(2011] 7 S.C.R. 954 A LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PVT. LTD. T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. UNION OF INDIA & ORS. (I.A. NOS. 1868, 2091, 2225-2227, 2380, 25.68 and 2937) B IN WRIT PETITION (C) No. 202 OF 1995 JULY 6, 2011 . [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI, AFTAB ALAM AND K.S. C RADHAKRISHNAN, JJ.] Environmental Law: Environment and utilization of natural resources -Balancing of equities - HELD: Time has come to apply the0 constitutional "doctrine of proportionalitt' to the matters concerning environment as a part of the process of judicial review in contradistinction to merit review - Utilization of the environment and its natural resources has to be in a way that E is consistent with principles of sustainable development and . intemenerational equity, but balancing of these equities may entail policy choices - In the circumstances, barring exceptions, decisions relating to utilization of natural resources have to be tested on the anvil of the well-recognized principles of judicial review - The court should review the F decision-making process to ensure that the decision of MoEF is fair and fully informed, based on the correct principles, and free from any bias or restraint - Once this is ensured, then the doctrine of "margin of appreciation" in favour of the decision-maker would come into play - Judicial Review -G Doctrine of proportionality- Doctrine of margin of appreciation

- Polluter pays principle - Intergenerational equity. Mines and minerals - Limestone mining project in East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya - Environmental clearance H 954 LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 955

TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 and forest clearance - Mining lease agreement signed with .A Village Durbar - In the application for environmental clearance it was mentioned that the land in question fell under Karst topography - No objection granted by KHADC -Site clearance granted by MoEF - DFO concerned certified that mining site was not a forest area - Environmental public B hearing held - Finally, EIA clearance given by MoEF on 9.8.200 - Subsequently, when it was pointed out that non broken area in the leased mine was forest within the meaning of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, ex post facto · environmental clearance and forest clearance granted on c 19.4.2010 and 22.4.2010, respectively - Validity of - HELD: The word "environment" has different facets - That the land in question faffs under Kast topography is borne out by the certificate dated 27. 8. 1999 issued by KHADC - According to the NEHU Report, the site is located in the area on the · 0outskirts of forest.- Requirement·of submitting the proposal for forest diversion is exclusively the obligation of the State Government - While granting environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001, there was an express finding that "no diversion of forest land was involved" - Since the area of mining lease did E not fall in forest, State Government did not submit any proposal to Central Government u/s 2 of the 1980 Ac_t - It is in view of the existence of 195.8 Act that the native people as also the DFO understood the area in the light of the said Act

- On facts of the case, it cannot be held that the decision to grant ex post facto clearances stood vitiated on account of F non-application of mind or on account of suppressiOn of material facts by the applicant - Similarly, it cannot be held that ex post facto clearances have been granted by MoEF in ignorance of the existence of forests due to mis-declaration - The ex post facto clearance is based on the revised EIA - G In the circumstances, EIA Notification of 2006 would not apply - The order of the Court is confined to the instant case only -United Khasi-Jaintia Hills Autonomous District (Management and Control of Forests) Act, 1958 - s. 2(6) - Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - s. 2 - Mines and Minerals H 956 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957 - s.5(1).

Environment and development - Limstone mining in tribal area - Role of triabals and rural public - HELD: Public participation provides a valuable input in the process of identification of forest - The natives and indigenous people8 are fully aware and they have knowledge as to what constitutes conseNation of forests and development - They equally know the concept of forest degradation - They are equally aware of systematic scientific exploitation of limestone mining without causing of "environment degradation" - However, they C do not have the requisite wherewithal to exploit limestone mining in a scientific manner - The word "development" is a relative term - One cannot assume that the triabals are not aware of principles of conseNation of forest - In the instant case, limestone mining has been going on for centuries in D the area and it is an activity which is intertwined with the culture and the unique land holding and tenure system of the area -On the facts of the case, the MoEF exercised due diligence in the matter of forest diversion.

E Environment and sustainable development - Utilization of natural resources - Guidelines to be followed in future cases - The words "environment" and "sustainable development" have various facets - Care for environment is an ongoing process - Identification of an area as forest area F is solely based on the Declaration to be filed by the User Agency (project proponent) - The project proponent under the existing dispensation is required to undertake EIA by an expert body! institution - The MoEFI State Government acts on the report (Rapid EIA) undertaken by the Institutions who though accredited submit answers according to the Terms of G Reference propounded by the project proponent - At times the court is faced with conflicting reports - Similarly, the government is also faced with a fait accompli kind situation which in the ultimate analysis leads to grant of ex post facto clearance - Therefore, guidelines are required to be given so H LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 957 TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 that fait accompli situations do not recur - Time has come A for this Court to declare and it is hereby declared that the National Forest Policy, 1988 which lays down far-reaching principles must necessarily govern the grant of permissions uls 2 of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 as the same provides the road map to ecological protection and B improvement ·Under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

- The principles/ guidelines mentioned in the National Forest Policy, 1988 should be read as part of the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 read together with the Forest (ConseNation) Act, 1980 - This direction is required c to be given because there is no machinery even today for implementation of the National Forest Policy, 1988 read with the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - Further guidelines enumerated - National Forest Policy, 1988 - Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - 0Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 - r.5(3)(d). The predecessor-in-interest of the applicant Lafarge Umiam Mining Pvt. Ltd. (LUMPL), namely, LMMPL, made an application on 1.9.1997 under Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 1994 .for granting E environmental clearance for limestone mining project at Nongtrai, East Khasi hills District, Meghalaya. By application dated 23.9.1998 LMMPL applied for Site Clearance. The application stated that the site was not a habitat/corridor for endangered/rare/endemic species; an F area of 100 hectares stood acquired by LMMPL on lease basis for mining for which an agreement was signed with Village Durbar; and that the limestone bearing area fell under the Karst topography. LMMPL, obtained "no objection" certificate dated 27.8.1997 issued by the Khasi G Hills Autonomous District Council (KHADC), Shillong, a constitutional authority under the Sixth Schedule to 'the Constitution of India, site clearance was given by MoEF by letter dated 18.6.1999, .certificate dated 13.6.2000 of the DFO concerned was issued certifying that the mining site H

958 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A was not a forest area as per Supreme Court's order dated 12.12.1996 nor did it fall under any of the notified reserved, and the environmental public hearing took place on 3.6.1998. Ultimately, EIA Clearance was given to LMMPL by MoEF on 9.8.2001. Under a transfer deed B executed on 28.2.2002, the mining lease was transferred and assigned in favour of the applicant LUMPL and, accordingly, on 30.7.2002, the environmental clearance granted to LMMPL stood transferred to LUMPL (the applicant) by MoEF.

c Subsequently, by letter dated 1.6.2006 from the Chief Conservator of Forests (C) addressed to MoEF, it was pointed out that the mining lease area around the developed mine benches stood surrounded by thick natural vegetation cover with sizeable number of tall trees.0 The said vegetation included trees being cleared for developing the mining benches and for such clearance no permission under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 was taken. LUMPL, irrespective of its claim to NOC issued by the DFO, submitted its application dated 3.5.2007 for E forest clearance under the 1980 Act. By letter dated 11.5.2007 the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Meghalaya wrote to the State government that the project proponent had broken up an area of about 21.44 Ha; that the topography in the leased mine around the broken up F areas was Karst topography; that non-broken up area in the leased mine was forest land falling within the purview of the1980 Act; that the project proponent be allowed to remove the already broken limestone from the site and it may be directed to apply for forest clearance under G the1980 Act for the non-broken up part of the leased area. LUMPL filed the instant IA No. 1868 of 2007 seeking directions to MoEF to expeditiously process its application u/s 2 of the 1980 Act. On 6.9.2007 CEC submitted its report to the SupremeH LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 959

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 Court stating that the project proponent should have A taken permission under the1980 Act before starting operations in the area and as ex post facto approval was sought and since fait accompli situation had arisen, there was no option but to recommend the case for grant of permission for the use of forest land for mining lease B subject to certain conditions mentioned therein. By interim order dated 5.3.2010 the project proponent was directed to stop all mining activities. On 5.4.2010 a report was submitted by the Regional Chief Conservator of Forests [also known as High Powered Committee (tiPC)], C stating, inter alia, that although the area supported rich flora, the same could be re-forested as a part of reclamation plan prepared and executed in a ti~e bound manner; that the project was positive and beneficial to the residents of the village due to huge amount of cash D going to the Village Durbar, reaching the individual household and improving the financial health of the population of the villages concerned. Accordingly, on . 19.4.2010 the MoEF granted environmental clearance (with certain additional conditions) which was followed E by forest clearance dated 22.4.2010 (ex-post facto clearance) granted by MoEF stipulating further conditions to be complied with by the project proponent.

The contentions of the parties boiled down to the issues: (i) nature of land and (ii) whether ex post facto F environmental and forest clearances dated 19.4.2010 and 22.4.1010 respectively stood vitiated by alleged suppression by the appellant regarding the nature of the land. G Disposing of the IAs, the Court HELD: (a) Legal Position H 960 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A 1.1. Universal human dependence on the use of environmental resources for the most basic needs gave rise to the concept of "sustainable development". Care of the environment is an on-going process. It would depend on the facts of each case whether diversion in a B given case should be permitted or not, barring "No Go" areas (whose identification would again depend on undertaking of due diligence exercise). In such cases, the margin of appreciation doctrine would apply. [para 19] [1009-E-H; 1110-A-B] c Narmada Bachao Ando/an v. Union of India and Others 2000 (4) Suppl. SCR 94 = (2000) 10 SCC 664 - referred to 1.2. Since the nature and degree of environmental D risk posed by different activities vary, the implementation of environmental rights and duties require proper decision making based on informed reasons about the ends which may ultimately be pursued, as much as about the means for attaining them. Setting the standards of E environmental protection involves mediating conflicting visions of what is of value in human life. [para 20] (1010-B-C]

1.3. Time has come to apply the constitutional "doctrine of proportionality'' to the matters concerning F environment as a part of the process of judicial review in contradistinction to merit review. It cannot be gainsaid that utilization of the environment and its natural resources has to be in a way that is consistent with principles of sustainable development and intergen-G erational equity, but balancing of these equities may entail policy choices. In the circumstances, barring exceptions, decisions relating to utilization of natural resources have to be tested on the anvil of the well-recognized principles of judicial review. The court should H review the decision-making process to ensure that the LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 961 T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 decision of MoEF is fair and fully informed, based on the A correct principles, and free from any bias or restraint. Once this is e·nsured, then the doctrine of "margin of appreciation" in favour of the decision-maker would come . into play. [para 30) [1028-C-H] B R v. Chester City Council (2011) 1 All ER 476 - referred to.

1.4. Accordingly, the matter is disposed of keeping in mind various facets of the word "environment", the inputs provided by the Village Durbar of Nongtrai C (including their understanding of the word "forest" and the balance between environment and economic sustainability), their participation in the decision-making process, the topography and connectivity of the site to Shillong, the letter dated 11.5.2007 of the Principal Chief D Conservator of Forests and the report dated 5.4.2010 given by HPC (each one of which refers to economic welfare of the tribals of Village Nongtrai), the polluter pays principle and the intergenerational equity (including the history of limestone mining in the area from 1858) and the E prevalent social and customary rights of the natives and tribals. [para 31) [1029-A-D] (b) Nature of the land 2.1. According to the State of Forest Report, 2001, F the North Eastern Hill State of Meghalaya is predominantly tribal with 86% tribal population. The area in question falls under Karst topography; and this fact is also borne out by the certificate dated 27.8.1997 issued by KHADC, Shillong which is a constitutional authority G under the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution. According to the NEHU Report of 1997, the site selected for mining has commercially viable limestone deposit. The site was selected after thorough consultation with the village Durbar concerned which is the custodian of the land. H 962 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A The village Durbar also felt that in the area unscientific limestone quarrying was going on resulting in loss of revenue both to the State as well as the inhabitants of the village, particularly, because the said mining was undertaken by unorganized sectors and, thus, it was B decided to enter into the lease with the project proponent so that mining could be done on scientific basis. The site was also selected because of easy accessibility by road and less vegetation clearance stood involved. According to the NEHU Report, the site is located in the area on the c outskirts of the forest. [para 21] [1011-B-H; 1012-A-C] {c) Validity of ex-post facto clearance:

3.1. By an order dated 12.12.1996, a Division Bench of this Court, in T.N. Godavarman Thirumu/pad*, directed D each State Government to constitute within a specific period an Expert Committee to identify areas which are forests irrespecti"ve of whether they are so notified, recognized or classified under any law and also identify areas which were earlier forests but stand degraded, E denuded or cleared. This order dated 12.12.1996, thus, clarified that every State Government seeking prior .. approval u/s 2 of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 Act shall first examine the question relating to existence of forests before sending its proposal to the Central F Government in terms of the form prescribed under the Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981 (Rule 4). Thus, the requirement of submitting the proposal for forest diversion under the 1980 Act is exclusively the obligation of the State Government. In the instant case, the project proponent had obtained EIA clearance given by MoEF G dated 9.8.2001 which clearance stood transferred to the applicant only on 30.7.2002. While granting environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001 there was an express finding to the effect that "no diversion of forest land was involved". In terms of the order of this Court dated 12.12.1996, an H LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 963

TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 Expert Committee was in fact formed by the State of A Meghalaya by notification dated 8.1.1997 with the Principal Chief Con~ervator of Forests as its Chairman. On 10.2.1997, the State of Meghalaya had addressed a specific letter to the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council, stating that the land in question was reckoned B as non-forest land and the Council was asked to clarify whether the area in question under the mining lease fell in the forest as per the records of the Council. The Council by its letter dated 28.4.1997 had informed the State Government that the area in question did not fall in C the forest. Apart from the said letter, the Chairperson of the Expert Committee appointed by the State of Meghalaya being the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests also submitted his report in which it was expressly stated that the mining lease granted by the D State Government did not fall in the forest. Si'nce the mining lease granted by the State did not fall in the forest, the State Government did not submit any proposal to the Central Government u/s 2 ·of the 1980 Act as it treated the site in question as falling on the outskirts of the forests. E [para 25] [1015-H; 1016-A-H; 1017-A-F] *T.N. Godavarman Thirumu/pad v. Union of India 2005 (3) Suppl. SCR 552 = (2006) 1 SCC 1 - referred to.

3.2. It is almost after nine years that there was a F change of view on the part of MoEF under which the report of the Expert Committee headed by the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests was given a go-by. Be~een 1997 and 2007, the view which prevailed was that the project site stood located on the outskirts of the G forests. In this connection, it needs to be stated that on 1.6.2006 for the first time the Chief Conservator of Forests (C), came out with the change of view which was ultimately accepted in 2007 by MoEF. The most important fact is that subsequent to the letter dated 1.6.2006, H 964 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A addressed by the Chief Conservator of Forests (C), the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests agreed with the opinion of the Chief Conservator of Forests (C). This was by letter d~ted 11.5.2007. However, even according to the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, who was the B Chairperson of the Expert Committee appointed by the State Government, the applicant was not at fault because the certificate indicating absence of forest was given by Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council. In fact the letter dated 11.5.2007 further goes to state that the activities of c the applicant will provide employment to a large number of local tribals and rural people and consequently the application for forest clearance made by the applicant without prejudice to their rights and contentions dated 3.5.2007 be considered by MoEF. [para 25) [1017-F-H;

D 1018-A-D] 3.3. ·Besides, on 22.4.1998, a notification was issued by the State Pollution Controi Board constituting an Environmental Public Hearing Panel to evaluate and assess the documents submitted by Mis. LMMPL. On E 3.6.1998, a public hearing did take place. The Headman of Nongtrai was also present. The village Durbar had agreed to the proposed project, for the reason that the limestone was abundantly available in the area but the same remained unutilized by local villagers themselves F due to lack of infrastructure. For economic development of the local population, the village Durbar had decided to lease the area to the project proponent. [para 25) [1018-D-H; 1019-A] 3.4. Public participation provides a valuable input in G the process of identification of forest. The natives and indigenous people are fully aware and they have knowledge as to what constitutes conservation of forests and development. They equally know the concept of forest degradation. They are equally aware of systematic •-H scientific exploitation of limestone mining without LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 965

TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 causing of "environment degradation". However, they do A not have the requisite wherewithal to exploit limestone mining in a scientific manner. These natives and indigenous people know how to keep the balance between economic and environment sustainability. In the instant case, this fact is brought out by the Minutes of the B meeting held on 3.6.1998. In fact the written submissions filed by the Nongtrai Village Durbar (respondent No. 5) in I.A. No. 1868 of 2007 have specifically averred that the Nongtrai village has about 1300 hectares of community land out of which 900 hectares are limestone bearing c land. The manner and method of allocation, use and occupation of the community lands are decided by the Village Durbar. The Village Durbar has granted lease of 100 hectares of community Ian~ which is limestone bearing land. [para 25] [1019-C~H; 1020-A-D] D 3.5. The word "development" is a relative term. One cannot assume that the tribals are not aware of principles of conservation of forest. Limestone mining has been going on for centuries in the area and it is an activity which is intertwined with the culture and the unique land E holding and tenure system of the Nongtrai Village. [para 31] [1029-D-i::J

3.6. Further, a detail written submission has been filed on 13.5.2011 by the Nongtrai Village Durbar fully F supporting the impugned project. Thus, this is a unique case from North East. This Court is fully satisfied that the natives and the indigenous people of Nongtrai Village are fully conscious of their rights and obligations towards clean environment and economic development. There is ample material on record which bears testimony to the G fact of their awareness of ecological concerns which has been taken into account by MoEF. [para 25] [1020-D-F] 3.7. The word "environment" has different facets. Section 2(f) of the United Khasi - Jaintia Hills H 966 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 7 S.C.R.

A Autonomous District (Management and Control of Forests) Act, 1958 defines the expression "forest". It is the trees of a particular girth and breast height and not every tree should be counted while computing whether a particular area is a forest area or not. In fact in the year B 2007, a survey of the unbroken area was conducted by the Forest Department of the State of Meghalaya wherein an inventory of the existing trees was prepared based on their nature and girth. The said record confirms that the unbroken area has less than 25 trees per acre having c girth of more than 120 ems. It is in view of the existence of the 1958 Act, which is a local legislation, that the native people as also the State officials like the DFO understood the area in the light of the said Act. It is important to note once again that this understanding of the natives and tribals about the Local Act is an important input in the0 decision making process of granting environmental clearance. It is deeply engrained in the local customary law and usage. It is so understood by the Expert Committee headed by the then Principal Chief Conservator of Forests on the basis of which the State E granted the mining lease saying that there was no forest: This certificate was granted by the State in terms of the order of this Court dated 12.12.1996. This ~nderstanding also existed in the mind of KHADC when it gave certificates on 28.4.1997, 10.7.1997 and 27.8.1997. In fact F this has been the understanding of the Council as is apparent even from its letter dated 18.1.2011 (page 126 of the affidavit dated 9.3.2011 filed by the State of Meghalaya). This view prevailed with the MoEF between 1997 and 2007. [para 25) [1020-G-H; 1021-C-H; 1022-A] G

3.8. On facts of the case, it cannot be held that the decision to grant ex post facto clearances stood vitiated on account of non-application of mind or on account of suppression of material facts by the applicant as alleged H by SAC. [para 25] [1022-A-B] LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 967 T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 4.1. Similarly, it cannot be held that ex post facto A clearances have been granted by MoEF in ignorance of ' the existence of forests due to mis-declaration. Firstly, the ex post facto clearance is based on the revised EIA. In the circumstances, EIA Notification of 2006 would not apply. Secondly, IA preferred by SAC being I.A. No. 2225- B 2227/08 was preferred only in March, 2008. Thus, during the relevant period of almost a decade, SAC did not object to the said project. I.A. No. 3063 of 2011 preferred by CEC, which has acted only after receiving inputs from respondent No. 5, prima facie throws doubt on the c credibility of objections raised by SAC. [para 26] [1022-C-G]

4.2. On the ex post facto clearance, suffice it to state that after Chief Conservator of Forests (C) submitted his report on 1.6.2006, MoEF directed the project proponent D to apply for necessary clearances on the basis that there existed a forest in terms of the order of·.this Court dated 12.12.1996 and the ex post facto clearance has now been granted on that basis permitting diversion of forest by granting Stage-I forest clearance subject to compliance E of certain conditions imposed by MoEF and by this Court. [para 26] [1022-G-H; 1023-A-B] 4.3. On the question of non-application of mind by the MoEF, at various stages despite compliances by the F project proponent and despite issuance of certificates.by various authorities, MoEF sought fprther clarifications/ information by raising. necessary requisitions. A number of queries have been raised from time to time by the MoEF as indicated from the facts. There were four terms G of references given to the HPC. According to the report, all conditions imposed with regard to environmental clearance had been substantially complied with by the · applicant. The most important aspect is the HPC Report regarding the topography of the area. It states that H - 968 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A though the area can be treated as forest, still it is a hilly uneven undulating area largely covered by "Karstified" limestone. The Report further s.tates that the area can be reforested as a part of the reclamation plan.· It further states that the indigenous and native people are satisfied 8 with the credentials of the applicant as the company is providing health care facilities, drinking water facilities, employment for local youth, construction of village roads, employment for school teachers, scholarship programme for children, etc. It also indicates that the issue of mining c was thoroughly discussed with the Village Durbar by the members of the HPC who visited the site and that the community was in agreement to allow the applicant to continue mining. [para 26) [1023-A-B; 1024-A-F] 4.4. Keeping in view the steps taken by MoEF, this D Court is satisfied that the parameters of intergenerational equity are satisfied and no reasonable person can say that the impugned decision to grant Stage-I forest clearance and revised environmental clearance stood vitiated on account of non-application of mind by MoEF. E On the contrary, the facts indicate that the MoEF has been diligent; that, MoEF l:tas taken requisite care and caution to protect the environment; and, in the circumstances, this Court upholds the stage-I forest clearance and the revised environmental clearance granted by MoEF. [para F 26) [1024-H; 1025-A-B]

4.5. The order .dated 12.4.2010 recites agreed conditions between the parties, imposed by this Court in addition to the conditions laid down by MoEF. These G conditions are in terms of judgment of this Court in T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad with regard to commercial exp/oitabi/ity which· even according to SAC was not considered by MoEF at the time of granting· revised environmental clearance on 19.4.2010 or at the time of granting forest clearance on 22.4.2010. This order H LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 969 T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 indicates the benefit which will accrue to the natives and A residents of the Nongtrai Village. The site covers 100 hectare required for limestone mining. The Village Durbar seeks to exploit it. on scientific lines. The minutes of the meeting of the Village Durbar and the submissions filed by the Durbar indicate the exercise of the rights by the B tribals and the natives of Nongtrai Village seeking economic development within the parameters of the 1980 Act and the 1986 Act. [para 27-28] [1025-C-E; 1027-G-H] 4.6. However, it is made clear that none of the C observations made in this judgment in the context of the nature of the land (the extent of the lands owned by the community and by private persons) shall be taken into account by the competent court in which title .dispute is pending. [para 29] [1028-A-B] D

4.7. On the facts of the case, the MoEF exercised due diligence in the matter of forest diversion. The instant order. is confined to the facts of this case. Accordingly, there is no reason to interfere with the decision of MoEF granting site clearance dated 18.6.1999, EIA clearance E dated 9.8.2001 read with revised environmental clearance dated 19.4.2010 and Stage-I forest clearance· dated 22.4.2010. [para 31-32] [1029-E-F; G-H] Part II F Guidelines to be followed in future cases 5.1. The words "environment" and "sustainable development" have various facets. At times in respect of a few of these facets data is not available. Care for G environment is an ongoing process Identification of an area as forest area is solely based on the Declaration to be filed by the User Agency (project proponent). The project proponent under the existing dispensation is required to undertake EIA by an expert body/ institution. H . 970 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A The MoEF/ State Government acts on the report (Rapid EIA) undertaken by the Institutions who though accredited submit answers according to the Terms of Reference propounded by the project proponent. At times the court is faced with conflicting reports. Similarly, B the government is also faced with a fait accompll kind situation which in the ultimate analysis leads to grant of ex facto clearance. Therefore, guidelines are required to be given so that fait accompli situations do not recur:

(i) Time has come for this Court to declare and it isc hereby declare that the National Forest Policy, 1988 which lays down far-reaching principles must necessarily govern the grant of permissions u/s 2 of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 as the same provides the road map to ecological protection and . D improvement under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The principles/ guidelines mentioned in the National Forest Policy, 1988 should be read as part of the provisions of the Environwent (Protection) Act, 1986 read together with the Forest (Conservati.on) E Act, 1980. This direction is required to be given because there is no machinery even today for implementation of the National Forest Policy, 1988 read with the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986F confers a power coupled with duty and, thus, it is incumbent on the Central Government to appoint an Appropriate Authority, preferably in the form of Regulator, at the State and at the Centre level for ensuring implementation of the National ForestG Policy, 1988. The Court is of the view that under s. 3(3) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, the Central Government should appoint a Nation.al Regulator for appraising projects, enforcing environmental conditions for approvals and to H impose penalties on polluters. LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 971

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 A regulatory mechanism should be put in place and A till the time such mechanism is put in place, the MoEF should prepare a Panel of Accredited Institutions from which alon.e the project proponent should obtain the Rapid EIA and that too on the Terms of Reference to. be formulated by the MoEF. B (ii) In all future cases, the User Agency (project proponents) shall comply with the Office Memorandum dated 26.4.2011 issued by the MoEF which requires that all mining projects involving forests and for such non-mining projects which C . involve more than 40 hectares of forests, the project proponent shall submit the documents which have been enumerated in the said Memorandum. (iii) If the project proponent makes a claim regarding o status of the land being non-forest and if there is any doubt the site shall be inspected by the State Forest Department along with the Regional Office of MoEF to ascertain the status of forests, based on which the certificate in this regard be issued. In all such cases, E . it would be desirable for the representative of State Forest Depart~ent to assist the Expert Appraisal Committee ..

(iv) At present, there are six regional offices in the country. This may be expanded to at least ten. At F each regional office there may be a Standing Site Inspection Committee which will take up the work of ascertaining the position of the land (na_mely, whether it is forest land or not). In each Committee there may be one non-official member who is an G expert in forestry. If it is found that forest land is involved, then forest clearance will have to be applied for first. (v) Increase in the number of Regional Offices of the H ' . 972 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A Ministry from six presently located at Shillong, Bhubaneswar, Lucknow, Chandigarh, Bhopal and Bangalore to at least ten by opening at least four new Regional Offices at the locations to be decided iil consultation with the State/UT Governments to facilitate more frequent inspections and in-depthB scrutiny and appraisal of the proposals. (vi) Constitution of Regional Empowered Committee, under the Chairmanship of the Chief Conservator of Forests (Central) concerned and Conservator of c Forests (Central) and three non-official members to be selected from the eminent experts in forestry and allied disciplines as its members, at each of the Regional Offices of the MoEF, to facilitate detailed/in-' depth scrutiny of the proposals involving diversion D of forest area more than 5 hectares and up to 40 hectares and all proposals relating to mining and encroachments up to 40 hectares .

.(vii) Creation and regular updating of a GIS based decision support database, tentatively containingE inter-alia the district-wise details of the location ·and boundary of: (i) each plot of land that may be defined as forest for the purpose of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; (ii) the core, buffer and eco-sensitive zone of the protected areas constituted as per theF provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; (iii) the important migratory corridors for wildlife; and (iv) the forest land diverted for non-forest ourpose in the past in the district. The Survey of India toposheets in digital format, the forest cover maps prepared by G ·the Forest Survey of India in preparation of the successive State of Forest Reports and the conditions stipulated in the approvals accorded under the Forest (Conservations) Act, 1980 for each case of diversion of forest land in the district will also H LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 973 TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 be part of the proposed decision support database. A (viii) Orders to implement these may, after getting necessary approvals, be issued expeditiously. (ix) The Office Memorandum dated 26.4.2011 is in 8continuation of an earlier Office Memorandum dated 31.03.2011.

(x) Besides, Office Memorandum dated 26.04.2011 on Corporate Environmental Responsibility has also been issued by the MoEF. This O.M. lays down the c need for PSUs and other Corporate entities to evolve a Corporate Environment Policy of their own to ensure greater compliance with the environmental and forestry clearance granted to them. (xi) All minutes of proceedings before the Forest D Advisory Committee in respect of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 as well as the minutes of proceedings of the Expert Appraisal Committee in respect of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Eshould be regularly uploaded on the Ministry's website even before the final approval/decision of the Ministry for Environment and Forests is obtained. This has been done to ensure public accountability. This also includes environmental clearances given under the EIA Notification of 2006 issued under the F Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Henceforth, in addition to the above, all forest clearances given under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 may now be uploaded on the Ministry's website. G (xii) Completion of the exercise undertaken by each State/UT Govternment in compliance of this Court's order dated 12.12.1996 wherein inter-alia each State/ UT Government was directed to constitute an Expert Committee to identify the areas which are "forests" H 974 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 7 S.C.R.

A irrespective of whether they are so notified, recognized or classified under any law, and irrespective of the land of such "forest" and the areas which were earlier "forests" but stand degraded, denuded and cleared, culminating in B preparation of Geo-referenced district forest-maps containing the details of the location and boundary of each plot of land that may be defined as "forest" for the purpose of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. c (xiii) Incorporating appropriate safeguards in the Environment Clearance process to eliminate chance of the grant of Environment Clearance to projects involving diversion of forest land by considering such forest land as non-forest, a flow chart depicting, D the tentative nature and manner of incorporating the proposed safeguards, to be finalized after consultation with the State/ UT Governments. (xiv) The public consultation or public hearing as it E is commonly known, is a mandatory requirement of the environment clearance process and provides an effective forum for any person aggrieved by any aspect of any project to register and seek redressal of his/her grievances. F (xv) The· MoEF will prepare a comprehensive policy for inspection, verification and monitoring and the overall procedure relating to the grant of forest clearances and identification of forests in consultation with the States (given that forests fall G under entry 17A of the Concurrent List). [Para 32] [1030-B-H; 1031-A; 1036-A-C)

5.2. These guidelines are to be followed by the Central Government, State Government and the various H authorities under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 975 TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, and implemented A in all future cases of environmental and forest clearances · till a regulatory mechanism is put in place. These guidelines have been issued in the light of this Court's experience in the last couple of years. On the implementation of these Guidelines, MoEF will file its B compliance report within six months. [para 33) [1036-0-F] Case Law Reference: 2000 (4) Suppl. SCR 94 referred to para 19 c 2005 (3) Suppl. SCR 552 referred to para 27 (2011) 1 All ER 476 referred to para 30 CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : I.A. Nos. 1868, 2091, D 2225-2227, 2380, 2568 & 2937 IN \ Writ Petition (Civil) No. 202 of 1995 etc. E Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India. WITH Transfer Petition (C) No. 277 of 2010.

F Goolam E. Vahanvati, AG, Parag P. Tripathi, ASG, Harish N. Salve, U.U. Lalit, Shyam Divan, F.S. Nariman, Dr. A.M. Singhvi, Jayant Bhushan, Krishnan Venugoplan, Siddhartha Chowdhury, A.D.N. Rao, P.K. Manohar, Somiran Sharma, Nishanth Patil, Haris Beeran, Devdatt Kamat, S.N. Terdal, G Subhash Sharma,. Sanjeev K. Kapoor, Rajat Jariwal Kumar Mihir (for Khaitan & Co.), AnujBhandari, Ranjan Mukherjee, S. Bhowmick, S.C. Ghosh, H.S. Thangkhiew, Manish Kumar Bishnoi, P. Nongbri for the appearing parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by H 976 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A S. H. KAPADIA, CJI. Facts

1. Lafarge Surma Cement Ltd. ('LSCL' for short) is a company incorporated under the laws of Bangladesh. It has set B up a cross-border cement manufacturing project at Chhatak in Bangladesh, which inter-alia has a captive limestone mine of 1OOHa located at Phlangkaruh, Nongtrai, East Khasi Hills District in the State of Meghalaya. The mine is leased out in favour of Lafarge Umium Mining Pvt. Ltd. ('LUMPL' for short), C which is an incorporated company under the Indian Companies Act, 1956 and which is a wholly owned subsidiary of LSCL. The entire produce of the said mine is used for production of cement at the manufacturing plant at Chhatak, Bangladesh under the agreement/arrangement between Government of o India and Government of Bangladesh. There is no other source of limestone for LSCL except for the captive limestone mine situated at Nongtrai, East Khasi Hills District in the State of Meghalaya. The limestone as mined by LUMPL is conveyed from the mine situated at Nongtrai after crushing in a crusher E plant. The limestone mined is conveyed by a conveyor belt to LSCL plant in Bangladesh.

2. The National Forest Policy, 1988 stood enunciated pursuant to Resolution No. 13/52-F, dated 12th May 1952 of GOI to be followed in the management of State Forests in India. F The said Policy stood enunciated because over the years forests in India had suffered serious depletion due to relentless pressures arising from ever increasing demand for fuel wood, fodder and timber; inadequacy of protection measures; diversion of forest lands to non-forest uses without ensuring G compensatory afforestation and essential environmental safeguards; and the tendency to look upon forests as revenue earning resource. Thus, there was a need to review the situation and to evolve, for the future, a strategy of forest conservation including preservation, maintenance, sustainable utilisation, H LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 977

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] restoration and enhancement of the natural environment. It is this A need which led to the enunciation of National Forest Policy dated 7th December, 1988 . .The principal aim of the Policy was to ensure environmental stability and maintenance of ecological balance. The derivation of direct econo_mic benefit was to be subordinate to the principal aim of the Policy (See para 2.2). B Under essentials of forest management it is stipulated that existing forests and forest lands should be fully protected and their productivity improved. It is further stipulated that forest cover should be increased rapidly on hill slopes, in catchment areas and ocean shores. It is further stipulated that diversion of good c and productive agricultural lands to forestry should be discouraged in view of the need for increased food production (See para 3.2). Under the Policy a strategy was prescribed vide para 4. The goal is to have a minimum of one-third of the total land area under forest or tree cover. In the hills and in mountains 0 the aim is to maintain two-third of the area under forest or tree . cover in order to prevent erosion and land degradation and to ensµre the stability of the fragile eco-system. Under para 4.2.3, village and community lands, which is the common feature in north-east regions, not required for other productive uses, E should be taker. up for development of tree crop and fodder resources and the revenue generated through such programmes should belong to the panchayats where lands are vested in them and in other cases such revenues should be shared with local communities to provide an .incentive to them and accordingly land laws should be so modified wherever necessary so as to F facilitate and motivate individuals and institutions to undertake tree farming. Vide para 4.3.1, the Policy lays down that schemes and projects which interfere with forests that cover steep slopes, catchment of rivers, lakes and reservoirs, geologically unstable terrain and such other ecologically sensitive areas should be G . severely restricted. Tropical rain/moist forests, particularly in · .· areas like Arunachal Pradesh; Kerala, Andaman & Nicobar lslands:should be totally safeguarded. Noforest should be permitted to be worked without the government having approved the management plan in a prescribed form and in H

978 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 7 S.C.R.

A keeping with the National Forest Policy (See para 4.3.2). Under para 4.3.4.2 the rights and concessions from forests should primarily be for the bonafide use of the communities living within and around forest areas, specially the tribals. The Policy recognizes the fact that the life of tribals and other poor B people living within and near forests revolves around forests and therefore the Policy stipulates vide para 4.3.4.3 that the rights and concessions enjoyed by such persons should be fully protected and that their domestic requirements of fuel wood, fodder, minor forest produce and construction timber should be c the first charge on the forest produce. Para 4.4 deals with diversion of forest lands for non-forest purposes. Under the said para it is stipulated that forest land or land with tree cover should not be treated merely as a resource readily available to be utilised for various projects, but as a national asset which requires to be properly safeguarded for providing sustained0 benefits to the community. Diversion of forest land for non-forest purpose therefore should b~ subject to most careful examination by experts from the stand point of social and environmental costs and benefits. Construction of dams and reservoirs, mining and industrial development should be E consistent with the need for conservation of trees and forests. Projects which involve such diversion should at least provide in their investment budget, funds for regeneration/compensatory afforestation. Beneficiaries who are allowed mining and quarrying in forest lands and in lands covered by trees should F be required to re-vegetate the area in accordance with forestry practices and, therefore, by para 4.4.2 it is stipulated that no mining lease shall be granted without a proper mine management plan. Under para 4.5 it is stipulated that forest management should take special care for wildlife conserv.ation G and consequently forest management plans should include prescriptions for that purpose. Under para 4.6 of the Policy it is stipulated that a primary task of all agencies responsible for forest management shall be to associate the tribals and communities living in such areas in the protection, regeneration H and re-development of forests as wells as to provide gainful

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 979 T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] employment to people living in and around the forest. A 3. On 27.1.1994, in exercise of the powers conferred by Section 3(1) read with clause (v) of sub-Section (2) of Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (for short "the 1986 Act") read with Rule 5(3)(d) of Environment (Protection) Rules, 8 1986 the Central Government issued Environmental Impact Assessment Notification whereby it directs that on and from the date of publication of the said Notification in the official gazette expansion or modernization of any activity or a new project listed in Schedule-I shall not be undertaken in India unless it has C

- been accorded environmental clearance by the Central Government in accordance with the procedure specified in the Notification. Under clause (2)(1) any person who desires to undertake any new project listed in Schedule-I shall submit an application to MoEF, New Delhi in the proforma specified in Schedule-II to be accompanied by a project report which shall D include EIA report/environment management plan prepared in accordance witli the guidelines issued by MoEF. Under clause 2(11) in case of mining as a site specific project the project authority (project proponent) will intimate the location of the project site to the MoEF while initiating any investigation and E survey. The MoEF will convey its decision regarding suitability of the proposed site within a specified period. Thus, site clearance will be granted for a sanctioned capacity and shall be valid for five years for commencing construction, operation or mining. The EIA Report submitted with the application by the F project proponent shall be evaluated and assessed by the Impact Assessment Agency, and if deemed necessary, it may consult a Committee of Experts having a composition as specified in Schedule-Ill. The Impact Assessment Agency (IAA) is ryloEF. The Committee of Experts shall have full right of entry G and inspection of the site. The IAA shall prepare a set of recommendations based on technical assessment of documents and data; furnished by the project authorities (project proponent), supplemented by data collected during visits to sites which would include interaction with the affected H

980 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A population and environmental groups, if necessary. The summary of the reports, the recommendations and the conditions, subject to which environmental clearance is given, shall be made available subject to public interest to the concerned parties or environmental groups on request. B Comments of the public may be solicited within the specified period by IAA in public hearings arranged for that purpose. The pubic shall be provided access, subject to public interest, to the summary of the EIA report/environment management plan. The clearance granted shall be valid for five years for c commencement of the construction or operation of the plant. The monitoring of the implementation of the recommendations and conditions of IAA is also provided for in the said notification vide clause IV. 4. The said notification dated 27 .1.1994 stood slightly D amended by notification dated 10.4.1997. By the said notification detailed procedure for public hearing has been prescribed. It also prescribes composition of public hearing panels.

E 5. On 1.9.1997 LMMPL made an application for granting environmental clearance for limestone mining project at Nongtrai, East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. The application was made under EIA Notification, 1994. It was made in the form prescribed by the Notification, 1994. 20 copies of Rapid EIA F Report (NEHU Report) were also annexed therewith. However, the said proposal dated 1.9.1997 was returned by MoEF vide letter dated 24.10.1997. The reason being that on 10.4.1997, as stated hereinabove, the MoEF had amended the EIA Notification of 1994 making public hearing mandatory for the G development projects listed in Schedule-I of the Notification. By reason of the said Notification dated 10.4.1997 the then project proponent (M/s. LMMPL) was asked to seek Site Clearance as well as Project Clearance separately. The Site Clearance proposal was called for through the State level agency dealing with the mines. Accordingly, by application dated 23.9.1998 M/ H . LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 981

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.) s. LMMPL applied for Site Clearance for Limestone Mining A Project at Nongtrai village, East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. This application was made in the prescribed form. The application indicates that there exists an approach/access road to the site that is described as Shillong-Mawsynram-Nongtrai or Shillong-Cherrapunjee-Shella-Nongtrai. The application B further states that all villages represent tribal population. The application further indicates that there exists many private limestone quarries in the area. It is further stated in the application that the topography of the area is hilly. Against the column 'Forest Land Involved in the Project' the answer given c· by the project proponent was "Nil". According to the application the site is not a habitat/corridor for endangered/rare/endemic species. The.source of this information was the NEHU Report. According to the said Report, mining of limestone in Khasi Hills was a source of revenue right from 1858. The limestone deposit D in Meghalaya is estimated to be 2165 million tonnes.

Exploitation of Nongtrai limestone dates back to 1885. Even today, a number of privat~ parties quarry limestone in this area. An area of 100 hectares stood acquired by LMMPL on lease basis for mining. For that an agreement was signed with Village Durbar. The limestone bearing area around Nongtrai and · E Shella falls under the Karst topography. This area falls on the southern fringe of the Meghalaya plateau. [See Land Use/ Land Cover Map (March 1997) submitted by Mr. F.S. Nariman, Source: IRS-1C LISS-3 MX DATA, Path & Row: 111-054, F .Date: March 1997] Karst topography is a landscape formed by the dissolution of a layer(s) of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone. Karst topography. is characterized by limestone caverns carved by groundwater. Karst landscapes are formed by the removal of bedrock (composed in most cases of limestone, gypsum or salt). [See G Article from Encyclopedia Britannica by William 8. White] Alongwith the application, a certificate dated 27.8.1997 was annexed. It was issued by Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council, Shillong which council is the constitutional authority under Sixth Schedule of the Constitution. By the said certificate H 982 SUPREME COl)RT REPORTS [2011) 1 S.C.R.

A the council specifically stated that it had no objection for mining operation in the area at Nongtrai village since the area does not fall within a forest land. This application for site clearance was allowed by MoEF vide letter dated 18.6.1999 addressed to the Project Proponent. Site clearance was, thus, granted B under the 1994 Notification as amended on 4.5.1994 and 10.4.1997 subject to strict compliance of terms and conditions mentioned therein. One of the conditions was that the Project Proponent shall obtain environmental clearance for the proposed limestone mine as per the procedure laid down in c the 1994 Notification before taking up developmental work at the site. The said clearance was not to be construed as grant of mining permission. No developmental activity relating to the project was to start prior to environmental clearance. Accordingly, on 17.4.2000, LMMPL made an application for D environmental clearance to MoEF in the prescribed form to excavate 2.0 million tonnes per annum of limestone and to transport the same to Chhatak in Bangladesh through belt conveyor (7.2 km long within Indian territory). The mining lease area was indicated to be 100 hectare~The description of land E was shown as "barren". In the application, it was further stated that there is no notified forest land within 25 kms. from the proposed mine. Along with the application vide Annexure A, copy of No Objection Certificate (NOC) for mining operations at the proposed site dated 27.8.1997 stood annexed. That certificate was issued by Khasi Hills Autonomous District F Council, Shillong, which, as stated above, inter alia states that the Council has no objection for mining operations at Nongtrai Village since the area of 100 hectare does not fall within forest land. Similarly, vide letter dated 6.7.1997 issued by Village Durbar, NOC was granted for withdrawal of water for the G project. Vide Anr:iexure G to the application, consent to establish the project stood issued by Meghalaya Pollution Control Board. By Annexure H to the application, minutes of Environmental Public Hearing of the project has been annexed. These minutes indicates the presence of Addi. Deputy H Commissioner, East Khasi Hills District, various government

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 983

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] officials including nominees of Forest Conservators and A Member Secretary of the Pollution Control Board. According to the Headman of Nongtrai Village, limestone is abundantly available in the area; the same has not been utilized by local villagers due to lack of infrastructure; for economic development, the Village Durbar had decided to lease the area; the B environmental implications of the project stood discussed; complaint received from Meghalaya Adventures Association was read out which complaint mainly dealt with destruction of caves which stood rebutted by the Headman and, thus, the meeting stood concluded. All this indicates even public c participation and grant of NOCs by various competent authorities. Vide Annexure J to the application for environmental clearance, we find approval being granted under Section 5(1) of the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957. Along with the application for 0 environmental clearance M/s. LMMPL also forwarded to MoEF Rapid EIA of Limestone Mine prepared by Environmental Resources Management India Pvt. Ltd. This report describes in detail the topography of the mining site. According to the said report the leased area lies on the western side of Umium river E valley. It is approachable from Shillong via Mawsynram and Nongtrai villages by motorable road. It is also accessible from Shillong by road via Cherrapunji. According to the report the site is at the Phalngkaruh which originates from the foot hills of the proposed mine site. According to the said report the site Fis on uneven terrain with a rugged topography. There are heaps of fractured rocks all over the place. It is a rocky region. The site rejects any possibility of natural growth of forest. It is an area of low botanical and floral diversity. It is an area covered with rocks. The area can be termed as a wasteland. G

6. On receipt of the application for environmental clearance, certain queries were raised by MoEF with regard to the scope of the site clearance (the original site clearance was for 0.8 million tonnes whereas subsequently that capacity was revised to 2 million tonnes); that, as per this Court's order H 984 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A dated 12.12.1996, "forests" has to be understood in terms of the dictionary meaning and, accordingly, a certificate was asked for in that regard from local DFO; the effect due to disposal of waste water through soak pit and whether the existing road width was sufficient to carry on heavy equipments B for mining purposes. These were some of the queries/ objections on the basis of which clarification was sought vide letter dated 1.5.2000 by MoEF with regard to environmental clearance under the 1994 notification. As requested by MoEF, the project proponent vide letter dated 11.5.2000 requested the c local DFO to issue necessary certificate as called for by MoEF in terms of the order of this Court dated 12.12.1996. Accordingly, on 13.6.2000, the DFO forwarded the certificate to the project proponent in respect of Limestone Mining Project at Nongtrai, East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya by which it was certified that the mining site was not a forest area as per this0 Court's Order dated 12.12.1996 and nor did it fall under any of the notified reserved or protected forests. Moreover, the certificate once again reiterated that the site area stood covered with Karst topography which supported only a sporadic growth of a few tree shrubs. Despite such certificate of DFO, E MoEF in continuation of their letter dated 1.5.2000 called for additional information inter alia including list of flora and fauna in compliance of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, list of species under the 1972 Act, consent from the State Pollution Control Board for 3000 TPD of limestone, information on ground water F potential, information regarding water requirement, etc. Clarifications sought by MoEF vide letters dated 1.5.2000 and 16.6.2000 for environmental clearance were answered by LMMPL vide letter dated 17.8.2000. As per the said reply, the environmental public hearing notice was published in three G newspapers; that, earlier" the project proposal was for 0.8 million tonnes per annum but later on based on the increased cement plant production capacity in Bangladesh, it stood increased to 2.0 MTPA; that, earlier the lease period was proposed to be 35 years which stood reduced to 30 years; that, H the mine site was on Karst topography which neither MoEF nor

# LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 985 T.N. GODAVARMAN THl.RUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] . ~

the Shella Action Committee ("SAC" for short) denies; that, the A equipment to the mine site would be brought through Guwahati -·Shillong - Mawsynram route which contains an established route whose width was 7.5 m wide; that, there was no proposal to cut any trees for the purpose; that, no sanctuary/ national park ~ is located within 2!) kms. radius from the proposed mine B location; that, the mine site is situated in the southern slopes of the Central Plateau of Meghalaya; that, the core area comprising of the mining site consisted of uneven terrain with a rugged Karst topography (see page 484 of Volume Ill); the minutes of the environmental public hearing dated 3.6.1998 c were also annexed; site clearance dated 18.6.1999 granted by MoEF was also annexed; that, a report regarding impact of limestone mining on Nongtrai, Meghalaya on Siltation Process prepared by Center for Study of Man and/Environment dated April, 2000 also stood annexed to the clarifications given by D LMMPL We need to comment on that report. Firstly, it indicates that the mining site is located on the southern fringe of the Meghalaya Plateau adjoining the plains ~f Bangladesh having a rich endowment of high grade limestone. Secondly, it highlights that the site is approachable from Shillong (109 km.) E by motorable road via Mawsynram and Nongtrai. Thirdly, it states that on account of dissolution of the limestone, Karst tppography has resulted which topography is characterized by caverns and caves which are so prominent that even in 1:50,000 toposheet, they could be plotted. In other words, the karst features are intimately tied up with hydrological situation. F Certain recommendations have been made in the report with regard to possible impact of limestone mining on the Phalangkaruh river system. Despite clarification, MoEF once again examined the matter through Expert Committee which held its meeting on 19th and 20th October, 2000 in New Delhi G under the aegis of MoEF. In the meeting, the project proponent made a presentation on their proposal for production of limestone at the rate of 30,000 tonnes per annum for five years. Certain queries were raised by the Expert Committee on the basis of which once again further clarification was sought by H

986 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011] 7 S.C.R. A MoEF from LMMPL vide letter dated 6.11.2000. According to the query, the area in question supports diversity of plants and animals. It also represents the remnants of the rapidly vanishing humid rainforest. That, the area is a home of endemic insectivorous plants, butterflies; All this, according to MoEF, B would require a detailed survey of plants and animals to be carried out with the help of BSI and ZSI offices located in Shillong. Accordingly, the project proponent submitted report on Ecological Status Survey prepared by Centre for Environment and Development; report on Afforestation c Reclamation Plan, report on Physiography and Hydrogeology of Fugro Milieu Consult B.V. and report on Catchment Area Treatment Plan, vide letter dated 9.2.2001 addressed to MoEF. One more aspect may be noted. These reports were placed before the Expert Committee once again on 7.3.2001. Even D Wild Life Division also gave its report on 1.6.2001. After placement of all these reports, at the end of the day, EIA Clearance was given by MoEF on 9.8.2001 which again contained further conditions which were to operate once the developmental work started. According to the environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001, the total lease area of the mine is E 100 hectares; that no diversion of forest land was involved; that the targeted annual production capacity of the mine had to be

2.0 million tonnes and, lastly, certain general conditions were stipulated with regard to steps to be taken during the developmental work. On EIA Clearance being granted by F MoEF, LMMPL became desirous of transferring and assigning the lease in favour of LUMPL having its registered office at Shillong on which the State Government granted permission to transfer the mining lease vide order dated 29.8.2001. Accordingly, a transfer deed stood executed on 28.2.2002 in G the prescribed form under Rule 37-A of Mineral Concession Rules, 1960. Accordingly, on 30.7.2002, environmental clearance which was earlier granted to LMMPL stood transferred to LUMPL by MoEF. H 7. However, vide letter dated 1.6.2006, from Chief LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 987

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [SH KAPADIA, CJI.] Conservator of Forests (C), Shri Khazan Singh, addressed to A MoEF it was pointed out that he had visited Limestone Mining Project of M/s. Lafarge when it was found that project had completed developmental works and opening of mine benches had also been accomplished for ?Ha of the mining lease land. According to the said letter the mining lease area around the B developed mine benches stood. surrounded by thick natural vegetation cover with sizeable number of tall trees. The said vegetation included trees being cleared for developing the mining benches. That the wood obtained from felling of trees wa$ collected by the lessor who were from Nongtrai Village. c According to the said letter, for such clearance no permission was taken under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (for short the '1980 Act'). Further, even the Rapip EIA report submitted by the project proponent described the land as.wasteland though the visit of the Chief Conservator found it to be otherwise. D Consequently, by the said letter the Chief Conservator of Forests (C)·informed the MoEF that the project proponent may be directed to obtain forest clearance under the 1980 Act and not to.proceed with the mining activities till such clearance. A copy of the said letter was also sent to the project proponent. EBy letter dated 11.8.2006, the project proponent replied to the Chief Conservator of Forests (C) stating that it had proceeded with the developmental work on the basis of the certificate given by DFO dated 13.6.2000 under which it was certified that the project area was not a forest area and it did not fall in any of the notified reserved or protected forests. It was further clarified F that in the core area there were only a few trees, shrubs growing in some soil trapped in the crevices and only those shrubs and trees which are growing in the area demarcated on the excavation plan have been cut. According to the said letter the 1980 Act was not applicable as there was no diversion G of forest land for non-forestry purposes. Accordingly, a letter was addressed by MoEF on 15.11.2006 to Mis. LMMPL. The complaint made by the Chief Conservator of Forests (C) was conveyed to the project proponent. In terms of the said complaint, MoEF directed Mis. LMMPL to obtain forest H

988 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A clearance under the 1980 Act before taking steps to clear vegetation including trees for developing mining benches. On 14.9.2006, MoEF issued EIA Notification 2006 whereunder concerns of local affected persons were required to be taken into account through public consultation. By letter dated B 29.1.2007, Mis. Lafarge took the stand that there is some natural growing vegetation; that only those shrubs which are growing in the excavation plan have been cleared and since there was no diversion of forest land for non-forestry purposes the 1980 Act was not applicable. Vide letter dated 9.4.2007 c addressed by the Chief Conservator of Forests (C) to the Secretary, Department of Forest and Environment, Government of Meghalaya as well as to the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council, it was pointed out that the mining project was undertaken in the virgin and natural forest; that the forest is D standing all around the periphery of the broken area; that the mine was operating on forest land without clearance under the 1980 Act; that the area is a natural/virgin forest; that the land belonged to village Durbar of Nongtrai and in the circumstances forest clearance was required to be obtained under the provisions of 1980 Act in terms of the order of the Supreme E Court dated 12.12.1996. According to the said letter, there was a clear violation of the 1980 Act. Accordingly, the Chief Conservator of Forests(C) Shri B.N. Jha requested the Government of Meghalaya to stop fresh clearance of vegetation, breaking of land, extension of mining area, removal F of felled trees and stoppage of non-forestry activities with immediate effect. A copy of the said letter was also forwarded to MoEF. By letter dated 17.4.2007 addressed by MoEF to Government of Meghalaya a report was asked for indicating justification for continuance of mining by the project·proponent G within a week failing which MoEF had no option but to direct mine closure. Thereafter response was given by Mis. Lafarge vide letter dated 25.4.2007. However, MoEF, vide letter dated 30.4.2007, directed complete closure of all on going non-forestry activities by M/s. Lafarge in compliance of the H directions of the Supreme Court dated 12.12.1996. Suffice it

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 989

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] to state without going into further correspondence that M/s. A Lafarge submitted its application for forest clearance under the 1980 Act vide application dated 3.5.2007. The application makes it clear that permission is sought for forest clearance without prejudice to the rights and contentions of the project proponent. After reciting the above facts, M/s. Lafarge B submitted that the project was a cross-border project; that it had put in ten years of efforts for obtaining approvals; that had the reservation on the legal status of the land and the use of the mine site as forest land been made clear by Chief Conservator of Forests (C) and had such reservation been conveyed to Ml c s. Lafarge earlier or even at the time of consideration of the proposal for environmental clearance, they (project proponent) would have sought approval under the 1980 Act before implementing the mining project. It was pointed out that the mining lease area was 100 Ha. At the time of making the 0 application for forest clearance the broken up area was 21.44 Ha. In the said application M/s. Lafarge undertook to bear the cost of raising and maintenance bf compensatory afforestation. They also undertook to fulfill all other conditions leviable under the law. By letter dated 11.5.2007 addressed by the Principal E Chief Conservator of Forests, Meghalaya to the Government of Meghalaya, it was pointed out that the project proponent had broken up area of about 21.44Ha; that the topography in the leased mine around the broken up areas was Karst topography consisting of limestone surface having natural fissures and Fcrevices; that a sizeable quantity of limestone was lying in and around the broken up area; that the non-broken up area in the leased mine was forest land falling within the purview of the 1980 Act. By the said letter, the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests submitted that the project proponent be allowed to remove the already broken limestone from the site and that the G project proponent may be directed to apply for forest clearance under the 1980 Act for the non-broken up part of the leased area. It is at this ·stage that M/s. Lafarge moved this Court by way of I.A. No. 1868 of 2007 inter alia seeking orders directing MoEF to expeditiously process its application· under Section H

990 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A 2 of the 1980 Act within a time bound programme preferably within 60 days. By letter dated 3. 7 .2007 addressed by M/s. Lafarge to the MoEF (North-East Region), the regional office of the MoEF, was informed that the project proponent had already applied for forest clearance to the MoEF, New Delhi. B

8. On 6.9.2007 CEC submitted its report to this Court saying that the project proponent should have taken permission under the 1980 Act before starting operations in the area. According to CEC this was a typical case where ex-post facto approval under the 1980 Act is sought after the mine has been C allowed to operate illegally. Since fait accompli situation arose according to CEC there was no option but to recommend the case for grant of permission for the use of forest land for mining lease, conveyor belt system and associated activities subject to certain conditions mentioned therein. By interim order dated D 5.2.2010 M/s. Lafarge was directed to stop all mining activities. On 5.4.2010 a report was submitted by Shri B.N. Jha, Regional Chief Conservator of Forests (C) [also known as High Powered Committee (HPC)]. The report was submitted pursuant to the site inspection carried out by a High Level Committee which E also had interaction with local population and institutions in the first week of April, 2010. Briefly, it may be stated that the report indicates assessment of the impact of the mining done by the project proponent up to April 2010 on forest, wildlife and surroundings. The report indicates details of the area already F broken up. On the impact aspect the report states that the total clearing involves felling of 9345 trees out of which 1200 trees have already been felled. That, although the area supports rich flora, the same can be re-forested as a part of reclamation plan. According to the report, the said impact can be minimized G after a thorough study of Bio-Diversity Management Plan as well as Catchment Area Treatment Plan is prepared and executed in a time bound manner. At the same time the report states that the project is positive and beneficial to the residents of Nongtrai village due to huge amount of cash going to village H Durbar and reaching the individual household improving the

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 991 .

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [SH KAPADIA, CJI] financial health of the population of two villages, i.e., Nongtrai A and Shella. According to the report, interaction took place between the High Powered Committee constituted by MoEF and the locals. That villagers of Shella are not having any problems from M/s. Lafarge and that the people are very satisfied with the mining company which has provided health B care facilities, drinking water facilities, employment, schools etc. According to the report, Mis. Lafarge has been contributing for the benefits of the village as well as for all the villagers by way of payment of rent for the use of the community land as well as towards the price of limestone exported to Bangladesh. The c figures of such payments are also indicated in the report. Further, the report states that mining is not having any adverse effect on the human life. When the matter came before the Supreme Court on 12.4.2010, the learned Attorney General stated that MoEF will take a final decision under the 1980 Act 0 for the revised environmental clearance for diversion of 116 Ha of forest land subject to certain conditions. Accordingly, on 19.4.2010 the MoEF granted environmental clearance with certain additional conditions. The environmental clearance dated 19.4.2010 was followed by forest clearance dated E22.4.2010 (ex-post facto clearance) granted by MoEF. This letter refers to letter of the State Government dated 19.7.2007 forwarding its proposal for diversion of 116.589 Ha of forest land for Lime Stone Mining in favour of M/s. Lafarge wherein prior approval of Central Government was sought. The said Fproposal of the State Government was examined by FAC constituted by Central Government under Section 3 of the 1980 Act. Thus, forest clearance was granted by MoEF vide letter dated 22.4.2010 which again stipulated further conditions to be complied with by the project proponent. Accordingly on 26.4.2010 learned AGI submitted before this Court that M/s. G Lafarge may be permitted to resume the!' mining operations subject to compliance of conditions enumerated in the order lpassed by MoEF on 22.4.2010. However, this Court ordered that before it grants permission to resume the mining operations it was imperative that plans should be drawn up and H

992 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.CR

A relevant reports be placed before this Court based on a comprehensive engineering and biological study including assessment of flora and fauna. A study report was submitted by NEHU on June, 2010 in which it has been stated that the forests in the said area can be categorized into tropical moist-B deciduous forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, savanna, subtropical broadleaved forest, forest gardens, orchards etc. Regarding the core area, the report states that the broken up area (already mined) was 38.089 Ha; that the said area was devoid of any vegetation and could be characterized by c limestone floor and benches. However, the vegetation in the test of the core area (i.e. proposed mining area) had tropical-moist deciduous type of vegetation with variable canopy cover and mostly sparse: It further states that the density of plants is very low due to rocky terrain and low soil content. It further states that only a few trees described in that paragraph are present0 in the undisturbed core zone. On compliance of various conditions imposed by MoEF including payment of compensatory afforestation, penal compensatory afforestation and NPV with interest as well as the reports submitted by E various authorities were placed before the Expert Appraisal Committee on 29.6.2010 and 21. 7.2010 pursuant to the directions of the Supreme Court vide order dated 26.4.2010. According to the minutes of Expert Appraisal Committee, the conditions and environmental safeguards stipulated by MoEF while according environmental clearance on 9.8.2001 and F 19.4.2010 were comprehensive enough to mitigate any adverse impacts of the project and to protect the environment if implemented effectively. The minutes of the meeting of the Expert Appraisal Committee dated 21.7.2010 also recites that various reports were considered by the Committee. It also G recites the fact that the Government of Meghalaya had addressed a letter to MoEF on 12.7.2010 conveying their recommendations for the grant of formal approval under Section 2 of the 1980 Act for diversion of 116. 589 Ha of forest land for Lime Stone Mining. On 21.10.2010 M/s. Lafarge submitted a H compliance chart of 31 conditions.

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 993 TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] Submissions A

9. According to the learned Amicus Curiae, it is obvious 1 from all the documents that have come on record including those filed by M/s. Lafarge that permissions under EIA Notification, 1994 (as amended) under Section 3 of the 1986 8 Act have been obtained without a candid disclosure of the facts. That, even if it is held that in cases of bona fide mis-interpretation of statutory provisions and Rules the project stood commenced without obtaining prior permission as mandated under Section 2 of the 1980 Act, save and except in cases of C absolute candor and where the want of such permission is solely and entirely on account of bona fide doubt as to the nature and character of the land and /or statutory regime applicable to such projects, no permission should be granted specially to private projects established only for pro.fit where the project 0 presents a 'fait accompli'. The learned Amicus submitted that over the years we find commencement of projects without obtaining prior permission as mandated under Section 2 of the 1980 Act and, when detected, the project proponent(s) falls back on the plea of 'fait accompli'. According to the learned Amicus, time has, therefore, come for this Court not to regularize such E projects which are commenced without obtaining prior permission under the 1980 Act except in cases of absolute candor and where the want of permission is solely and entirely based on account of bona fide doubt as to the nature and character of the land and/ or the statutory regime applicable to F such projects. According to the learned Amicus, barring the above exceptions, this Court should direct removal of the project and restoration of the environment wherever it is possible or to take over the project to ensure that all gains from such projects are allowed to be used only for those whose rights G have been violated. In support of his above submissions, learned Amicus placed reliance on the report of Chief Conservator of Forests (C) dated 1.6.2006 addressed to the MoEF in which it was stated that the mining lease area around the developed benches has been found surrounded by thick H

994 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. ·

A natural vegetation cover with sizeable number of tall trees; that, the said vegetation including the trees was being cleared for developing the mine benches; that, the wood obtained from felling of trees was being collected by Nongtrai Village Durbar; and that, the said report of the Chief Conservator of Forests B (C) dated 1.6.2006 contradicts the Rapid EIA report submitted by the project proponent which describes the land in question as waste land. The learned Amicus also relied upon the second report dated 9.4.2007 again by the Chief Conservator of Forests (C) based on his site visit on 7.4.2007 in which report c it has been stated that the mining lease lies in the midst of virgin and natural forest. According to the said report, the said mine in question is operating on forest land without clearance under the 1980 Act. According to the said report, calling the area I site by any other name than a forest would be travesty which could only be assigned to an ulterior motive of obtaining0 exemption or avoiding taking prior approval of Government of India under the 1980 Act. The learned Amicus also placed reliance on the report dated 11.5.2007 of the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests. In the said report dated 11.5.2007, the E Principal Chief Conservator of Forests also agreed with the view of the Chief Conservator of Forests (C) stating that the project proponent should have taken permission under the 1980 Act to start the operation in the area. According to the learned Amicus, though the mine commenced commercial production w.e.f. October, 2006, the said commencement was F based on approvals granted by statutory authorities on the assumption that the mining lease area is a non-forest land. In this connection, learned Amicus pointed out that the entire case of the project proponent is based on only one certificate issued by DFO, Khasi Hills Division dated 13.6.2000 in which it has G been certified that the minlng site for limestone mining project at Nongtrai, East Knasi Hills District, Meghalaya is not a forest area in terms of the order of this Court dated 12.12.1996 and that it does not fall under any notified reserved or protected forests. In the said certificate, it has been further stated that the H project site is on Karst topography which supports only a

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 995

TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] sporadic growth of a few trees shrubs and creepers. Besides A the said certificate dated 13.6.2000, the project proponent also seeks to place reliance on letters dated 28.4.1997 and 27.8.1997 addressed by Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council which took the view that the area is a non-forest land. According to the learned Amicus, it is not open to the project .B proponent to rely upon the certificate of DFO dated 13.6.2000 as the said certificate was given without any intimation to the higher authorities and that an inquiry has been instituted to determine the circumstances in which the certificate was issued by DFO. Learned Amicus further pointed out that the c prospecting licence held by the project proponent was allowed to be converted into a mining licence in 1997 which was after the order of the Supreme Court dated 12.12.1996. That apart, there is a special law in the State of Meghalaya, i.e. The United Khasi-Jaintia Hills Autonomous District (Management and D Control of Forests) Act, 1985 under which forest has been defined to mean an area in which there are twenty five trees per acre. Thus, according to the learned Amicus by all these definitions the area in question is a forest. Thus, according to the learned Amicus even if the project proponent ultimately E succeeded in getting forest clearance under Section 2 of the 1980 Act on 22.4.2010 since the said project stood established originally in the forest area in a brazen violation of the 1980 Act such a project cannot be allowed to be regularized by grant of permission ex-post facto dated 22.4.201 O.

F 10. Shri Shyam Divan, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of Shella Action Committee (SAC) while adopting the submissions of the learned Amicus Curiae with regard to the project being illegal, submitted that having regard to para 4.3.1 of the National Forest Policy, 1988, tropical rain/moist forest G are required to be totally safeguarded. According to SAC the forest in the region is a tropical moist forest and no forest clearance ought to have been granted because of the ecological significance recognized by the 1988 Policy. According to SAC this fact was known to M/s. Lafarge at all H 996 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A material times as can be seen from the Rapid EIA Report prepared by NEHU which specifically states that the vegetation at the study site is a mixed moist deciduous forest. Reliance is also placed by the learned counsel ori the assessment of floral diversity prepared by NEHU in June, 2010 which indicates B that the forest in the study area can be categorized into tropical moist-deciduous forest, tropical semi evergreen forest, savanna, sub-tropical broad leaves forest, forest garden, orchards and riparian forest. According to the said assessment of 2010, the vegetation in the core area is tropical moist-C deciduous types whereas the vegetation in the proper zone can be categorized into tropical and sub-tropical types. Thus, according to the learned counsel having regard to the undisputed position emerging from the record the subject area is covered by a tropical moist forest deserving highest degree of ecological protection and therefore this Court should set0 aside the environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001 given under Section 3 of the 1986 Act by MoEF. In this connection it may be mentioned that SAC has also moved this Court by way of I.A. No. 2937 of 2010 seeking revocation of the environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001. They have also challenged the E revised environmental clearance dated 19.04.2010 granted by MoEF as also Stage-I forest clearance dated 22.04.2010 issued by MoEF.

11. According to the learned counsel, M/s. Lafarge was F duty bound to make an honest disclosure of all facts when seeking environmental and forest clearances as it is an express requirement under Clause 4 of the EIA notification 1994. That, where a false information, false data, engineered reports are submitted or factual data is concealed, the G application is liable to be rejected, and where granted, it is liable to be revoked. According to SAC, M/s. Lafarge had given an express undertaking in its application for environmental clearance dated 17.4.2000 that if any part of the information submitted was found to be false or misleading the project H clearance could be revoked at M/s Lafarge's risk and cost. LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 997

T.N. GO.DAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] According to SAC, the region where the mining is taking place A and with regard to which permissions were obtained is governed by a specific local Act and Rules framed thereunder, namely, United Khasi Jaintia Hills Autonomous District (Management and Control of Forests) Act, 1958 which Act was enacted by the District Council of the United Khasi Jaintia Hills B Autonomous District in exercise of its powers under the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India. According to the learned counsel, the 1958 Act classifies forests and regulates forest resource management and use and applying the definition of "forest" under Section 2(f), the region where the mining is taking c place is a forest as the said area has not less than 25 trees per acre. Thus, according to the learned counsel for SAC, it ought to be assumed that the officials of M/s. Lafarge had full knowledge of the local law as well as the forest cover and the lay out of the land. From every perspective, Mis. Lafarge could D not have commenced the project without. a detailed survey of the physical topography of the land and the forest cover. Thus, M/s. Lafarge had knowledge of the forest cover in the region and yet it falsely withheld this information from the concerned authorities including the MoEF. In this connection, learned E counsel placed reliance on the NEHU Report of 1997, letter dated 1.6.2006 from the Chief Conservator of Forests (C) to the MoEF, letter dated 9.4.2007 from the Chief Conservator of ·Forests (C) to the Government of Meghalaya and assessment of floral diversity prepared by NEHU in June, 2010. According , to the learned counsel, despite knowledge of the definition of F "forest" and the provisions of the 1958 Act, the government officials issued letters containing incorrect information in relation to the forest cover. These letters are the letter dated 28.4.1997 from Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council, letter from the Deputy Commissioner, East Khasi Hills District dated G

10. 7.1997 enclosing a spot inquiry report which stated that there was no forest on the land proposed to be leased out, letter dated 27 .8.1997 from Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council granting NOC on the basis that there was no forest and certificate dated 13.6.2000 issued by DFO, Khasi Hills Division H 998 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A stating that there was no forest on the land proposed to be leased out. According to the learned counsel, the environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001 issued by MoEF was premised on "No diversion of forest land or displacement of people is involved". According to the learned counsel, the said premise B is per se incorrect as there is a tropical moist - deciduous forest in the area being mined. According to the le.arned counsel, the environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001 was clearly granted on the basis of false representations made by M/s. Lafarge regarding absence of forests; engineered reports c projecting the site as "a near wasteland"; and the concealment of factual data available with M/s. Lafarge including the 1997 NEHU Report which showed the subject land as forest land. Thus, according to the learned counsel, the MoEF ought to revoke the environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001 having regard to Para 4 of the EIA Notification 1994 and inasmuch as0 the MoEF has failed and neglected to revoke the clearance dated 9.8.2001, this Court may quash the said clearance. According to the learned counsel, the environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001 is the parent clearance and, consequently, the revised environmental clear~nce dated 19.10.2010 (the correct E date is 19.4.2010) must automatically fall if the parent clearance is quashed. In any event, the learned counsel submitted that the revised clearance is liable to be set aside since the mandatory procedure of conducting a public consultation had not taken place. According to the learned counsel, a public consultation F is mandatory in terms of para 7 of the EIA Notification dated 14.9.2006. Such consultation has not taken place. The public hearing held on 3.6.1998 was without a disclosure of the forest and, hence, there has been no public consultation in accordance with para 7 of the EIA Notification dated 14.9.2006. G Thus, according to the learned counsel, the revised environmental clearance dated 19.4.2010 is liable to be quashed on the ground of non-compliance of the mandatory provisions of the EIA Notification of 2006. According to the learned counsel, consequently, the stage-I forest clearance H dated 22.4.2010 is also liable to be rejected. It may be noted

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 999 TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.O.l[S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] that the stage-I forest clearance dated 22.4.2010 has been A granted by FAC of MoEF. The learned counsel submits that under National Forest Policy, 1988 tropical rain/ moist forest is required to be totally safeguarded. That, it is a no-go area. According to the learned counsel, since the region where mining is taking place falls within tropical rain/ moist forest, FAC ought B not to have given the clearance on 22.4.2010. For the afore-stated reasons, it is the case of SAC that both on account of the nature of the land in question and the conduct of M/s. Lafarge, this Court should dismiss the IA No. 1868 of 2007 filed by Mis. Lafarge and that the IA No. 2937 of 2010 filed by SAC c se~king revocation of the parent environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001 and revised environmental clearance dated 19.4.2010 and forest clearance dated 22.4.2010 be allowed.

12. On the nature of the land in question, learned Attorney General submitted that in the EIA Report (NEHU Report), D annexed along with the application dated 1.9.1997 for grant of environmental clearance, a description of the vegetation area at the proposed mining site which is distributed in three distinct layers indicated that the third and the lower layer consisted of shrubs and herbs and their poor growth was due to lack of soil. E It was also mentioned that the majority of valuable timber trees had already been extracted from the mining site in the past in · Meghalaya by the tribals who lived on timber. In para 4.9 of the Report the site was described to be mostly covered with pole sized trees, shrubs and herbs. This EIA Report did not make F reference to the Certificate dated 28.4.1997 of the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council, the Spot Inspection Report dated 10.7.1997 nor the Certificate dated 27.8.1997 issued by the Council all of which referred to absence of forest. According to the learned Attorney General at each stage MoEF had raised G queries and requisitions and after a thorough probe MoEF gave ultimately Environment Clearance on 19.4.2010 and 22.4.2010 being the Forest Clearance. In this regard it was pointed out by MoEF vide letter dated 24.10.1997 that the EIA Notification 1994 was amended on 10.4.1997 making public hearing H 1000 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 7 S.C.R.

A. mandatory for the development projects listed in Schedule-I of the Notification. Consequently, the proposal required two stage clearance, namely, site as well as project clearance. This is the reason why the project proponent made Site Clearance· application on 23.9.1998. Before that the project proponent B approached the Meghalaya State Pollution Control Board for consent to establish limestone mining project. Similarly, a public hearing' notice was given on 27.4.1998. The public hearing was conducted on 3.6.1998. This was followed by Site Clearance Application dated 23.9.1998. All these steps were c taken by Mis. LMMPL, the predecessor of Mis. Lafarge. Even before granting of the Site Clearance on 18.6.1999, a letter dated 8.4.1999 was received from M/s._LMMPL sending a certificate dated 20.3.1999 from DFO, Khasi Hills Division, Shillong indicating absence of forest. Thus, at the stage of Site Clearance MoEF had two certificates before it, one dated D 27.8.1997 issued by the Executive Committee, Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council and the other being the certificate dated 20.3.1999 issued by DFO, both indicating absence of forest. To the same effect is the main application for Environmental Clearance dated 17.4.2000. One more fact E needs to be mentioned. Along with the application for Environmental Clearance dated 17.4.2000, an EIA Report prepared by Environmental Resources Management India Pvt. Ltd. giving a detailed description of the topography of the area was forwarded to MoEF. It was called as Karst Topography. In F that Report it was categorically stated that the project area did not fall in the designated forest land; that the terrain at the site was described as Karst Topography which did not allow normal plant growth. Despite clarification, MoEF wrote a letter dated 1.5.2000 to the project proponent seeking further clarification G as to whether there existed forest in terms of the Supreme Court order dated 12.12.1996 and if so a certificate to that extent should be obtained from the local DFO. In reply, M/s. LMMPL forwarded a certificate of DFO dated 13.6.2000 which stated that the proposed mining site for limestone mining project at H Phalangkaruh, Nongtrai, East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1001

TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.) leased out by M/s. LMMPL is not a forest area as per Supreme A Court judgment and it does not fall under any of the notified reserves or protected forests. The area is covered with Karst topography and supports only a sporadic growth of a few trees, shrubs and creepers. The proposal of M/s. LMMPL was once again discussed at the meeting of the Expert Committee B (Mining) held on 19-20.10.2000. This Committee sought further information and clarification, one of the clarifications sought was a detailed survey of the plant and animals to be carried out with the help of BSI and ZSI officers situated in Shillong. It also sought a video film of the site and other areas. Accordingly, on c 9.2.2001 M/s. LMMPL gave the requisite response as desired by MoEF as well as additional information was also provided in respect of a comprehensive survey and Flora and Fauna Report dated January, 2001 of Dr. AK. Ghosh (Former Director ZSI). The said Report of January, 2001 extensively dealt with 0 tropical semi-evergreen forest at different elevations; This Report of Dr. Ghosh (Centre for Environment and Development) · . was 'placed before the Expert Committee on 7.3.2001. The minutes of the meeting indicate that a video film of the site was also shown. The Report indicates the Karst features, extensive E flora and fauna survey carried out by the Centre for Environment and Development in conjunction with the Botanical Survey of India and Zoological Survey of India. After elaborate discussion, the Expert Committee recommended Environmental Clearance of the project once again subject to certain conditions. Even after such recommendation, the MoEF once again wrote to the F Chief Conservator of Forest, Meghalaya. This was on 19.4.2001 regarding Environmental Clearance. The Chief Conservator of Forest (Wildlife Division) vide letter dated 1.6.2001 gave his comments as per the annexures which was on the basis of Field Verification Report submitte.d by DFO, G Khasi Hills Wildlife Division, Shillong. According to the Chief Conservator of Forest (Wildlife Division) the project area is sloppy, ending in the nearby plains of Bangladesh and covered wholly by degraded forests and grassland vegetation. Further, he stated that there is a motorable road used for traffic and the H

1002 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. 1A forest is farther away up the slope. It was concluded that there was no likelihood of any wildlife presence in the area. Thus, according to the learned Attorney General it is incorrect to say that the EIA clearance dated 9.8.2001 was granted without proper consideration. There has been a detailed consideration B at every stage. That, at the time of the submission of the application for Site Clearance dated 23.9.1998 there existed an NOC of the Pollution Control Board, a certificate dated 27.8.1997 issued by East Khasi Hills Autonomous Council and thus it cannot be said that the EIA clearance indicated non-e application of mind or that it was liable to be set aside on the ground that the EIA Division of the MoEF did not properly consider the matter. In the circumstances, according to the learned Attorney General, it cannot be said that the Environmental Clearance dated 9.8.2001 came to be issued by MoEF arbitrarily, capriciously or whimsically. At that stage0 of Environmental Clearance dated 9.8.2001 existence of the forest land was not established. If it had been so established / then the project proponent had to obtair forest clearance under the 1980 Act also.

E 13. At the outset, Shri F.S. Nariman, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of Mis. Lafarge adopted the submissions made on behalf of MoEF by the learned Attorney General. As regards the nature of the land, the learned counsel invited our attention to the approved mining plan which was submitted by F LMMPL to the Regional Controller of Mines, IBM, Calcutta for limestone extraction which plan was duly approved in February, 1998. In this approved mining plan, the project area was described as having Karst topography with the presence of deep caverns, caves and cracks which permit surface water G to percolate downwards and circulate underground only to reappear as hills side springs at certain outlets. According to the mining plan, the terrain over the entire area is rocky with very little soil and devoid of hard overburden rocks. The vegetation of the area is seen to be mixed deciduous type. H There is no agricultural activity in the area as thin soil cover is LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1003

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] unable to sustain crops. That, even according to the NEHU A Report of 1997, the site selected for mining has commercially viable limestone deposit.. According to the said report, the land was left unused covered with degraded forests and this was the reason why the Durbar preferred to lease out the site to LMMPL for mining. Other factors responsible for selecting the B proposed site were availability of water resource, away from human habitation, closer to the cement plant at Chhatak, easy accessibility by road and minimum damage to the rich biodiversity (see page 19 of the NEHU Report). The learned counsel submitted that Section 2 of the 1980 Act stipulates _ c "prior approval". Thus, prior determination of what constituted forest land is required to be done. This lacuna in the 1980 Act was supplied by the order of this Court dated 12.12.1996 which inter alia provided that every State Government shall first constitute an Expert Committee within one month and based 0 on its recommendations the State Government will identify the land as forest land on the criteria mentioned in the said Order. The learned counsel also invited our attention to Rule 4 of the Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981 in which it is stipulated that every State Government seeking prior approval under Section 2 of the 1980 Act shall send its proposal to the Central E ' Government in the form appended to the Rules. Thus, according to the learned counsel, under the 1980 Act read with the Rules, the requirement of submission of the proposal for forest diversion under the 1980 Act is exclusively the obligation of the State Government. This was also spelt out in the guidelines F issued on 25.10.1992. Later on the Government of India amended the said guidelines in respect of the diversion of forest lands for non-forest purpose under the 1980 Act by letter dated 25.11.1994 and in para 2.4 the concept of "User Agency" was introduced but that concept was made applicable only to G cases of renewal of mining leases. However, on 10.1.2003, Rule 4 of the 1981 Rules stood reframed (as Rule 6 of the 2003 Rules) which inter alia provided that every "User Agency" who wants to use any forest land for non-forest purpose shall make its proposal in the specified form appended to the Rules to the H

1004 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 7 S.C.R.

A concerned Nodal Officer along with the requisite information before undertaking any non-forest activity on the forest land; after receiving the proposal and if the State Government is satisfied that the proposal required prior approval under Section 2, it had to send the said proposal to the Central B Government in the appropriate form within 90 days of the receipt of the proposal from the "User Agency". The threshold limit was kept at 40 hectares. Where the proposal involved forest land of more than 40 hectares, it was to be sent by the State Government to the Government of India with the copy to c the Regional Nodal Officer. According to the learned counsel, insofar as M/s. Lafarge was concerned, its predecessor LMMPL was already given environmental clearance on 9.8.2001 and while granting the clearance there was an express finding in the environmental clearance that "no diversion of forest land was involved". Thus, it was never0 stipulated at any time as a condition to the grant of environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001 that permission under the 1980 Act should be obtained. The learned counsel further pointed out that pursuant to the Order of this Court dated 12.12.1996 an Expert Committee was formed by the State of E Meghalaya vide notification dated 8.1.1997 with the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests as its Chairman. On 10.2.1997, the State of Meghalaya, on the subject of "Order of the Supreme Court dated 12.12.1996" wrote to the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council that the land in question was reckoned by the F State as non-forest land. The Council was asked to inform/ clarify whether the area in question under the mining lease fell on forest land as per the records of the District Council. By letter dated 28.4.1997, the Council informed the State Government that the area in question did not fall on forest lands. Moreover, G pursuant to the Order of this Court dated 12.12.1996, the Chairperson of the Expert Committee appointed by the State of Meghalaya also filed the report of the Expert Committee in which it was expressly stated that the mining lease granted by the State Government did not fall on the forest land. Thus, it was H under the above circumstances, having regard to the order of

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1005 T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] this Court dated 12.12.1996, that the State Government was A not required to and it did not submit any proposal to the Central Government under Section 2 of the 1980 Act read with Rule 4 of the 1981 Rules as it treated the site in question as a non-forest land. This position has not been disputed by MoEF. Thus, according to the learned counsel, there was no obligation on B the project proponent or on the State of Meghalaya to move MoEF under Section 2 of the 1980 Act.

14. According to the learned counsel, what has happened in the present case is that almost after 9 years there was a C change of view on the part of MoEF, i.e., between 1997 and 2007. Under this change of view of MoEF, the report of t~e Chairperson of the Expert Committee of the State of Meghalaya which report stood annexed to the affidavit dated 3.5.1997 in this Court to the effect that the mining lease did not fall on forest land was given a go-by and an entirely new stand was taken D · only on and from 2006-07, One more aspect has been highlighted by the. learned counsel for M/s. Lafarge. On 1.6.2006, the Chief Conservator of Forests (C), ·Shri Khazan Singh stated that he had visited the limestone mining project of M/s. Lafarge on 24.5.2006 when he found that the mining E lease area is surrounded by thick natural vegetation cover with sizeable number of tall trees. According to the Chief Conservator of Forests (C), the Rapid EIA Report (ERM India Pvt. Ltd.) submitted by the project proponent describes the land as waste land which was not a fact. Thus, according to the Chief F Conservator of Forests (C), the project proponent should be directed to obtain clearance under the 1980 Act and not to expand mining activities till such clearance is obtained. After the said letter dated 1.6.2006, the then Principal Chief Conservator of Forests now stated vide letter dated 11.5.2007 G that he too agreed with the opinion of the Chief Conservator of Forests (C), Shri Khazan Singh. However, according to the learned counsel, even the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests stated in his letter dated 11.5.2007 that though Mis. Lafarge had failed to take forest clearance, they were not at H

1006 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A fault because of the certificate of the Council that the site fell in a non-forest area. The letter dated 11.5.2007 further goes on to state that the activities of the company will provide employment to large number of local tribals and rural people and that since the company had applied for forest clearance B on 3.5.2007 forest clearance may be considered. Thus, according to the learned counsel, there was no collusion between M/s. Lafarge and the DFO as alleged to get the certificate dated 13.6.2000. C 15. On the question of alleged suppression by M/s.

Lafarge from MoEF of the NEHU Report 1997, learned counsel submitted that an application was prepared and submitted by M/s. LMMPL for Environmental Clearance to MoEF vide letter dated 1.9.1997; along with the said letter there were several enclosures. One of the enclosures was the NEHU D Report, the other was NOC from Khasi Hills Autonomous Council for mining operation in the project area. This letter dated 1.9.1997 was duly acknowledged by MoEF vide its letter dated 24.10.1997. As stated above, in view of the amendment to the Notification of 1994, the project proponent was advised to make E ·a new proposal in two different parts, namely, site clearance and project clearance. Pursuant to the said advice the project proponent preferred Site Clearance Application on 23.9.1998 made to MoEF in which once again the project proponent enclosed maps which were verbatim reproduction of the relevant F pages (including maps) in the NEHU Report. MoEF granted Site Clearance on 18.6.1999. Further even the Mining Plan submitted by the project proponent contained a Chapter on Environment Management Plan (EMP) which is a verbatim copy of Chapter 6 of NEHU Report. The said plan was G approved by Bureau of Mines. Moreover, in the Sociological and Ecological Impact Assessment Report dated 16.2.1998 prepared by ERM it has been expressly stated that Environmental Impact Assessment was carried out in 1997 and it was submitted to Mo,EF in September, 1997. To the same H effect one finds reference in the Executive Summary of the EIA

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1007

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] of proposed Limestone Mining of 9.4.1998 by ERM. According A to the learned counsel the above documents indicate that there was no suppression by the project proponent from MoEF of NEHU Report of 1997 as alleged. One of the points which SAC has argued before us was absence of public hearing as required under EIA Notification of 1994. On this aspect Shri B Nariman, learned counsel appearing on behalf of M/s. Lafarge invited our attention to the requisite correspondence. On 22.4.1998 a Notification was issued by Meghalaya State Pollution Control Board of constituting an Environmental Public Hearing Panel to evaluate and assess the documents c submitted by the project proponent and to verify the comments, views and suggestions made by the public on the proposed project. This Notification was issued in terms of the EIA Notification of 1994, as amended on 10.4.1997. On 27.4.1998 a public notice was also issued by MPCB informing the general 0 public about the limestone project of M/s. LMMPL. On 5.5.1998 MPCB informed two local newspapers in writing asking them to publish the Khasi translation of the public notice. On 6.5.1998 MPCB wrote to Shella Confederacy asking its Headman to display two sets of executive summary each in Khasi and English. On 13.5.1998 the State PCB wrote to the E Director of Information asking him to publish public notice in Shillong Times. On 25.5.1998 the State PCB wrote to the Secretary, Shella village informing him of date and time of public hearing. 31 members attended the public hearing on F 3.6.1998. As stated above, the entire proceedings have been recorded in the minutes of the meeting. On 4.9.1998 the Deputy Director, Govt. of India, MoEF forwarded a letter to the State PCB enclosing proceediRgs of the public hearing conducted for proposed limestone mining project of M/s. LMMPL, Nongtrai. Thus, according to the learned counsel there is no G merit in the submission advanced on behalf of SAC that public hearing as per EIA Notification of 1997 did not take place.

16. Shri Nariman, learned counsel appearing on behalf of . M/s. Lafarge further submitted that on facts and circumstances H 1008 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011] 7 S.C.R. A of the present case it is clear that both the project proponent and the MoEF were at all relevant times under the bona fide impression that the project site was not forest land; in fact the consistent view of all authorities, including MoEF, was that the project site (mining lease area) was not located on "forest land". s In this connection our attention was invited to the application dated 23.9.1998 made by Mis. LMMPL to MoEF for Site Clearance, the NOC from KHADC dated 27.8.1997 stating that the project area does not fall within a forest land, grant of Site Clearance on 18.6.1999 by MoEF, application for c Environmental Clearance dated 17 .4.2000, grant of Environmental Clearance on 9.8.2001. All these documents and series of letters exchanged during the relevant time, according to the learned counsel, indicate that both the project proponent and MoEF were at all relevant times under the bona fide impression that the project site (mining lease area) was not0 located on forest land.

17. Learned counsel further submitted that after stop mining order dated 30.4.2007 and the direction of CCF(C) of even date to obtain Forest Clearance under Section 2 of the 1980 E Act, an application was filed by Mis. Lafarge on 3.5.2010 to the State Government under Rule 6 of the Forest Conservation Rules, 2003, as amended in 2004. Accordingly, on 11.5.2007 the Principal Chief Conservator of Forest, Meghalaya wrote to the Government of Meghalaya agreeing with the views of the F CCF (C) to the effect that Mis. Lafarge should obtain permission under the 1980 Act. At the same time, as stated above, the PCCF made it clear that no fault lay on the door step of Mis. Lafarge for not seeking Forest Clearance·earlier. Accordingly, on 19.6.2007 a formal proposal was made by G State Government on 19.6.2007 to MoEF for diversion of 116.589 Ha of forest land for limestone and other ancillary. activities in favour of Mis. Lafarge in Khasi Hills Division under Section 2 of the 1980 Act. Thus, all necessary steps were taken, as indicated hereinabove, by M/s. Lafarge which H ultimately culminated in the Environmental Clearance by MoEF i LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED .1009 T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] dated 19.4.2010 and Forest Clearance dated 22.4.2010. In the A circumstances, learned counsel submitted that I.A. 1868/2007 preferred by Mis. Lafarge be allowed. Issues 8 18(i) Nature of land;

(ii) Whether ex post facto environmental and forest clearances dated 19.4.201 O and 22.4.201 O respectively stood vitiated by alleged suppression by M/s. Lafarge regarding the nature of the land. In C this connection it was contended by learned Amicus and by the learned counsel appearing on behalf of SAC that the EIA clearance under Section 3 of the 1986 Act dated 9.8.2001 (being a parent clearance) was obtained by M/s. Lafarge on the o basis of "absence of forest" with full knowledge that the project site was located on forest land. Findings (a) Legai Position. E 19. Universal human dependence on the use of environmental resources for the most basic needs renders it impossible to refrain from altering environment. As a result, environmental conflicts are ineradicable and environmental F protection is always a matter of degree, inescapably requiring choices as to the appropriate level of environmental protection and the risks which are to be regulated. This aspect is recognized by the concept of "sustainable developmenf'. It is equally well-settled by the decision of this Court in the case of G Narmada Bachao Andolan v. Union of India and Others [(2000) 10 sec 664] that environment has different facets and care of the environment is an on-going process. These concepts rule out the formulation of across-the-board principle as it would depend on the facts of each case whether diversion in a given case should be permitted or not, barring "No Go" areas (whose H

1010. SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R A identification would again depend on undertaking of due diligence exercise). In such cases, the Margin of Appreciation Doctrine would apply. 20. Making these choices necessitates decisions, not only B about how risks should be regulated, how much protection is enough, and whether ends served by environmental protection could be pursued more effectively by diverting resources to other uses. Since the nature and degree of environmental risk posed by different activities varies, the implementation of C environmental rights and duties require proper decision making based on informed reasons about the ends which may ultimately be pursued, as much as about the means for attaining them. Setting the standards of environmental protection involves mediating conflicting visions of what is of value in human life. D (b) Nature of the land

21. In the NEHU Report of June, 1997 (Rapid EIA of Proposed Limestone Mining Project at Nongtrai, Meghalaya), a brief history of limestone mining in Khasi Hills of Meghalaya E is spelt out. It indicates that mining of limestone in Khasi Hills dates back to July 10, 1763 when an agreement was signed between East India Company and the Nawab of Bengal for preparation of chunam. Regular trade of limestone from Khasi Hills of Bengal started on and from 1858. Substantial revenue was earned by the British Government from these limestone F quarries as rentals, which was Rs. 23,000/- in 1858 and which subsequently stood increased to Rs. 67,000/- in 1878. The first historical account of exploitation of Nongtrai limestone dates back to 1885 when Don Rai of Shella obtained permits from the Wahadars (Head of Confederacy) of Shella to quarry G limestone in Nongtrai village. There are historical records about continuance cf 'imestone trade between Khasi Hills and Bengal up to 1947. The business declined after partition. Limestone mining and trade slipped into the hands of unorganized sector. According to the NEHU Report of 1997, today a number of H private parties quarry limestone using unscientific methods and LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1011

TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] export it to counterparts in Bangladesh, often illegally. These A private parties sell the product at a very low price. This aspect is also being examined by CEC which has now filed its report in I.A. No. 3063 of 2011. One more aspect needs to be highlighted. According to the State of Forest Report, 2001, the North Eastern Hill State of Meghalaya is predominantly tribal B with 86% population being tribal. According to the NEHU Report of 1997, approximately 60 settlements consisting of 50-200 inhabitants each with a total estimate population of 16500 persons exist within 10 km radius of the proposed mining site. Under an agreement dated 29.9.1993 (lease agreement), the c village Durbar represented by a Special Committee headed by the Headman as lessor granted lease of the limestone quarry in Nongtrai to Mis. LMMC (the predecessor-in-interest of M/s. LMMPL). Thus, an area of 100 hectares stood acquired on lease basis for mining whose lessor was the village Durbar of 0Nongtrai. Coming to the topography of the area, one finds that the limestone bearing area around Nongtrai and Shella villages falls under Karst topography. Thi.s area falls on the southern fringe of the Meghalaya plateau. Karst topography is characterized by a" limestone caverns/ caves. The factum of limestone bearing area around Nongtrai and Shella falling E under Karst topography is also borne out by the certificate dated 27.8.1997 issued by KHADC, Shillong. This Council is a constitutional authority under Sixth Schedule of the Constitution. As stated above, the limestone bearing area around Nongtrai and Shella falls on the southern fringe of F Meghalaya plateau. The site is approachable from Shillong via Mawsynram and Nongtrai villages by a motorable road. The site is also accessible from Shillong by road via Cherrapunji. This road is wide enough for crushers and heavy machines to be brought from Shillong. The site is on the uneven terrain with G a rugged topography. (See Rapid EIA Report submitted by ERM India Pvt. Ltd. dated 6.4.2000). According to the said report, the Karst topography of the area supports sporadic growth of a few tree shrubs. According to the NEHU Report of 1997, the site selected for mining has commercially viable H

1012 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R A. limestone deposit. The site was selected after thorough consultation with the concerned village Durbar who is the custodian of the land. The land was left unused covered with degraded forests and this was the reason for the Durbar to lease out the said land to the project proponent for mining. The s village Durbar also felt that in the area unscientific limestone quarrying was going on resulting in loss of revenue both to the State as well as the inhabitants of the village particularly because the said mining was undertaken by unorganized sectors and, thus, it was decided to enter into the lease with c the project proponent so that mining could be done on scientific basis. The site was also selected because of easy accessibility by road and less vegetation clearance stood involved. -According to the NEHU Report, the site is located in the area on the outskirts of the forest. (See page 19 of the said Report) D (c) Validity of ex post facto clearance

22. An important argument 11as been advanced on behalf of SAC that the site clearance dated 18.6.1999 and EIA clearance dated 9.8.2001 were based on misrepresentation by E M/s. Lafarge. They proceeded on the basis that there was no forest. That, both the said clearances stood vitiated by suppression of material fact of existence of forest by Mis. Lafarge and as a sequel the subsequent revised environmental clearance dated 19.4.2010 and forest clearance (Stage - I) F dated 22.4.2010 stood vitiated. In this connection, it was submitted that having regard to Para 4.3.1 of the National Forest Policy, 1988 tropical rain/ moist forest is required to be totally safeguarded; that, the project is located in a tropical moist forest and no forest clearance ought to have been granted by MoEF because of the special ecological G significance recognized by the 1988 policy. According to SAC, the fact that tropical moist forest existed in the area and continues to exist was known to Mis. Lafarge at all material times as can be seen from the NEHU Report of 1997 in which it has been categorically stated that the vegetation at the study H LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1013

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] site is a mixed moist deciduous forest composed of deciduous A and evergreen tree elements; that, in the same Report it has been further stated that the vegetation of the. area is a tropical semi-evergreen forest composed of deciduous and evergreen elements which is further corroborated by the assessment of Floral Diversity prepared by NEHU dated June, 2010 in which B it has been stated that the forest in the study area is tropical moist deciduous forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, savanna, sub-tropical broad leaves forest, forest garden, orchards and riparian forest; that, the vegetation in the unbroken area is tropical moist deciduous type with variable canopy c . cover mostly sparse. Thus, according to SAC and CEC, the undisputed position emerging from the record that the subject area is covered by a tropical moist forest deserving highest degree of ecological protection ought to have been taken into account by MoEF which was not done at the time of initial 0 clearances dated 18;6.1999 and 9.8.2001. Shri Divan, learned senior counsel appearing for SAC submitted before us that the case in hand essentially deals with the decision making process in relation to the grant of environmental clearance and to test whether the decision making process stood up to judicial E review. According to the learned counsel, the following basic ·points regarding the legal framework must be kept in view: -From the environmental perspective, in relation to a mining project, there are three main sets of permissions that are ,required to be obtained:

F (i) The first set of permissions is at the State level. This set of permissions primarily has to do with pollution. In each State or a group of States, a Pollution Control Board issues consent/ permit. These consents or permits are granted from a pollution G perspective. The scope of enquiry is limited to pollution impacts. Obtaining such consents and permits are essential but they are not a substitute for compliance with other environmental laws. H 1014 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A (ii) The second set of permissions, according to the learned counsel, is with regard to environmental clearance. The scope of environmental clearance is wider than a pollution control clearance. The authority granting environmental clearance will look B at broader impacts beyond pollution and will examine the effect of the project on the community, forests, wild life, ground water, etc. which are beyond the scope of Pollution Control Board examination. The exercise of granting environmental clearance c with regard to a limestone mining project of the present magnitude requires MoEF clearance. (iii) A clearance for diversion of forest under the 1980 Act which is granted by MoEF on the recommendation of the FAC should logically · D precede the grant of environmental clearance as the environmental clearance is broader in scope and deals with all aspects, one of which may be forest diversion.

E 23. Applying the said legal framework to the facts of the present case, the learned counsel appearing for SAC submitted that the MoEF, as the authority which decides on diversion of forests and which grants environmental clearances, is duty bound to examine the diversion application in the context F of the 1988 Policy, particularly, where tropical moist forests are sought to be cleared by the project proponent. According to the learned counsel, where MoEF grants environmental clearance in ignorance of the existence of a forest due to mis-declaration, it is duty bound to take severest possible action against the G party that made the false declaration for profit. According to the learned counsel, since impact assessment and EIA clearances are processes based on self declarations by the project proponent (s), the decision making by MoEF depends upon honest and cogent material supplied by the project proponent and since the said process is premised on a full and fair H LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1015

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJ!.] disclosure of relevant facts by the project proponent, in cases A where material facts are not disclosed, the MoEF should withdraw both the site as well as the environmental clearances. According to the learned co\msel, the most important input in this regard must be received by MoEF in the course of its decision making from the public which is an essential check B for a failure to disclose correct facts or to have regard to environmental issues that may have escaped the attention of the project proponent. According to the learned counsel, the requirement of public hearing is, thus, mandatory both under the 1994 Notification and the 2006 Notification. That, the c requirement for payment of NPV does not automatically mean that environmental clearance is to be granted. 24. We are in full agreement with the legal framework suggested by the learned counsel for SAC. There is no dispute on that point. The question is confined to the application of the D legal framework to the facts of the present case. Can it be said on the above facts that a mis-declaration was wilfully made by Mis. Lafarge or its predecessor (project proponent) while seeking site and environmental clearances? Was there non-application of mind by MoEF in granting such clearances? Was E the decision of MoEF based solely on the declarations made by the project proponent(s)?

25. At the outset, one needs to take note of Section 2 of the 1980 Act which stipulates prior approval. That Section refers F to restriction on the dereservation of forests or use of forest land for non-forest purpose. It begins with non-obstante clause. It states that "Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in a State, no State Government or other authority shall make, except with the prior approval of the G Central Government, any order directing that any forest land or any portion thereof may be used for any non-forest purpose". This is how the concept of prior approval by the Central Govemment comes into picture. Thus, prior determination of what constitutes "forest land" is required to be done. By an H 1016 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A order dated 12.12.1996 by a Division Bench of this Court in Writ Petition (C) No. 202 of 1995 with another in case of TN. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India, this Court directed each State Government to constitute within a specific period an Expert Committee to identify areas which are forests s irrespective of whether they are so notified, recognized or classified under any law and also identify areas which were earlier forests but stand degraded, denuded or cleared. The Committee was to be headed by the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests. This order dated 12.12.1996, thus, c clarified that every State Government seeking prior approval under Section 2 of the 1980 Act shall first examine the question relating to existence of forests before sending its proposal to the Central Government in terms of the form prescribed under the Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981 (see Rule 4). Thus, the requirement of submitting the proposal for forest diversion0 under the 1980 Act is exclusively the obligation of the State Government. This position was spelt out initially in the guidelines dated 25.10.1992. However, later on, the Government of India amended the guidelines in respect of E diversion vide letter dated 25.11.1994 and by the said letter the concept of "User Agency" stood introduced. On 10.1.2003, Rule 4 of the 1981 Rules stood reframed which inter alia provided that every "User Agency• who wants·to use any forest land for non-forest purpose shall make its proposal in the specified form appended to the Rules to the concerned Nodal F Officer along with the requisite information before undertaking any non-forest activity on the forest land and after receiving the said proposal and if the State Government is satisfied that the proposal required prior approval under Section 2, the State Government had to send the said proposal to the Central G Government in the appropriate form within the specified period of 90 days from the receipt of the proposal from the "User Agency•. At this stage, it may be noted that the earlier project proponent in the present case was Mis. LMMPL. That project proponent had obtained EIA clearance given by MoEF dated H 9.8.2001 which clearance stood transferred to M/s. Lafarge only

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1017

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] on 30.7.2002. While granting environmental clearance dated A 9.8.2001 there was an express finding to the effect that "no diversion of forest land was involved". In terms of the order of this Court dated 12.12.1996, an Expert Committee was in fact formed by the State of Meghalaya vide notification dated 8.1.1997 with the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests as its B Chairman. On 10.2.1997, the State of Meghalaya had addressed a specific letter to the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council, which as stated above is a Constitutional Authority, stating that the land in question was reckoned as non-forest land and the Council was asked to clarify whether the c area in question under the mining lease fell in the forest as per the records of the Council. The Council by its letter dated 28.4.1997 had informed the State Government that the area in question did not fall in the forest. Apart from the said letter, the Chairperson of the Expert Committee appointed by the State 0 of Meghalaya being the Principal Chief.Conservator of Forests also submitted his report in which it was expressly stated that the mining lease granted by the State Government did not fall in the forest. Since the mining lease granted by the State did not fall in the forest, the State Government did not submit any E proposal to the Central Government under Section 2 of the 1980 Act as it treated the site in question as falling on the outskirts of the forests. It is almost after nine years that there was a change of view on the part of MoEF under which the report of the Expert Committee headed by the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests was given a go-by. Between 1997 and F 2007, the view which prevailed was that the project site stood located on the outskirts of the forests. In this connection, it needs to be stated that on 1.6.2006 for the first time the Chief Conservator of Forests (C), Shri Khazan Singh came out with the change of view which was ultimately accepted in 2007 by G MoEF. According to the Chief Conservator of Forests (C), he had visited the limestone mining project of M/s. Lafarge on 24.5.2006 when he found that the mining lease area stood surrounded by thick natural vegetation covered with sizeable number of tall trees and in the circumstances he recommended H

1018 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A that the project proponent should be directed to obtain clearance under the 1980 Act and not to carry on the mining activities till such clearance is obtained. The most important fact is that subsequent to· the letter dated 1.6.2006, addressed by the Chief Conservator of Forests (C), Shri Khazan Singh, the B Principal Chief Conservator of Forests agreed with the opinion of the Chief Conservator of Forests (C). This was by letter dated 11.5.2007. However, even according to the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, who was the Chairperson of the Expert Committee appointed by the State Government, Mis. c Lafarge was not at fault because the certificate indicating absence of forests was given by Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council. In fact the letter dated 11.5.2007 further goes to state that the activities of Mis. Lafarge will provide employment to a large number of local tribals and rural people and consequently the application.for forest clearance made by0 Mis. Lafarge without prejudice to their rights and contentions dated 3.5.2007 be considered by MoEF. Apart from the above circumstances, on 22.4.1998, a notifica1ion was issued by the State Pollution Control Board constituting an Environmental Public Hearing Panel to evaluate and assess the documents E submitted by Mis. LMMPL. A public notice was also issued in local newspapers on 25.5.1998. The State Pollution Control Board also sent a letter to the Secretary, Shella Village informing him of the date and time of public hearing and accordingly on 3.6.1998, a public hearing did take place. F According to the minutes of the meeting, 31 citizens of Shella Nongtrai, Pyrkan attended the hearing. In the hearing, the purpose, objective, composition and procedure of environmental public hearing was discussed. The Headman of Nongtrai was also present. He gave reasons as to why the G village Durbar had agreed to the proposed project. The main reason being that the limestone was abundantly available in the area but the same remained unutilized by local villagers themselves due to lack of infrastructure. That, for economic development of the local population, the village Durbar had H decided to lease the area required for the project to Mis.

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATELIMITED 1019

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] Lafarge . .In the meeting, the economic benefits of the local A · people from the project prpponent were also discussed. The environmental implications were also discussed. The mitigating . measures to be adopted by the project proponent were also discussed to maintain the ecology and environmental balance of the area. The objections of certain persons were also noted B and discussed. The Durbar came to the conclusion that there was no destruction of any caves. The complainant was not even present during the hearing. Thus, a public hearing did take place on 3.6.1998. One more aspect at this stage needs to be mentioned. Public participation provides a valuable input in the C process of identification of forest. Today, amongst the tribals of the North East, there is a growing awareness of the close relationship between poverty and environmental pollution. According to Environmental Law and Policy in India by Shyam. Divan and Armin Rosencranz, ''many native .and indigenous 0 people are fully aware of what constitutes preservation and conservation of biodiversity. Many native and indigenous people have many a times opposed government policies that permit exploitation on traditional lands because such exploitation threatens to undermine the economic and spiritual fabric of their culture, and often results in forced migration and E resettlement, the struggle to protect the environment is often a part of the struggle to protect the culture of the native and indigenous people" (see page 591 ). In our view, the natives and indigenous people are fully aware and they have knowledge as to what constitutes conservation of forests and development. F They equally know the concept of forest degradation. They are equally aware of systematic scientific exploitation of limestone mining without causing of "environment degradation". However, they do not have the requisite wherewithal to exploit limestone · mining in a scientific manner. These natives and indigenous G people know how to keep the balance between economic and environmen~ sustainability. In the present case, the above is brought out by the Minutes of the meeting held on 3.6.1998. In fact the written submissions filed by the Nongtrai Village Durbar (respondent No. 5) in I.A. No. 1868 of 2007 preferred by M/s. H

1020 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A Lafarge have specifically averred that the total area of the land that falls within the jurisdiction of Nongtrai Village is about 2200 hectares; that, the said lands fall in two categories, namely, individual ownership lands, and community lands. The management and control of community lands is completely within the jurisdiction of the community. Such community lands8 in highlands of Khasi Hills are termed as Ri Raid whereas community lands in low-lying areas are termed as Ri Seng. Nongtrai village has about 1300 hectares of community land out of which 900 hectares are limestone bearing land. The C manner and method of allocation, use and occupation of the community lands are decided by the Village Durbar. The Village Durbar has granted lease of 100 hectares of community land out of 900 hectares which as stated above is limestone bearing land. It is important to note that apart from the minutes of the meeting held on 3.6.1998 which was attended by the 0 Headman of the Nongtrai Village, a detail written submission has been filed on 13.5.2011 by the Nongtrai Village Durbar fully supporting the impugned project. Thus, this is a unique case from North East. We are fully satisfied that the natives and the indigenous people of Nongtrai Village are fully conscious of E their rights and obligations towards clean environment and economic development. There is ample material on record which bears testimony to the fact of their awareness of ecological concerns which has been taken into account by MoEF. In the circumstances, it cannot be said that the F impugned project should be discarded and that the decision of MoEF granting ex post facto clearances stands vitiated for non-application of mind as alleged by SAC. At this stage one more argument advanced on behalf of SAC needs to be addressed. According to SAC, in this case a decisive factor G which clearly shows that there is "forest" on the core area is the statutory definition of forest contained in the United Khasi

- Jaintia Hills Autonomous District (Management and Control of Forests) Act, 1958. Section 2{f) defines the expression "foresr and the tree count emerging from the High Powered H Committee {HPC) Report which establishes that the area LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1021

TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] answers the statutory definition. According to SAC, in terms of A the said definition of forest, if there exists more than 25 trees per acre then it is a forest. This argument has no merit. According to Shri Krishnan Venugopal, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the Village Durbar of Nongtrai Village (respondent No. 5), SAC has not stated the full facts in this B regard. We find merit in this contention. Section 5 of the 1958 Act inter alia provides that no timber or forest produce shall be removed for the purpose of sale, trade and business without prior permission. Section 7 of the said Act deals with · restrictions on felling of trees and further provides that no tree c below 1.37 metre in girth at the breast level shall be felled. Thus, it is the trees of a particular girth and breast height and not every tree should be counted while computing whether a particular area is a forest area or not In fact in the year 2007, a survey of the unbroken area was conducted by the Forest Department 0 of the State of Megha'laya wherein an inventory of the existing . I trees was prepared based on their nature and girth.The said record confirms that the unbroken area has less than 25 trees per acre having girth of more than ·120 ems per acre. It is in view of the existence of the 1958 Act, which is. a local legislation, that the native people as also the State officials like E the DFO understood the area in the light of the said Act. It is important to note- once again that this understanding of the natives and tribals about the Local Act is an important input in the decision making process of granting environmental clearance. It is deeply engrained in the local customary law and usage .. It is so understood by the Expert Committee headed by the then Principal Chief Conservator of Forests on the basis of which the State granted the mining lease saying that there was no forest. This certificate was granted by the State in terms of the order of this Court dated 12.12.1996.This understanding G also existed in the mind of KHADC when it gave certi_ficates on 28.4.1997, 10.7.1997 and 27.8.1997. In fact this has been the understanding of the Council as is apparent even from its letter dated 18.1.2011 (see page 126 of the affidavit dated 9.3.2011 filed by the State of Meghalaya). As stated above, this H

1022 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 7 S.C.R. A view prevailed with the MoEF between 1997 and 2007. The word "environment" has different facets [see para 127 of the judgment of this Court in Narmada Bachao Andolan (supra)]. On the above facts, it is not possible for us to hold that the decision to grant ex post facto clearances stood vitiated on B account of non-application of mind or on account of suppression of material facts by Mis. Lafarge as alleged by SAC.

26. Similarly, it is not possible for us to hold on the above facts that ex post facto clearances have been granted by MoEF C in ignorance of the existence of forests due to mis-declaration. Two points are required to be highlighted at the outset. Firstly, the ex post facto clearance is based on the revised EIA. In the circumstances, EIA Notification of 2006 would not apply. Secondly, IA preferred by SAC being I.A. No. 2225-2227/08 D was preferred only in March, 2008. Thus, during the relevant period of almost a decade, SAC did not object to the said project. In fact an IA is now pending in this Court being IA No.· 3063 of 2011 preferred by CEC which indicates that there are 28 active mines out of which 8 are located along the Shella-E Cherrapunjee Road which are operating without obtaining approval and in violation of the 1980 Act. Further, the said I.A. alleges that 6 registered quarry owners are under the Shella Wahadarship, East Khasi Hills and that there are 12 individuals involved in mining limestone in the Shella Area during 2008-F 09. All these aspects require in-depth examination. The locus of SAC is not being doubted. However, the I.A. No. 3063 of 2011 preferred by CEC which has acted only after receiving inputs from the respondent No. 5 prima facie throws doubt on the credibility of objections raised by SAC. However, we do not G wish to express any conclusive finding on this aspect at this stage. On the ex post facto clearance, suffice it to state that after Shri Khazan Singh, Chief Conservator of Forests (C) submitted his report on 1.6.2006, MoEF directed the project proponent to apply for necessary clearances on the basis that H there existed a forest in terms oMhe order of this Court dated

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1023

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.) 12.12.1996 and the ex post facto clearance has now been A granted on that basis permitting diversion of forest by granting Stage-I forest clearance subject to compliance of certain conditions imposed by MoEF and by this Court. On the question of non-application of mind by the MoEF, we find that at various stages despite compliances by the project proponent and 8 despite issuance of certificates by various authorities, MoEF sought further clarifications/ information by raising necessary requisitions. To give a few instances in terms of the 1994 E!A Notification, the then project proponent made an application to MoEF for grant of environmental clearance. With that C application, the then project proponent submitted the NEHU Report of 1997. However, in the mean time there was an amendment to the EIA Notification of 1994. That amendment took place on 10.4.1997 by which two stage clearances were required to be obtained, namely, site clearance and project clearance. Therefore, immediately MoEF returned the. D application. to the project proponentasking; it to submit applications for site clearance as well as for project clearance; · Similarly, although the then project proponent had made site clearance application which fulfilled the 1994 Notification (as amended), the MoEF gave site clearance on 18.6.1999 with E additional conditions. Similarly, despite the project proponent making application for environmental clearance on 17.4.2000 enclosing Rapid EIA prepared by ERM India Pvt. Ltd. referring to absence of forest, the MoEF asked project proponent to obtain certificate of DFO in terms of the definition of the word F "forest" as laid down in the order of this Court dated 12.12.1996. Similarly, despite the certificate given by DFO on 13.6.2000 stating that the proposed mining site is not a forest area, the MoEF sought further details in terms of the connotation of the word "forest" as laid down in the order of this G Court dated 12.12.1996. Similarly, from time to time the Expert Committee of MoEF asked for details with regard to flora and fauna, list of species in that area, types of forests existing in that area, etc. Similarly, after receipt of letter from Shri Khazan Singh, the then Chief Conservator of Forests (C) on 1.6.2006, H

1024 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A the MoEF called upon the project proponent to submit an application for forest clearance on the basis that the site was located in the forest.· A number of queries have been raised from time to time by the MoEF as indicated from the facts enumerated hereinabove. Even a report from the High Powered Committee (HPC) was called for by MoEF which was submitted8 on 5.4.2010. There were four terms of references given to the HPC. According to the report, all conditions imposed with regard to environmental clearance had been substantially complied with by Mis. Lafarge. The report also refers to the C steps taken by Mis. Lafarge with regard to reforestation. The most important aspect of the HPC Report is regarding the topography of the area. It states that.though the area can be treated as forest, still it is a hilly uneven undulating area largely covered by "Karstified" limestone. The Report further states that the area can be reforested as a part of the reclamation plan. It D further states that the indigenous and native people are satisfied with the credentials of Mis. Lafarge as the company is providing health care facilities, drinking water facilities, employment for. local youth, construction of village roads, employment for school teachers,· scholarship programme for E children, etc. It also indicates that the issue of mining was thoroughly discussed with the Village Durbar by the members of the HPC who visited the site and that the community was in agreement to allow Mis. Lafarge to continue mining. The report further notes that most of the members of the SAC were not F the residents of the locality (Shella Village) and were living in Shillong while occasionally visiting Shella. The report further states that 200 persons participated in a long interaction with the members of HPC. The report further states that in fact the villagers became very upset in the apprehension of Mis. G Lafarge not being allowed to mine on their community land. As stated above, even according to the letter dated 11.5.2007, the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests states that though the site falls in the forest as pointed out by Shri Khazan Singh, the Chief Conservator of Forests (C) vide letter dated 1.6.2006, H still it is not the fault of Mis. Lafarge. Thus, under the above

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1025 T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] circumstances, we are satisfied that the parameters of A intergenerational equity are satisfied and no reasonable person can say that the impugned decision to grant Stage - I forest clearance and revised environmental clearance stood vitiated on account of non-application of mind by MoEF. On the contrary, the facts indicate that the MoEF has been diligent. That, MoEF B has taken requisite care and caution to protect the environment and in the circumstances, we uphold the stage-I forest clearance and the revised environmental clearance granted by MoEF. 27. Before concluding, we would like to refer to our order C dated 12.4.2010 which recites agreed conditions between the parties which conditions are imposed by this Court in addition to the conditions laid down by MoEF. These agreed conditions incorporated in our order dated 12.4.2010 are in terms of our judgment in T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India . . [(2006) 1 sec 1] with regard to commercial exploitability D ·which even according to SAC was not considered by MoEF at. the time of granting revised environmental clearance on 19.4.2010 or at the time of granting forest clearance on · 22.4.2010. We reproduce our order dated 12.4.2010, which reads as under: E

"Heard both sides. Learned Attorney General for India stated that the Ministry of Environment & Forests will take a decision under the Forest Conservation Act and shall consider granting permission subject to the following F conditions : 1. The applicant shall deposit a sum of Rs.55 crores towards five times of the normal NPV (as recommended by the CEC) with interest @ 9% per annum from 1st April, 2007, till the date of payment. G Such payment shall be made in totality in one instalment within 4 weeks from the date of the order. 2, An SPVshall be set up under the Chairmanship H 1026 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A of the Chief Secretary, Meghalaya with the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Meghalaya, Tribal Secretary, Meghalaya, Regional Chief Conservator of Forests, MoEF at Shillong and one reputed NGO (to be nominated by the MoEF) as Members. The B SPV will be set up within 4 weeks. 3. The User Agency will deposit with the SPV a sum of Rs.90/- per tonne of the limestone mined from the date on which mining commenced within 4 weeks of the SPV being constituted.c

4. The SPV shall follow the principles and procedure presently applied for utilization of CAMPA money. The account will be audited by the Accountant General, Meghalaya. The money will be D kept in interest bearing account with a Nationalized Bank. The Accountant General and the SPV shall file an Annual Repurt before this Hon'ble Court detailing all the work done by it in relation to the welfare projects mandated upon it including the E development of health, education, economy, irrigation and agriculture in the project area of 50 kms. solely for the local community and welfare of Tribals. 5. The User Agency will comply with all the F conditions imposed on it earlier as well as further recommendations made by the Committee constituted by the MoEF under the order dated 30th march, 2'010, including, in particular, the following: G (a) It shall prepare a detailed Catchment Area Treatment Plan. (b) It shall explore the use of surface miner technology. H (c) It shall monitor ambient area quality as per LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1027 T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.) New National Ambient Air Quality Standards. A (d) It shall take steps to construct a Sewage Treatment Plant and Effluent Treatment Plant. (e) It shall discontinue any agreement for 8 procuring limestone on the basis of disorganized and unscientific and ecologically unsustainable mining in the area.

(f) It shall prepare a comprehensive forest rehaqilitation and conservation plan covering C . the project as well as the surrounding area. (g) It shall prepare a comprehensive Biodiversity Management Plan to mitigate the possible impacts of mining on the surrounding forest · 0 and.wildlife. . : _:, ·.. : . . ' . ·.· (h) · it shall maintain a strip of at least 100 meter of forest area on the boundary of mining area as a green belt. E 6. The MoEF shall take a final decision under the Forest Conservation Act, 1980 for the revised environmental clearance for diversion of 116 hectares of forest land, taking into consideration all the conditions stipulated hereinabove and it may impose such further conditions as it may deem proper. F list on 26.04.2010 at 2.00 p.m." 28. This order indicates the benefit which will accrue to the natives and residents of the Nongtrai Village. The site covers 100 hectare required for limestone mining. The Village Durbar G seeks to exploit it on scientific lines. The minutes of the meeting of the Village Durbar and the submissions filed by the Durbar indicate the exercise of the rights by the tribals and the natives of Nongtrai Village seeking economic development within the parameters of the 1980 Act and the 1986 Act. H 1028 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A 29. At the request of the learned counsel for SAC, we wish to state that none of the observations made hereinabove in the context of the nature of the land (the extent of the lands owned by the community and by private persons) shall be taken into account by the competent court in which title dispute is pending B today. (d) Summary

30. Time has come for us to apply the constitutional "doctrine of proportionality" to the matters concerning C environment as a part of the process of judicial review in contradistinction to merit review. It cannot be gainsaid that utilization of the environment and its natural resources has to be in a way that is consistent with principles of sustainable development and D intergenerational equity, but balancing of these equities may entail policy choices. In the circumstances, barring exceptions, decisions relating to utilization of natural resources have to be tested on the anvil of the well-recognized principlei:; of judicial review. Have all the E relevant factors been taken into account? Have any extraneous factors influenced the decision? Is the decision strictly in accordance with the legislative policy underlying the law (if any) that governs the field? Is the decision consistent with the principles of sustainable F development in the sense that has the decision-maker taken into account the said principle and, on the basis of relevant considerations, arrived at a balanced decision? Thus, the court should review the decision-making process to ensure that the decision of MoEF is G fair and fully informed, based on the correct principles, and free from any bias or restraint. Once this is ensured, then the doctrine of "margin of appreciation" in favour of the decision-maker would come into play. Our above view is further strengthened by the decision of the Court of Appeal in the case of R v. Chester City Council reported H

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1029

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] in (2011) 1 All ER 476 (paras 14 to 16). A · . 31. Accordingly, this matter stands disposed of keeping in mind various facets of the word "environment", the inputs provided by the Village Durbar of Nongtrai (including their understanding of the word 8 "forest" and the balance between environment and economic sustainability), their participation in the decision-making process, the topography and connectivity of the site to Shillong, the letter dated 11.5.2007 of the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests C and the report of Shri B.N, Jha dated 5.4.2010 (HPC) (each one of which refers to economic welfare of the tribals of Village Nongtrai), the polluter pays principle and the intergenerational equity (including the history of limestone mining in the area from 1858 and the prevalent social and customary rights of the natives and tribals). D The word "development" is a relative term. One cannot assume that the tribals are not aware of principles of conservation of forest. In the present case, we are satisfied that limestone mining has been going on for centuries in the area and that it is an activity which is E intertwined with the culture and the unique land holding and tenure system of the Nongtrai Village. On the facts of this case, we are satisfied with due diligence exercise undertaken by MoEF in the matter of forest diversion. Thus, our order herein is confined to the facts of this F case. Conclusion

32. Accordingly, we see no reason to interfere with the decision of MoEF granting site clearance dated· 18.6.1999, ElA G clearance dated 9.8.2001 read with revised environmental clearance dated 19.4.2010 and Stage-I forest clearance dated 22.4.2010. Accordingly, I.A. No. 1868 of 2007 preferred by M/ s. Lafarge stands allowed with no order as to costs. Consequently, I.A. No. 2937 of 2010 preferred by SAC is H 1030 SUPREME COURT REPORTS . [2011] 7 S.C.R A dismissed. The interim order passed by this Court on 5.2.2010 shall also stand vacated. All other I.As. shall stand disposed of. Part II B Guidelines to be followed in future cases

(i) As stated in our order hereinabove, the words "environment" and "sustainable development" have various facets. At times in respect of a few of these facets data is not available. Care for environmentc is an ongoing process. Time has come for this Court to declare and we hereby declare that the National Forest Policy, 1988 which lays down far-reaching principles must necessarily govern the · grant of permissions under Section 2 of the ForestD (Conservation) Act, 1980as the same provides the road map to ecological protection and improvement under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The principles/ guidelines mentioned in the National Forest Policy, 1988 should be read as part of theE provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 read together with the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. This direction is required to be given because there is no machinery even today established for implementation of the said National F Forest Policy, 1988 read with the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 confers a power coupled with duty and, thus, it is incumbent . on the Central Government, as hereinafter G indicated, to appoint an Appropriate Authority, preferably in the form of Regulator, at the State and at the Centre level for ensuring implementation of the National Forest Policy, 1988. The difference between a regulator and a court must be kept in H mind. The court I tribunal is basically an authority

LAFARGE UMIAMMINING PRIVATE LIMITED. 1031 T.N, GODAVARMAN.THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 {S.H KAPADIA, CJI.] . . -: . . . ·. . .. . . -

which reacts to a given situation brought to its notice A· whereas a regulator is a pro~active body with the power conferred Upon it to frame statutory Rules and Regulations. The Regulatory mechanism warrants open discussion, public participation, circulation of the Draft Paper inviting suggestions. B The basic objectives of the National Forest Policy, 1988 include positive and pro-active steps to be taken. These include maintenance of environmental stability through preservation, restoration of ecological balance that has been adversely c disturbed by serious depletion of forest, conservation of natural heritage of the country by preserving the remaining natural forests with the vast variety offlora and fauna, checking soil erosion •. and denudation in the catchment areas, checking the ext~nsion of sand-dunes; increasing the forest/ tree cover in the country and encouraging efficient ·. utilization oCforest produce and maximizing ·substitution of wood. Thus, we are of the view that under Section 3(3) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, the Central Government E should appoint a National Regulator for appraising projects, enforcing enviro-nmental . conditions for approvals and to impose penalties on polluters. There is one more reason for having a regulatory mechanism in place. F Identification of an area as .forest area is solely based on the Declaration to be filed by the User Agency (project proponent). The project proponent under the existing dispensation is required to undertake EIA by an expert body/ institution. In many · G cases, the court is not made aware of the terms of reference. In several cases, the court is not made aware of the study area undertaken by the expert body. Consequently, the MoEF/ State Government acts on the report (Rapid EIA) undertaken by the H

1032 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A Institutions who though accredited submit answers according to the Terms of Reference propounded by the project proponent. We do not wish to cast any doubt on the credibility of these Institutions. However, at times the court is faced with conflicting B reports. Similarly, the government is also faced with a fait accompli kind situation which in the ultimate analysis leads to grant of ex facto clearance. To obviate these difficulties, we are of the view that a regulatory mechanism should be put in place and c till the time such mechanism is put in place, the MoEF should prepare a Panel of Accredited Institutions from which alone the project proponent should obtain the Rapid EIA and that too on the Terms of Reference to be formulated by the MoEF. D (ii) In all future cases, the User Agency (project proponents) shall comply with the Office Memorandum dated 26.4.2011 issued by the MoEF which requires that all mining projects involving forests and for such non-mining projects E which involve more than 40 hectares of forests, the project proponent shall submit the documents which have been enumerated in the said Memorandum.

(iii) If the project proponent makes a claim regarding status of the land being non-forest and if there isF any doubt the site shall be inspected by the State Forest Department along with the Regional Office of MoEF to ascertain the status of forests, based on which the certificate in this regard be issued. In all such cases, it would be desirable for theG representative of State Forest Department to assist the Expert Appraisal Committee. (iv) At present, there are six regional offices in the country. This may be expanded to at least ten. At H each regional office there may be a Standing Site LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1033 T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] Inspection Committee which will take up the work A of ascertaining the position of the land (namely whether it is forest land or not). In each Committee there may be one non-official member who is an expert in forestry. If it is found that forest land is involved, then forest clearance will have to be B applied for first. (v) Increase in the number. of Regional Offices of the Ministry from six presently located at Shillong, Bhubaneswar, Lucknow, Chandigarh, Bhopal and Bangalore to at least ten by opening at least four C new Regional Offices at the locations to be decided in consultation with the State/UT Governments to facilitate more frequent inspections and in-depth scrutiny and appraisal of the proposals. D

(vi) Constitution of Regional Empowered Committee, ' under the Chairmanship of the concerned Chief Conservator of Forests (Central) and having Conservator of Forests (Central) and three non-official members to be selected from the eminent E experts in forestry and allied disciplines as its members, at each of the Regional Offices of the MoEF, to facilitate detailed/in-depth scrutiny of the proposals involving diversion of forest area more than 5 hectares and up to 40 hectares and all F proposals relating to mining and encroachments up to 40 hectares. (vii) Creation and regular updating of a GIS based decision support database, tentatively containing inter-a/ia the district-wise details of the location and · G boundary of (i) each plot of land that may be defined as forest for the purpose of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; (ii) the core, buffer and eco-sensitive zone of the protected areas constituted as per the provisions of the Wildlife H 1034 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A (Protection) Act, 1972; (iii) the important migratory corridors for wildlife; and (iv) the forest land diverted for non-forest purpose in the past in the district. The Survey of India toposheets in digital format, the forest cover maps prepared by the Forest Survey B of India in preparation of the successive State of Forest Reports and the conditions stipulated in the approvals accorded under the Forest (Conservations) Act, 1980 for each case of diversion of forest land in the district will also be c part of the proposed decision support database. (viii) Orders to implement these may, after getting necessary approvals, be issued expeditiously. (ix) The Office Memorandum dated 26.4.2011 is in D continuation of an earlier Office Memorandum dated 31.03.2011. This earlier O.M. clearly delineates the order of priority required to be followed while seeking Environmental Clearance under the Environment Impact Assessment E Notification 2006. It provides that in cases where environmental clearance is required for a project on forest land, the forest clearance shall be obtained before the grant of the environment clearance. (x) In addition to the above, an Office MemorandumF dated 26.04.2011 on Corporate Environmental Responsibility has also been issued by the MoEF. This O.M. lays down the need for PSUs and other Corporate entities to evolve a Corporate Environment Policy of their own to ensure greater G compliance with the environmental and forestry clearance granted to .them.

(xi) All minutes of proceedings before the Forest Advisory Committee in respect of the Forest H (Conservation) Act, 1980 as well as the minutes of LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1035 TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.) proceedings of the Expert Appraisal Committee in A respect of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 are regularly uploaded on the Ministry's website even before the final approval/decision of the Ministry for Environment and Forests is obtained. This has been done to ensure public accountability. B This also includes environmental clearances given under the EIA Notification of 2006 issued under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Henceforth, in addition to the above, all forest clearances given under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 may now c be uploaded on the Ministry's website.

(xii) Completion of the exercise undertaken by each State/UT Govt. in compliance of this Court's order dated 12.12.1996 wherein inter-alia each State/UT Government was directed to constitute an Expert D Committee to identify the areas which are "forests" irrespective of whether they are so notified, recognized or classified under any law, and irrespective of the land of such "forest" and the areas which were earlier "forests" but stand E degraded, denuded and cleared, culminating in preparation of Geo-referenced district forest-maps containing the details of the location and boundary of each plot of land that may be defined as "forest" for the purpose of the Forest (Conservation) Act, F 1980. (xiii) Incorporating appropriate safeguards in the Environment Clearance process to eliminate chance of the grant of Environment Clearance to projects involving d.iversion of forest land by G considering such forest land as non-forest, a flow chart depicting, the tentative nature and manner of incorporating the proposed safeguards, to be finalized after consultation with the State/ UT Governments. H 1036 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A (xiv) The public consultation or public hearing as it is commonly known, is a mandatory requirement of the environment clearance process and provides an effective forum for any person aggrieved by any aspect of any project to register and seek redressal B of his/her grievances;

(xv) The MoEF will prepare a comprehensive policy for inspection, verification and monitoring and the overall procedure relating to the grant of forest clearances and identification of forests inc consultation with the States (given that forests fall under entry 17A of the Concurrent List). 33. Part II of our order gives guidelines to be followed by the Central Government, State Government and the various D authorities under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. These guidelines are to be implemented in all future cases. These guidelines are required to be given so that fait accompli situations do not recur. We have issued these guidelines in the light of our experience in E the last couple of years. These guidelines will operate in all future cases of environmental and forest clearances till a regulatory mechanism is put in place. On the implementation of these Guidelines, MoEF will file its compliance report within six months. F R.P. lnteralocutary applications disposed of.

(2011] 7 S.C.R. 954 A LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PVT. LTD. T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. UNION OF INDIA & ORS. (I.A. NOS. 1868, 2091, 2225-2227, 2380, 25.68 and 2937) B IN WRIT PETITION (C) No. 202 OF 1995 JULY 6, 2011 . [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI, AFTAB ALAM AND K.S. C RADHAKRISHNAN, JJ.] Environmental Law: Environment and utilization of natural resources -Balancing of equities - HELD: Time has come to apply the0 constitutional "doctrine of proportionalitt' to the matters concerning environment as a part of the process of judicial review in contradistinction to merit review - Utilization of the environment and its natural resources has to be in a way that E is consistent with principles of sustainable development and . intemenerational equity, but balancing of these equities may entail policy choices - In the circumstances, barring exceptions, decisions relating to utilization of natural resources have to be tested on the anvil of the well-recognized principles of judicial review - The court should review the F decision-making process to ensure that the decision of MoEF is fair and fully informed, based on the correct principles, and free from any bias or restraint - Once this is ensured, then the doctrine of "margin of appreciation" in favour of the decision-maker would come into play - Judicial Review -G Doctrine of proportionality- Doctrine of margin of appreciation

- Polluter pays principle - Intergenerational equity. Mines and minerals - Limestone mining project in East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya - Environmental clearance H 954 LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 955

TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 and forest clearance - Mining lease agreement signed with .A Village Durbar - In the application for environmental clearance it was mentioned that the land in question fell under Karst topography - No objection granted by KHADC -Site clearance granted by MoEF - DFO concerned certified that mining site was not a forest area - Environmental public B hearing held - Finally, EIA clearance given by MoEF on 9.8.200 - Subsequently, when it was pointed out that non broken area in the leased mine was forest within the meaning of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, ex post facto · environmental clearance and forest clearance granted on c 19.4.2010 and 22.4.2010, respectively - Validity of - HELD: The word "environment" has different facets - That the land in question faffs under Kast topography is borne out by the certificate dated 27. 8. 1999 issued by KHADC - According to the NEHU Report, the site is located in the area on the · 0outskirts of forest.- Requirement·of submitting the proposal for forest diversion is exclusively the obligation of the State Government - While granting environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001, there was an express finding that "no diversion of forest land was involved" - Since the area of mining lease did E not fall in forest, State Government did not submit any proposal to Central Government u/s 2 of the 1980 Ac_t - It is in view of the existence of 195.8 Act that the native people as also the DFO understood the area in the light of the said Act

- On facts of the case, it cannot be held that the decision to grant ex post facto clearances stood vitiated on account of F non-application of mind or on account of suppressiOn of material facts by the applicant - Similarly, it cannot be held that ex post facto clearances have been granted by MoEF in ignorance of the existence of forests due to mis-declaration - The ex post facto clearance is based on the revised EIA - G In the circumstances, EIA Notification of 2006 would not apply - The order of the Court is confined to the instant case only -United Khasi-Jaintia Hills Autonomous District (Management and Control of Forests) Act, 1958 - s. 2(6) - Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - s. 2 - Mines and Minerals H 956 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957 - s.5(1).

Environment and development - Limstone mining in tribal area - Role of triabals and rural public - HELD: Public participation provides a valuable input in the process of identification of forest - The natives and indigenous people8 are fully aware and they have knowledge as to what constitutes conseNation of forests and development - They equally know the concept of forest degradation - They are equally aware of systematic scientific exploitation of limestone mining without causing of "environment degradation" - However, they C do not have the requisite wherewithal to exploit limestone mining in a scientific manner - The word "development" is a relative term - One cannot assume that the triabals are not aware of principles of conseNation of forest - In the instant case, limestone mining has been going on for centuries in D the area and it is an activity which is intertwined with the culture and the unique land holding and tenure system of the area -On the facts of the case, the MoEF exercised due diligence in the matter of forest diversion.

E Environment and sustainable development - Utilization of natural resources - Guidelines to be followed in future cases - The words "environment" and "sustainable development" have various facets - Care for environment is an ongoing process - Identification of an area as forest area F is solely based on the Declaration to be filed by the User Agency (project proponent) - The project proponent under the existing dispensation is required to undertake EIA by an expert body! institution - The MoEFI State Government acts on the report (Rapid EIA) undertaken by the Institutions who though accredited submit answers according to the Terms of G Reference propounded by the project proponent - At times the court is faced with conflicting reports - Similarly, the government is also faced with a fait accompli kind situation which in the ultimate analysis leads to grant of ex post facto clearance - Therefore, guidelines are required to be given so H LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 957 TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 that fait accompli situations do not recur - Time has come A for this Court to declare and it is hereby declared that the National Forest Policy, 1988 which lays down far-reaching principles must necessarily govern the grant of permissions uls 2 of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 as the same provides the road map to ecological protection and B improvement ·Under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

- The principles/ guidelines mentioned in the National Forest Policy, 1988 should be read as part of the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 read together with the Forest (ConseNation) Act, 1980 - This direction is required c to be given because there is no machinery even today for implementation of the National Forest Policy, 1988 read with the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - Further guidelines enumerated - National Forest Policy, 1988 - Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - 0Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 - r.5(3)(d). The predecessor-in-interest of the applicant Lafarge Umiam Mining Pvt. Ltd. (LUMPL), namely, LMMPL, made an application on 1.9.1997 under Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 1994 .for granting E environmental clearance for limestone mining project at Nongtrai, East Khasi hills District, Meghalaya. By application dated 23.9.1998 LMMPL applied for Site Clearance. The application stated that the site was not a habitat/corridor for endangered/rare/endemic species; an F area of 100 hectares stood acquired by LMMPL on lease basis for mining for which an agreement was signed with Village Durbar; and that the limestone bearing area fell under the Karst topography. LMMPL, obtained "no objection" certificate dated 27.8.1997 issued by the Khasi G Hills Autonomous District Council (KHADC), Shillong, a constitutional authority under the Sixth Schedule to 'the Constitution of India, site clearance was given by MoEF by letter dated 18.6.1999, .certificate dated 13.6.2000 of the DFO concerned was issued certifying that the mining site H

958 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A was not a forest area as per Supreme Court's order dated 12.12.1996 nor did it fall under any of the notified reserved, and the environmental public hearing took place on 3.6.1998. Ultimately, EIA Clearance was given to LMMPL by MoEF on 9.8.2001. Under a transfer deed B executed on 28.2.2002, the mining lease was transferred and assigned in favour of the applicant LUMPL and, accordingly, on 30.7.2002, the environmental clearance granted to LMMPL stood transferred to LUMPL (the applicant) by MoEF.

c Subsequently, by letter dated 1.6.2006 from the Chief Conservator of Forests (C) addressed to MoEF, it was pointed out that the mining lease area around the developed mine benches stood surrounded by thick natural vegetation cover with sizeable number of tall trees.0 The said vegetation included trees being cleared for developing the mining benches and for such clearance no permission under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 was taken. LUMPL, irrespective of its claim to NOC issued by the DFO, submitted its application dated 3.5.2007 for E forest clearance under the 1980 Act. By letter dated 11.5.2007 the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Meghalaya wrote to the State government that the project proponent had broken up an area of about 21.44 Ha; that the topography in the leased mine around the broken up F areas was Karst topography; that non-broken up area in the leased mine was forest land falling within the purview of the1980 Act; that the project proponent be allowed to remove the already broken limestone from the site and it may be directed to apply for forest clearance under G the1980 Act for the non-broken up part of the leased area. LUMPL filed the instant IA No. 1868 of 2007 seeking directions to MoEF to expeditiously process its application u/s 2 of the 1980 Act. On 6.9.2007 CEC submitted its report to the SupremeH LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 959

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 Court stating that the project proponent should have A taken permission under the1980 Act before starting operations in the area and as ex post facto approval was sought and since fait accompli situation had arisen, there was no option but to recommend the case for grant of permission for the use of forest land for mining lease B subject to certain conditions mentioned therein. By interim order dated 5.3.2010 the project proponent was directed to stop all mining activities. On 5.4.2010 a report was submitted by the Regional Chief Conservator of Forests [also known as High Powered Committee (tiPC)], C stating, inter alia, that although the area supported rich flora, the same could be re-forested as a part of reclamation plan prepared and executed in a ti~e bound manner; that the project was positive and beneficial to the residents of the village due to huge amount of cash D going to the Village Durbar, reaching the individual household and improving the financial health of the population of the villages concerned. Accordingly, on . 19.4.2010 the MoEF granted environmental clearance (with certain additional conditions) which was followed E by forest clearance dated 22.4.2010 (ex-post facto clearance) granted by MoEF stipulating further conditions to be complied with by the project proponent.

The contentions of the parties boiled down to the issues: (i) nature of land and (ii) whether ex post facto F environmental and forest clearances dated 19.4.2010 and 22.4.1010 respectively stood vitiated by alleged suppression by the appellant regarding the nature of the land. G Disposing of the IAs, the Court HELD: (a) Legal Position H 960 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A 1.1. Universal human dependence on the use of environmental resources for the most basic needs gave rise to the concept of "sustainable development". Care of the environment is an on-going process. It would depend on the facts of each case whether diversion in a B given case should be permitted or not, barring "No Go" areas (whose identification would again depend on undertaking of due diligence exercise). In such cases, the margin of appreciation doctrine would apply. [para 19] [1009-E-H; 1110-A-B] c Narmada Bachao Ando/an v. Union of India and Others 2000 (4) Suppl. SCR 94 = (2000) 10 SCC 664 - referred to 1.2. Since the nature and degree of environmental D risk posed by different activities vary, the implementation of environmental rights and duties require proper decision making based on informed reasons about the ends which may ultimately be pursued, as much as about the means for attaining them. Setting the standards of E environmental protection involves mediating conflicting visions of what is of value in human life. [para 20] (1010-B-C]

1.3. Time has come to apply the constitutional "doctrine of proportionality'' to the matters concerning F environment as a part of the process of judicial review in contradistinction to merit review. It cannot be gainsaid that utilization of the environment and its natural resources has to be in a way that is consistent with principles of sustainable development and intergen-G erational equity, but balancing of these equities may entail policy choices. In the circumstances, barring exceptions, decisions relating to utilization of natural resources have to be tested on the anvil of the well-recognized principles of judicial review. The court should H review the decision-making process to ensure that the LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 961 T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 decision of MoEF is fair and fully informed, based on the A correct principles, and free from any bias or restraint. Once this is e·nsured, then the doctrine of "margin of appreciation" in favour of the decision-maker would come . into play. [para 30) [1028-C-H] B R v. Chester City Council (2011) 1 All ER 476 - referred to.

1.4. Accordingly, the matter is disposed of keeping in mind various facets of the word "environment", the inputs provided by the Village Durbar of Nongtrai C (including their understanding of the word "forest" and the balance between environment and economic sustainability), their participation in the decision-making process, the topography and connectivity of the site to Shillong, the letter dated 11.5.2007 of the Principal Chief D Conservator of Forests and the report dated 5.4.2010 given by HPC (each one of which refers to economic welfare of the tribals of Village Nongtrai), the polluter pays principle and the intergenerational equity (including the history of limestone mining in the area from 1858) and the E prevalent social and customary rights of the natives and tribals. [para 31) [1029-A-D] (b) Nature of the land 2.1. According to the State of Forest Report, 2001, F the North Eastern Hill State of Meghalaya is predominantly tribal with 86% tribal population. The area in question falls under Karst topography; and this fact is also borne out by the certificate dated 27.8.1997 issued by KHADC, Shillong which is a constitutional authority G under the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution. According to the NEHU Report of 1997, the site selected for mining has commercially viable limestone deposit. The site was selected after thorough consultation with the village Durbar concerned which is the custodian of the land. H 962 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A The village Durbar also felt that in the area unscientific limestone quarrying was going on resulting in loss of revenue both to the State as well as the inhabitants of the village, particularly, because the said mining was undertaken by unorganized sectors and, thus, it was B decided to enter into the lease with the project proponent so that mining could be done on scientific basis. The site was also selected because of easy accessibility by road and less vegetation clearance stood involved. According to the NEHU Report, the site is located in the area on the c outskirts of the forest. [para 21] [1011-B-H; 1012-A-C] {c) Validity of ex-post facto clearance:

3.1. By an order dated 12.12.1996, a Division Bench of this Court, in T.N. Godavarman Thirumu/pad*, directed D each State Government to constitute within a specific period an Expert Committee to identify areas which are forests irrespecti"ve of whether they are so notified, recognized or classified under any law and also identify areas which were earlier forests but stand degraded, E denuded or cleared. This order dated 12.12.1996, thus, clarified that every State Government seeking prior .. approval u/s 2 of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 Act shall first examine the question relating to existence of forests before sending its proposal to the Central F Government in terms of the form prescribed under the Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981 (Rule 4). Thus, the requirement of submitting the proposal for forest diversion under the 1980 Act is exclusively the obligation of the State Government. In the instant case, the project proponent had obtained EIA clearance given by MoEF G dated 9.8.2001 which clearance stood transferred to the applicant only on 30.7.2002. While granting environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001 there was an express finding to the effect that "no diversion of forest land was involved". In terms of the order of this Court dated 12.12.1996, an H LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 963

TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 Expert Committee was in fact formed by the State of A Meghalaya by notification dated 8.1.1997 with the Principal Chief Con~ervator of Forests as its Chairman. On 10.2.1997, the State of Meghalaya had addressed a specific letter to the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council, stating that the land in question was reckoned B as non-forest land and the Council was asked to clarify whether the area in question under the mining lease fell in the forest as per the records of the Council. The Council by its letter dated 28.4.1997 had informed the State Government that the area in question did not fall in C the forest. Apart from the said letter, the Chairperson of the Expert Committee appointed by the State of Meghalaya being the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests also submitted his report in which it was expressly stated that the mining lease granted by the D State Government did not fall in the forest. Si'nce the mining lease granted by the State did not fall in the forest, the State Government did not submit any proposal to the Central Government u/s 2 ·of the 1980 Act as it treated the site in question as falling on the outskirts of the forests. E [para 25] [1015-H; 1016-A-H; 1017-A-F] *T.N. Godavarman Thirumu/pad v. Union of India 2005 (3) Suppl. SCR 552 = (2006) 1 SCC 1 - referred to.

3.2. It is almost after nine years that there was a F change of view on the part of MoEF under which the report of the Expert Committee headed by the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests was given a go-by. Be~een 1997 and 2007, the view which prevailed was that the project site stood located on the outskirts of the G forests. In this connection, it needs to be stated that on 1.6.2006 for the first time the Chief Conservator of Forests (C), came out with the change of view which was ultimately accepted in 2007 by MoEF. The most important fact is that subsequent to the letter dated 1.6.2006, H 964 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A addressed by the Chief Conservator of Forests (C), the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests agreed with the opinion of the Chief Conservator of Forests (C). This was by letter d~ted 11.5.2007. However, even according to the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, who was the B Chairperson of the Expert Committee appointed by the State Government, the applicant was not at fault because the certificate indicating absence of forest was given by Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council. In fact the letter dated 11.5.2007 further goes to state that the activities of c the applicant will provide employment to a large number of local tribals and rural people and consequently the application for forest clearance made by the applicant without prejudice to their rights and contentions dated 3.5.2007 be considered by MoEF. [para 25) [1017-F-H;

D 1018-A-D] 3.3. ·Besides, on 22.4.1998, a notification was issued by the State Pollution Controi Board constituting an Environmental Public Hearing Panel to evaluate and assess the documents submitted by Mis. LMMPL. On E 3.6.1998, a public hearing did take place. The Headman of Nongtrai was also present. The village Durbar had agreed to the proposed project, for the reason that the limestone was abundantly available in the area but the same remained unutilized by local villagers themselves F due to lack of infrastructure. For economic development of the local population, the village Durbar had decided to lease the area to the project proponent. [para 25) [1018-D-H; 1019-A] 3.4. Public participation provides a valuable input in G the process of identification of forest. The natives and indigenous people are fully aware and they have knowledge as to what constitutes conservation of forests and development. They equally know the concept of forest degradation. They are equally aware of systematic •-H scientific exploitation of limestone mining without LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 965

TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 causing of "environment degradation". However, they do A not have the requisite wherewithal to exploit limestone mining in a scientific manner. These natives and indigenous people know how to keep the balance between economic and environment sustainability. In the instant case, this fact is brought out by the Minutes of the B meeting held on 3.6.1998. In fact the written submissions filed by the Nongtrai Village Durbar (respondent No. 5) in I.A. No. 1868 of 2007 have specifically averred that the Nongtrai village has about 1300 hectares of community land out of which 900 hectares are limestone bearing c land. The manner and method of allocation, use and occupation of the community lands are decided by the Village Durbar. The Village Durbar has granted lease of 100 hectares of community Ian~ which is limestone bearing land. [para 25] [1019-C~H; 1020-A-D] D 3.5. The word "development" is a relative term. One cannot assume that the tribals are not aware of principles of conservation of forest. Limestone mining has been going on for centuries in the area and it is an activity which is intertwined with the culture and the unique land E holding and tenure system of the Nongtrai Village. [para 31] [1029-D-i::J

3.6. Further, a detail written submission has been filed on 13.5.2011 by the Nongtrai Village Durbar fully F supporting the impugned project. Thus, this is a unique case from North East. This Court is fully satisfied that the natives and the indigenous people of Nongtrai Village are fully conscious of their rights and obligations towards clean environment and economic development. There is ample material on record which bears testimony to the G fact of their awareness of ecological concerns which has been taken into account by MoEF. [para 25] [1020-D-F] 3.7. The word "environment" has different facets. Section 2(f) of the United Khasi - Jaintia Hills H 966 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 7 S.C.R.

A Autonomous District (Management and Control of Forests) Act, 1958 defines the expression "forest". It is the trees of a particular girth and breast height and not every tree should be counted while computing whether a particular area is a forest area or not. In fact in the year B 2007, a survey of the unbroken area was conducted by the Forest Department of the State of Meghalaya wherein an inventory of the existing trees was prepared based on their nature and girth. The said record confirms that the unbroken area has less than 25 trees per acre having c girth of more than 120 ems. It is in view of the existence of the 1958 Act, which is a local legislation, that the native people as also the State officials like the DFO understood the area in the light of the said Act. It is important to note once again that this understanding of the natives and tribals about the Local Act is an important input in the0 decision making process of granting environmental clearance. It is deeply engrained in the local customary law and usage. It is so understood by the Expert Committee headed by the then Principal Chief Conservator of Forests on the basis of which the State E granted the mining lease saying that there was no forest: This certificate was granted by the State in terms of the order of this Court dated 12.12.1996. This ~nderstanding also existed in the mind of KHADC when it gave certificates on 28.4.1997, 10.7.1997 and 27.8.1997. In fact F this has been the understanding of the Council as is apparent even from its letter dated 18.1.2011 (page 126 of the affidavit dated 9.3.2011 filed by the State of Meghalaya). This view prevailed with the MoEF between 1997 and 2007. [para 25) [1020-G-H; 1021-C-H; 1022-A] G

3.8. On facts of the case, it cannot be held that the decision to grant ex post facto clearances stood vitiated on account of non-application of mind or on account of suppression of material facts by the applicant as alleged H by SAC. [para 25] [1022-A-B] LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 967 T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 4.1. Similarly, it cannot be held that ex post facto A clearances have been granted by MoEF in ignorance of ' the existence of forests due to mis-declaration. Firstly, the ex post facto clearance is based on the revised EIA. In the circumstances, EIA Notification of 2006 would not apply. Secondly, IA preferred by SAC being I.A. No. 2225- B 2227/08 was preferred only in March, 2008. Thus, during the relevant period of almost a decade, SAC did not object to the said project. I.A. No. 3063 of 2011 preferred by CEC, which has acted only after receiving inputs from respondent No. 5, prima facie throws doubt on the c credibility of objections raised by SAC. [para 26] [1022-C-G]

4.2. On the ex post facto clearance, suffice it to state that after Chief Conservator of Forests (C) submitted his report on 1.6.2006, MoEF directed the project proponent D to apply for necessary clearances on the basis that there existed a forest in terms of the order of·.this Court dated 12.12.1996 and the ex post facto clearance has now been granted on that basis permitting diversion of forest by granting Stage-I forest clearance subject to compliance E of certain conditions imposed by MoEF and by this Court. [para 26] [1022-G-H; 1023-A-B] 4.3. On the question of non-application of mind by the MoEF, at various stages despite compliances by the F project proponent and despite issuance of certificates.by various authorities, MoEF sought fprther clarifications/ information by raising. necessary requisitions. A number of queries have been raised from time to time by the MoEF as indicated from the facts. There were four terms G of references given to the HPC. According to the report, all conditions imposed with regard to environmental clearance had been substantially complied with by the · applicant. The most important aspect is the HPC Report regarding the topography of the area. It states that H - 968 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A though the area can be treated as forest, still it is a hilly uneven undulating area largely covered by "Karstified" limestone. The Report further s.tates that the area can be reforested as a part of the reclamation plan.· It further states that the indigenous and native people are satisfied 8 with the credentials of the applicant as the company is providing health care facilities, drinking water facilities, employment for local youth, construction of village roads, employment for school teachers, scholarship programme for children, etc. It also indicates that the issue of mining c was thoroughly discussed with the Village Durbar by the members of the HPC who visited the site and that the community was in agreement to allow the applicant to continue mining. [para 26) [1023-A-B; 1024-A-F] 4.4. Keeping in view the steps taken by MoEF, this D Court is satisfied that the parameters of intergenerational equity are satisfied and no reasonable person can say that the impugned decision to grant Stage-I forest clearance and revised environmental clearance stood vitiated on account of non-application of mind by MoEF. E On the contrary, the facts indicate that the MoEF has been diligent; that, MoEF l:tas taken requisite care and caution to protect the environment; and, in the circumstances, this Court upholds the stage-I forest clearance and the revised environmental clearance granted by MoEF. [para F 26) [1024-H; 1025-A-B]

4.5. The order .dated 12.4.2010 recites agreed conditions between the parties, imposed by this Court in addition to the conditions laid down by MoEF. These G conditions are in terms of judgment of this Court in T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad with regard to commercial exp/oitabi/ity which· even according to SAC was not considered by MoEF at the time of granting· revised environmental clearance on 19.4.2010 or at the time of granting forest clearance on 22.4.2010. This order H LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 969 T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 indicates the benefit which will accrue to the natives and A residents of the Nongtrai Village. The site covers 100 hectare required for limestone mining. The Village Durbar seeks to exploit it. on scientific lines. The minutes of the meeting of the Village Durbar and the submissions filed by the Durbar indicate the exercise of the rights by the B tribals and the natives of Nongtrai Village seeking economic development within the parameters of the 1980 Act and the 1986 Act. [para 27-28] [1025-C-E; 1027-G-H] 4.6. However, it is made clear that none of the C observations made in this judgment in the context of the nature of the land (the extent of the lands owned by the community and by private persons) shall be taken into account by the competent court in which title .dispute is pending. [para 29] [1028-A-B] D

4.7. On the facts of the case, the MoEF exercised due diligence in the matter of forest diversion. The instant order. is confined to the facts of this case. Accordingly, there is no reason to interfere with the decision of MoEF granting site clearance dated 18.6.1999, EIA clearance E dated 9.8.2001 read with revised environmental clearance dated 19.4.2010 and Stage-I forest clearance· dated 22.4.2010. [para 31-32] [1029-E-F; G-H] Part II F Guidelines to be followed in future cases 5.1. The words "environment" and "sustainable development" have various facets. At times in respect of a few of these facets data is not available. Care for G environment is an ongoing process Identification of an area as forest area is solely based on the Declaration to be filed by the User Agency (project proponent). The project proponent under the existing dispensation is required to undertake EIA by an expert body/ institution. H . 970 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A The MoEF/ State Government acts on the report (Rapid EIA) undertaken by the Institutions who though accredited submit answers according to the Terms of Reference propounded by the project proponent. At times the court is faced with conflicting reports. Similarly, B the government is also faced with a fait accompll kind situation which in the ultimate analysis leads to grant of ex facto clearance. Therefore, guidelines are required to be given so that fait accompli situations do not recur:

(i) Time has come for this Court to declare and it isc hereby declare that the National Forest Policy, 1988 which lays down far-reaching principles must necessarily govern the grant of permissions u/s 2 of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 as the same provides the road map to ecological protection and . D improvement under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The principles/ guidelines mentioned in the National Forest Policy, 1988 should be read as part of the provisions of the Environwent (Protection) Act, 1986 read together with the Forest (Conservati.on) E Act, 1980. This direction is required to be given because there is no machinery even today for implementation of the National Forest Policy, 1988 read with the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986F confers a power coupled with duty and, thus, it is incumbent on the Central Government to appoint an Appropriate Authority, preferably in the form of Regulator, at the State and at the Centre level for ensuring implementation of the National ForestG Policy, 1988. The Court is of the view that under s. 3(3) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, the Central Government should appoint a Nation.al Regulator for appraising projects, enforcing environmental conditions for approvals and to H impose penalties on polluters. LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 971

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 A regulatory mechanism should be put in place and A till the time such mechanism is put in place, the MoEF should prepare a Panel of Accredited Institutions from which alon.e the project proponent should obtain the Rapid EIA and that too on the Terms of Reference to. be formulated by the MoEF. B (ii) In all future cases, the User Agency (project proponents) shall comply with the Office Memorandum dated 26.4.2011 issued by the MoEF which requires that all mining projects involving forests and for such non-mining projects which C . involve more than 40 hectares of forests, the project proponent shall submit the documents which have been enumerated in the said Memorandum. (iii) If the project proponent makes a claim regarding o status of the land being non-forest and if there is any doubt the site shall be inspected by the State Forest Department along with the Regional Office of MoEF to ascertain the status of forests, based on which the certificate in this regard be issued. In all such cases, E . it would be desirable for the representative of State Forest Depart~ent to assist the Expert Appraisal Committee ..

(iv) At present, there are six regional offices in the country. This may be expanded to at least ten. At F each regional office there may be a Standing Site Inspection Committee which will take up the work of ascertaining the position of the land (na_mely, whether it is forest land or not). In each Committee there may be one non-official member who is an G expert in forestry. If it is found that forest land is involved, then forest clearance will have to be applied for first. (v) Increase in the number of Regional Offices of the H ' . 972 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A Ministry from six presently located at Shillong, Bhubaneswar, Lucknow, Chandigarh, Bhopal and Bangalore to at least ten by opening at least four new Regional Offices at the locations to be decided iil consultation with the State/UT Governments to facilitate more frequent inspections and in-depthB scrutiny and appraisal of the proposals. (vi) Constitution of Regional Empowered Committee, under the Chairmanship of the Chief Conservator of Forests (Central) concerned and Conservator of c Forests (Central) and three non-official members to be selected from the eminent experts in forestry and allied disciplines as its members, at each of the Regional Offices of the MoEF, to facilitate detailed/in-' depth scrutiny of the proposals involving diversion D of forest area more than 5 hectares and up to 40 hectares and all proposals relating to mining and encroachments up to 40 hectares .

.(vii) Creation and regular updating of a GIS based decision support database, tentatively containingE inter-alia the district-wise details of the location ·and boundary of: (i) each plot of land that may be defined as forest for the purpose of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; (ii) the core, buffer and eco-sensitive zone of the protected areas constituted as per theF provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; (iii) the important migratory corridors for wildlife; and (iv) the forest land diverted for non-forest ourpose in the past in the district. The Survey of India toposheets in digital format, the forest cover maps prepared by G ·the Forest Survey of India in preparation of the successive State of Forest Reports and the conditions stipulated in the approvals accorded under the Forest (Conservations) Act, 1980 for each case of diversion of forest land in the district will also H LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 973 TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 be part of the proposed decision support database. A (viii) Orders to implement these may, after getting necessary approvals, be issued expeditiously. (ix) The Office Memorandum dated 26.4.2011 is in 8continuation of an earlier Office Memorandum dated 31.03.2011.

(x) Besides, Office Memorandum dated 26.04.2011 on Corporate Environmental Responsibility has also been issued by the MoEF. This O.M. lays down the c need for PSUs and other Corporate entities to evolve a Corporate Environment Policy of their own to ensure greater compliance with the environmental and forestry clearance granted to them. (xi) All minutes of proceedings before the Forest D Advisory Committee in respect of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 as well as the minutes of proceedings of the Expert Appraisal Committee in respect of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Eshould be regularly uploaded on the Ministry's website even before the final approval/decision of the Ministry for Environment and Forests is obtained. This has been done to ensure public accountability. This also includes environmental clearances given under the EIA Notification of 2006 issued under the F Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Henceforth, in addition to the above, all forest clearances given under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 may now be uploaded on the Ministry's website. G (xii) Completion of the exercise undertaken by each State/UT Govternment in compliance of this Court's order dated 12.12.1996 wherein inter-alia each State/ UT Government was directed to constitute an Expert Committee to identify the areas which are "forests" H 974 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 7 S.C.R.

A irrespective of whether they are so notified, recognized or classified under any law, and irrespective of the land of such "forest" and the areas which were earlier "forests" but stand degraded, denuded and cleared, culminating in B preparation of Geo-referenced district forest-maps containing the details of the location and boundary of each plot of land that may be defined as "forest" for the purpose of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. c (xiii) Incorporating appropriate safeguards in the Environment Clearance process to eliminate chance of the grant of Environment Clearance to projects involving diversion of forest land by considering such forest land as non-forest, a flow chart depicting, D the tentative nature and manner of incorporating the proposed safeguards, to be finalized after consultation with the State/ UT Governments. (xiv) The public consultation or public hearing as it E is commonly known, is a mandatory requirement of the environment clearance process and provides an effective forum for any person aggrieved by any aspect of any project to register and seek redressal of his/her grievances. F (xv) The· MoEF will prepare a comprehensive policy for inspection, verification and monitoring and the overall procedure relating to the grant of forest clearances and identification of forests in consultation with the States (given that forests fall G under entry 17A of the Concurrent List). [Para 32] [1030-B-H; 1031-A; 1036-A-C)

5.2. These guidelines are to be followed by the Central Government, State Government and the various H authorities under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 975 TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, and implemented A in all future cases of environmental and forest clearances · till a regulatory mechanism is put in place. These guidelines have been issued in the light of this Court's experience in the last couple of years. On the implementation of these Guidelines, MoEF will file its B compliance report within six months. [para 33) [1036-0-F] Case Law Reference: 2000 (4) Suppl. SCR 94 referred to para 19 c 2005 (3) Suppl. SCR 552 referred to para 27 (2011) 1 All ER 476 referred to para 30 CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : I.A. Nos. 1868, 2091, D 2225-2227, 2380, 2568 & 2937 IN \ Writ Petition (Civil) No. 202 of 1995 etc. E Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India. WITH Transfer Petition (C) No. 277 of 2010.

F Goolam E. Vahanvati, AG, Parag P. Tripathi, ASG, Harish N. Salve, U.U. Lalit, Shyam Divan, F.S. Nariman, Dr. A.M. Singhvi, Jayant Bhushan, Krishnan Venugoplan, Siddhartha Chowdhury, A.D.N. Rao, P.K. Manohar, Somiran Sharma, Nishanth Patil, Haris Beeran, Devdatt Kamat, S.N. Terdal, G Subhash Sharma,. Sanjeev K. Kapoor, Rajat Jariwal Kumar Mihir (for Khaitan & Co.), AnujBhandari, Ranjan Mukherjee, S. Bhowmick, S.C. Ghosh, H.S. Thangkhiew, Manish Kumar Bishnoi, P. Nongbri for the appearing parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by H 976 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A S. H. KAPADIA, CJI. Facts

1. Lafarge Surma Cement Ltd. ('LSCL' for short) is a company incorporated under the laws of Bangladesh. It has set B up a cross-border cement manufacturing project at Chhatak in Bangladesh, which inter-alia has a captive limestone mine of 1OOHa located at Phlangkaruh, Nongtrai, East Khasi Hills District in the State of Meghalaya. The mine is leased out in favour of Lafarge Umium Mining Pvt. Ltd. ('LUMPL' for short), C which is an incorporated company under the Indian Companies Act, 1956 and which is a wholly owned subsidiary of LSCL. The entire produce of the said mine is used for production of cement at the manufacturing plant at Chhatak, Bangladesh under the agreement/arrangement between Government of o India and Government of Bangladesh. There is no other source of limestone for LSCL except for the captive limestone mine situated at Nongtrai, East Khasi Hills District in the State of Meghalaya. The limestone as mined by LUMPL is conveyed from the mine situated at Nongtrai after crushing in a crusher E plant. The limestone mined is conveyed by a conveyor belt to LSCL plant in Bangladesh.

2. The National Forest Policy, 1988 stood enunciated pursuant to Resolution No. 13/52-F, dated 12th May 1952 of GOI to be followed in the management of State Forests in India. F The said Policy stood enunciated because over the years forests in India had suffered serious depletion due to relentless pressures arising from ever increasing demand for fuel wood, fodder and timber; inadequacy of protection measures; diversion of forest lands to non-forest uses without ensuring G compensatory afforestation and essential environmental safeguards; and the tendency to look upon forests as revenue earning resource. Thus, there was a need to review the situation and to evolve, for the future, a strategy of forest conservation including preservation, maintenance, sustainable utilisation, H LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 977

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] restoration and enhancement of the natural environment. It is this A need which led to the enunciation of National Forest Policy dated 7th December, 1988 . .The principal aim of the Policy was to ensure environmental stability and maintenance of ecological balance. The derivation of direct econo_mic benefit was to be subordinate to the principal aim of the Policy (See para 2.2). B Under essentials of forest management it is stipulated that existing forests and forest lands should be fully protected and their productivity improved. It is further stipulated that forest cover should be increased rapidly on hill slopes, in catchment areas and ocean shores. It is further stipulated that diversion of good c and productive agricultural lands to forestry should be discouraged in view of the need for increased food production (See para 3.2). Under the Policy a strategy was prescribed vide para 4. The goal is to have a minimum of one-third of the total land area under forest or tree cover. In the hills and in mountains 0 the aim is to maintain two-third of the area under forest or tree . cover in order to prevent erosion and land degradation and to ensµre the stability of the fragile eco-system. Under para 4.2.3, village and community lands, which is the common feature in north-east regions, not required for other productive uses, E should be taker. up for development of tree crop and fodder resources and the revenue generated through such programmes should belong to the panchayats where lands are vested in them and in other cases such revenues should be shared with local communities to provide an .incentive to them and accordingly land laws should be so modified wherever necessary so as to F facilitate and motivate individuals and institutions to undertake tree farming. Vide para 4.3.1, the Policy lays down that schemes and projects which interfere with forests that cover steep slopes, catchment of rivers, lakes and reservoirs, geologically unstable terrain and such other ecologically sensitive areas should be G . severely restricted. Tropical rain/moist forests, particularly in · .· areas like Arunachal Pradesh; Kerala, Andaman & Nicobar lslands:should be totally safeguarded. Noforest should be permitted to be worked without the government having approved the management plan in a prescribed form and in H

978 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 7 S.C.R.

A keeping with the National Forest Policy (See para 4.3.2). Under para 4.3.4.2 the rights and concessions from forests should primarily be for the bonafide use of the communities living within and around forest areas, specially the tribals. The Policy recognizes the fact that the life of tribals and other poor B people living within and near forests revolves around forests and therefore the Policy stipulates vide para 4.3.4.3 that the rights and concessions enjoyed by such persons should be fully protected and that their domestic requirements of fuel wood, fodder, minor forest produce and construction timber should be c the first charge on the forest produce. Para 4.4 deals with diversion of forest lands for non-forest purposes. Under the said para it is stipulated that forest land or land with tree cover should not be treated merely as a resource readily available to be utilised for various projects, but as a national asset which requires to be properly safeguarded for providing sustained0 benefits to the community. Diversion of forest land for non-forest purpose therefore should b~ subject to most careful examination by experts from the stand point of social and environmental costs and benefits. Construction of dams and reservoirs, mining and industrial development should be E consistent with the need for conservation of trees and forests. Projects which involve such diversion should at least provide in their investment budget, funds for regeneration/compensatory afforestation. Beneficiaries who are allowed mining and quarrying in forest lands and in lands covered by trees should F be required to re-vegetate the area in accordance with forestry practices and, therefore, by para 4.4.2 it is stipulated that no mining lease shall be granted without a proper mine management plan. Under para 4.5 it is stipulated that forest management should take special care for wildlife conserv.ation G and consequently forest management plans should include prescriptions for that purpose. Under para 4.6 of the Policy it is stipulated that a primary task of all agencies responsible for forest management shall be to associate the tribals and communities living in such areas in the protection, regeneration H and re-development of forests as wells as to provide gainful

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 979 T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] employment to people living in and around the forest. A 3. On 27.1.1994, in exercise of the powers conferred by Section 3(1) read with clause (v) of sub-Section (2) of Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (for short "the 1986 Act") read with Rule 5(3)(d) of Environment (Protection) Rules, 8 1986 the Central Government issued Environmental Impact Assessment Notification whereby it directs that on and from the date of publication of the said Notification in the official gazette expansion or modernization of any activity or a new project listed in Schedule-I shall not be undertaken in India unless it has C

- been accorded environmental clearance by the Central Government in accordance with the procedure specified in the Notification. Under clause (2)(1) any person who desires to undertake any new project listed in Schedule-I shall submit an application to MoEF, New Delhi in the proforma specified in Schedule-II to be accompanied by a project report which shall D include EIA report/environment management plan prepared in accordance witli the guidelines issued by MoEF. Under clause 2(11) in case of mining as a site specific project the project authority (project proponent) will intimate the location of the project site to the MoEF while initiating any investigation and E survey. The MoEF will convey its decision regarding suitability of the proposed site within a specified period. Thus, site clearance will be granted for a sanctioned capacity and shall be valid for five years for commencing construction, operation or mining. The EIA Report submitted with the application by the F project proponent shall be evaluated and assessed by the Impact Assessment Agency, and if deemed necessary, it may consult a Committee of Experts having a composition as specified in Schedule-Ill. The Impact Assessment Agency (IAA) is ryloEF. The Committee of Experts shall have full right of entry G and inspection of the site. The IAA shall prepare a set of recommendations based on technical assessment of documents and data; furnished by the project authorities (project proponent), supplemented by data collected during visits to sites which would include interaction with the affected H

980 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A population and environmental groups, if necessary. The summary of the reports, the recommendations and the conditions, subject to which environmental clearance is given, shall be made available subject to public interest to the concerned parties or environmental groups on request. B Comments of the public may be solicited within the specified period by IAA in public hearings arranged for that purpose. The pubic shall be provided access, subject to public interest, to the summary of the EIA report/environment management plan. The clearance granted shall be valid for five years for c commencement of the construction or operation of the plant. The monitoring of the implementation of the recommendations and conditions of IAA is also provided for in the said notification vide clause IV. 4. The said notification dated 27 .1.1994 stood slightly D amended by notification dated 10.4.1997. By the said notification detailed procedure for public hearing has been prescribed. It also prescribes composition of public hearing panels.

E 5. On 1.9.1997 LMMPL made an application for granting environmental clearance for limestone mining project at Nongtrai, East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. The application was made under EIA Notification, 1994. It was made in the form prescribed by the Notification, 1994. 20 copies of Rapid EIA F Report (NEHU Report) were also annexed therewith. However, the said proposal dated 1.9.1997 was returned by MoEF vide letter dated 24.10.1997. The reason being that on 10.4.1997, as stated hereinabove, the MoEF had amended the EIA Notification of 1994 making public hearing mandatory for the G development projects listed in Schedule-I of the Notification. By reason of the said Notification dated 10.4.1997 the then project proponent (M/s. LMMPL) was asked to seek Site Clearance as well as Project Clearance separately. The Site Clearance proposal was called for through the State level agency dealing with the mines. Accordingly, by application dated 23.9.1998 M/ H . LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 981

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.) s. LMMPL applied for Site Clearance for Limestone Mining A Project at Nongtrai village, East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. This application was made in the prescribed form. The application indicates that there exists an approach/access road to the site that is described as Shillong-Mawsynram-Nongtrai or Shillong-Cherrapunjee-Shella-Nongtrai. The application B further states that all villages represent tribal population. The application further indicates that there exists many private limestone quarries in the area. It is further stated in the application that the topography of the area is hilly. Against the column 'Forest Land Involved in the Project' the answer given c· by the project proponent was "Nil". According to the application the site is not a habitat/corridor for endangered/rare/endemic species. The.source of this information was the NEHU Report. According to the said Report, mining of limestone in Khasi Hills was a source of revenue right from 1858. The limestone deposit D in Meghalaya is estimated to be 2165 million tonnes.

Exploitation of Nongtrai limestone dates back to 1885. Even today, a number of privat~ parties quarry limestone in this area. An area of 100 hectares stood acquired by LMMPL on lease basis for mining. For that an agreement was signed with Village Durbar. The limestone bearing area around Nongtrai and · E Shella falls under the Karst topography. This area falls on the southern fringe of the Meghalaya plateau. [See Land Use/ Land Cover Map (March 1997) submitted by Mr. F.S. Nariman, Source: IRS-1C LISS-3 MX DATA, Path & Row: 111-054, F .Date: March 1997] Karst topography is a landscape formed by the dissolution of a layer(s) of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone. Karst topography. is characterized by limestone caverns carved by groundwater. Karst landscapes are formed by the removal of bedrock (composed in most cases of limestone, gypsum or salt). [See G Article from Encyclopedia Britannica by William 8. White] Alongwith the application, a certificate dated 27.8.1997 was annexed. It was issued by Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council, Shillong which council is the constitutional authority under Sixth Schedule of the Constitution. By the said certificate H 982 SUPREME COl)RT REPORTS [2011) 1 S.C.R.

A the council specifically stated that it had no objection for mining operation in the area at Nongtrai village since the area does not fall within a forest land. This application for site clearance was allowed by MoEF vide letter dated 18.6.1999 addressed to the Project Proponent. Site clearance was, thus, granted B under the 1994 Notification as amended on 4.5.1994 and 10.4.1997 subject to strict compliance of terms and conditions mentioned therein. One of the conditions was that the Project Proponent shall obtain environmental clearance for the proposed limestone mine as per the procedure laid down in c the 1994 Notification before taking up developmental work at the site. The said clearance was not to be construed as grant of mining permission. No developmental activity relating to the project was to start prior to environmental clearance. Accordingly, on 17.4.2000, LMMPL made an application for D environmental clearance to MoEF in the prescribed form to excavate 2.0 million tonnes per annum of limestone and to transport the same to Chhatak in Bangladesh through belt conveyor (7.2 km long within Indian territory). The mining lease area was indicated to be 100 hectare~The description of land E was shown as "barren". In the application, it was further stated that there is no notified forest land within 25 kms. from the proposed mine. Along with the application vide Annexure A, copy of No Objection Certificate (NOC) for mining operations at the proposed site dated 27.8.1997 stood annexed. That certificate was issued by Khasi Hills Autonomous District F Council, Shillong, which, as stated above, inter alia states that the Council has no objection for mining operations at Nongtrai Village since the area of 100 hectare does not fall within forest land. Similarly, vide letter dated 6.7.1997 issued by Village Durbar, NOC was granted for withdrawal of water for the G project. Vide Anr:iexure G to the application, consent to establish the project stood issued by Meghalaya Pollution Control Board. By Annexure H to the application, minutes of Environmental Public Hearing of the project has been annexed. These minutes indicates the presence of Addi. Deputy H Commissioner, East Khasi Hills District, various government

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 983

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] officials including nominees of Forest Conservators and A Member Secretary of the Pollution Control Board. According to the Headman of Nongtrai Village, limestone is abundantly available in the area; the same has not been utilized by local villagers due to lack of infrastructure; for economic development, the Village Durbar had decided to lease the area; the B environmental implications of the project stood discussed; complaint received from Meghalaya Adventures Association was read out which complaint mainly dealt with destruction of caves which stood rebutted by the Headman and, thus, the meeting stood concluded. All this indicates even public c participation and grant of NOCs by various competent authorities. Vide Annexure J to the application for environmental clearance, we find approval being granted under Section 5(1) of the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957. Along with the application for 0 environmental clearance M/s. LMMPL also forwarded to MoEF Rapid EIA of Limestone Mine prepared by Environmental Resources Management India Pvt. Ltd. This report describes in detail the topography of the mining site. According to the said report the leased area lies on the western side of Umium river E valley. It is approachable from Shillong via Mawsynram and Nongtrai villages by motorable road. It is also accessible from Shillong by road via Cherrapunji. According to the report the site is at the Phalngkaruh which originates from the foot hills of the proposed mine site. According to the said report the site Fis on uneven terrain with a rugged topography. There are heaps of fractured rocks all over the place. It is a rocky region. The site rejects any possibility of natural growth of forest. It is an area of low botanical and floral diversity. It is an area covered with rocks. The area can be termed as a wasteland. G

6. On receipt of the application for environmental clearance, certain queries were raised by MoEF with regard to the scope of the site clearance (the original site clearance was for 0.8 million tonnes whereas subsequently that capacity was revised to 2 million tonnes); that, as per this Court's order H 984 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A dated 12.12.1996, "forests" has to be understood in terms of the dictionary meaning and, accordingly, a certificate was asked for in that regard from local DFO; the effect due to disposal of waste water through soak pit and whether the existing road width was sufficient to carry on heavy equipments B for mining purposes. These were some of the queries/ objections on the basis of which clarification was sought vide letter dated 1.5.2000 by MoEF with regard to environmental clearance under the 1994 notification. As requested by MoEF, the project proponent vide letter dated 11.5.2000 requested the c local DFO to issue necessary certificate as called for by MoEF in terms of the order of this Court dated 12.12.1996. Accordingly, on 13.6.2000, the DFO forwarded the certificate to the project proponent in respect of Limestone Mining Project at Nongtrai, East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya by which it was certified that the mining site was not a forest area as per this0 Court's Order dated 12.12.1996 and nor did it fall under any of the notified reserved or protected forests. Moreover, the certificate once again reiterated that the site area stood covered with Karst topography which supported only a sporadic growth of a few tree shrubs. Despite such certificate of DFO, E MoEF in continuation of their letter dated 1.5.2000 called for additional information inter alia including list of flora and fauna in compliance of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, list of species under the 1972 Act, consent from the State Pollution Control Board for 3000 TPD of limestone, information on ground water F potential, information regarding water requirement, etc. Clarifications sought by MoEF vide letters dated 1.5.2000 and 16.6.2000 for environmental clearance were answered by LMMPL vide letter dated 17.8.2000. As per the said reply, the environmental public hearing notice was published in three G newspapers; that, earlier" the project proposal was for 0.8 million tonnes per annum but later on based on the increased cement plant production capacity in Bangladesh, it stood increased to 2.0 MTPA; that, earlier the lease period was proposed to be 35 years which stood reduced to 30 years; that, H the mine site was on Karst topography which neither MoEF nor

# LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 985 T.N. GODAVARMAN THl.RUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] . ~

the Shella Action Committee ("SAC" for short) denies; that, the A equipment to the mine site would be brought through Guwahati -·Shillong - Mawsynram route which contains an established route whose width was 7.5 m wide; that, there was no proposal to cut any trees for the purpose; that, no sanctuary/ national park ~ is located within 2!) kms. radius from the proposed mine B location; that, the mine site is situated in the southern slopes of the Central Plateau of Meghalaya; that, the core area comprising of the mining site consisted of uneven terrain with a rugged Karst topography (see page 484 of Volume Ill); the minutes of the environmental public hearing dated 3.6.1998 c were also annexed; site clearance dated 18.6.1999 granted by MoEF was also annexed; that, a report regarding impact of limestone mining on Nongtrai, Meghalaya on Siltation Process prepared by Center for Study of Man and/Environment dated April, 2000 also stood annexed to the clarifications given by D LMMPL We need to comment on that report. Firstly, it indicates that the mining site is located on the southern fringe of the Meghalaya Plateau adjoining the plains ~f Bangladesh having a rich endowment of high grade limestone. Secondly, it highlights that the site is approachable from Shillong (109 km.) E by motorable road via Mawsynram and Nongtrai. Thirdly, it states that on account of dissolution of the limestone, Karst tppography has resulted which topography is characterized by caverns and caves which are so prominent that even in 1:50,000 toposheet, they could be plotted. In other words, the karst features are intimately tied up with hydrological situation. F Certain recommendations have been made in the report with regard to possible impact of limestone mining on the Phalangkaruh river system. Despite clarification, MoEF once again examined the matter through Expert Committee which held its meeting on 19th and 20th October, 2000 in New Delhi G under the aegis of MoEF. In the meeting, the project proponent made a presentation on their proposal for production of limestone at the rate of 30,000 tonnes per annum for five years. Certain queries were raised by the Expert Committee on the basis of which once again further clarification was sought by H

986 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011] 7 S.C.R. A MoEF from LMMPL vide letter dated 6.11.2000. According to the query, the area in question supports diversity of plants and animals. It also represents the remnants of the rapidly vanishing humid rainforest. That, the area is a home of endemic insectivorous plants, butterflies; All this, according to MoEF, B would require a detailed survey of plants and animals to be carried out with the help of BSI and ZSI offices located in Shillong. Accordingly, the project proponent submitted report on Ecological Status Survey prepared by Centre for Environment and Development; report on Afforestation c Reclamation Plan, report on Physiography and Hydrogeology of Fugro Milieu Consult B.V. and report on Catchment Area Treatment Plan, vide letter dated 9.2.2001 addressed to MoEF. One more aspect may be noted. These reports were placed before the Expert Committee once again on 7.3.2001. Even D Wild Life Division also gave its report on 1.6.2001. After placement of all these reports, at the end of the day, EIA Clearance was given by MoEF on 9.8.2001 which again contained further conditions which were to operate once the developmental work started. According to the environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001, the total lease area of the mine is E 100 hectares; that no diversion of forest land was involved; that the targeted annual production capacity of the mine had to be

2.0 million tonnes and, lastly, certain general conditions were stipulated with regard to steps to be taken during the developmental work. On EIA Clearance being granted by F MoEF, LMMPL became desirous of transferring and assigning the lease in favour of LUMPL having its registered office at Shillong on which the State Government granted permission to transfer the mining lease vide order dated 29.8.2001. Accordingly, a transfer deed stood executed on 28.2.2002 in G the prescribed form under Rule 37-A of Mineral Concession Rules, 1960. Accordingly, on 30.7.2002, environmental clearance which was earlier granted to LMMPL stood transferred to LUMPL by MoEF. H 7. However, vide letter dated 1.6.2006, from Chief LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 987

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [SH KAPADIA, CJI.] Conservator of Forests (C), Shri Khazan Singh, addressed to A MoEF it was pointed out that he had visited Limestone Mining Project of M/s. Lafarge when it was found that project had completed developmental works and opening of mine benches had also been accomplished for ?Ha of the mining lease land. According to the said letter the mining lease area around the B developed mine benches stood. surrounded by thick natural vegetation cover with sizeable number of tall trees. The said vegetation included trees being cleared for developing the mining benches. That the wood obtained from felling of trees wa$ collected by the lessor who were from Nongtrai Village. c According to the said letter, for such clearance no permission was taken under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (for short the '1980 Act'). Further, even the Rapip EIA report submitted by the project proponent described the land as.wasteland though the visit of the Chief Conservator found it to be otherwise. D Consequently, by the said letter the Chief Conservator of Forests (C)·informed the MoEF that the project proponent may be directed to obtain forest clearance under the 1980 Act and not to.proceed with the mining activities till such clearance. A copy of the said letter was also sent to the project proponent. EBy letter dated 11.8.2006, the project proponent replied to the Chief Conservator of Forests (C) stating that it had proceeded with the developmental work on the basis of the certificate given by DFO dated 13.6.2000 under which it was certified that the project area was not a forest area and it did not fall in any of the notified reserved or protected forests. It was further clarified F that in the core area there were only a few trees, shrubs growing in some soil trapped in the crevices and only those shrubs and trees which are growing in the area demarcated on the excavation plan have been cut. According to the said letter the 1980 Act was not applicable as there was no diversion G of forest land for non-forestry purposes. Accordingly, a letter was addressed by MoEF on 15.11.2006 to Mis. LMMPL. The complaint made by the Chief Conservator of Forests (C) was conveyed to the project proponent. In terms of the said complaint, MoEF directed Mis. LMMPL to obtain forest H

988 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A clearance under the 1980 Act before taking steps to clear vegetation including trees for developing mining benches. On 14.9.2006, MoEF issued EIA Notification 2006 whereunder concerns of local affected persons were required to be taken into account through public consultation. By letter dated B 29.1.2007, Mis. Lafarge took the stand that there is some natural growing vegetation; that only those shrubs which are growing in the excavation plan have been cleared and since there was no diversion of forest land for non-forestry purposes the 1980 Act was not applicable. Vide letter dated 9.4.2007 c addressed by the Chief Conservator of Forests (C) to the Secretary, Department of Forest and Environment, Government of Meghalaya as well as to the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council, it was pointed out that the mining project was undertaken in the virgin and natural forest; that the forest is D standing all around the periphery of the broken area; that the mine was operating on forest land without clearance under the 1980 Act; that the area is a natural/virgin forest; that the land belonged to village Durbar of Nongtrai and in the circumstances forest clearance was required to be obtained under the provisions of 1980 Act in terms of the order of the Supreme E Court dated 12.12.1996. According to the said letter, there was a clear violation of the 1980 Act. Accordingly, the Chief Conservator of Forests(C) Shri B.N. Jha requested the Government of Meghalaya to stop fresh clearance of vegetation, breaking of land, extension of mining area, removal F of felled trees and stoppage of non-forestry activities with immediate effect. A copy of the said letter was also forwarded to MoEF. By letter dated 17.4.2007 addressed by MoEF to Government of Meghalaya a report was asked for indicating justification for continuance of mining by the project·proponent G within a week failing which MoEF had no option but to direct mine closure. Thereafter response was given by Mis. Lafarge vide letter dated 25.4.2007. However, MoEF, vide letter dated 30.4.2007, directed complete closure of all on going non-forestry activities by M/s. Lafarge in compliance of the H directions of the Supreme Court dated 12.12.1996. Suffice it

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 989

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] to state without going into further correspondence that M/s. A Lafarge submitted its application for forest clearance under the 1980 Act vide application dated 3.5.2007. The application makes it clear that permission is sought for forest clearance without prejudice to the rights and contentions of the project proponent. After reciting the above facts, M/s. Lafarge B submitted that the project was a cross-border project; that it had put in ten years of efforts for obtaining approvals; that had the reservation on the legal status of the land and the use of the mine site as forest land been made clear by Chief Conservator of Forests (C) and had such reservation been conveyed to Ml c s. Lafarge earlier or even at the time of consideration of the proposal for environmental clearance, they (project proponent) would have sought approval under the 1980 Act before implementing the mining project. It was pointed out that the mining lease area was 100 Ha. At the time of making the 0 application for forest clearance the broken up area was 21.44 Ha. In the said application M/s. Lafarge undertook to bear the cost of raising and maintenance bf compensatory afforestation. They also undertook to fulfill all other conditions leviable under the law. By letter dated 11.5.2007 addressed by the Principal E Chief Conservator of Forests, Meghalaya to the Government of Meghalaya, it was pointed out that the project proponent had broken up area of about 21.44Ha; that the topography in the leased mine around the broken up areas was Karst topography consisting of limestone surface having natural fissures and Fcrevices; that a sizeable quantity of limestone was lying in and around the broken up area; that the non-broken up area in the leased mine was forest land falling within the purview of the 1980 Act. By the said letter, the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests submitted that the project proponent be allowed to remove the already broken limestone from the site and that the G project proponent may be directed to apply for forest clearance under the 1980 Act for the non-broken up part of the leased area. It is at this ·stage that M/s. Lafarge moved this Court by way of I.A. No. 1868 of 2007 inter alia seeking orders directing MoEF to expeditiously process its application· under Section H

990 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A 2 of the 1980 Act within a time bound programme preferably within 60 days. By letter dated 3. 7 .2007 addressed by M/s. Lafarge to the MoEF (North-East Region), the regional office of the MoEF, was informed that the project proponent had already applied for forest clearance to the MoEF, New Delhi. B

8. On 6.9.2007 CEC submitted its report to this Court saying that the project proponent should have taken permission under the 1980 Act before starting operations in the area. According to CEC this was a typical case where ex-post facto approval under the 1980 Act is sought after the mine has been C allowed to operate illegally. Since fait accompli situation arose according to CEC there was no option but to recommend the case for grant of permission for the use of forest land for mining lease, conveyor belt system and associated activities subject to certain conditions mentioned therein. By interim order dated D 5.2.2010 M/s. Lafarge was directed to stop all mining activities. On 5.4.2010 a report was submitted by Shri B.N. Jha, Regional Chief Conservator of Forests (C) [also known as High Powered Committee (HPC)]. The report was submitted pursuant to the site inspection carried out by a High Level Committee which E also had interaction with local population and institutions in the first week of April, 2010. Briefly, it may be stated that the report indicates assessment of the impact of the mining done by the project proponent up to April 2010 on forest, wildlife and surroundings. The report indicates details of the area already F broken up. On the impact aspect the report states that the total clearing involves felling of 9345 trees out of which 1200 trees have already been felled. That, although the area supports rich flora, the same can be re-forested as a part of reclamation plan. According to the report, the said impact can be minimized G after a thorough study of Bio-Diversity Management Plan as well as Catchment Area Treatment Plan is prepared and executed in a time bound manner. At the same time the report states that the project is positive and beneficial to the residents of Nongtrai village due to huge amount of cash going to village H Durbar and reaching the individual household improving the

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 991 .

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [SH KAPADIA, CJI] financial health of the population of two villages, i.e., Nongtrai A and Shella. According to the report, interaction took place between the High Powered Committee constituted by MoEF and the locals. That villagers of Shella are not having any problems from M/s. Lafarge and that the people are very satisfied with the mining company which has provided health B care facilities, drinking water facilities, employment, schools etc. According to the report, Mis. Lafarge has been contributing for the benefits of the village as well as for all the villagers by way of payment of rent for the use of the community land as well as towards the price of limestone exported to Bangladesh. The c figures of such payments are also indicated in the report. Further, the report states that mining is not having any adverse effect on the human life. When the matter came before the Supreme Court on 12.4.2010, the learned Attorney General stated that MoEF will take a final decision under the 1980 Act 0 for the revised environmental clearance for diversion of 116 Ha of forest land subject to certain conditions. Accordingly, on 19.4.2010 the MoEF granted environmental clearance with certain additional conditions. The environmental clearance dated 19.4.2010 was followed by forest clearance dated E22.4.2010 (ex-post facto clearance) granted by MoEF. This letter refers to letter of the State Government dated 19.7.2007 forwarding its proposal for diversion of 116.589 Ha of forest land for Lime Stone Mining in favour of M/s. Lafarge wherein prior approval of Central Government was sought. The said Fproposal of the State Government was examined by FAC constituted by Central Government under Section 3 of the 1980 Act. Thus, forest clearance was granted by MoEF vide letter dated 22.4.2010 which again stipulated further conditions to be complied with by the project proponent. Accordingly on 26.4.2010 learned AGI submitted before this Court that M/s. G Lafarge may be permitted to resume the!' mining operations subject to compliance of conditions enumerated in the order lpassed by MoEF on 22.4.2010. However, this Court ordered that before it grants permission to resume the mining operations it was imperative that plans should be drawn up and H

992 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.CR

A relevant reports be placed before this Court based on a comprehensive engineering and biological study including assessment of flora and fauna. A study report was submitted by NEHU on June, 2010 in which it has been stated that the forests in the said area can be categorized into tropical moist-B deciduous forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, savanna, subtropical broadleaved forest, forest gardens, orchards etc. Regarding the core area, the report states that the broken up area (already mined) was 38.089 Ha; that the said area was devoid of any vegetation and could be characterized by c limestone floor and benches. However, the vegetation in the test of the core area (i.e. proposed mining area) had tropical-moist deciduous type of vegetation with variable canopy cover and mostly sparse: It further states that the density of plants is very low due to rocky terrain and low soil content. It further states that only a few trees described in that paragraph are present0 in the undisturbed core zone. On compliance of various conditions imposed by MoEF including payment of compensatory afforestation, penal compensatory afforestation and NPV with interest as well as the reports submitted by E various authorities were placed before the Expert Appraisal Committee on 29.6.2010 and 21. 7.2010 pursuant to the directions of the Supreme Court vide order dated 26.4.2010. According to the minutes of Expert Appraisal Committee, the conditions and environmental safeguards stipulated by MoEF while according environmental clearance on 9.8.2001 and F 19.4.2010 were comprehensive enough to mitigate any adverse impacts of the project and to protect the environment if implemented effectively. The minutes of the meeting of the Expert Appraisal Committee dated 21.7.2010 also recites that various reports were considered by the Committee. It also G recites the fact that the Government of Meghalaya had addressed a letter to MoEF on 12.7.2010 conveying their recommendations for the grant of formal approval under Section 2 of the 1980 Act for diversion of 116. 589 Ha of forest land for Lime Stone Mining. On 21.10.2010 M/s. Lafarge submitted a H compliance chart of 31 conditions.

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 993 TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] Submissions A

9. According to the learned Amicus Curiae, it is obvious 1 from all the documents that have come on record including those filed by M/s. Lafarge that permissions under EIA Notification, 1994 (as amended) under Section 3 of the 1986 8 Act have been obtained without a candid disclosure of the facts. That, even if it is held that in cases of bona fide mis-interpretation of statutory provisions and Rules the project stood commenced without obtaining prior permission as mandated under Section 2 of the 1980 Act, save and except in cases of C absolute candor and where the want of such permission is solely and entirely on account of bona fide doubt as to the nature and character of the land and /or statutory regime applicable to such projects, no permission should be granted specially to private projects established only for pro.fit where the project 0 presents a 'fait accompli'. The learned Amicus submitted that over the years we find commencement of projects without obtaining prior permission as mandated under Section 2 of the 1980 Act and, when detected, the project proponent(s) falls back on the plea of 'fait accompli'. According to the learned Amicus, time has, therefore, come for this Court not to regularize such E projects which are commenced without obtaining prior permission under the 1980 Act except in cases of absolute candor and where the want of permission is solely and entirely based on account of bona fide doubt as to the nature and character of the land and/ or the statutory regime applicable to F such projects. According to the learned Amicus, barring the above exceptions, this Court should direct removal of the project and restoration of the environment wherever it is possible or to take over the project to ensure that all gains from such projects are allowed to be used only for those whose rights G have been violated. In support of his above submissions, learned Amicus placed reliance on the report of Chief Conservator of Forests (C) dated 1.6.2006 addressed to the MoEF in which it was stated that the mining lease area around the developed benches has been found surrounded by thick H

994 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. ·

A natural vegetation cover with sizeable number of tall trees; that, the said vegetation including the trees was being cleared for developing the mine benches; that, the wood obtained from felling of trees was being collected by Nongtrai Village Durbar; and that, the said report of the Chief Conservator of Forests B (C) dated 1.6.2006 contradicts the Rapid EIA report submitted by the project proponent which describes the land in question as waste land. The learned Amicus also relied upon the second report dated 9.4.2007 again by the Chief Conservator of Forests (C) based on his site visit on 7.4.2007 in which report c it has been stated that the mining lease lies in the midst of virgin and natural forest. According to the said report, the said mine in question is operating on forest land without clearance under the 1980 Act. According to the said report, calling the area I site by any other name than a forest would be travesty which could only be assigned to an ulterior motive of obtaining0 exemption or avoiding taking prior approval of Government of India under the 1980 Act. The learned Amicus also placed reliance on the report dated 11.5.2007 of the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests. In the said report dated 11.5.2007, the E Principal Chief Conservator of Forests also agreed with the view of the Chief Conservator of Forests (C) stating that the project proponent should have taken permission under the 1980 Act to start the operation in the area. According to the learned Amicus, though the mine commenced commercial production w.e.f. October, 2006, the said commencement was F based on approvals granted by statutory authorities on the assumption that the mining lease area is a non-forest land. In this connection, learned Amicus pointed out that the entire case of the project proponent is based on only one certificate issued by DFO, Khasi Hills Division dated 13.6.2000 in which it has G been certified that the minlng site for limestone mining project at Nongtrai, East Knasi Hills District, Meghalaya is not a forest area in terms of the order of this Court dated 12.12.1996 and that it does not fall under any notified reserved or protected forests. In the said certificate, it has been further stated that the H project site is on Karst topography which supports only a

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 995

TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] sporadic growth of a few trees shrubs and creepers. Besides A the said certificate dated 13.6.2000, the project proponent also seeks to place reliance on letters dated 28.4.1997 and 27.8.1997 addressed by Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council which took the view that the area is a non-forest land. According to the learned Amicus, it is not open to the project .B proponent to rely upon the certificate of DFO dated 13.6.2000 as the said certificate was given without any intimation to the higher authorities and that an inquiry has been instituted to determine the circumstances in which the certificate was issued by DFO. Learned Amicus further pointed out that the c prospecting licence held by the project proponent was allowed to be converted into a mining licence in 1997 which was after the order of the Supreme Court dated 12.12.1996. That apart, there is a special law in the State of Meghalaya, i.e. The United Khasi-Jaintia Hills Autonomous District (Management and D Control of Forests) Act, 1985 under which forest has been defined to mean an area in which there are twenty five trees per acre. Thus, according to the learned Amicus by all these definitions the area in question is a forest. Thus, according to the learned Amicus even if the project proponent ultimately E succeeded in getting forest clearance under Section 2 of the 1980 Act on 22.4.2010 since the said project stood established originally in the forest area in a brazen violation of the 1980 Act such a project cannot be allowed to be regularized by grant of permission ex-post facto dated 22.4.201 O.

F 10. Shri Shyam Divan, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of Shella Action Committee (SAC) while adopting the submissions of the learned Amicus Curiae with regard to the project being illegal, submitted that having regard to para 4.3.1 of the National Forest Policy, 1988, tropical rain/moist forest G are required to be totally safeguarded. According to SAC the forest in the region is a tropical moist forest and no forest clearance ought to have been granted because of the ecological significance recognized by the 1988 Policy. According to SAC this fact was known to M/s. Lafarge at all H 996 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A material times as can be seen from the Rapid EIA Report prepared by NEHU which specifically states that the vegetation at the study site is a mixed moist deciduous forest. Reliance is also placed by the learned counsel ori the assessment of floral diversity prepared by NEHU in June, 2010 which indicates B that the forest in the study area can be categorized into tropical moist-deciduous forest, tropical semi evergreen forest, savanna, sub-tropical broad leaves forest, forest garden, orchards and riparian forest. According to the said assessment of 2010, the vegetation in the core area is tropical moist-C deciduous types whereas the vegetation in the proper zone can be categorized into tropical and sub-tropical types. Thus, according to the learned counsel having regard to the undisputed position emerging from the record the subject area is covered by a tropical moist forest deserving highest degree of ecological protection and therefore this Court should set0 aside the environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001 given under Section 3 of the 1986 Act by MoEF. In this connection it may be mentioned that SAC has also moved this Court by way of I.A. No. 2937 of 2010 seeking revocation of the environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001. They have also challenged the E revised environmental clearance dated 19.04.2010 granted by MoEF as also Stage-I forest clearance dated 22.04.2010 issued by MoEF.

11. According to the learned counsel, M/s. Lafarge was F duty bound to make an honest disclosure of all facts when seeking environmental and forest clearances as it is an express requirement under Clause 4 of the EIA notification 1994. That, where a false information, false data, engineered reports are submitted or factual data is concealed, the G application is liable to be rejected, and where granted, it is liable to be revoked. According to SAC, M/s. Lafarge had given an express undertaking in its application for environmental clearance dated 17.4.2000 that if any part of the information submitted was found to be false or misleading the project H clearance could be revoked at M/s Lafarge's risk and cost. LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 997

T.N. GO.DAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] According to SAC, the region where the mining is taking place A and with regard to which permissions were obtained is governed by a specific local Act and Rules framed thereunder, namely, United Khasi Jaintia Hills Autonomous District (Management and Control of Forests) Act, 1958 which Act was enacted by the District Council of the United Khasi Jaintia Hills B Autonomous District in exercise of its powers under the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India. According to the learned counsel, the 1958 Act classifies forests and regulates forest resource management and use and applying the definition of "forest" under Section 2(f), the region where the mining is taking c place is a forest as the said area has not less than 25 trees per acre. Thus, according to the learned counsel for SAC, it ought to be assumed that the officials of M/s. Lafarge had full knowledge of the local law as well as the forest cover and the lay out of the land. From every perspective, Mis. Lafarge could D not have commenced the project without. a detailed survey of the physical topography of the land and the forest cover. Thus, M/s. Lafarge had knowledge of the forest cover in the region and yet it falsely withheld this information from the concerned authorities including the MoEF. In this connection, learned E counsel placed reliance on the NEHU Report of 1997, letter dated 1.6.2006 from the Chief Conservator of Forests (C) to the MoEF, letter dated 9.4.2007 from the Chief Conservator of ·Forests (C) to the Government of Meghalaya and assessment of floral diversity prepared by NEHU in June, 2010. According , to the learned counsel, despite knowledge of the definition of F "forest" and the provisions of the 1958 Act, the government officials issued letters containing incorrect information in relation to the forest cover. These letters are the letter dated 28.4.1997 from Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council, letter from the Deputy Commissioner, East Khasi Hills District dated G

10. 7.1997 enclosing a spot inquiry report which stated that there was no forest on the land proposed to be leased out, letter dated 27 .8.1997 from Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council granting NOC on the basis that there was no forest and certificate dated 13.6.2000 issued by DFO, Khasi Hills Division H 998 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A stating that there was no forest on the land proposed to be leased out. According to the learned counsel, the environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001 issued by MoEF was premised on "No diversion of forest land or displacement of people is involved". According to the learned counsel, the said premise B is per se incorrect as there is a tropical moist - deciduous forest in the area being mined. According to the le.arned counsel, the environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001 was clearly granted on the basis of false representations made by M/s. Lafarge regarding absence of forests; engineered reports c projecting the site as "a near wasteland"; and the concealment of factual data available with M/s. Lafarge including the 1997 NEHU Report which showed the subject land as forest land. Thus, according to the learned counsel, the MoEF ought to revoke the environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001 having regard to Para 4 of the EIA Notification 1994 and inasmuch as0 the MoEF has failed and neglected to revoke the clearance dated 9.8.2001, this Court may quash the said clearance. According to the learned counsel, the environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001 is the parent clearance and, consequently, the revised environmental clear~nce dated 19.10.2010 (the correct E date is 19.4.2010) must automatically fall if the parent clearance is quashed. In any event, the learned counsel submitted that the revised clearance is liable to be set aside since the mandatory procedure of conducting a public consultation had not taken place. According to the learned counsel, a public consultation F is mandatory in terms of para 7 of the EIA Notification dated 14.9.2006. Such consultation has not taken place. The public hearing held on 3.6.1998 was without a disclosure of the forest and, hence, there has been no public consultation in accordance with para 7 of the EIA Notification dated 14.9.2006. G Thus, according to the learned counsel, the revised environmental clearance dated 19.4.2010 is liable to be quashed on the ground of non-compliance of the mandatory provisions of the EIA Notification of 2006. According to the learned counsel, consequently, the stage-I forest clearance H dated 22.4.2010 is also liable to be rejected. It may be noted

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 999 TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.O.l[S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] that the stage-I forest clearance dated 22.4.2010 has been A granted by FAC of MoEF. The learned counsel submits that under National Forest Policy, 1988 tropical rain/ moist forest is required to be totally safeguarded. That, it is a no-go area. According to the learned counsel, since the region where mining is taking place falls within tropical rain/ moist forest, FAC ought B not to have given the clearance on 22.4.2010. For the afore-stated reasons, it is the case of SAC that both on account of the nature of the land in question and the conduct of M/s. Lafarge, this Court should dismiss the IA No. 1868 of 2007 filed by Mis. Lafarge and that the IA No. 2937 of 2010 filed by SAC c se~king revocation of the parent environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001 and revised environmental clearance dated 19.4.2010 and forest clearance dated 22.4.2010 be allowed.

12. On the nature of the land in question, learned Attorney General submitted that in the EIA Report (NEHU Report), D annexed along with the application dated 1.9.1997 for grant of environmental clearance, a description of the vegetation area at the proposed mining site which is distributed in three distinct layers indicated that the third and the lower layer consisted of shrubs and herbs and their poor growth was due to lack of soil. E It was also mentioned that the majority of valuable timber trees had already been extracted from the mining site in the past in · Meghalaya by the tribals who lived on timber. In para 4.9 of the Report the site was described to be mostly covered with pole sized trees, shrubs and herbs. This EIA Report did not make F reference to the Certificate dated 28.4.1997 of the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council, the Spot Inspection Report dated 10.7.1997 nor the Certificate dated 27.8.1997 issued by the Council all of which referred to absence of forest. According to the learned Attorney General at each stage MoEF had raised G queries and requisitions and after a thorough probe MoEF gave ultimately Environment Clearance on 19.4.2010 and 22.4.2010 being the Forest Clearance. In this regard it was pointed out by MoEF vide letter dated 24.10.1997 that the EIA Notification 1994 was amended on 10.4.1997 making public hearing H 1000 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 7 S.C.R.

A. mandatory for the development projects listed in Schedule-I of the Notification. Consequently, the proposal required two stage clearance, namely, site as well as project clearance. This is the reason why the project proponent made Site Clearance· application on 23.9.1998. Before that the project proponent B approached the Meghalaya State Pollution Control Board for consent to establish limestone mining project. Similarly, a public hearing' notice was given on 27.4.1998. The public hearing was conducted on 3.6.1998. This was followed by Site Clearance Application dated 23.9.1998. All these steps were c taken by Mis. LMMPL, the predecessor of Mis. Lafarge. Even before granting of the Site Clearance on 18.6.1999, a letter dated 8.4.1999 was received from M/s._LMMPL sending a certificate dated 20.3.1999 from DFO, Khasi Hills Division, Shillong indicating absence of forest. Thus, at the stage of Site Clearance MoEF had two certificates before it, one dated D 27.8.1997 issued by the Executive Committee, Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council and the other being the certificate dated 20.3.1999 issued by DFO, both indicating absence of forest. To the same effect is the main application for Environmental Clearance dated 17.4.2000. One more fact E needs to be mentioned. Along with the application for Environmental Clearance dated 17.4.2000, an EIA Report prepared by Environmental Resources Management India Pvt. Ltd. giving a detailed description of the topography of the area was forwarded to MoEF. It was called as Karst Topography. In F that Report it was categorically stated that the project area did not fall in the designated forest land; that the terrain at the site was described as Karst Topography which did not allow normal plant growth. Despite clarification, MoEF wrote a letter dated 1.5.2000 to the project proponent seeking further clarification G as to whether there existed forest in terms of the Supreme Court order dated 12.12.1996 and if so a certificate to that extent should be obtained from the local DFO. In reply, M/s. LMMPL forwarded a certificate of DFO dated 13.6.2000 which stated that the proposed mining site for limestone mining project at H Phalangkaruh, Nongtrai, East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1001

TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.) leased out by M/s. LMMPL is not a forest area as per Supreme A Court judgment and it does not fall under any of the notified reserves or protected forests. The area is covered with Karst topography and supports only a sporadic growth of a few trees, shrubs and creepers. The proposal of M/s. LMMPL was once again discussed at the meeting of the Expert Committee B (Mining) held on 19-20.10.2000. This Committee sought further information and clarification, one of the clarifications sought was a detailed survey of the plant and animals to be carried out with the help of BSI and ZSI officers situated in Shillong. It also sought a video film of the site and other areas. Accordingly, on c 9.2.2001 M/s. LMMPL gave the requisite response as desired by MoEF as well as additional information was also provided in respect of a comprehensive survey and Flora and Fauna Report dated January, 2001 of Dr. AK. Ghosh (Former Director ZSI). The said Report of January, 2001 extensively dealt with 0 tropical semi-evergreen forest at different elevations; This Report of Dr. Ghosh (Centre for Environment and Development) · . was 'placed before the Expert Committee on 7.3.2001. The minutes of the meeting indicate that a video film of the site was also shown. The Report indicates the Karst features, extensive E flora and fauna survey carried out by the Centre for Environment and Development in conjunction with the Botanical Survey of India and Zoological Survey of India. After elaborate discussion, the Expert Committee recommended Environmental Clearance of the project once again subject to certain conditions. Even after such recommendation, the MoEF once again wrote to the F Chief Conservator of Forest, Meghalaya. This was on 19.4.2001 regarding Environmental Clearance. The Chief Conservator of Forest (Wildlife Division) vide letter dated 1.6.2001 gave his comments as per the annexures which was on the basis of Field Verification Report submitte.d by DFO, G Khasi Hills Wildlife Division, Shillong. According to the Chief Conservator of Forest (Wildlife Division) the project area is sloppy, ending in the nearby plains of Bangladesh and covered wholly by degraded forests and grassland vegetation. Further, he stated that there is a motorable road used for traffic and the H

1002 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. 1A forest is farther away up the slope. It was concluded that there was no likelihood of any wildlife presence in the area. Thus, according to the learned Attorney General it is incorrect to say that the EIA clearance dated 9.8.2001 was granted without proper consideration. There has been a detailed consideration B at every stage. That, at the time of the submission of the application for Site Clearance dated 23.9.1998 there existed an NOC of the Pollution Control Board, a certificate dated 27.8.1997 issued by East Khasi Hills Autonomous Council and thus it cannot be said that the EIA clearance indicated non-e application of mind or that it was liable to be set aside on the ground that the EIA Division of the MoEF did not properly consider the matter. In the circumstances, according to the learned Attorney General, it cannot be said that the Environmental Clearance dated 9.8.2001 came to be issued by MoEF arbitrarily, capriciously or whimsically. At that stage0 of Environmental Clearance dated 9.8.2001 existence of the forest land was not established. If it had been so established / then the project proponent had to obtair forest clearance under the 1980 Act also.

E 13. At the outset, Shri F.S. Nariman, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of Mis. Lafarge adopted the submissions made on behalf of MoEF by the learned Attorney General. As regards the nature of the land, the learned counsel invited our attention to the approved mining plan which was submitted by F LMMPL to the Regional Controller of Mines, IBM, Calcutta for limestone extraction which plan was duly approved in February, 1998. In this approved mining plan, the project area was described as having Karst topography with the presence of deep caverns, caves and cracks which permit surface water G to percolate downwards and circulate underground only to reappear as hills side springs at certain outlets. According to the mining plan, the terrain over the entire area is rocky with very little soil and devoid of hard overburden rocks. The vegetation of the area is seen to be mixed deciduous type. H There is no agricultural activity in the area as thin soil cover is LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1003

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] unable to sustain crops. That, even according to the NEHU A Report of 1997, the site selected for mining has commercially viable limestone deposit.. According to the said report, the land was left unused covered with degraded forests and this was the reason why the Durbar preferred to lease out the site to LMMPL for mining. Other factors responsible for selecting the B proposed site were availability of water resource, away from human habitation, closer to the cement plant at Chhatak, easy accessibility by road and minimum damage to the rich biodiversity (see page 19 of the NEHU Report). The learned counsel submitted that Section 2 of the 1980 Act stipulates _ c "prior approval". Thus, prior determination of what constituted forest land is required to be done. This lacuna in the 1980 Act was supplied by the order of this Court dated 12.12.1996 which inter alia provided that every State Government shall first constitute an Expert Committee within one month and based 0 on its recommendations the State Government will identify the land as forest land on the criteria mentioned in the said Order. The learned counsel also invited our attention to Rule 4 of the Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981 in which it is stipulated that every State Government seeking prior approval under Section 2 of the 1980 Act shall send its proposal to the Central E ' Government in the form appended to the Rules. Thus, according to the learned counsel, under the 1980 Act read with the Rules, the requirement of submission of the proposal for forest diversion under the 1980 Act is exclusively the obligation of the State Government. This was also spelt out in the guidelines F issued on 25.10.1992. Later on the Government of India amended the said guidelines in respect of the diversion of forest lands for non-forest purpose under the 1980 Act by letter dated 25.11.1994 and in para 2.4 the concept of "User Agency" was introduced but that concept was made applicable only to G cases of renewal of mining leases. However, on 10.1.2003, Rule 4 of the 1981 Rules stood reframed (as Rule 6 of the 2003 Rules) which inter alia provided that every "User Agency" who wants to use any forest land for non-forest purpose shall make its proposal in the specified form appended to the Rules to the H

1004 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 7 S.C.R.

A concerned Nodal Officer along with the requisite information before undertaking any non-forest activity on the forest land; after receiving the proposal and if the State Government is satisfied that the proposal required prior approval under Section 2, it had to send the said proposal to the Central B Government in the appropriate form within 90 days of the receipt of the proposal from the "User Agency". The threshold limit was kept at 40 hectares. Where the proposal involved forest land of more than 40 hectares, it was to be sent by the State Government to the Government of India with the copy to c the Regional Nodal Officer. According to the learned counsel, insofar as M/s. Lafarge was concerned, its predecessor LMMPL was already given environmental clearance on 9.8.2001 and while granting the clearance there was an express finding in the environmental clearance that "no diversion of forest land was involved". Thus, it was never0 stipulated at any time as a condition to the grant of environmental clearance dated 9.8.2001 that permission under the 1980 Act should be obtained. The learned counsel further pointed out that pursuant to the Order of this Court dated 12.12.1996 an Expert Committee was formed by the State of E Meghalaya vide notification dated 8.1.1997 with the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests as its Chairman. On 10.2.1997, the State of Meghalaya, on the subject of "Order of the Supreme Court dated 12.12.1996" wrote to the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council that the land in question was reckoned by the F State as non-forest land. The Council was asked to inform/ clarify whether the area in question under the mining lease fell on forest land as per the records of the District Council. By letter dated 28.4.1997, the Council informed the State Government that the area in question did not fall on forest lands. Moreover, G pursuant to the Order of this Court dated 12.12.1996, the Chairperson of the Expert Committee appointed by the State of Meghalaya also filed the report of the Expert Committee in which it was expressly stated that the mining lease granted by the State Government did not fall on the forest land. Thus, it was H under the above circumstances, having regard to the order of

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1005 T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] this Court dated 12.12.1996, that the State Government was A not required to and it did not submit any proposal to the Central Government under Section 2 of the 1980 Act read with Rule 4 of the 1981 Rules as it treated the site in question as a non-forest land. This position has not been disputed by MoEF. Thus, according to the learned counsel, there was no obligation on B the project proponent or on the State of Meghalaya to move MoEF under Section 2 of the 1980 Act.

14. According to the learned counsel, what has happened in the present case is that almost after 9 years there was a C change of view on the part of MoEF, i.e., between 1997 and 2007. Under this change of view of MoEF, the report of t~e Chairperson of the Expert Committee of the State of Meghalaya which report stood annexed to the affidavit dated 3.5.1997 in this Court to the effect that the mining lease did not fall on forest land was given a go-by and an entirely new stand was taken D · only on and from 2006-07, One more aspect has been highlighted by the. learned counsel for M/s. Lafarge. On 1.6.2006, the Chief Conservator of Forests (C), ·Shri Khazan Singh stated that he had visited the limestone mining project of M/s. Lafarge on 24.5.2006 when he found that the mining E lease area is surrounded by thick natural vegetation cover with sizeable number of tall trees. According to the Chief Conservator of Forests (C), the Rapid EIA Report (ERM India Pvt. Ltd.) submitted by the project proponent describes the land as waste land which was not a fact. Thus, according to the Chief F Conservator of Forests (C), the project proponent should be directed to obtain clearance under the 1980 Act and not to expand mining activities till such clearance is obtained. After the said letter dated 1.6.2006, the then Principal Chief Conservator of Forests now stated vide letter dated 11.5.2007 G that he too agreed with the opinion of the Chief Conservator of Forests (C), Shri Khazan Singh. However, according to the learned counsel, even the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests stated in his letter dated 11.5.2007 that though Mis. Lafarge had failed to take forest clearance, they were not at H

1006 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A fault because of the certificate of the Council that the site fell in a non-forest area. The letter dated 11.5.2007 further goes on to state that the activities of the company will provide employment to large number of local tribals and rural people and that since the company had applied for forest clearance B on 3.5.2007 forest clearance may be considered. Thus, according to the learned counsel, there was no collusion between M/s. Lafarge and the DFO as alleged to get the certificate dated 13.6.2000. C 15. On the question of alleged suppression by M/s.

Lafarge from MoEF of the NEHU Report 1997, learned counsel submitted that an application was prepared and submitted by M/s. LMMPL for Environmental Clearance to MoEF vide letter dated 1.9.1997; along with the said letter there were several enclosures. One of the enclosures was the NEHU D Report, the other was NOC from Khasi Hills Autonomous Council for mining operation in the project area. This letter dated 1.9.1997 was duly acknowledged by MoEF vide its letter dated 24.10.1997. As stated above, in view of the amendment to the Notification of 1994, the project proponent was advised to make E ·a new proposal in two different parts, namely, site clearance and project clearance. Pursuant to the said advice the project proponent preferred Site Clearance Application on 23.9.1998 made to MoEF in which once again the project proponent enclosed maps which were verbatim reproduction of the relevant F pages (including maps) in the NEHU Report. MoEF granted Site Clearance on 18.6.1999. Further even the Mining Plan submitted by the project proponent contained a Chapter on Environment Management Plan (EMP) which is a verbatim copy of Chapter 6 of NEHU Report. The said plan was G approved by Bureau of Mines. Moreover, in the Sociological and Ecological Impact Assessment Report dated 16.2.1998 prepared by ERM it has been expressly stated that Environmental Impact Assessment was carried out in 1997 and it was submitted to Mo,EF in September, 1997. To the same H effect one finds reference in the Executive Summary of the EIA

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1007

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] of proposed Limestone Mining of 9.4.1998 by ERM. According A to the learned counsel the above documents indicate that there was no suppression by the project proponent from MoEF of NEHU Report of 1997 as alleged. One of the points which SAC has argued before us was absence of public hearing as required under EIA Notification of 1994. On this aspect Shri B Nariman, learned counsel appearing on behalf of M/s. Lafarge invited our attention to the requisite correspondence. On 22.4.1998 a Notification was issued by Meghalaya State Pollution Control Board of constituting an Environmental Public Hearing Panel to evaluate and assess the documents c submitted by the project proponent and to verify the comments, views and suggestions made by the public on the proposed project. This Notification was issued in terms of the EIA Notification of 1994, as amended on 10.4.1997. On 27.4.1998 a public notice was also issued by MPCB informing the general 0 public about the limestone project of M/s. LMMPL. On 5.5.1998 MPCB informed two local newspapers in writing asking them to publish the Khasi translation of the public notice. On 6.5.1998 MPCB wrote to Shella Confederacy asking its Headman to display two sets of executive summary each in Khasi and English. On 13.5.1998 the State PCB wrote to the E Director of Information asking him to publish public notice in Shillong Times. On 25.5.1998 the State PCB wrote to the Secretary, Shella village informing him of date and time of public hearing. 31 members attended the public hearing on F 3.6.1998. As stated above, the entire proceedings have been recorded in the minutes of the meeting. On 4.9.1998 the Deputy Director, Govt. of India, MoEF forwarded a letter to the State PCB enclosing proceediRgs of the public hearing conducted for proposed limestone mining project of M/s. LMMPL, Nongtrai. Thus, according to the learned counsel there is no G merit in the submission advanced on behalf of SAC that public hearing as per EIA Notification of 1997 did not take place.

16. Shri Nariman, learned counsel appearing on behalf of . M/s. Lafarge further submitted that on facts and circumstances H 1008 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011] 7 S.C.R. A of the present case it is clear that both the project proponent and the MoEF were at all relevant times under the bona fide impression that the project site was not forest land; in fact the consistent view of all authorities, including MoEF, was that the project site (mining lease area) was not located on "forest land". s In this connection our attention was invited to the application dated 23.9.1998 made by Mis. LMMPL to MoEF for Site Clearance, the NOC from KHADC dated 27.8.1997 stating that the project area does not fall within a forest land, grant of Site Clearance on 18.6.1999 by MoEF, application for c Environmental Clearance dated 17 .4.2000, grant of Environmental Clearance on 9.8.2001. All these documents and series of letters exchanged during the relevant time, according to the learned counsel, indicate that both the project proponent and MoEF were at all relevant times under the bona fide impression that the project site (mining lease area) was not0 located on forest land.

17. Learned counsel further submitted that after stop mining order dated 30.4.2007 and the direction of CCF(C) of even date to obtain Forest Clearance under Section 2 of the 1980 E Act, an application was filed by Mis. Lafarge on 3.5.2010 to the State Government under Rule 6 of the Forest Conservation Rules, 2003, as amended in 2004. Accordingly, on 11.5.2007 the Principal Chief Conservator of Forest, Meghalaya wrote to the Government of Meghalaya agreeing with the views of the F CCF (C) to the effect that Mis. Lafarge should obtain permission under the 1980 Act. At the same time, as stated above, the PCCF made it clear that no fault lay on the door step of Mis. Lafarge for not seeking Forest Clearance·earlier. Accordingly, on 19.6.2007 a formal proposal was made by G State Government on 19.6.2007 to MoEF for diversion of 116.589 Ha of forest land for limestone and other ancillary. activities in favour of Mis. Lafarge in Khasi Hills Division under Section 2 of the 1980 Act. Thus, all necessary steps were taken, as indicated hereinabove, by M/s. Lafarge which H ultimately culminated in the Environmental Clearance by MoEF i LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED .1009 T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] dated 19.4.2010 and Forest Clearance dated 22.4.2010. In the A circumstances, learned counsel submitted that I.A. 1868/2007 preferred by Mis. Lafarge be allowed. Issues 8 18(i) Nature of land;

(ii) Whether ex post facto environmental and forest clearances dated 19.4.201 O and 22.4.201 O respectively stood vitiated by alleged suppression by M/s. Lafarge regarding the nature of the land. In C this connection it was contended by learned Amicus and by the learned counsel appearing on behalf of SAC that the EIA clearance under Section 3 of the 1986 Act dated 9.8.2001 (being a parent clearance) was obtained by M/s. Lafarge on the o basis of "absence of forest" with full knowledge that the project site was located on forest land. Findings (a) Legai Position. E 19. Universal human dependence on the use of environmental resources for the most basic needs renders it impossible to refrain from altering environment. As a result, environmental conflicts are ineradicable and environmental F protection is always a matter of degree, inescapably requiring choices as to the appropriate level of environmental protection and the risks which are to be regulated. This aspect is recognized by the concept of "sustainable developmenf'. It is equally well-settled by the decision of this Court in the case of G Narmada Bachao Andolan v. Union of India and Others [(2000) 10 sec 664] that environment has different facets and care of the environment is an on-going process. These concepts rule out the formulation of across-the-board principle as it would depend on the facts of each case whether diversion in a given case should be permitted or not, barring "No Go" areas (whose H

1010. SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R A identification would again depend on undertaking of due diligence exercise). In such cases, the Margin of Appreciation Doctrine would apply. 20. Making these choices necessitates decisions, not only B about how risks should be regulated, how much protection is enough, and whether ends served by environmental protection could be pursued more effectively by diverting resources to other uses. Since the nature and degree of environmental risk posed by different activities varies, the implementation of C environmental rights and duties require proper decision making based on informed reasons about the ends which may ultimately be pursued, as much as about the means for attaining them. Setting the standards of environmental protection involves mediating conflicting visions of what is of value in human life. D (b) Nature of the land

21. In the NEHU Report of June, 1997 (Rapid EIA of Proposed Limestone Mining Project at Nongtrai, Meghalaya), a brief history of limestone mining in Khasi Hills of Meghalaya E is spelt out. It indicates that mining of limestone in Khasi Hills dates back to July 10, 1763 when an agreement was signed between East India Company and the Nawab of Bengal for preparation of chunam. Regular trade of limestone from Khasi Hills of Bengal started on and from 1858. Substantial revenue was earned by the British Government from these limestone F quarries as rentals, which was Rs. 23,000/- in 1858 and which subsequently stood increased to Rs. 67,000/- in 1878. The first historical account of exploitation of Nongtrai limestone dates back to 1885 when Don Rai of Shella obtained permits from the Wahadars (Head of Confederacy) of Shella to quarry G limestone in Nongtrai village. There are historical records about continuance cf 'imestone trade between Khasi Hills and Bengal up to 1947. The business declined after partition. Limestone mining and trade slipped into the hands of unorganized sector. According to the NEHU Report of 1997, today a number of H private parties quarry limestone using unscientific methods and LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1011

TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] export it to counterparts in Bangladesh, often illegally. These A private parties sell the product at a very low price. This aspect is also being examined by CEC which has now filed its report in I.A. No. 3063 of 2011. One more aspect needs to be highlighted. According to the State of Forest Report, 2001, the North Eastern Hill State of Meghalaya is predominantly tribal B with 86% population being tribal. According to the NEHU Report of 1997, approximately 60 settlements consisting of 50-200 inhabitants each with a total estimate population of 16500 persons exist within 10 km radius of the proposed mining site. Under an agreement dated 29.9.1993 (lease agreement), the c village Durbar represented by a Special Committee headed by the Headman as lessor granted lease of the limestone quarry in Nongtrai to Mis. LMMC (the predecessor-in-interest of M/s. LMMPL). Thus, an area of 100 hectares stood acquired on lease basis for mining whose lessor was the village Durbar of 0Nongtrai. Coming to the topography of the area, one finds that the limestone bearing area around Nongtrai and Shella villages falls under Karst topography. Thi.s area falls on the southern fringe of the Meghalaya plateau. Karst topography is characterized by a" limestone caverns/ caves. The factum of limestone bearing area around Nongtrai and Shella falling E under Karst topography is also borne out by the certificate dated 27.8.1997 issued by KHADC, Shillong. This Council is a constitutional authority under Sixth Schedule of the Constitution. As stated above, the limestone bearing area around Nongtrai and Shella falls on the southern fringe of F Meghalaya plateau. The site is approachable from Shillong via Mawsynram and Nongtrai villages by a motorable road. The site is also accessible from Shillong by road via Cherrapunji. This road is wide enough for crushers and heavy machines to be brought from Shillong. The site is on the uneven terrain with G a rugged topography. (See Rapid EIA Report submitted by ERM India Pvt. Ltd. dated 6.4.2000). According to the said report, the Karst topography of the area supports sporadic growth of a few tree shrubs. According to the NEHU Report of 1997, the site selected for mining has commercially viable H

1012 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R A. limestone deposit. The site was selected after thorough consultation with the concerned village Durbar who is the custodian of the land. The land was left unused covered with degraded forests and this was the reason for the Durbar to lease out the said land to the project proponent for mining. The s village Durbar also felt that in the area unscientific limestone quarrying was going on resulting in loss of revenue both to the State as well as the inhabitants of the village particularly because the said mining was undertaken by unorganized sectors and, thus, it was decided to enter into the lease with c the project proponent so that mining could be done on scientific basis. The site was also selected because of easy accessibility by road and less vegetation clearance stood involved. -According to the NEHU Report, the site is located in the area on the outskirts of the forest. (See page 19 of the said Report) D (c) Validity of ex post facto clearance

22. An important argument 11as been advanced on behalf of SAC that the site clearance dated 18.6.1999 and EIA clearance dated 9.8.2001 were based on misrepresentation by E M/s. Lafarge. They proceeded on the basis that there was no forest. That, both the said clearances stood vitiated by suppression of material fact of existence of forest by Mis. Lafarge and as a sequel the subsequent revised environmental clearance dated 19.4.2010 and forest clearance (Stage - I) F dated 22.4.2010 stood vitiated. In this connection, it was submitted that having regard to Para 4.3.1 of the National Forest Policy, 1988 tropical rain/ moist forest is required to be totally safeguarded; that, the project is located in a tropical moist forest and no forest clearance ought to have been granted by MoEF because of the special ecological G significance recognized by the 1988 policy. According to SAC, the fact that tropical moist forest existed in the area and continues to exist was known to Mis. Lafarge at all material times as can be seen from the NEHU Report of 1997 in which it has been categorically stated that the vegetation at the study H LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1013

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] site is a mixed moist deciduous forest composed of deciduous A and evergreen tree elements; that, in the same Report it has been further stated that the vegetation of the. area is a tropical semi-evergreen forest composed of deciduous and evergreen elements which is further corroborated by the assessment of Floral Diversity prepared by NEHU dated June, 2010 in which B it has been stated that the forest in the study area is tropical moist deciduous forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, savanna, sub-tropical broad leaves forest, forest garden, orchards and riparian forest; that, the vegetation in the unbroken area is tropical moist deciduous type with variable canopy c . cover mostly sparse. Thus, according to SAC and CEC, the undisputed position emerging from the record that the subject area is covered by a tropical moist forest deserving highest degree of ecological protection ought to have been taken into account by MoEF which was not done at the time of initial 0 clearances dated 18;6.1999 and 9.8.2001. Shri Divan, learned senior counsel appearing for SAC submitted before us that the case in hand essentially deals with the decision making process in relation to the grant of environmental clearance and to test whether the decision making process stood up to judicial E review. According to the learned counsel, the following basic ·points regarding the legal framework must be kept in view: -From the environmental perspective, in relation to a mining project, there are three main sets of permissions that are ,required to be obtained:

F (i) The first set of permissions is at the State level. This set of permissions primarily has to do with pollution. In each State or a group of States, a Pollution Control Board issues consent/ permit. These consents or permits are granted from a pollution G perspective. The scope of enquiry is limited to pollution impacts. Obtaining such consents and permits are essential but they are not a substitute for compliance with other environmental laws. H 1014 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A (ii) The second set of permissions, according to the learned counsel, is with regard to environmental clearance. The scope of environmental clearance is wider than a pollution control clearance. The authority granting environmental clearance will look B at broader impacts beyond pollution and will examine the effect of the project on the community, forests, wild life, ground water, etc. which are beyond the scope of Pollution Control Board examination. The exercise of granting environmental clearance c with regard to a limestone mining project of the present magnitude requires MoEF clearance. (iii) A clearance for diversion of forest under the 1980 Act which is granted by MoEF on the recommendation of the FAC should logically · D precede the grant of environmental clearance as the environmental clearance is broader in scope and deals with all aspects, one of which may be forest diversion.

E 23. Applying the said legal framework to the facts of the present case, the learned counsel appearing for SAC submitted that the MoEF, as the authority which decides on diversion of forests and which grants environmental clearances, is duty bound to examine the diversion application in the context F of the 1988 Policy, particularly, where tropical moist forests are sought to be cleared by the project proponent. According to the learned counsel, where MoEF grants environmental clearance in ignorance of the existence of a forest due to mis-declaration, it is duty bound to take severest possible action against the G party that made the false declaration for profit. According to the learned counsel, since impact assessment and EIA clearances are processes based on self declarations by the project proponent (s), the decision making by MoEF depends upon honest and cogent material supplied by the project proponent and since the said process is premised on a full and fair H LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1015

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJ!.] disclosure of relevant facts by the project proponent, in cases A where material facts are not disclosed, the MoEF should withdraw both the site as well as the environmental clearances. According to the learned co\msel, the most important input in this regard must be received by MoEF in the course of its decision making from the public which is an essential check B for a failure to disclose correct facts or to have regard to environmental issues that may have escaped the attention of the project proponent. According to the learned counsel, the requirement of public hearing is, thus, mandatory both under the 1994 Notification and the 2006 Notification. That, the c requirement for payment of NPV does not automatically mean that environmental clearance is to be granted. 24. We are in full agreement with the legal framework suggested by the learned counsel for SAC. There is no dispute on that point. The question is confined to the application of the D legal framework to the facts of the present case. Can it be said on the above facts that a mis-declaration was wilfully made by Mis. Lafarge or its predecessor (project proponent) while seeking site and environmental clearances? Was there non-application of mind by MoEF in granting such clearances? Was E the decision of MoEF based solely on the declarations made by the project proponent(s)?

25. At the outset, one needs to take note of Section 2 of the 1980 Act which stipulates prior approval. That Section refers F to restriction on the dereservation of forests or use of forest land for non-forest purpose. It begins with non-obstante clause. It states that "Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in a State, no State Government or other authority shall make, except with the prior approval of the G Central Government, any order directing that any forest land or any portion thereof may be used for any non-forest purpose". This is how the concept of prior approval by the Central Govemment comes into picture. Thus, prior determination of what constitutes "forest land" is required to be done. By an H 1016 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A order dated 12.12.1996 by a Division Bench of this Court in Writ Petition (C) No. 202 of 1995 with another in case of TN. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India, this Court directed each State Government to constitute within a specific period an Expert Committee to identify areas which are forests s irrespective of whether they are so notified, recognized or classified under any law and also identify areas which were earlier forests but stand degraded, denuded or cleared. The Committee was to be headed by the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests. This order dated 12.12.1996, thus, c clarified that every State Government seeking prior approval under Section 2 of the 1980 Act shall first examine the question relating to existence of forests before sending its proposal to the Central Government in terms of the form prescribed under the Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981 (see Rule 4). Thus, the requirement of submitting the proposal for forest diversion0 under the 1980 Act is exclusively the obligation of the State Government. This position was spelt out initially in the guidelines dated 25.10.1992. However, later on, the Government of India amended the guidelines in respect of E diversion vide letter dated 25.11.1994 and by the said letter the concept of "User Agency" stood introduced. On 10.1.2003, Rule 4 of the 1981 Rules stood reframed which inter alia provided that every "User Agency• who wants·to use any forest land for non-forest purpose shall make its proposal in the specified form appended to the Rules to the concerned Nodal F Officer along with the requisite information before undertaking any non-forest activity on the forest land and after receiving the said proposal and if the State Government is satisfied that the proposal required prior approval under Section 2, the State Government had to send the said proposal to the Central G Government in the appropriate form within the specified period of 90 days from the receipt of the proposal from the "User Agency•. At this stage, it may be noted that the earlier project proponent in the present case was Mis. LMMPL. That project proponent had obtained EIA clearance given by MoEF dated H 9.8.2001 which clearance stood transferred to M/s. Lafarge only

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1017

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] on 30.7.2002. While granting environmental clearance dated A 9.8.2001 there was an express finding to the effect that "no diversion of forest land was involved". In terms of the order of this Court dated 12.12.1996, an Expert Committee was in fact formed by the State of Meghalaya vide notification dated 8.1.1997 with the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests as its B Chairman. On 10.2.1997, the State of Meghalaya had addressed a specific letter to the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council, which as stated above is a Constitutional Authority, stating that the land in question was reckoned as non-forest land and the Council was asked to clarify whether the c area in question under the mining lease fell in the forest as per the records of the Council. The Council by its letter dated 28.4.1997 had informed the State Government that the area in question did not fall in the forest. Apart from the said letter, the Chairperson of the Expert Committee appointed by the State 0 of Meghalaya being the Principal Chief.Conservator of Forests also submitted his report in which it was expressly stated that the mining lease granted by the State Government did not fall in the forest. Since the mining lease granted by the State did not fall in the forest, the State Government did not submit any E proposal to the Central Government under Section 2 of the 1980 Act as it treated the site in question as falling on the outskirts of the forests. It is almost after nine years that there was a change of view on the part of MoEF under which the report of the Expert Committee headed by the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests was given a go-by. Between 1997 and F 2007, the view which prevailed was that the project site stood located on the outskirts of the forests. In this connection, it needs to be stated that on 1.6.2006 for the first time the Chief Conservator of Forests (C), Shri Khazan Singh came out with the change of view which was ultimately accepted in 2007 by G MoEF. According to the Chief Conservator of Forests (C), he had visited the limestone mining project of M/s. Lafarge on 24.5.2006 when he found that the mining lease area stood surrounded by thick natural vegetation covered with sizeable number of tall trees and in the circumstances he recommended H

1018 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A that the project proponent should be directed to obtain clearance under the 1980 Act and not to carry on the mining activities till such clearance is obtained. The most important fact is that subsequent to· the letter dated 1.6.2006, addressed by the Chief Conservator of Forests (C), Shri Khazan Singh, the B Principal Chief Conservator of Forests agreed with the opinion of the Chief Conservator of Forests (C). This was by letter dated 11.5.2007. However, even according to the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, who was the Chairperson of the Expert Committee appointed by the State Government, Mis. c Lafarge was not at fault because the certificate indicating absence of forests was given by Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council. In fact the letter dated 11.5.2007 further goes to state that the activities of Mis. Lafarge will provide employment to a large number of local tribals and rural people and consequently the application.for forest clearance made by0 Mis. Lafarge without prejudice to their rights and contentions dated 3.5.2007 be considered by MoEF. Apart from the above circumstances, on 22.4.1998, a notifica1ion was issued by the State Pollution Control Board constituting an Environmental Public Hearing Panel to evaluate and assess the documents E submitted by Mis. LMMPL. A public notice was also issued in local newspapers on 25.5.1998. The State Pollution Control Board also sent a letter to the Secretary, Shella Village informing him of the date and time of public hearing and accordingly on 3.6.1998, a public hearing did take place. F According to the minutes of the meeting, 31 citizens of Shella Nongtrai, Pyrkan attended the hearing. In the hearing, the purpose, objective, composition and procedure of environmental public hearing was discussed. The Headman of Nongtrai was also present. He gave reasons as to why the G village Durbar had agreed to the proposed project. The main reason being that the limestone was abundantly available in the area but the same remained unutilized by local villagers themselves due to lack of infrastructure. That, for economic development of the local population, the village Durbar had H decided to lease the area required for the project to Mis.

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATELIMITED 1019

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] Lafarge . .In the meeting, the economic benefits of the local A · people from the project prpponent were also discussed. The environmental implications were also discussed. The mitigating . measures to be adopted by the project proponent were also discussed to maintain the ecology and environmental balance of the area. The objections of certain persons were also noted B and discussed. The Durbar came to the conclusion that there was no destruction of any caves. The complainant was not even present during the hearing. Thus, a public hearing did take place on 3.6.1998. One more aspect at this stage needs to be mentioned. Public participation provides a valuable input in the C process of identification of forest. Today, amongst the tribals of the North East, there is a growing awareness of the close relationship between poverty and environmental pollution. According to Environmental Law and Policy in India by Shyam. Divan and Armin Rosencranz, ''many native .and indigenous 0 people are fully aware of what constitutes preservation and conservation of biodiversity. Many native and indigenous people have many a times opposed government policies that permit exploitation on traditional lands because such exploitation threatens to undermine the economic and spiritual fabric of their culture, and often results in forced migration and E resettlement, the struggle to protect the environment is often a part of the struggle to protect the culture of the native and indigenous people" (see page 591 ). In our view, the natives and indigenous people are fully aware and they have knowledge as to what constitutes conservation of forests and development. F They equally know the concept of forest degradation. They are equally aware of systematic scientific exploitation of limestone mining without causing of "environment degradation". However, they do not have the requisite wherewithal to exploit limestone · mining in a scientific manner. These natives and indigenous G people know how to keep the balance between economic and environmen~ sustainability. In the present case, the above is brought out by the Minutes of the meeting held on 3.6.1998. In fact the written submissions filed by the Nongtrai Village Durbar (respondent No. 5) in I.A. No. 1868 of 2007 preferred by M/s. H

1020 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A Lafarge have specifically averred that the total area of the land that falls within the jurisdiction of Nongtrai Village is about 2200 hectares; that, the said lands fall in two categories, namely, individual ownership lands, and community lands. The management and control of community lands is completely within the jurisdiction of the community. Such community lands8 in highlands of Khasi Hills are termed as Ri Raid whereas community lands in low-lying areas are termed as Ri Seng. Nongtrai village has about 1300 hectares of community land out of which 900 hectares are limestone bearing land. The C manner and method of allocation, use and occupation of the community lands are decided by the Village Durbar. The Village Durbar has granted lease of 100 hectares of community land out of 900 hectares which as stated above is limestone bearing land. It is important to note that apart from the minutes of the meeting held on 3.6.1998 which was attended by the 0 Headman of the Nongtrai Village, a detail written submission has been filed on 13.5.2011 by the Nongtrai Village Durbar fully supporting the impugned project. Thus, this is a unique case from North East. We are fully satisfied that the natives and the indigenous people of Nongtrai Village are fully conscious of E their rights and obligations towards clean environment and economic development. There is ample material on record which bears testimony to the fact of their awareness of ecological concerns which has been taken into account by MoEF. In the circumstances, it cannot be said that the F impugned project should be discarded and that the decision of MoEF granting ex post facto clearances stands vitiated for non-application of mind as alleged by SAC. At this stage one more argument advanced on behalf of SAC needs to be addressed. According to SAC, in this case a decisive factor G which clearly shows that there is "forest" on the core area is the statutory definition of forest contained in the United Khasi

- Jaintia Hills Autonomous District (Management and Control of Forests) Act, 1958. Section 2{f) defines the expression "foresr and the tree count emerging from the High Powered H Committee {HPC) Report which establishes that the area LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1021

TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] answers the statutory definition. According to SAC, in terms of A the said definition of forest, if there exists more than 25 trees per acre then it is a forest. This argument has no merit. According to Shri Krishnan Venugopal, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the Village Durbar of Nongtrai Village (respondent No. 5), SAC has not stated the full facts in this B regard. We find merit in this contention. Section 5 of the 1958 Act inter alia provides that no timber or forest produce shall be removed for the purpose of sale, trade and business without prior permission. Section 7 of the said Act deals with · restrictions on felling of trees and further provides that no tree c below 1.37 metre in girth at the breast level shall be felled. Thus, it is the trees of a particular girth and breast height and not every tree should be counted while computing whether a particular area is a forest area or not In fact in the year 2007, a survey of the unbroken area was conducted by the Forest Department 0 of the State of Megha'laya wherein an inventory of the existing . I trees was prepared based on their nature and girth.The said record confirms that the unbroken area has less than 25 trees per acre having girth of more than ·120 ems per acre. It is in view of the existence of the 1958 Act, which is. a local legislation, that the native people as also the State officials like E the DFO understood the area in the light of the said Act. It is important to note- once again that this understanding of the natives and tribals about the Local Act is an important input in the decision making process of granting environmental clearance. It is deeply engrained in the local customary law and usage .. It is so understood by the Expert Committee headed by the then Principal Chief Conservator of Forests on the basis of which the State granted the mining lease saying that there was no forest. This certificate was granted by the State in terms of the order of this Court dated 12.12.1996.This understanding G also existed in the mind of KHADC when it gave certi_ficates on 28.4.1997, 10.7.1997 and 27.8.1997. In fact this has been the understanding of the Council as is apparent even from its letter dated 18.1.2011 (see page 126 of the affidavit dated 9.3.2011 filed by the State of Meghalaya). As stated above, this H

1022 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 7 S.C.R. A view prevailed with the MoEF between 1997 and 2007. The word "environment" has different facets [see para 127 of the judgment of this Court in Narmada Bachao Andolan (supra)]. On the above facts, it is not possible for us to hold that the decision to grant ex post facto clearances stood vitiated on B account of non-application of mind or on account of suppression of material facts by Mis. Lafarge as alleged by SAC.

26. Similarly, it is not possible for us to hold on the above facts that ex post facto clearances have been granted by MoEF C in ignorance of the existence of forests due to mis-declaration. Two points are required to be highlighted at the outset. Firstly, the ex post facto clearance is based on the revised EIA. In the circumstances, EIA Notification of 2006 would not apply. Secondly, IA preferred by SAC being I.A. No. 2225-2227/08 D was preferred only in March, 2008. Thus, during the relevant period of almost a decade, SAC did not object to the said project. In fact an IA is now pending in this Court being IA No.· 3063 of 2011 preferred by CEC which indicates that there are 28 active mines out of which 8 are located along the Shella-E Cherrapunjee Road which are operating without obtaining approval and in violation of the 1980 Act. Further, the said I.A. alleges that 6 registered quarry owners are under the Shella Wahadarship, East Khasi Hills and that there are 12 individuals involved in mining limestone in the Shella Area during 2008-F 09. All these aspects require in-depth examination. The locus of SAC is not being doubted. However, the I.A. No. 3063 of 2011 preferred by CEC which has acted only after receiving inputs from the respondent No. 5 prima facie throws doubt on the credibility of objections raised by SAC. However, we do not G wish to express any conclusive finding on this aspect at this stage. On the ex post facto clearance, suffice it to state that after Shri Khazan Singh, Chief Conservator of Forests (C) submitted his report on 1.6.2006, MoEF directed the project proponent to apply for necessary clearances on the basis that H there existed a forest in terms oMhe order of this Court dated

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1023

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.) 12.12.1996 and the ex post facto clearance has now been A granted on that basis permitting diversion of forest by granting Stage-I forest clearance subject to compliance of certain conditions imposed by MoEF and by this Court. On the question of non-application of mind by the MoEF, we find that at various stages despite compliances by the project proponent and 8 despite issuance of certificates by various authorities, MoEF sought further clarifications/ information by raising necessary requisitions. To give a few instances in terms of the 1994 E!A Notification, the then project proponent made an application to MoEF for grant of environmental clearance. With that C application, the then project proponent submitted the NEHU Report of 1997. However, in the mean time there was an amendment to the EIA Notification of 1994. That amendment took place on 10.4.1997 by which two stage clearances were required to be obtained, namely, site clearance and project clearance. Therefore, immediately MoEF returned the. D application. to the project proponentasking; it to submit applications for site clearance as well as for project clearance; · Similarly, although the then project proponent had made site clearance application which fulfilled the 1994 Notification (as amended), the MoEF gave site clearance on 18.6.1999 with E additional conditions. Similarly, despite the project proponent making application for environmental clearance on 17.4.2000 enclosing Rapid EIA prepared by ERM India Pvt. Ltd. referring to absence of forest, the MoEF asked project proponent to obtain certificate of DFO in terms of the definition of the word F "forest" as laid down in the order of this Court dated 12.12.1996. Similarly, despite the certificate given by DFO on 13.6.2000 stating that the proposed mining site is not a forest area, the MoEF sought further details in terms of the connotation of the word "forest" as laid down in the order of this G Court dated 12.12.1996. Similarly, from time to time the Expert Committee of MoEF asked for details with regard to flora and fauna, list of species in that area, types of forests existing in that area, etc. Similarly, after receipt of letter from Shri Khazan Singh, the then Chief Conservator of Forests (C) on 1.6.2006, H

1024 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A the MoEF called upon the project proponent to submit an application for forest clearance on the basis that the site was located in the forest.· A number of queries have been raised from time to time by the MoEF as indicated from the facts enumerated hereinabove. Even a report from the High Powered Committee (HPC) was called for by MoEF which was submitted8 on 5.4.2010. There were four terms of references given to the HPC. According to the report, all conditions imposed with regard to environmental clearance had been substantially complied with by Mis. Lafarge. The report also refers to the C steps taken by Mis. Lafarge with regard to reforestation. The most important aspect of the HPC Report is regarding the topography of the area. It states that.though the area can be treated as forest, still it is a hilly uneven undulating area largely covered by "Karstified" limestone. The Report further states that the area can be reforested as a part of the reclamation plan. It D further states that the indigenous and native people are satisfied with the credentials of Mis. Lafarge as the company is providing health care facilities, drinking water facilities, employment for. local youth, construction of village roads, employment for school teachers,· scholarship programme for E children, etc. It also indicates that the issue of mining was thoroughly discussed with the Village Durbar by the members of the HPC who visited the site and that the community was in agreement to allow Mis. Lafarge to continue mining. The report further notes that most of the members of the SAC were not F the residents of the locality (Shella Village) and were living in Shillong while occasionally visiting Shella. The report further states that 200 persons participated in a long interaction with the members of HPC. The report further states that in fact the villagers became very upset in the apprehension of Mis. G Lafarge not being allowed to mine on their community land. As stated above, even according to the letter dated 11.5.2007, the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests states that though the site falls in the forest as pointed out by Shri Khazan Singh, the Chief Conservator of Forests (C) vide letter dated 1.6.2006, H still it is not the fault of Mis. Lafarge. Thus, under the above

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1025 T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] circumstances, we are satisfied that the parameters of A intergenerational equity are satisfied and no reasonable person can say that the impugned decision to grant Stage - I forest clearance and revised environmental clearance stood vitiated on account of non-application of mind by MoEF. On the contrary, the facts indicate that the MoEF has been diligent. That, MoEF B has taken requisite care and caution to protect the environment and in the circumstances, we uphold the stage-I forest clearance and the revised environmental clearance granted by MoEF. 27. Before concluding, we would like to refer to our order C dated 12.4.2010 which recites agreed conditions between the parties which conditions are imposed by this Court in addition to the conditions laid down by MoEF. These agreed conditions incorporated in our order dated 12.4.2010 are in terms of our judgment in T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India . . [(2006) 1 sec 1] with regard to commercial exploitability D ·which even according to SAC was not considered by MoEF at. the time of granting revised environmental clearance on 19.4.2010 or at the time of granting forest clearance on · 22.4.2010. We reproduce our order dated 12.4.2010, which reads as under: E

"Heard both sides. Learned Attorney General for India stated that the Ministry of Environment & Forests will take a decision under the Forest Conservation Act and shall consider granting permission subject to the following F conditions : 1. The applicant shall deposit a sum of Rs.55 crores towards five times of the normal NPV (as recommended by the CEC) with interest @ 9% per annum from 1st April, 2007, till the date of payment. G Such payment shall be made in totality in one instalment within 4 weeks from the date of the order. 2, An SPVshall be set up under the Chairmanship H 1026 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A of the Chief Secretary, Meghalaya with the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Meghalaya, Tribal Secretary, Meghalaya, Regional Chief Conservator of Forests, MoEF at Shillong and one reputed NGO (to be nominated by the MoEF) as Members. The B SPV will be set up within 4 weeks. 3. The User Agency will deposit with the SPV a sum of Rs.90/- per tonne of the limestone mined from the date on which mining commenced within 4 weeks of the SPV being constituted.c

4. The SPV shall follow the principles and procedure presently applied for utilization of CAMPA money. The account will be audited by the Accountant General, Meghalaya. The money will be D kept in interest bearing account with a Nationalized Bank. The Accountant General and the SPV shall file an Annual Repurt before this Hon'ble Court detailing all the work done by it in relation to the welfare projects mandated upon it including the E development of health, education, economy, irrigation and agriculture in the project area of 50 kms. solely for the local community and welfare of Tribals. 5. The User Agency will comply with all the F conditions imposed on it earlier as well as further recommendations made by the Committee constituted by the MoEF under the order dated 30th march, 2'010, including, in particular, the following: G (a) It shall prepare a detailed Catchment Area Treatment Plan. (b) It shall explore the use of surface miner technology. H (c) It shall monitor ambient area quality as per LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1027 T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.) New National Ambient Air Quality Standards. A (d) It shall take steps to construct a Sewage Treatment Plant and Effluent Treatment Plant. (e) It shall discontinue any agreement for 8 procuring limestone on the basis of disorganized and unscientific and ecologically unsustainable mining in the area.

(f) It shall prepare a comprehensive forest rehaqilitation and conservation plan covering C . the project as well as the surrounding area. (g) It shall prepare a comprehensive Biodiversity Management Plan to mitigate the possible impacts of mining on the surrounding forest · 0 and.wildlife. . : _:, ·.. : . . ' . ·.· (h) · it shall maintain a strip of at least 100 meter of forest area on the boundary of mining area as a green belt. E 6. The MoEF shall take a final decision under the Forest Conservation Act, 1980 for the revised environmental clearance for diversion of 116 hectares of forest land, taking into consideration all the conditions stipulated hereinabove and it may impose such further conditions as it may deem proper. F list on 26.04.2010 at 2.00 p.m." 28. This order indicates the benefit which will accrue to the natives and residents of the Nongtrai Village. The site covers 100 hectare required for limestone mining. The Village Durbar G seeks to exploit it on scientific lines. The minutes of the meeting of the Village Durbar and the submissions filed by the Durbar indicate the exercise of the rights by the tribals and the natives of Nongtrai Village seeking economic development within the parameters of the 1980 Act and the 1986 Act. H 1028 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A 29. At the request of the learned counsel for SAC, we wish to state that none of the observations made hereinabove in the context of the nature of the land (the extent of the lands owned by the community and by private persons) shall be taken into account by the competent court in which title dispute is pending B today. (d) Summary

30. Time has come for us to apply the constitutional "doctrine of proportionality" to the matters concerning C environment as a part of the process of judicial review in contradistinction to merit review. It cannot be gainsaid that utilization of the environment and its natural resources has to be in a way that is consistent with principles of sustainable development and D intergenerational equity, but balancing of these equities may entail policy choices. In the circumstances, barring exceptions, decisions relating to utilization of natural resources have to be tested on the anvil of the well-recognized principlei:; of judicial review. Have all the E relevant factors been taken into account? Have any extraneous factors influenced the decision? Is the decision strictly in accordance with the legislative policy underlying the law (if any) that governs the field? Is the decision consistent with the principles of sustainable F development in the sense that has the decision-maker taken into account the said principle and, on the basis of relevant considerations, arrived at a balanced decision? Thus, the court should review the decision-making process to ensure that the decision of MoEF is G fair and fully informed, based on the correct principles, and free from any bias or restraint. Once this is ensured, then the doctrine of "margin of appreciation" in favour of the decision-maker would come into play. Our above view is further strengthened by the decision of the Court of Appeal in the case of R v. Chester City Council reported H

LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1029

T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] in (2011) 1 All ER 476 (paras 14 to 16). A · . 31. Accordingly, this matter stands disposed of keeping in mind various facets of the word "environment", the inputs provided by the Village Durbar of Nongtrai (including their understanding of the word 8 "forest" and the balance between environment and economic sustainability), their participation in the decision-making process, the topography and connectivity of the site to Shillong, the letter dated 11.5.2007 of the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests C and the report of Shri B.N, Jha dated 5.4.2010 (HPC) (each one of which refers to economic welfare of the tribals of Village Nongtrai), the polluter pays principle and the intergenerational equity (including the history of limestone mining in the area from 1858 and the prevalent social and customary rights of the natives and tribals). D The word "development" is a relative term. One cannot assume that the tribals are not aware of principles of conservation of forest. In the present case, we are satisfied that limestone mining has been going on for centuries in the area and that it is an activity which is E intertwined with the culture and the unique land holding and tenure system of the Nongtrai Village. On the facts of this case, we are satisfied with due diligence exercise undertaken by MoEF in the matter of forest diversion. Thus, our order herein is confined to the facts of this F case. Conclusion

32. Accordingly, we see no reason to interfere with the decision of MoEF granting site clearance dated· 18.6.1999, ElA G clearance dated 9.8.2001 read with revised environmental clearance dated 19.4.2010 and Stage-I forest clearance dated 22.4.2010. Accordingly, I.A. No. 1868 of 2007 preferred by M/ s. Lafarge stands allowed with no order as to costs. Consequently, I.A. No. 2937 of 2010 preferred by SAC is H 1030 SUPREME COURT REPORTS . [2011] 7 S.C.R A dismissed. The interim order passed by this Court on 5.2.2010 shall also stand vacated. All other I.As. shall stand disposed of. Part II B Guidelines to be followed in future cases

(i) As stated in our order hereinabove, the words "environment" and "sustainable development" have various facets. At times in respect of a few of these facets data is not available. Care for environmentc is an ongoing process. Time has come for this Court to declare and we hereby declare that the National Forest Policy, 1988 which lays down far-reaching principles must necessarily govern the · grant of permissions under Section 2 of the ForestD (Conservation) Act, 1980as the same provides the road map to ecological protection and improvement under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The principles/ guidelines mentioned in the National Forest Policy, 1988 should be read as part of theE provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 read together with the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. This direction is required to be given because there is no machinery even today established for implementation of the said National F Forest Policy, 1988 read with the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 confers a power coupled with duty and, thus, it is incumbent . on the Central Government, as hereinafter G indicated, to appoint an Appropriate Authority, preferably in the form of Regulator, at the State and at the Centre level for ensuring implementation of the National Forest Policy, 1988. The difference between a regulator and a court must be kept in H mind. The court I tribunal is basically an authority

LAFARGE UMIAMMINING PRIVATE LIMITED. 1031 T.N, GODAVARMAN.THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 {S.H KAPADIA, CJI.] . . -: . . . ·. . .. . . -

which reacts to a given situation brought to its notice A· whereas a regulator is a pro~active body with the power conferred Upon it to frame statutory Rules and Regulations. The Regulatory mechanism warrants open discussion, public participation, circulation of the Draft Paper inviting suggestions. B The basic objectives of the National Forest Policy, 1988 include positive and pro-active steps to be taken. These include maintenance of environmental stability through preservation, restoration of ecological balance that has been adversely c disturbed by serious depletion of forest, conservation of natural heritage of the country by preserving the remaining natural forests with the vast variety offlora and fauna, checking soil erosion •. and denudation in the catchment areas, checking the ext~nsion of sand-dunes; increasing the forest/ tree cover in the country and encouraging efficient ·. utilization oCforest produce and maximizing ·substitution of wood. Thus, we are of the view that under Section 3(3) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, the Central Government E should appoint a National Regulator for appraising projects, enforcing enviro-nmental . conditions for approvals and to impose penalties on polluters. There is one more reason for having a regulatory mechanism in place. F Identification of an area as .forest area is solely based on the Declaration to be filed by the User Agency (project proponent). The project proponent under the existing dispensation is required to undertake EIA by an expert body/ institution. In many · G cases, the court is not made aware of the terms of reference. In several cases, the court is not made aware of the study area undertaken by the expert body. Consequently, the MoEF/ State Government acts on the report (Rapid EIA) undertaken by the H

1032 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A Institutions who though accredited submit answers according to the Terms of Reference propounded by the project proponent. We do not wish to cast any doubt on the credibility of these Institutions. However, at times the court is faced with conflicting B reports. Similarly, the government is also faced with a fait accompli kind situation which in the ultimate analysis leads to grant of ex facto clearance. To obviate these difficulties, we are of the view that a regulatory mechanism should be put in place and c till the time such mechanism is put in place, the MoEF should prepare a Panel of Accredited Institutions from which alone the project proponent should obtain the Rapid EIA and that too on the Terms of Reference to be formulated by the MoEF. D (ii) In all future cases, the User Agency (project proponents) shall comply with the Office Memorandum dated 26.4.2011 issued by the MoEF which requires that all mining projects involving forests and for such non-mining projects E which involve more than 40 hectares of forests, the project proponent shall submit the documents which have been enumerated in the said Memorandum.

(iii) If the project proponent makes a claim regarding status of the land being non-forest and if there isF any doubt the site shall be inspected by the State Forest Department along with the Regional Office of MoEF to ascertain the status of forests, based on which the certificate in this regard be issued. In all such cases, it would be desirable for theG representative of State Forest Department to assist the Expert Appraisal Committee. (iv) At present, there are six regional offices in the country. This may be expanded to at least ten. At H each regional office there may be a Standing Site LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1033 T.N. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.] Inspection Committee which will take up the work A of ascertaining the position of the land (namely whether it is forest land or not). In each Committee there may be one non-official member who is an expert in forestry. If it is found that forest land is involved, then forest clearance will have to be B applied for first. (v) Increase in the number. of Regional Offices of the Ministry from six presently located at Shillong, Bhubaneswar, Lucknow, Chandigarh, Bhopal and Bangalore to at least ten by opening at least four C new Regional Offices at the locations to be decided in consultation with the State/UT Governments to facilitate more frequent inspections and in-depth scrutiny and appraisal of the proposals. D

(vi) Constitution of Regional Empowered Committee, ' under the Chairmanship of the concerned Chief Conservator of Forests (Central) and having Conservator of Forests (Central) and three non-official members to be selected from the eminent E experts in forestry and allied disciplines as its members, at each of the Regional Offices of the MoEF, to facilitate detailed/in-depth scrutiny of the proposals involving diversion of forest area more than 5 hectares and up to 40 hectares and all F proposals relating to mining and encroachments up to 40 hectares. (vii) Creation and regular updating of a GIS based decision support database, tentatively containing inter-a/ia the district-wise details of the location and · G boundary of (i) each plot of land that may be defined as forest for the purpose of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; (ii) the core, buffer and eco-sensitive zone of the protected areas constituted as per the provisions of the Wildlife H 1034 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R.

A (Protection) Act, 1972; (iii) the important migratory corridors for wildlife; and (iv) the forest land diverted for non-forest purpose in the past in the district. The Survey of India toposheets in digital format, the forest cover maps prepared by the Forest Survey B of India in preparation of the successive State of Forest Reports and the conditions stipulated in the approvals accorded under the Forest (Conservations) Act, 1980 for each case of diversion of forest land in the district will also be c part of the proposed decision support database. (viii) Orders to implement these may, after getting necessary approvals, be issued expeditiously. (ix) The Office Memorandum dated 26.4.2011 is in D continuation of an earlier Office Memorandum dated 31.03.2011. This earlier O.M. clearly delineates the order of priority required to be followed while seeking Environmental Clearance under the Environment Impact Assessment E Notification 2006. It provides that in cases where environmental clearance is required for a project on forest land, the forest clearance shall be obtained before the grant of the environment clearance. (x) In addition to the above, an Office MemorandumF dated 26.04.2011 on Corporate Environmental Responsibility has also been issued by the MoEF. This O.M. lays down the need for PSUs and other Corporate entities to evolve a Corporate Environment Policy of their own to ensure greater G compliance with the environmental and forestry clearance granted to .them.

(xi) All minutes of proceedings before the Forest Advisory Committee in respect of the Forest H (Conservation) Act, 1980 as well as the minutes of LAFARGE UMIAM MINING PRIVATE LIMITED 1035 TN. GODAVARMAN THIRUMULPAD v. U.0.1 [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.) proceedings of the Expert Appraisal Committee in A respect of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 are regularly uploaded on the Ministry's website even before the final approval/decision of the Ministry for Environment and Forests is obtained. This has been done to ensure public accountability. B This also includes environmental clearances given under the EIA Notification of 2006 issued under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Henceforth, in addition to the above, all forest clearances given under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 may now c be uploaded on the Ministry's website.

(xii) Completion of the exercise undertaken by each State/UT Govt. in compliance of this Court's order dated 12.12.1996 wherein inter-alia each State/UT Government was directed to constitute an Expert D Committee to identify the areas which are "forests" irrespective of whether they are so notified, recognized or classified under any law, and irrespective of the land of such "forest" and the areas which were earlier "forests" but stand E degraded, denuded and cleared, culminating in preparation of Geo-referenced district forest-maps containing the details of the location and boundary of each plot of land that may be defined as "forest" for the purpose of the Forest (Conservation) Act, F 1980. (xiii) Incorporating appropriate safeguards in the Environment Clearance process to eliminate chance of the grant of Environment Clearance to projects involving d.iversion of forest land by G considering such forest land as non-forest, a flow chart depicting, the tentative nature and manner of incorporating the proposed safeguards, to be finalized after consultation with the State/ UT Governments. H 1036 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 7 S.C.R. A (xiv) The public consultation or public hearing as it is commonly known, is a mandatory requirement of the environment clearance process and provides an effective forum for any person aggrieved by any aspect of any project to register and seek redressal B of his/her grievances;

(xv) The MoEF will prepare a comprehensive policy for inspection, verification and monitoring and the overall procedure relating to the grant of forest clearances and identification of forests inc consultation with the States (given that forests fall under entry 17A of the Concurrent List). 33. Part II of our order gives guidelines to be followed by the Central Government, State Government and the various D authorities under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. These guidelines are to be implemented in all future cases. These guidelines are required to be given so that fait accompli situations do not recur. We have issued these guidelines in the light of our experience in E the last couple of years. These guidelines will operate in all future cases of environmental and forest clearances till a regulatory mechanism is put in place. On the implementation of these Guidelines, MoEF will file its compliance report within six months. F R.P. lnteralocutary applications disposed of.