Land Acquisition Officer. • G

19. We may incidentally notice that the lands were agricultural lands being used for cultivation and even the method of valuing it on the basis of price per square meter does not appear to be justified. All the same, the award has adopted that method and the State cannot go backH FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 301 DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. [H.L. DATTU, J.] on it. In the absence of any acceptable legal evidence to A support the claim for enhancement, no grounds are made out for interference with the decision of the High Court in the appeals relating to village Mukkarrabpur." , 9. This Court also held that it could not be said that the B High Court had adopted an erroneous approach or employed the wrong principles in regard to the claim for enhancement of compensation, or that, it has so erred as to warrant interference under Article 136 of the Constitution of India. 10. A review petition filed by the appellants therein was c also dismissed by tliis Court.

11. Shri. M.L. Varma, learned senior counsel, submits that the findings and the conclusions in the judgment of this Court in the case of Gafar are flawed for the reason that the o· exemplars relied on for deciding the compensation was for inundated land, and hence, the same could not reflect the true value of the land. He further submits that relevant sale deeds were not taken into consideration by the Court while concluding that the Reference Court had erred in enhancing the E compensation and that the High Court was correct in setting aside the same. The learned senior counsel also submits that this Court should have remanded the matters to the High Court ., .:7;~,theCourt, casewas requiredof Gafar, toasgivethe aHighreasonedCourt, judgmentbeing the whilefirst appellateallowing F appeals against the order of the Reference Court enhancing the compensation. In the alternative, Shri. Varma contends that the decision in Gafar's case does not operate as a binding precedent on the present set of appeals, since this Court has not decided any legal issue. It is also stated that the decision does not operate as a res judicata, as the parties were G different. It is further argued that out of the thirty appeals that are listed before us, in the seven appeals relating to the acquisition of lands in the village of Mukkarrbpur, the matters were not shown on the cause list on the day they were disposed of. He further states that in some other cases (six appeals), the H

302 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.CR. , A learned counsel appearing for the respondents before the High Court (appellants before us) had submitted an "illness slip" and had not appeared on the day, the matters were disposed of. Shri. Varma further contends that in as many as seventeen appeals before us, the Development Authority had filed applications for substitution to bring on record the legal8 representatives of the deceased land owners and without considering and deciding the applications, the High Court could not have passed the impugned orders. Despite all these procedural infirmities, the High Court could not have allowed C the Regular First Appeals filed by the State, is the contention of learned senior counsel Shri Varma.

12. Pursuant to the direction issped by this Court, an affidavit has been filed by Shri. V.P. Rai, learned counsel, who had appeared before the High Court, in support of factual D assertion made by Sri Varma. Learned counsel in his affidavit has stated that seven appeals before the High Court (listed as C.A. No. 5502/2006, C.A. No. 5499/2006, C.A. No. 5501/2006, C.A. No. 5404/2006, C.A. No. 5507/2006, C.A. No. 5508/2006 and 5511/2006 before us, all relating to the village of E Mukkarrabpur) were not shown on the cause list of the High Court on the day they were disposed of, and hence, he had no knowledge about the hearing of the appeals. Shri. Rai, has further stated, that as many six appeals (listed as C.A. No. 5448/2006, C.A. No. 5391/2006, C.A. No. 5397/2006, C.A. No. F 5445/2006, C.A. No. 5452/2006 and C.A. No. 5455/2006 before us) in which he was appearing, were disposed of on the day, he had submitted an "illness slip" due to his ill health.

13. Per contra, Shri. M.P. Shorawala, learned counsel, has argued that there is no legal or factual infirmity in the judgment G of this Court in the case of Gafar. He submits that this Court has already dealt with the merits of the matter at length in the case of Gafar and the same need not be gone into, once over, again by this Court. With regard to the point of non-listing of cases, the learned counsel contends that the cause lists are H prepared under the authority of Hon'ble the Chief Justice of the FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 303 ~'' DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. [H.L. DATIU, J.] . High Court, and it was not the practice of the Court to send the A files of matters that were not listed, to the Court Hall, let alone hear them and dispose them of.

14. Having carefully considered the submissions of the -i learned senior counsel Shri Varma, we are of the view that the ,. B judgment in Gafar's case does not require reconsideration by this Court. In Gafar's case, this Court had meticulously examined all the legal contentions canvassed by the parties to the lis and had come to the conclusion that the High Court has not committed any error which warrants interference. In the c present appeals, the challenge is for the compensation assessed for the lands notified and acquired under the same notification pertaining to the same villages. Therefore, it would not be proper for us to take a different view, on the ground that ) what was considered by this Court was on a different fact D situation. This view of ours is fortified by the Judgment of this Court in the case of B.M. Lakhani v. Municipal Committee, (1970) 2 sec 267, wherein it is held that a decision of this Court is binding when the same question is raised again before this Court, and reconsideration cannot be pleaded on the ground that relevant provisions, etc., were not considered by E the Court in the former case.

15. With regard to the contention that the decision of the .... Court in the case of Gafar did not operate as res judicata for.. the present batch of cases, we are of the view that the F principles of Resjudicata would apply only when the lis was inter-parties and had attained finality of the issues involved. The said Principles will, however, have no application interalia in a .,. case where the Judgment and/or order had been passed by a Court having no jurisdiction thereof and/or involving a pure G question of law. The principle of Resjudicata will, therefore, have no application in the facts of the present case. 16. To examine the other limb of the contention of the learned senior counsel that the judgment in the case of Gafar did not operate as a precedent for the present batch of cases, H I , 304 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R. A as no point of law was decided, this issue requires to be · considered in the light of the judicial pronouncement of this Court. 17. In the case of Shenoy & Co. v. CTO, (1985) 2 SCC 512, a number of writ petitions were allowed by the High Court.8 However, the State chose to file appeal only in one case, which came to be allowed by this Court in the said case. In this fact situation, this Court took the view that the decision of this Court was binding on all the writ petitioners before the High Court, C even though they were not respondents in the appeal before this Court. It was held:

"22. Though a large number of writ petitions were filed challenging the Act, all those writ petitions were grouped together, heard together and were disposed of by the High D Court by a common judgment. No petitioner advanced any contention peculiar or individual to his petition, not common to others. To be precise, the dispute in the cause .or controversy between the State and each petitioner had no personal or individual element in it or anything personal or E peculiar to each petitioner. The challenge to the constitutional validity of 1979 Act proceeded on identical grounds common to all petitioners. This challenge was accepted by the High Court by a common judgment and it was this common judgment that was the subject-matter of appeal before this Court in Hansa Corporation case. WhenF the Supreme Court repelled the challenge and held the Act constitutionally valid, it in terms disposed of not the appeal in Hansa Corporation case alone, but petitions in which the High Court issued mandamus on the non-existent ground that the 1979 Act was constitutionally invalid. It is, •G therefore, idle to contend that the law laid down by this Court in that judgment would bind only the Hansa Corporation and not the other petitioners against whom the State of Karnataka had not filed any appeal. To do so is to ignore the binding nature of a judgment of this Court H FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 305 DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. [H.L. DATTU, J.] I

under Article 141 of the Constitution. Article 141 reads as A follows: 'The law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India. A mere reading of this article brings into sharp focus 8 its expanse and its all pervasive nature. In cases like this, where numerous petitions are disposed of by a common judgment and only one appeal is filed, the parties to the common judgment could very well have and should have intervened and could have requested the Court to hear them also. They cannot C be heard to say that the decision was taken by this Court behind their back or profess ignorance of the fact that an appeal had been filed by the State against the common judgment. We would like to observe that, in the fitness of things, it would be D desirable that the State Government also took out publication in such cases to alert parties bound by the judgment, of the fact that an appeal had been preferred before this Court by them. We do not find fault with the State for having filed only one appeal. E It is, of course, an economising procedure." 23. The judgment in Hansa Corporation case rendered by one of us (Desai, J.) concludes as follows:

F "As we are not able to uphold the contentions which found favour with the High Court in striking down the impugned Act and the notification issued thereunder and as we find no merit in other contentions canvassed on behalf of the respondent for sustain-ing the judgment of the High Co1Jrt, this G appeal must succeed. Accordingly, this appeal is allowed and the judgment of the High Court is quashed and set aside and the petition filed by the respondent in the High Court is dismissed with costs throughout." · H 306 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 9 S.C.R. ,.._ A To contend that this conclusion applies only to the party before this Court is to destroy the efficacy and integrity of the judgment and to make the mandate of Article 141 illusory. But setting aside the common judgment of the High Court, the mandamus issued by the High Court is rendered ineffective not only in one case but in all cases. rB

24. A writ or an order in the nature of mandamus has always been understood to mean a command issuing from the Court, competent to do the same, to a public servant amongst others, to perform a duty attaching to the office, c failure to perform which leads to the initiation of action. In this case, the petitioners-appellants assert that the mandamus in their case was issued by the High Court commanding the authority to desist or forbear from enforcing the provisions of an Act which was not validly D enacted. In other words, a writ of mandamus was predicated upon the view that the High Court took that the 1979 Act was constitutionally invalid. Consequently the Court directed the authorities under the said Act to forbear from enforcing the provisions of the Act qua the petitioners. E The Act was subsequently declared constitutionally valid by this Court. The Act, therefore, was under an eclipse, for a short duration; but with the declaration of the law by this Court, the temporary shadow cast on it by the mandamus disappeared and the Act revived with its full vigour, the ,,,F constitutional invalidity held by the High Court having been = removed by the judgment of this Court. If the law so declared invalid is held constitutionally valid, effective and binding by the Supreme Court, the mandamus forbearing the authorities from enforcing its provisions would become ineffective and the authorities cannot be compelled to -.;;...G perform a negative duty. The declaration of the law is binding on everyone and it is therefore, futile to contend that the mandamus would survive in favour of those parties against whom appeals were not filed.

H 25.. The fallacy of the argument can be better illustrated FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 307 DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. [H.L. DATTU, J.]_'/ by looking at the submissions made from a slightly A different angle. Assume for argument's sake that the mandamus in favour of the appellants survived notwithstanding the judgment of this Courl. How do they enforce the mandamus? The normal procedure is to move the Courl in contempt when the patties against l B whom mandamus is issued disrespect it. Supposing contempt petitions are filed and notices are issued to the State. The State's answer to the Courl will be: "Can I be punished for disrespecting the mandamus, when the. law of the land has been laid down by the Supreme Courl c against .the mandamus issued, which Jaw is equally binding on me and on you?" Which Courl can punish a party for contempt under these circumstances? The answer can be only in the negative because the -~ mandamus issued by the High Court becomes D ineffective and unenforceable when the basis on which it was issued falls, by the declaration by the Supreme Courl, of the validity of 1979 Act.

26. In view of this conclusion of ours, we do not think it necessary to refer to the other arguments raised before E the High Court and. which the learned counsel for the appellants attempted to raise before us also. The appeals can be disposed of on this short point stated above. The judgment of this Court in Hansa Corporation case is binding on all concerned whether they were parties to the- F judgment or not. We would like to make it clear that there is no inconsistency in the finding of this Court in Joginder Singh case and Makhanlal Waza case. The ratio is the ., observationssame and the madeappellantsby thiscannotCourttakein JoginderadvantageSinghof certaincase G for the reasons indicated above." 18. In the case of Director of Settlements, A.P. v. M.R. Apparao, (2002) 4 SCC 638, this Court held: "7. So far as the first question is concerned, Article 141 H 308 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R.

A of the Constitution unequivocally indicates that the law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India. The aforesaid Article empowers the Supreme Court to declare the· law. It is, therefore, an essential function of the Court to interpret a legislation. The statements of the Court on matters other rB than law like facts may have no binding force as the facts of two cases may not be similar. But what is binding is the ratio of the decision and not any finding of facts. It is the principle found out upon a reading of a judgment as a c whole, in the light of the questions before the Court that forms the ratio and not any particular word or sentence ... A judgment of the Court has to be read in the context of questions which arose for consideration in the case in which the judgment was delivered .... The law which will be binding under Article 141 would, therefore, extend toD all observations of points raised and decided by the Court in a given case ... "

19. The position was made clear by the decision of this Court in the case of Union of India v. Krishan Lal Ameja, E (2004) 8 sec 453. In this case, 14 properties were notified for acquisition under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1898. Only two persons, namely Banwari Lal & Sons and Shakuntala Gupta, had previously challenged the validity of the acquisition by filing writ petitions before the High Court and F having the cases decided in their favour finally by this Court. This Court held that the decisions in the earlier cases were a binding precedent for this subsequent appeal that was preferred by the Union of India. This Court held: "12 .... The decision in Banwari Lal and Shakuntala Gupta G of this Court in relation to the same notification may not be binding on the principle of res judicata. The argument, however, cannot be accepted that those decisions are not binding being "property-specific" in those cases. In our considered opinion, the decisions are binding as H precedents on the question of validity of the notification, FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 309 DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. [H.L. DATTU, J.]

which invokes urgency clause under Section 17 of the Act. A We find ourselves in full agreement with the ratio of the decisions in those cases that urgency clause, on the facts and circumstances, which are similar to the present cases, could not have been invoked. The two decisions are, ; therefore, binding as precedents of this Court. We are not B able to find any distinction or difference as to the ground of urgency in regard to the properties covered by these appeals." 20. It is now well settled that a decision of this Court based c on specific facts does not operate as a precedent for future cases. Only the principles of law that emanate from a judgment of this Court, which have aided in reaching a conclusion of the problem, are binding precedents within the meaning of Article 141. However, if the question of law before the Court is same ""\ D as in the previous case, the judgment of the Court in the former is binding in the latter, for the reason that the question of law before the Court is already settled. In other words, if the Court determines a certain issue for a certain set of facts, then, that issue stands determined for any other matter on the same set of facts. E

21. The other reasons given by Shri. M.L. Varma, learned senior counsel, for contending that the case of Gafardoes not apply as a precedent in other cases are threefold: (a) that seven ·'. of the present appeals relating to Mukkarrabpur were not heard F due to non-listing; (b) in six matters relating to Harthala, the matters were disposed of in the absence of the counsel, who was absent due to his ill health and submission of "illness slip"; and (c) in some of the cases, the applications for substitution was pending before the High Court, and these matters could '9 G not be disposed of by allowing the appeal against the dead . persons. We are not impressed by these contentions. _,,... 22. In the factual matrix of the present case, the adequacy of compensation for the acquisition of land, in the aforesaid villages, was the issue before this Court in the case of Gafar H 310 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R.

A and in these appeals also. The issue is now settled by this Court in the case of Gafar and Ors. (supra). The decision of co-equal Bench is binding on this Court. We may usefully note the decision of this Court in the case of Union of India vs. Raghubir Singh (1989) 178 ITR 548. The Court observed that the B pronouncement of law by a Division Bench of this Court is r binding on a subsequent Division Bench of the same or a smaller number of Judges and in order that such decision be binding, it is not necessary that it should be a decision rendered by the Full Court or a Constitution Bench of this Court. Judicial c decorum and certainty of law require a Division Bench to follow the decision of another Division Bench and of a larger Bench and, even if, the reasons to be stated, a different view was necessitated, the matter should be only referred to Hon'ble The Chief Justice for referring the question to a larger Bench. D 23. The learned senior counsel emphasizes the fact that the present appellants were not heard when the appeals were decided by the High Court, due to non-listing or disposal of the matters when their counsel had submitted "illness slip" and was not present in Court. He further states that in several cases, the E appellants had died, and the applications for substitution of legal heirs were filed by the Development Authority, which were pending in all but in one case. In the one case [presently numbered as C.A. No. 5421/2006], Shri. Varma states that the application was dismissed by the Court. He contends that theF rules of natural justice of providing a fair hearing have not been ,, followed. He states that it would be in the interest of justice to remand the matters back to the High Court to decide the appeals on merits, keeping in view the parameters while disposing of the first appeals by the High Court. Shri. Shorawala, learned counsel for the respondent, does notG /' ,. seriously dispute the issue of non-listing raised by the appellants, except stating that the cause list was published under the authority of Hon'ble the Chief Justice of the High Court, and it was not the practice of any Court to dispose of a matter without it being listed.H _L

FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 311 DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. [H.L. DATTU, J.] j( 24. We have considered the contention canvassed by A Shri. Varma, learned senior counsel and the affidavit filed by Shri. V.P. Rai in this regard. It is possible that due to the same nature of the matters, the learned Division Bench sitting in appeal may have considered it proper to dispose of the matters though they were not listed on the said day or the B l advocate for the appellants was not present. This issue is raised only in thirteen appeals filed before us. With regard to seventeen appeals, the appellants have contended that the substitution of legal heirs had not happened, and that the matter had abated. c 25. It is in C.A. No. 5421 of 2006, in which the appellants have contended that the application for substitution was rejected, and by that order, the appeal had abated. We have perused the appeal paper books, and do' not find any ground ... D taken in this regard. Even the order dated 7/1/2004, by which the application for substitution was supposedly rejected.by the High Court, has not been annexed. In the light of this, we are not inclined to accept the argument that the appeal had abated.

26. On perusal of the appeal paper books of the thirty E appeals before us, we find that in some of the appeals [namely C.A. Nos. 5429/2006 and 5457/2006], the presence of the learned counsel is recorded Though some of the appellants before us may not have been heard by the High Court due to non-listing of the matter or disposal in the absence of the F advocate, it is clear from the impugned orders enclosed in some of the appeal paper books that the learned counsel for some of the appellants have been heard. It is settled position that the Court speaks through its order and whatever stated therein has to be read as correct and, therefore, we will go by __, G ' what is recorded in the impugned judgment, rather than what the counsel have stated at the time of hearing of these appeals. In this view of the matter, we are not inclined to accept that the learned counsel were not heard in all the matters against which appeals are filed. H 312 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R.

A 27. Having regard to the submissions urged on behalf of the appellants in so far as not considering the application for substitution of the L.Rs. of deceased appellants, we would have remitted the matter back to the High Court to give an opportunity to the appellants herein, who are the legal B representatives of some of the deceased appellants to afford an opportunity of hearing and decide the appeals on merits. That, however, would only be a formality because having regard to the law laid down by this Court in Gafar's case, the High Court is bound to follow that decision, since the notification for c acquiring the lands in respect of the villages are one and the same.

28. The learned senior counsel may be, as a last salvo, submits that in the event, we are not inclined to grant any of the reliefs that he has asked for, then we may direct that the D amounts paid by way of compensation pursuant to the judgment of the Reference Court need not be recovered and the securities furnished by some of the appellants need not be enforced. This prayer is contested by the learned counsel for the respondents. This request of Shri. Varma appears to be E reasonable. The land acquisition in question is of two decades old, and it is plausible that the landowners have utilized the compensation amount paid for one purpose or the other. In such circumstances, we are not inclined to put an extra burden of repayment on them. Therefore, while dismissing the appeals, F we clarify that in the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case and in the interest of justice, we restrain the respondents from recovering the amounts paid as compensation or enforcing security offered while withdrawing the compensation amount pursuant to order passed by the Reference Court. G 29. In light of the above, the appeals are dismissed with the rider as indicated by us at paragraph 28 of the judgment. Costs are made easy. R.P. Appeals dismissed. H

[2011] 9 S.C.R. 290 ~-~ A FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. (Civil Appeal No. 5448 of 2006) JULY 19, 2011B ' [D.K. JAIN AND H.L. DATTU, JJ.] Land Acquisition Act, 1894: c ss. 4 and 11 -Acquisition of land in two villages - Award by Land Acquisition Officer upheld by High Court and finally by Supreme Court in Gafar~ case - Appeals by some other land owners of both the r villages for enhancement of " compensation - HELD: The question of adequacy of compensation for the lands acquired in these two villagesD under the same notifications has been gone into by Supreme Court in the case of Gafar wherein the Court after meticulously examining all the legal contentions canvassed by the parties to the /is, took the view that the evidences relied upon by the reference court while enhancing the compensation were notE reliable, and, therefore, the High Court was justified in setting aside the order passed by the reference court and restoring the award passed by the LAO - The judgment in Gafar's case does not require reconsideration - Therefore, it would not be ., ' proper for the Court to take a different view, on the ground that -F what was considered in Gafar's case was on a different fact situation - Res judicata - Precedent.

Recovery of differential compensation amount from land owners - Amount of compensation enhanced by reference •G court - High Court restoring the award of Land Acquisition .. Officer - Supreme Court upholding the order of High Court -Plea that the amount paid by way of compensation pursuant to judgment of reference court be not recovered - HELD: The land acquisition in question is of two decades old, and it is H 290 FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 291 ....., DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR . plausible that the landowners have utilized the compensation A · amount paid for one purpose or the other - In the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case and in the interest of justice, it is clarified that the respondents are restrained from recovering the amounts paid as compensation or enforcing security offered while withdrawing the compensation amount B ~ pursuant to order passed by the reference court. Constitution of India, 1950: Article 141 - Law declared by Supreme Court- Binding . effect of- Land acquisition - Compensation awarded by Land c Acquisition Officer upheld by Supreme Court in Gafar's case

- Appeals by other land owners of the same villages whose lands were acquired under the same notifications whereunder ..,. the land were acquired of claimants in Gafar's case - HELD: Only the principles of law that emanate from a judgment of D Supreme Court, which have aided in reaching a conclusion of the problem, are binding precedents within the meaning of Article 141 - However, if the question of law before the Court · is the same as in the previous case, the judgment of the Court in the former is binding in the latter, for the reason that E the question of law before the Court is already settled - Thus, if the Court determines a certain issue for a certain set of facts, then, that issue stands determined for any other matter on the same set of facts - Precedent. F " NATURAL JUSTICE." Opportunity of hearing - In some of the appeals before the High Court, award of Land Acquisition Officer was upheld - Decision of High Court upheld by Supreme Court in Gafar's r case - Subsequent appeals by other claimants on the G grounds that in some cases their counsel were not heard while in some others applications for substitution of L. Rs. of deceased appellants were not considered before the High Court - HELD: On perusal of the appeal paper books of the instant appeals, it is evident that in some of the appeals the I . H 292 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R.

.....A presence of the counsel before the High Court is recorded -It is settled position that the Court speaks through its order and whatever stated therein has to be read as correct -Therefore, it cannot be said that counsel were not heard in all the matters against which the appeals are filed - As regards B applications for substitution, the Court would have remitted the matter back to the High Court to give an opportunity of hearing to the legal representatives concerned and decide the appeals on merits - That, however, would only be a formality because having regard to the law laid down by the Court in Gafar's case, the High Court is be,· ind to follow that decision,c since the notification for acquiring ft, q lands in respect of the villages are the same. Notification u/s 4 read with s. 17 of the Land ,.

Acquisition Act, 1894 dated 20.09.1990 was issued in D respect of the lands of Harthala village. The Land Acquisition Officer awarded compensation by the award dated 18.09.1993 assessing the market value of the acquired lands at Rs. 80 per sq. meter. The reference court enhanced the compensation by assessing the E market value of the lands to Rs. 270 per sq. meter. In respect of lands of village Mukkabpur, pursuant to the Notification uls 4 published on 20.08.1992, the LAO fixed the compensation at the rate of Rs.92.59 per sq. meter. The reference court enhanced the compensation to Rs. ,,F 350 per sq. meter. The appeals filed by the State having been allowed by the High Court, the land owners filed the instant appeals. Dismissing the appeals, the Court G y HELD: 1. In the instant appeals, the challenge is for ' the compensation assessed for the lands notified and acquired under the notifications pertaining to the two villages. The question of adequacy of compensation for the lands acquired in these two villages under the same H 294 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R. A passed by a Court having no jurisdiction thereof and/or involving a pure question of law. The principle of res judicata will, therefore, have no application in the facts of the instant case. [para 15) [303-F-G)

2.2 As regards the plea that the judgment in the case8 of Gafar did not operate as a precedent for the present batch of cases as no point of law was decided, it is now well settled that a decision of this Court based on specific facts does not operate as a precedent for future cases. C Only the principles of law that emanate from a judgment of Supreme Court, which have aided in reaching a conclusion of the problem, are binding precedents within the meaning of Article 141. However, if the question of law before the Court is the same as in the previous case, the judgment of the Court in the former is binding in the latter,D for the reason that the question of law before the Court -is already settled. Thus, if the Court determines a certain issue for a certain set of facts, then, that issue stands determined for any other matter on the same set of facts. [para 20) [309-C-E] E Shenoy & Co. v. CTO, 1985 ( 3) SCR 659 = (1985) 2 SCC 512,; Director of Settlements, A.P. v. M.R. Apparao, 2002 ( 2 ) SCR 661 =(2002) 4 SCC 638,; Union of India v. Krishan Lal Arneja, 2004 (1 ) Suppl. SCR 801 = (2004) 8 F sec 453 - relied on.

3.1 So far as the plea of not affording of an opportunity of hearing because of non-listing of some appeals, disposal of some appeals in absence of the counsel for the appellants who had sent illness slips and G in some others, substitution applications being pending, it is pertinent to note in the factual matrix of the case, the issue of adequacy of compensation for the acquisition of land, in the two villages, is now settled by this Court in the case of Gafar. The decision of co-equal Bench is H FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 295 DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. _..; binding on this Court. Judicial decorum and certainty of A law require a Division Bench to follow the decision of another Division Bench and of a larger Bench. [para 21-22] [309-F-H; 310-A-C] Union of India vs. Raghubir Singh (1989) 178 ITR 548 - ~ B relied on. 3.2 However, on perusal of the appeal paper books of the thirty appeals before this Court, it is evident that in some of the appeals the presence of the learned counsel is recorded. It is settled position that the Court c speaks through its order and whatever stated therein has to be read as correct. Therefore, it cannot be said that · counsel were not heard in all the matters against which the appeals are filed. [para 26] [311-E-H] D

3.3 Having regard to the submissions urged on behalf of the appellants in so far as not considering the applications for substitution of the L.Rs. of deceased appellants, this Court would have remitted the matter back to the High Court to give an opportunity of hearing E to the legal representatives of some of the deceased appellants and decide the appeals on merits. That, however, would only be a formality because having regard to the law laid down by this Court in Gafar's case, the High Court is bound to follow that decision, since the ., F notification for acquiring the lands in respect of the villages are the same. [para 27] [312-A-C] 4. As regards the prayer for a direction that the amounts paid by way of compensation pursuant to the 1 judgment of the reference court need not be recovered G and the securities furnished by some of the appellants need not be enforced, it is significant to note that the land acquisition in question is of two decades old, and it is plausible. that the landowners have utilized the compensation amount paid for one purpose or the other. H 296 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R. A In the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case and in the interest of justice, it is clarified that the respondents are restrained from recovering the amounts paid as compensation or enforcing security offered while withdrawing the compensation amount pursuant to order B passed by the reference court. [para 28] [312-D-F] Case Law Reference:

2007 (9 ) SCR 32 relied on paar 6 (1970) 2 sec 267 relied on para 14c 1985 (3) SCR 659 relied on para 17 2002 (2) SCR 661 relied on para 18 2004 (1) Suppl. SCR 801 relied on para 19 D (1989) 178 ITR 548 relied on para 22 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 5448 of 2006. E From the Judgment & Order dated 05.03.2004 of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad in First Appeal No. 538 of 1998. WITH F C.A. Nos. 5382, 5387, 5388, 5389, 5391, 5394, 5395, 5397, •. 5412,5421,5428,5429,5432.5436,5444,5445,5446,5455, 5457, 5499,5501, 5502,5504, 5506,5507, 5508, 5511, 5533 & 5452 of 2006. M.L. Varma, Rudreshwar Singh, Raju Sultana, Kaushik G Poddar, Gopal Jha, Satya Mitra, Jitendra Mohan Sharma for r ~ the Appellants. M.P. Shorawala, Jyoti Saxena, Shashi Kiran, Ajay K. Agrawal, T. Mahipaf for the Respondents. H FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 297 DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by A H.L. DATTU, J. 1. This batch of appeals is directed against the separate orders passed by the High Court of Allahabad in Regular First Appeals filed by land owners for enhancement of compensation awarded by the Reference 8 Court for the lands acquired under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, [hereinafter referred to as 'the Act'] in the villages of Harthala and Mukkarrabpur. There are in all 30 appeals before us, out of which, 23 are in relation to the village of Harthala and 7 in relation to the village of Mukkarrabpur. c

2. In view of the orders we propose to pass in all these appeals, we deem it unnecessary to state the facts giving rise to the present appeals in greater details and a brief reference thereto would suffice to appreciate the controversy. D 3. Lands in Village of Hartha/a:- There are twenty three appeals relating to this village. Under Section 4 read with Section 17 of the Act, Notification dated 20.09.1990 was issued and published by the State Government for the acquisition of the lands of the appellants. Subsequently, a E declaration dated 10.06.1991 was published in the Gazette, under Section 6 of the Act. The lands acquired were taken .\ ' physical possession by the State Government. In accordance with Section 11 of the Act, the Land Acquisition Officer [hereinafter referred to as 'the LAO'] assessed t~e market value F . d lands at Rs 80 per sq. meter v1de order dated of the acquire · . fi d ·th the award of 18 09 1993 as compensation. Dissat1s ie ".'1 . . .

th~ LAO, the land owners filed objections •. mter-alla cla1mmg that the market value of th~ a.cquired lands I~ R~. 1~0~ ~~~ s~f meter due to the prox1m1ty of the. Ian s o G Morad,abad After scrutinizing the evidence on record, the Reference Court had come to the conclusion that the market value of the nearby land was Rs. 550 per sq. met~r, ~owever, taking into consideration the location and potentiality ~f the lands and also proximity of the lands from the city of H Moradabad and oth~r relevant factors, enhanced the '< 298 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R. A compensation awarded to Rs. 270 per sq. meter. The State preferred appeals against the enhancement so made by the Reference Court and the High Court has allowed the same in the light of the judgment of the Court in First Appeal No. 247 of 1997 dated 05.03.2004. B 4. Lands in village of Mukkarabbpur:- Seven of the present appeals relate to the village of Mukkarabbpur. A Notification for acquisition of the lands under the Act was issued and published on 20.08.1992. In pursuance of the Notification, the State took possession of the said lands on C 06.05.1997 by paying 80% of the estimated compensation at the rate of Rs. 150 per sq. meter. However, vide order dated 29.08.1997, the LAO fixed the compensation at the rate of Rs.

92.59 per sq. meter. Aggrieved by the same, the appellants moved the Reference Court and produced evidence in support D of their claim that the prevailing rates of land in that village and its roundabouts were much '1igher. After giving due consideration to the claim made and the evidence on record, the Reference Court enhanced the compensation to Rs. 350 per sq. meter. The respondents preferred appeals to the High E Court, and the same came to be allowed, reviving the award passed by the LAO. 5. Shri. M.L. Varma, learned senior counsel, appears for the appellants, and Shri. M.P. Shorawala, learned counsel, holds the brief for the respondents.F 6. At the outset, it is relevant to note that the question of adequacy of compensation for the lands acquired in these two villages under the same notification has been gone into by this Court in the case of Gafar and Ors. v. Moradabad G Development Authority, (2007) 7 SCC 614. In that case, this • Court made a detailed enquiry into the method of valuation adopted by the LAO and the enhancement of compensation by the Reference Court. This Court took the view that the evidence relied_ upon by the Reference Court while enhancing H the compensation were not reliable, and, therefore, the High FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 299 ,,,/ DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. [H.L. DATTU, J.]

Court was justified in setting aside the order passed by the A Reference Court and restoring the award passed by the LAO. " 7. In Gafar's case for the lands acquired in the village of . Harthala under Notification dated 13.09.1991, after a detailed -· consideration of the compensation awarded by the LAO, this 8 Court held: "15. We find that the Awarding Officer had taken note of a sale deed, which· was at a time proximate to the date of notifications in these cases and it related to a piece of land, though a small extent, which was not distant from the c acquired lands, to borrow the language of the Awarding Officer. We are inclined to see some force in the stand adopted by the High Court that the Awarding Officer himself had been generous in his award. Since he has adopted such a rate, the question is whether this Court D should interfere with the decision of the High Court ~- restoring that Award or award any further compensation.

16. The scope of interference by this Court was delineated~ by the decision in Kanta Prasad Singh v. State of Bihar E) wherein this Court held that there was an element of guess ' '- work inherent in most cases involving determination of the market value of the acquired land. If the judgment of the ., High Court revealed that it had taken into consideration the relevant factors prescribed by the Act, in appeal under F Article 133 of the Constitution of India, assessment of market value thus made should not be disturbed by the Supreme Court. For the purpose of deciding whether we should interfere, we have taken note of the position ! adopted by the Awarding Officer, the stand adopted by the Reference Court and the relevant aspects discussed by the G High Court. On such appreciation of the facts and circumstances of the case as a whole, we are of the view that the sum of Rs. 80 per square meter awa'.ded ~s compensation in these cases is just compenstt1ond P~~ H to the \and owners. Once we have thus oun 300 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R. " A compensation to be just, there arises no occasion for this Court to interfere with the decision of the High Court restoring the award of the Land Acquisition Officer. 17. In view of our conclusion as above. all the appeals relating to Harthala have only to be dismissed."8 8. In respect to the lands acquired in village of Mukkarabbpur, this Court, in Gafar's case, held:

"18. In respect of the lands at Mukkarrabpur, the claim for c enhancement was allowed by the Reference Court in spite of the finding that the evidence of P.Ws. 1 and 2 adduced on behalf of the claimants was unreliable. It also found that the two sale deeds relied on by the claimant in support of the claim for enhancement were also not comparable or reliable in the light of the evidence of the claimant himselfD and that it has not been shown that the lands involved therein were comparable to the lands acquired. In spite of .. it, the Reference Court granted an enhancement only based on its award in L.A.R. No. 134of1988 and on that basis the award was made at Rs. 192/- per square meter.E Obviously, the award in L.A.R. No. 134 of 1988 was set ! aside by the High Court. Hence, the award of the Reference Court in the case on hand became untenable. Once no reliance could be placed on that award to enhance the compensation, it is clear that even on the •' F finding of the Reference Court, no claim for enhancement has been made out by the claimants. In that situation, the High Court was fully justified in setting aside the award of the Reference Court and in restoring the award of the Land Acquisition Officer. • G

19. We may incidentally notice that the lands were agricultural lands being used for cultivation and even the method of valuing it on the basis of price per square meter does not appear to be justified. All the same, the award has adopted that method and the State cannot go backH FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 301 DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. [H.L. DATTU, J.] on it. In the absence of any acceptable legal evidence to A support the claim for enhancement, no grounds are made out for interference with the decision of the High Court in the appeals relating to village Mukkarrabpur." , 9. This Court also held that it could not be said that the B High Court had adopted an erroneous approach or employed the wrong principles in regard to the claim for enhancement of compensation, or that, it has so erred as to warrant interference under Article 136 of the Constitution of India. 10. A review petition filed by the appellants therein was c also dismissed by tliis Court.

11. Shri. M.L. Varma, learned senior counsel, submits that the findings and the conclusions in the judgment of this Court in the case of Gafar are flawed for the reason that the o· exemplars relied on for deciding the compensation was for inundated land, and hence, the same could not reflect the true value of the land. He further submits that relevant sale deeds were not taken into consideration by the Court while concluding that the Reference Court had erred in enhancing the E compensation and that the High Court was correct in setting aside the same. The learned senior counsel also submits that this Court should have remanded the matters to the High Court ., .:7;~,theCourt, casewas requiredof Gafar, toasgivethe aHighreasonedCourt, judgmentbeing the whilefirst appellateallowing F appeals against the order of the Reference Court enhancing the compensation. In the alternative, Shri. Varma contends that the decision in Gafar's case does not operate as a binding precedent on the present set of appeals, since this Court has not decided any legal issue. It is also stated that the decision does not operate as a res judicata, as the parties were G different. It is further argued that out of the thirty appeals that are listed before us, in the seven appeals relating to the acquisition of lands in the village of Mukkarrbpur, the matters were not shown on the cause list on the day they were disposed of. He further states that in some other cases (six appeals), the H

302 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.CR. , A learned counsel appearing for the respondents before the High Court (appellants before us) had submitted an "illness slip" and had not appeared on the day, the matters were disposed of. Shri. Varma further contends that in as many as seventeen appeals before us, the Development Authority had filed applications for substitution to bring on record the legal8 representatives of the deceased land owners and without considering and deciding the applications, the High Court could not have passed the impugned orders. Despite all these procedural infirmities, the High Court could not have allowed C the Regular First Appeals filed by the State, is the contention of learned senior counsel Shri Varma.

12. Pursuant to the direction issped by this Court, an affidavit has been filed by Shri. V.P. Rai, learned counsel, who had appeared before the High Court, in support of factual D assertion made by Sri Varma. Learned counsel in his affidavit has stated that seven appeals before the High Court (listed as C.A. No. 5502/2006, C.A. No. 5499/2006, C.A. No. 5501/2006, C.A. No. 5404/2006, C.A. No. 5507/2006, C.A. No. 5508/2006 and 5511/2006 before us, all relating to the village of E Mukkarrabpur) were not shown on the cause list of the High Court on the day they were disposed of, and hence, he had no knowledge about the hearing of the appeals. Shri. Rai, has further stated, that as many six appeals (listed as C.A. No. 5448/2006, C.A. No. 5391/2006, C.A. No. 5397/2006, C.A. No. F 5445/2006, C.A. No. 5452/2006 and C.A. No. 5455/2006 before us) in which he was appearing, were disposed of on the day, he had submitted an "illness slip" due to his ill health.

13. Per contra, Shri. M.P. Shorawala, learned counsel, has argued that there is no legal or factual infirmity in the judgment G of this Court in the case of Gafar. He submits that this Court has already dealt with the merits of the matter at length in the case of Gafar and the same need not be gone into, once over, again by this Court. With regard to the point of non-listing of cases, the learned counsel contends that the cause lists are H prepared under the authority of Hon'ble the Chief Justice of the FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 303 ~'' DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. [H.L. DATIU, J.] . High Court, and it was not the practice of the Court to send the A files of matters that were not listed, to the Court Hall, let alone hear them and dispose them of.

14. Having carefully considered the submissions of the -i learned senior counsel Shri Varma, we are of the view that the ,. B judgment in Gafar's case does not require reconsideration by this Court. In Gafar's case, this Court had meticulously examined all the legal contentions canvassed by the parties to the lis and had come to the conclusion that the High Court has not committed any error which warrants interference. In the c present appeals, the challenge is for the compensation assessed for the lands notified and acquired under the same notification pertaining to the same villages. Therefore, it would not be proper for us to take a different view, on the ground that ) what was considered by this Court was on a different fact D situation. This view of ours is fortified by the Judgment of this Court in the case of B.M. Lakhani v. Municipal Committee, (1970) 2 sec 267, wherein it is held that a decision of this Court is binding when the same question is raised again before this Court, and reconsideration cannot be pleaded on the ground that relevant provisions, etc., were not considered by E the Court in the former case.

15. With regard to the contention that the decision of the .... Court in the case of Gafar did not operate as res judicata for.. the present batch of cases, we are of the view that the F principles of Resjudicata would apply only when the lis was inter-parties and had attained finality of the issues involved. The said Principles will, however, have no application interalia in a .,. case where the Judgment and/or order had been passed by a Court having no jurisdiction thereof and/or involving a pure G question of law. The principle of Resjudicata will, therefore, have no application in the facts of the present case. 16. To examine the other limb of the contention of the learned senior counsel that the judgment in the case of Gafar did not operate as a precedent for the present batch of cases, H I , 304 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R. A as no point of law was decided, this issue requires to be · considered in the light of the judicial pronouncement of this Court. 17. In the case of Shenoy & Co. v. CTO, (1985) 2 SCC 512, a number of writ petitions were allowed by the High Court.8 However, the State chose to file appeal only in one case, which came to be allowed by this Court in the said case. In this fact situation, this Court took the view that the decision of this Court was binding on all the writ petitioners before the High Court, C even though they were not respondents in the appeal before this Court. It was held:

"22. Though a large number of writ petitions were filed challenging the Act, all those writ petitions were grouped together, heard together and were disposed of by the High D Court by a common judgment. No petitioner advanced any contention peculiar or individual to his petition, not common to others. To be precise, the dispute in the cause .or controversy between the State and each petitioner had no personal or individual element in it or anything personal or E peculiar to each petitioner. The challenge to the constitutional validity of 1979 Act proceeded on identical grounds common to all petitioners. This challenge was accepted by the High Court by a common judgment and it was this common judgment that was the subject-matter of appeal before this Court in Hansa Corporation case. WhenF the Supreme Court repelled the challenge and held the Act constitutionally valid, it in terms disposed of not the appeal in Hansa Corporation case alone, but petitions in which the High Court issued mandamus on the non-existent ground that the 1979 Act was constitutionally invalid. It is, •G therefore, idle to contend that the law laid down by this Court in that judgment would bind only the Hansa Corporation and not the other petitioners against whom the State of Karnataka had not filed any appeal. To do so is to ignore the binding nature of a judgment of this Court H FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 305 DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. [H.L. DATTU, J.] I

under Article 141 of the Constitution. Article 141 reads as A follows: 'The law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India. A mere reading of this article brings into sharp focus 8 its expanse and its all pervasive nature. In cases like this, where numerous petitions are disposed of by a common judgment and only one appeal is filed, the parties to the common judgment could very well have and should have intervened and could have requested the Court to hear them also. They cannot C be heard to say that the decision was taken by this Court behind their back or profess ignorance of the fact that an appeal had been filed by the State against the common judgment. We would like to observe that, in the fitness of things, it would be D desirable that the State Government also took out publication in such cases to alert parties bound by the judgment, of the fact that an appeal had been preferred before this Court by them. We do not find fault with the State for having filed only one appeal. E It is, of course, an economising procedure." 23. The judgment in Hansa Corporation case rendered by one of us (Desai, J.) concludes as follows:

F "As we are not able to uphold the contentions which found favour with the High Court in striking down the impugned Act and the notification issued thereunder and as we find no merit in other contentions canvassed on behalf of the respondent for sustain-ing the judgment of the High Co1Jrt, this G appeal must succeed. Accordingly, this appeal is allowed and the judgment of the High Court is quashed and set aside and the petition filed by the respondent in the High Court is dismissed with costs throughout." · H 306 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 9 S.C.R. ,.._ A To contend that this conclusion applies only to the party before this Court is to destroy the efficacy and integrity of the judgment and to make the mandate of Article 141 illusory. But setting aside the common judgment of the High Court, the mandamus issued by the High Court is rendered ineffective not only in one case but in all cases. rB

24. A writ or an order in the nature of mandamus has always been understood to mean a command issuing from the Court, competent to do the same, to a public servant amongst others, to perform a duty attaching to the office, c failure to perform which leads to the initiation of action. In this case, the petitioners-appellants assert that the mandamus in their case was issued by the High Court commanding the authority to desist or forbear from enforcing the provisions of an Act which was not validly D enacted. In other words, a writ of mandamus was predicated upon the view that the High Court took that the 1979 Act was constitutionally invalid. Consequently the Court directed the authorities under the said Act to forbear from enforcing the provisions of the Act qua the petitioners. E The Act was subsequently declared constitutionally valid by this Court. The Act, therefore, was under an eclipse, for a short duration; but with the declaration of the law by this Court, the temporary shadow cast on it by the mandamus disappeared and the Act revived with its full vigour, the ,,,F constitutional invalidity held by the High Court having been = removed by the judgment of this Court. If the law so declared invalid is held constitutionally valid, effective and binding by the Supreme Court, the mandamus forbearing the authorities from enforcing its provisions would become ineffective and the authorities cannot be compelled to -.;;...G perform a negative duty. The declaration of the law is binding on everyone and it is therefore, futile to contend that the mandamus would survive in favour of those parties against whom appeals were not filed.

H 25.. The fallacy of the argument can be better illustrated FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 307 DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. [H.L. DATTU, J.]_'/ by looking at the submissions made from a slightly A different angle. Assume for argument's sake that the mandamus in favour of the appellants survived notwithstanding the judgment of this Courl. How do they enforce the mandamus? The normal procedure is to move the Courl in contempt when the patties against l B whom mandamus is issued disrespect it. Supposing contempt petitions are filed and notices are issued to the State. The State's answer to the Courl will be: "Can I be punished for disrespecting the mandamus, when the. law of the land has been laid down by the Supreme Courl c against .the mandamus issued, which Jaw is equally binding on me and on you?" Which Courl can punish a party for contempt under these circumstances? The answer can be only in the negative because the -~ mandamus issued by the High Court becomes D ineffective and unenforceable when the basis on which it was issued falls, by the declaration by the Supreme Courl, of the validity of 1979 Act.

26. In view of this conclusion of ours, we do not think it necessary to refer to the other arguments raised before E the High Court and. which the learned counsel for the appellants attempted to raise before us also. The appeals can be disposed of on this short point stated above. The judgment of this Court in Hansa Corporation case is binding on all concerned whether they were parties to the- F judgment or not. We would like to make it clear that there is no inconsistency in the finding of this Court in Joginder Singh case and Makhanlal Waza case. The ratio is the ., observationssame and the madeappellantsby thiscannotCourttakein JoginderadvantageSinghof certaincase G for the reasons indicated above." 18. In the case of Director of Settlements, A.P. v. M.R. Apparao, (2002) 4 SCC 638, this Court held: "7. So far as the first question is concerned, Article 141 H 308 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R.

A of the Constitution unequivocally indicates that the law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India. The aforesaid Article empowers the Supreme Court to declare the· law. It is, therefore, an essential function of the Court to interpret a legislation. The statements of the Court on matters other rB than law like facts may have no binding force as the facts of two cases may not be similar. But what is binding is the ratio of the decision and not any finding of facts. It is the principle found out upon a reading of a judgment as a c whole, in the light of the questions before the Court that forms the ratio and not any particular word or sentence ... A judgment of the Court has to be read in the context of questions which arose for consideration in the case in which the judgment was delivered .... The law which will be binding under Article 141 would, therefore, extend toD all observations of points raised and decided by the Court in a given case ... "

19. The position was made clear by the decision of this Court in the case of Union of India v. Krishan Lal Ameja, E (2004) 8 sec 453. In this case, 14 properties were notified for acquisition under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1898. Only two persons, namely Banwari Lal & Sons and Shakuntala Gupta, had previously challenged the validity of the acquisition by filing writ petitions before the High Court and F having the cases decided in their favour finally by this Court. This Court held that the decisions in the earlier cases were a binding precedent for this subsequent appeal that was preferred by the Union of India. This Court held: "12 .... The decision in Banwari Lal and Shakuntala Gupta G of this Court in relation to the same notification may not be binding on the principle of res judicata. The argument, however, cannot be accepted that those decisions are not binding being "property-specific" in those cases. In our considered opinion, the decisions are binding as H precedents on the question of validity of the notification, FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 309 DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. [H.L. DATTU, J.]

which invokes urgency clause under Section 17 of the Act. A We find ourselves in full agreement with the ratio of the decisions in those cases that urgency clause, on the facts and circumstances, which are similar to the present cases, could not have been invoked. The two decisions are, ; therefore, binding as precedents of this Court. We are not B able to find any distinction or difference as to the ground of urgency in regard to the properties covered by these appeals." 20. It is now well settled that a decision of this Court based c on specific facts does not operate as a precedent for future cases. Only the principles of law that emanate from a judgment of this Court, which have aided in reaching a conclusion of the problem, are binding precedents within the meaning of Article 141. However, if the question of law before the Court is same ""\ D as in the previous case, the judgment of the Court in the former is binding in the latter, for the reason that the question of law before the Court is already settled. In other words, if the Court determines a certain issue for a certain set of facts, then, that issue stands determined for any other matter on the same set of facts. E

21. The other reasons given by Shri. M.L. Varma, learned senior counsel, for contending that the case of Gafardoes not apply as a precedent in other cases are threefold: (a) that seven ·'. of the present appeals relating to Mukkarrabpur were not heard F due to non-listing; (b) in six matters relating to Harthala, the matters were disposed of in the absence of the counsel, who was absent due to his ill health and submission of "illness slip"; and (c) in some of the cases, the applications for substitution was pending before the High Court, and these matters could '9 G not be disposed of by allowing the appeal against the dead . persons. We are not impressed by these contentions. _,,... 22. In the factual matrix of the present case, the adequacy of compensation for the acquisition of land, in the aforesaid villages, was the issue before this Court in the case of Gafar H 310 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R.

A and in these appeals also. The issue is now settled by this Court in the case of Gafar and Ors. (supra). The decision of co-equal Bench is binding on this Court. We may usefully note the decision of this Court in the case of Union of India vs. Raghubir Singh (1989) 178 ITR 548. The Court observed that the B pronouncement of law by a Division Bench of this Court is r binding on a subsequent Division Bench of the same or a smaller number of Judges and in order that such decision be binding, it is not necessary that it should be a decision rendered by the Full Court or a Constitution Bench of this Court. Judicial c decorum and certainty of law require a Division Bench to follow the decision of another Division Bench and of a larger Bench and, even if, the reasons to be stated, a different view was necessitated, the matter should be only referred to Hon'ble The Chief Justice for referring the question to a larger Bench. D 23. The learned senior counsel emphasizes the fact that the present appellants were not heard when the appeals were decided by the High Court, due to non-listing or disposal of the matters when their counsel had submitted "illness slip" and was not present in Court. He further states that in several cases, the E appellants had died, and the applications for substitution of legal heirs were filed by the Development Authority, which were pending in all but in one case. In the one case [presently numbered as C.A. No. 5421/2006], Shri. Varma states that the application was dismissed by the Court. He contends that theF rules of natural justice of providing a fair hearing have not been ,, followed. He states that it would be in the interest of justice to remand the matters back to the High Court to decide the appeals on merits, keeping in view the parameters while disposing of the first appeals by the High Court. Shri. Shorawala, learned counsel for the respondent, does notG /' ,. seriously dispute the issue of non-listing raised by the appellants, except stating that the cause list was published under the authority of Hon'ble the Chief Justice of the High Court, and it was not the practice of any Court to dispose of a matter without it being listed.H _L

FIDA HUSSAIN & ORS. v. MORADABAD 311 DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY & ANR. [H.L. DATTU, J.] j( 24. We have considered the contention canvassed by A Shri. Varma, learned senior counsel and the affidavit filed by Shri. V.P. Rai in this regard. It is possible that due to the same nature of the matters, the learned Division Bench sitting in appeal may have considered it proper to dispose of the matters though they were not listed on the said day or the B l advocate for the appellants was not present. This issue is raised only in thirteen appeals filed before us. With regard to seventeen appeals, the appellants have contended that the substitution of legal heirs had not happened, and that the matter had abated. c 25. It is in C.A. No. 5421 of 2006, in which the appellants have contended that the application for substitution was rejected, and by that order, the appeal had abated. We have perused the appeal paper books, and do' not find any ground ... D taken in this regard. Even the order dated 7/1/2004, by which the application for substitution was supposedly rejected.by the High Court, has not been annexed. In the light of this, we are not inclined to accept the argument that the appeal had abated.

26. On perusal of the appeal paper books of the thirty E appeals before us, we find that in some of the appeals [namely C.A. Nos. 5429/2006 and 5457/2006], the presence of the learned counsel is recorded Though some of the appellants before us may not have been heard by the High Court due to non-listing of the matter or disposal in the absence of the F advocate, it is clear from the impugned orders enclosed in some of the appeal paper books that the learned counsel for some of the appellants have been heard. It is settled position that the Court speaks through its order and whatever stated therein has to be read as correct and, therefore, we will go by __, G ' what is recorded in the impugned judgment, rather than what the counsel have stated at the time of hearing of these appeals. In this view of the matter, we are not inclined to accept that the learned counsel were not heard in all the matters against which appeals are filed. H 312 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R.

A 27. Having regard to the submissions urged on behalf of the appellants in so far as not considering the application for substitution of the L.Rs. of deceased appellants, we would have remitted the matter back to the High Court to give an opportunity to the appellants herein, who are the legal B representatives of some of the deceased appellants to afford an opportunity of hearing and decide the appeals on merits. That, however, would only be a formality because having regard to the law laid down by this Court in Gafar's case, the High Court is bound to follow that decision, since the notification for c acquiring the lands in respect of the villages are one and the same.

28. The learned senior counsel may be, as a last salvo, submits that in the event, we are not inclined to grant any of the reliefs that he has asked for, then we may direct that the D amounts paid by way of compensation pursuant to the judgment of the Reference Court need not be recovered and the securities furnished by some of the appellants need not be enforced. This prayer is contested by the learned counsel for the respondents. This request of Shri. Varma appears to be E reasonable. The land acquisition in question is of two decades old, and it is plausible that the landowners have utilized the compensation amount paid for one purpose or the other. In such circumstances, we are not inclined to put an extra burden of repayment on them. Therefore, while dismissing the appeals, F we clarify that in the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case and in the interest of justice, we restrain the respondents from recovering the amounts paid as compensation or enforcing security offered while withdrawing the compensation amount pursuant to order passed by the Reference Court. G 29. In light of the above, the appeals are dismissed with the rider as indicated by us at paragraph 28 of the judgment. Costs are made easy. R.P. Appeals dismissed. H