[2011) 8 S.C.R. 815 JOSEPH SALVARAJ A. A v. STATE OF GUJARAT & ORS. (Criminal Appeal No. 1251 of 2011) JULY 4, 2011 B [DALVEER BHANDARI AND DEEPAK VERMA, JJ.]

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - s.482 - FIR -Quashing of - FIR against appellant complaining that he had committed offences under ss.406, 420 and 506(1) of /PC - C Complainant stated that he had got in touch with the appellant so as to extend the benefit of Appellant's Channel "God TV" to his other brethren residing at Ahmedabad - For the said purposes, he had met the owner of Siti Cable in Ahmedabad and negotiated a settlement for Rs. 10 lacs on behalf of the D Appellant's Company as the fee to be paid to Siti cable by Appellant for telecast of channel "God TV" in Ahmedabad -.Grievance of the Complainant that despite the telecast of "God TV", the Appellant, as promised, failed to pay a sum of Rs. 10 lacs to the owners of Siti cables - Held: The matter E appears to be purely civil in nature - There appears to be no cheating or a dishonest inducement for the delivery of property or breach of trust by the appellant - A purely civil dispute, is sought to be given a colour of a criminal offence to wreak vengeance against the Appellant - The case in hand does F not fall in that category where cognizance of the offence could have been .taken by the court, at least after having gone through the FIR, which discloses only a civil dispute - The Appellant cannot be allowed to go through the rigmarole of a criminal prosecution for long number of years, even when admittedly a civil suit has already been filed against the G Appellant and Complainant and is still subjudice - Also the complainant has not been able to show that at any material point of time there was any contract, much less any privity of 815 H

816 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 8 S.C.R.

A contract between the Appellant and Complainant - There was no cause of action to even lodge an FIR against the Appellant as neither the Complainant had to receive the money nor he was in any way instrumental to telecast "God TV" in the central areas of Ahmedabad - He appears to be totally a stranger to B the same - Appellant's prosecution would only lead to his harassment and humiliation, which cannot be permitted in accordance with the principles of law - The prosecution of the Appellant for commission of the alleged offences would be clear abuse of the process of law - The FIR under the c circumstances deserves to be quashed at the threshold and all criminal proceedings emanating therefrom also stand quashed - Penal Code, 1860 - ss.406, 420 and 506(1). Respondent No.4-complainant was working in Ahmedabad. He went to Hyderabad at his wife's place D where he had the occasion to watch the appellant's religious channel "God TV". On his return to Ahmedabad, he approached cable operator 'L', owner of Siti Cable and requested him to have this channel also in the bouquet of channels offered by him. He also contacted the E appellant's company dir.ectly, requesting it to allow broadcasting of "God TV" in certain areas of Ahmedabad through Siti Cable, Ahmedabad. Eventually, with the aid and enterprise of 'L', they were able to commence broadcasting of "God TV" in the eastern zone of F Ahmedabad. According to respondent no.4, 'L' (and 2 other cable operators) had agreed to broadcast, "God TV" at Ahmedabad, after the appellant had agreed to pay a sum of Rs. 10 lacs to Mr. 'L'. However, there was no written agreement between Mr. 'L' and the Appellant. G Furthermore, there was no Agreement between complainant and either of the aforesaid two parties. According to him, on his own, he had acted only as a mediator. From time to time, respondent no.4 kept reminding the appellant about payment of the amount of H Rs. 10 lacs to 'L', .but the said amount as agreed to ...;

JOSEPH SALVARAJ A. v. STATE OF GUJARAT & 817 ORS. between 'L' and the appellant remained unpaid. The A respondent no.4 ultimately sent a notice to which the Appellant replied, denying all accusations and liabilities. The Respondent No.4 therafter lodged an FIR against the appellant complaining therein that the appellant had B committed offences under Section 406, 420 and 506(1) of IPC. After completion of the investigation, as per the said FIR, the appellant was arrested for commission of the said offences. The appellant filed an application under Section 437 of CrPC for grant of bail to him. The same was C granted to him subject to conditions. The appellant, thereafter, filed petition under Section 482 of CrPC in the High Court, with a prayer for quashing of the FIR and to stay further investigation in the case. The said application came to be considered before the Single Judge. By that time, charge sheet was already filed before the D Competent Criminal Court. Thus, the Single Judge, was of the opinion that it was not a fit case to be entertained and refused to hear the petition on merits, even though the appellant was given liberty to file an application for his discharge before the Trial Court. Thus the Appellant's E petition was dismissed and interim order granted in his favour was vacated. The Order passed by the Single Judge of the High Court in Appellant's Criminal ApplicatiQn was challenged in the instant appeal. F

The appellant contended that even after going through the FIR, no case under Section 406 or 420 of the IPC was made out; that the FIR was filed by a person who was indisputably not a contracting party and at best by his own admission, had acted only as a mediator, and G had no cause of action to file the complaint; that the complainant failed to pr_oduce any evidence worth the name in support of his allegation which was legally acceptable that the contract was concluded, whereunder the appellant was obliged to pay a sum of Rs. 1O lacs to H 'L'. 818 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 8 S.C.R

A Allowing the appeal, the Court HELD:1. In the instant case, bare perusal of the FIR lodged by the complainant, would indicate that he had got in touch with the appellant so as to extend the benefit of Appellant's Channel "God TV" to his other brethren8 residing at Ahmedabad. For the said purposes, he had met the owner of Siti Cable in Ahmedabad and negotiated a settlement for a sum of Rs. 1O lacs on behalf of the Appellant's Company as the fee to be paid to Siti cable by Appellant for telecast of channel "God TV" in C Ahmedabad. Further grievance of the Complainant was that despite the telecast of "GOD TV", the Appellant, as promised, failed to pay a sum of Rs. 10 lacs to the owners of Siti cables. This is what has been mentioned in nutshell in the complainant's FIR. This Court has grave D doubt whether on such averments and allegations, even a prima facie case of the aforesaid offences could be made out against the present appellant. [Para 20] [825-D-G]

E 2. Criminal breach of trust is defined under Section 405 of the IPC and 406 thereof deals with punishment to be awarded to the accused, if found guilty for commission of the said offence i.e. with imprisonment for a term which may extend to thrP.e years, or with fine, or F with both. Section 420 of the IPC deals with cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property. Cheating has been defined under Section 415 of the IPC to constitute an offence. Under the aforesaid section, it is inbuilt that there has to be a dishonest intention from the very beginning, which is sine qua non to hold the accused G guilty for commission of the said offence. Categorical and microscopic examination of the FIR certainly does not reflect any such dishonest intention ab initio on the part of the appellant. Section 506 ·of the IPC deals with punishment for criminal intimidation. Criminal H intimidation, insult and annoyance have been define" in JOSEPH SALVARAJ A. v. STATE OF GUJARAT & 819 ORS.

Section 503 of the IPC but the FIR lodged by complainant A does not show or reflect that any such threat to cause injury to person or of property was ever given by the Appellant ·to the Complainant. Thus, from the general · conspectus of the various sections under which the Appellant is being charged and is to be prosecuted would B show that the same are not made out even prima facle from the Complainant's FIR. Even if the charge sheet had been filed, the Single Judge of the High Court could have still examined whether the offences alleged to have been committed by the Appellant were prima facie made out c from the complainant's FIR, charge sheet, documents etc. or not. [Paras 21 to 24] [825-H; 826-A-F] ' 3. The matter appears to be purely civil in nature.

There appears .to be no cheating or a dishonest inducement for the delivery of property or breach of trust D by the appellant. The present FIR is an abuse of process of law. The purely civil dispute, is sought to be given a colour of a criminal offence to wreak vengeance against the Appellant. It does not meet the strict standard of proof required to sustain a criminal accusation. In such type of E cases, it is necessary to draw a distinction between civil wrong and criminal wrong. In Bhajan Lal case seven cardinal principles were carved out before cognizance of offences, said to have been committed, by the accused was taken. The case in hand does not fall in that category F where cognizance of the offence could have been taken by the court, at least after having gone through the F.l.R., which discloses only a civil dispute. [Paras 25 to 27] [826-G-H; 827-A-B-E] Devendra v. State of U.P. 2009 (7) SCC 495: 2009 (7) G SCR 872 and State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal 1992 (Suppl) 1 SCC 335: 1990 (3) Suppl. SCR 259 - referred to. 4. The Appellant cannot be allowed to go through the rigmarole of a criminal prosecution for long number of H 820 . SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 8 S.C.R.

A years, even when admittedly a civil suit has already been filed against the Appellant and Complainant-Respondent No. 4, and is still subjudice. In the said suit, the Appellant is at liberty to contest the same on grounds available to him in accordance with law as per the leave granted by s Trial Court. Also the complainant has not been able to show that at any material point of time there was any contract, much less any privity of contract between the Appellant and Respondent No. 4-the Complainant. There was no cause of action to even lodge an FIR against the c Appellant as neither the Complainant had to receive the ·money nor h.e was in any way instrumental to telecast "God TV" in the central areas of Ahmedabad. He appears to be totally a stranger to the same. Appellant's prosecution would only lead to his harassment and humiliation, which cannot be permitted in accordance0 with the principles of law. [Para 28) (827-F-H; 828-A-B] 5. Looking to the matter from all angles, it is clear that the prosecution of the Appellant for commission of the alleged offences would be clear abuse of the process of E law. The FIR under the circumstances deserves to be quashed at the threshold. The order of the Single Judge of the High Court is set aside. The FIR lodged by Respondent No. 4- Complainant stands quashed and all criminal proceedings emanating therefrom also stand F quashed. [Paras 29, 30) (828-C-DJ Case Law Reference:

2009(7) SCR 872 Para 26 referred to 1990(3) Suppl. SCR 259 Para 27 referred to G CRIMINAL AP PELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.1251 of2011. From the Judgment & Order dated 11.01.2007 of the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmadabad in Special Criminal Application H No. 1977 of 2006. JOSEPH SALVARAJ A. v. STATE OF GUJARAT & 821 ·ORS. Huzefa Ahmedi, Shamik Sanjanwala, Meenakshi Arora for A the Appellant. Aparna Bhat, P. Ramesh Kumar, Jesal (for Hemantika wahi) for the Respondents. B The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DEEPAK VERMA, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. Respondent No. 4 - complainant, Living Water Finney, lodged an FIR on 05.09.2006 at 22.15 hrs with Odhav Police c Station, Ahmadabad City, complaining therein that the Appellant has committed offences under Section 406, 420 and 506(1) of the Indian Penal Code (hereinafter shall be referred to as 'IP~'). 3. Respondent No.4 was working as Administrative Officer D in "Amaaru Family Education Trust" at Ahmadabad and claimed that he has been residing there, leading life peacefully. He also stated that Shri Dharmendra P. Rami@ Lalabhai was running business of Siti Cable in Bapi Nagar area at . Ahmadabad, was known to him for many years and both of E · them enjoyed good relations with each other.

4.'Sometime in the year 2005, complainant had gone to Hyderabad at his wife's place where he had the occasion to watch "God TV" which influenced him deeply and profoundly F touching his holy spirit. He wanted to share his experience with the Christian community of Ahmadabad so that they may also be blessed through this religious channel. On his return to Ahmadabad, he approached cable operator Mr. Lalabhai, owner of Siti Cable as mentioned above and requested him to have this channel also in the bouquet of channels offered by G him. He also contacted the Appellant's Company directly, requesting it to allow broadcasting of "God TV" in certain areas of Ahmadabad through Siti Cables, Ahmadabad. 5. Eventually, with the aid and enterprise of Mr. Lalabhai, H 822 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011] 8 S.C.R. A they were able to commence broadcasting of "GOD TV" in the eastern zone of Ahmedabad. 6. Initially, Mr. Lalabhai quoted Rs. 30 lacs for persuading all the three operators to' commence the telecast of "GOD TV" in their respective areas in Ahmedabad but the same was8 settled for Rs. 10 lacs. Thus, according to the complainant, Mr. Lalabhai (and 2 other cable operators) had agreed to broadcast, religious channel "God TV" at Ahmedabad, after the Appellant had agreed to pay a sum of Rs. 1O lacs to Mr. Lalabhai.c

7. However, it appears that there was no Agreement in writing executed and entered into between Mr. Lalabhai and the Appellant. Furthermore, there has not been any Agreement between complainant and either of the aforesaid two parties. D According to him, on his own, he had acted only as a mediator. 8. From time to time, the Complainant kept reminding the appellant about payment of the amount of Rs. 10 lacs to Mr. Lalabhai. But according to the Complainant, the appellant E deliberately avoided his communications. In the meanwhile, the cable operators who had started telecasting "God TV" were also pressurizing the Complainant for the said amount.

9. As mentioned heretnabove for about five months, they enjoyed watching "God TV" without any disruption but thereafter F the reception signals of the said channel developed some technical snag. Thus, from October 2005, on account of poor quality of receivers, the reception was also not clear and was blurred. He once again contacted the·Appellant who agreed to send receiver to the Complainant. After having received the said G receiver, it was delivered to Mr. Lalabhai but as per the Complainant's version, by that time the amount of Rs. 10 lacs as agreed to between Mr. Lalabhai and the present Appellant was still not paid. Having failed to elicit a verbal response, the · Complainant thereafter wrote a series of letters and sent e-H mails to the Appellant, ultimately culminating in a notice dated JOSEPH SALVARAJ A. v. STATE OF GUJARAT & 823 ORS. [DEEPAK VERMA, J.] 21.06.2006; to which the-Appellant replied on 18.07.2006, A 4enying all accusations and liabilities. Then the problem started and Respondent No. 4 lodged· the FIR against the Appellant as mentioned hereinabove.

10. After completion of the investigation, as per the FIR 8lodged by the Complainant on 05.09.2006, the Appellant was arrested at Chennai for c0mmission of the said offences on 17 .11.2006. He was thus constrained to file an application under Section 437 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 {hereinafter shall be referred to as the 'Code') for grant of bail C to. him. The same was granted to him on the conditions mentioned in the order dated 22.11.2006. 11. The Appellant, thereafter, was constrained to file the petition under Section 482 of the Code in the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad, with a prayer for quashing of the FIR D bearing C.R. No. 1-371/2006 registered with Odhav Police Station and to stay further investigation in the case. The said application came to be considered before the learned Single Judge on 11.1.2007. By that time, charge sheet was already filed before the Competent Criminal Court. Thus, learned Single E Judge, was of the opinion that it was not a fit case to -be entertained and refused to hear the petition on merits, even though the appellant was given liberty to file an application for his discharge before the Trial Court. It may be noted that even in its impugned order the learned Single Judge has F emphasized that he had not considered the case on merits. Thus the Appellant's petition was dismissed and interim order granted in his favour was vacated.

12. Now the Order dated 11.01.2007 passed by the learned Single Judge of the High Court in Appellant's Criminal G Application No. 1977 of 2006, is subject matter of challenge in this Appeal. 13. We have accordingly heard Mr. Huzefa Ahmedi with Mr. Shamik Sanjanwala for the Appellants Ms. Jesel, for H 824 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 8 S.C.R. A respondent No 1,2 and 3 and Ms. Aparna ·Bhat for respondent No.4 - Complainant at length. Perused the record. 14. Learned counsel for the Appellant contended that even after going through the FIR, no case under Section 406 or 420 of the Penal Code was made out. The FIR was filed by a8 person who is indisputably not a contracting party and at best by his own admission, had acted only as a mediator, and had no cause of action to file the complaint. He has failed to produce any evidence worth the name in support of his allegation and C legally acceptable that the contract was concluded, where under the Appellant was obliged to pay a sum of Rs. 10 lacs to Mr. Lalabhai. 15. The allegations in the F.l.R. clearly discloses a civil dispute between the parties and the FIR seems to have been D filed only with an intention to harass and humiliate the Appellant. This was a pre-emptive move by the Complainant.

16. A summary Civil Suit under Order 37 Rule II of Code of Civil Procedure {hereinafter to be referred as 'CPC') has E already been filed by Dharmendra P. Rami@ Lalabhai against the Appellant and the Respondent No.4, Complainant herein, before the City Civil Court, Ahmadabad claiming a sum of Rs. 10 lacs together with interest thereon. In the ~aid suit an unconditional leave to defend has already been granted to the Appellant .and the matter is still pending. In the light of the F aforesaid submissions, it was contended that it is a flt case where the FIR deserves to be quashed otherwise the same would amount to abuse of the process of law. 17. On the other hand, the learned counsel for G Respondents especially Respondent No. 4, contended that intention to cheat the complainant was clearly made out by the action of the Appellant, ultimately resulting in lodging of F.l.R. against Appellant and Respondent No.4 both. Learned Single Judge was fully justified in rejecting the Appellant's Petition as H it was not a fit case to invoke the jurisdiction conferred on the ~ JOSEPH SALVARAJ A. v. STATE OF GUJARAT & 825 ORS'. [DEEPAK VERMA, J.] court under Section 482 of the CrPC. Thus, a prayer was made A that no case for interference was made out and the Appeal be dismissed.

18. In the light of the rival contentions we have to examine whether cognizance of the offences could have been taken by 8 the Competent Criminal Court in the light of the averments made by the complainant in the FIR. 19. Even though the learned counsel appearing for contesting parties have cited numerous authorities in support of their respective contentions, but in view of the well settled C legal position of law, by long catena of cases of this Court, on this and related points, we are not dealing with.each one of them separately and independently. However, the ratio and gist of these would be reflected in our order. ' D

20. In the instant case, we have to first examine whether any of the ingredients under Section 406, 420 or 506 (1) of the IPC have been made out to enable the Court to take -cogniz~mce thereof against the appellant or not. Bare perusal of the FIR lodged by the complainant, would indicate that he E had got in touch with the appellant so as to extend the benefit of Appellant's Channel "GOD TV" to his other brethren residing at Ahmadabad. For the said purposes, he had met the owner of Siti Cable, Bapi Nagar in Ahmadabad and negotiated a settlement for a sum of Rs. 10 lacs on behalf of the Appellant's F Company as the fee to be paid to Siti cable by Appellant for telecast of channel "God TV" in Ahmadabad. Further grievance of the Complainant was that despite the telecast of "GOD TV", the Appellant, as promised, failed to pay a sum of Rs. 10 lacs to the owners of Siti cables. This is what has been mentioned in nutshell in the complainant's FIR. We have grave doubt, in G our mind whether on such averments and allegations, even a prima facie case of the aforesaid offences could be made out against the present appellant. · 4 21. Criminal breach of trust is defined under Section 405 H 826 SUPREME COURT Rj::PORTS (2011) 8 S.C.R. A of the IPC and 406 thereof deals with punishment to be awarded to the accused, if found guilty for commission of the said offence i.e. with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years, or with fine, or with both.

22. Section 420 of the IPC deals with cheating and8 dishonestly inducing delivery of property. Cheating has been defined under Section 415 of the I PC to constitute an offence. Under the aforesaid section, it is inbuilt that there has to be a dishonest intention from the very beginning, which is sine qua non to hold the accused guilty for commission of the said C offence. Categorical and microscopic examination of the FIR certainly does not reflect any such dishonest intention ab initio on the part of the.appellant. 23. Section 506 of tha IPC deals with punishment for D criminal intimidation. Criminal intimidation, insult and annoyance have been defined in Section 503 of the IPC 'but the FIR lodged by complainant does not show or reflect that any such threat to cause injury to person or of property was ever given by the Appellant to the Complainant. E 24. Thus, from the general conspectus of the various sections under which the Appellant is being charged and is to be prosecuted would show that the same are not made out even prima facie from the Complainant's FIR. Even if the charge F sheet had been filed, the learned Single Judge could have ·still examined whether the offences alleged to have been comm.itted by the Appellant were prima facie made out from the complainant's FIR, charge sheet, documents etc. or not.

25. In our opinion, the matter appears to be purely civil in G nature. There appears to be no c.heating or a dishonest inducement for the delivery of property or breach of trust by the Appellant. The present FIR is an abuse of process of law. The purely .civil dispute, is sought to be given a colour of a criminal offence to wreak vengeance against the Appellant. It does not H JOSEPH SALVARAJ A. v. STATE OF GUJARAT & 827 ORS. [DEEPAK VERMA, J.] meet the strict standard of proof required to sustain a criminal A accusation.. ' -- 26. In such type of cases, it is necessary to draw a distinction between civil wrong and criminal wrong as has been succinctly held by this Court in Devendra Vs. State of U.P., B2009 (7) sec 495, relevant part thereof is reproduced herein below: "A distinction must be made between a civil wrong and a criminal wrong. When dispute between the parties constitute only a civil wrong and not a criminal wrong, the C courts would not permit a person to be harassed although no case for taking cognizance of the offence has been made out."

27. In fact, all these questions have been elaborately 0 discussed by this Court in the most oft quoted judgment reported in 1992 (Suppl) 1 SCC 335 State of Haryana Vs. Bhajan Lal, where seven cardinal principles have been carved out before cognizance of offences, said to have been committed, by the accused is taken. The case in hand E unfortunately does not fall in that category where cognizance of the offence could have been taken by the court, at least after having gone through the F.l.R., which discloses only a civil dispute. 28. The Appellant cannot be allowed to go through the F rigmarole of a criminal prosecution for long number of years, even when admittedly a civil suit has already been filed against the Appellant and Complainant-Respondent No. 4, and is still subjudice. In the said suit, the Appellant is at liberty to contest the same on grounds available to him in accordance with law G as per the leave granted by Trial Court. It may also be pertinent to mention here that the complainant has not been able to show that at any material point of time there was any contract, much less any privity of contract between the Appellant and Respondent No. 4 - the Complainant. There was no cause of H 828 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 8 S.C.R.

' A action to even lodge an FIR against the Appellant as neither the Complainant had to receive the money nor he was in any way instrumental to telecast "GOD TV' in the central areas of Ahmedabad. He appears to be totally a stranger to the same. Appellant's prosecution would only lead to his harassment and 8 humiliation, which cannot be permitted in accordance with the principles of law. '29. Thus, looking to the matter from all angles, we are of the considered opinion that the prosecution of the Appellant for commission of the alleged offences would be clear abuse of C the process of law. 30. The FIR under the circumstances deserves to be quashed at the threshold. We accordingly do so. The Appeal is, therefore, allowed. The order of learned Single Judge is set D aside. The FIR dated 05.09.2006 lodged by Respondent No. 4 - Complainant with Odhav Police Station, Ahmedabad stands quashed and all criminal proceedings emanating therefrom also stand quashed. The parties to bear their respective costs. 8.8.B. Appeal allowed.

[2011) 8 S.C.R. 815 JOSEPH SALVARAJ A. A v. STATE OF GUJARAT & ORS. (Criminal Appeal No. 1251 of 2011) JULY 4, 2011 B [DALVEER BHANDARI AND DEEPAK VERMA, JJ.]

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - s.482 - FIR -Quashing of - FIR against appellant complaining that he had committed offences under ss.406, 420 and 506(1) of /PC - C Complainant stated that he had got in touch with the appellant so as to extend the benefit of Appellant's Channel "God TV" to his other brethren residing at Ahmedabad - For the said purposes, he had met the owner of Siti Cable in Ahmedabad and negotiated a settlement for Rs. 10 lacs on behalf of the D Appellant's Company as the fee to be paid to Siti cable by Appellant for telecast of channel "God TV" in Ahmedabad -.Grievance of the Complainant that despite the telecast of "God TV", the Appellant, as promised, failed to pay a sum of Rs. 10 lacs to the owners of Siti cables - Held: The matter E appears to be purely civil in nature - There appears to be no cheating or a dishonest inducement for the delivery of property or breach of trust by the appellant - A purely civil dispute, is sought to be given a colour of a criminal offence to wreak vengeance against the Appellant - The case in hand does F not fall in that category where cognizance of the offence could have been .taken by the court, at least after having gone through the FIR, which discloses only a civil dispute - The Appellant cannot be allowed to go through the rigmarole of a criminal prosecution for long number of years, even when admittedly a civil suit has already been filed against the G Appellant and Complainant and is still subjudice - Also the complainant has not been able to show that at any material point of time there was any contract, much less any privity of 815 H

816 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 8 S.C.R.

A contract between the Appellant and Complainant - There was no cause of action to even lodge an FIR against the Appellant as neither the Complainant had to receive the money nor he was in any way instrumental to telecast "God TV" in the central areas of Ahmedabad - He appears to be totally a stranger to B the same - Appellant's prosecution would only lead to his harassment and humiliation, which cannot be permitted in accordance with the principles of law - The prosecution of the Appellant for commission of the alleged offences would be clear abuse of the process of law - The FIR under the c circumstances deserves to be quashed at the threshold and all criminal proceedings emanating therefrom also stand quashed - Penal Code, 1860 - ss.406, 420 and 506(1). Respondent No.4-complainant was working in Ahmedabad. He went to Hyderabad at his wife's place D where he had the occasion to watch the appellant's religious channel "God TV". On his return to Ahmedabad, he approached cable operator 'L', owner of Siti Cable and requested him to have this channel also in the bouquet of channels offered by him. He also contacted the E appellant's company dir.ectly, requesting it to allow broadcasting of "God TV" in certain areas of Ahmedabad through Siti Cable, Ahmedabad. Eventually, with the aid and enterprise of 'L', they were able to commence broadcasting of "God TV" in the eastern zone of F Ahmedabad. According to respondent no.4, 'L' (and 2 other cable operators) had agreed to broadcast, "God TV" at Ahmedabad, after the appellant had agreed to pay a sum of Rs. 10 lacs to Mr. 'L'. However, there was no written agreement between Mr. 'L' and the Appellant. G Furthermore, there was no Agreement between complainant and either of the aforesaid two parties. According to him, on his own, he had acted only as a mediator. From time to time, respondent no.4 kept reminding the appellant about payment of the amount of H Rs. 10 lacs to 'L', .but the said amount as agreed to ...;

JOSEPH SALVARAJ A. v. STATE OF GUJARAT & 817 ORS. between 'L' and the appellant remained unpaid. The A respondent no.4 ultimately sent a notice to which the Appellant replied, denying all accusations and liabilities. The Respondent No.4 therafter lodged an FIR against the appellant complaining therein that the appellant had B committed offences under Section 406, 420 and 506(1) of IPC. After completion of the investigation, as per the said FIR, the appellant was arrested for commission of the said offences. The appellant filed an application under Section 437 of CrPC for grant of bail to him. The same was C granted to him subject to conditions. The appellant, thereafter, filed petition under Section 482 of CrPC in the High Court, with a prayer for quashing of the FIR and to stay further investigation in the case. The said application came to be considered before the Single Judge. By that time, charge sheet was already filed before the D Competent Criminal Court. Thus, the Single Judge, was of the opinion that it was not a fit case to be entertained and refused to hear the petition on merits, even though the appellant was given liberty to file an application for his discharge before the Trial Court. Thus the Appellant's E petition was dismissed and interim order granted in his favour was vacated. The Order passed by the Single Judge of the High Court in Appellant's Criminal ApplicatiQn was challenged in the instant appeal. F

The appellant contended that even after going through the FIR, no case under Section 406 or 420 of the IPC was made out; that the FIR was filed by a person who was indisputably not a contracting party and at best by his own admission, had acted only as a mediator, and G had no cause of action to file the complaint; that the complainant failed to pr_oduce any evidence worth the name in support of his allegation which was legally acceptable that the contract was concluded, whereunder the appellant was obliged to pay a sum of Rs. 1O lacs to H 'L'. 818 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 8 S.C.R

A Allowing the appeal, the Court HELD:1. In the instant case, bare perusal of the FIR lodged by the complainant, would indicate that he had got in touch with the appellant so as to extend the benefit of Appellant's Channel "God TV" to his other brethren8 residing at Ahmedabad. For the said purposes, he had met the owner of Siti Cable in Ahmedabad and negotiated a settlement for a sum of Rs. 1O lacs on behalf of the Appellant's Company as the fee to be paid to Siti cable by Appellant for telecast of channel "God TV" in C Ahmedabad. Further grievance of the Complainant was that despite the telecast of "GOD TV", the Appellant, as promised, failed to pay a sum of Rs. 10 lacs to the owners of Siti cables. This is what has been mentioned in nutshell in the complainant's FIR. This Court has grave D doubt whether on such averments and allegations, even a prima facie case of the aforesaid offences could be made out against the present appellant. [Para 20] [825-D-G]

E 2. Criminal breach of trust is defined under Section 405 of the IPC and 406 thereof deals with punishment to be awarded to the accused, if found guilty for commission of the said offence i.e. with imprisonment for a term which may extend to thrP.e years, or with fine, or F with both. Section 420 of the IPC deals with cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property. Cheating has been defined under Section 415 of the IPC to constitute an offence. Under the aforesaid section, it is inbuilt that there has to be a dishonest intention from the very beginning, which is sine qua non to hold the accused G guilty for commission of the said offence. Categorical and microscopic examination of the FIR certainly does not reflect any such dishonest intention ab initio on the part of the appellant. Section 506 ·of the IPC deals with punishment for criminal intimidation. Criminal H intimidation, insult and annoyance have been define" in JOSEPH SALVARAJ A. v. STATE OF GUJARAT & 819 ORS.

Section 503 of the IPC but the FIR lodged by complainant A does not show or reflect that any such threat to cause injury to person or of property was ever given by the Appellant ·to the Complainant. Thus, from the general · conspectus of the various sections under which the Appellant is being charged and is to be prosecuted would B show that the same are not made out even prima facle from the Complainant's FIR. Even if the charge sheet had been filed, the Single Judge of the High Court could have still examined whether the offences alleged to have been committed by the Appellant were prima facie made out c from the complainant's FIR, charge sheet, documents etc. or not. [Paras 21 to 24] [825-H; 826-A-F] ' 3. The matter appears to be purely civil in nature.

There appears .to be no cheating or a dishonest inducement for the delivery of property or breach of trust D by the appellant. The present FIR is an abuse of process of law. The purely civil dispute, is sought to be given a colour of a criminal offence to wreak vengeance against the Appellant. It does not meet the strict standard of proof required to sustain a criminal accusation. In such type of E cases, it is necessary to draw a distinction between civil wrong and criminal wrong. In Bhajan Lal case seven cardinal principles were carved out before cognizance of offences, said to have been committed, by the accused was taken. The case in hand does not fall in that category F where cognizance of the offence could have been taken by the court, at least after having gone through the F.l.R., which discloses only a civil dispute. [Paras 25 to 27] [826-G-H; 827-A-B-E] Devendra v. State of U.P. 2009 (7) SCC 495: 2009 (7) G SCR 872 and State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal 1992 (Suppl) 1 SCC 335: 1990 (3) Suppl. SCR 259 - referred to. 4. The Appellant cannot be allowed to go through the rigmarole of a criminal prosecution for long number of H 820 . SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 8 S.C.R.

A years, even when admittedly a civil suit has already been filed against the Appellant and Complainant-Respondent No. 4, and is still subjudice. In the said suit, the Appellant is at liberty to contest the same on grounds available to him in accordance with law as per the leave granted by s Trial Court. Also the complainant has not been able to show that at any material point of time there was any contract, much less any privity of contract between the Appellant and Respondent No. 4-the Complainant. There was no cause of action to even lodge an FIR against the c Appellant as neither the Complainant had to receive the ·money nor h.e was in any way instrumental to telecast "God TV" in the central areas of Ahmedabad. He appears to be totally a stranger to the same. Appellant's prosecution would only lead to his harassment and humiliation, which cannot be permitted in accordance0 with the principles of law. [Para 28) (827-F-H; 828-A-B] 5. Looking to the matter from all angles, it is clear that the prosecution of the Appellant for commission of the alleged offences would be clear abuse of the process of E law. The FIR under the circumstances deserves to be quashed at the threshold. The order of the Single Judge of the High Court is set aside. The FIR lodged by Respondent No. 4- Complainant stands quashed and all criminal proceedings emanating therefrom also stand F quashed. [Paras 29, 30) (828-C-DJ Case Law Reference:

2009(7) SCR 872 Para 26 referred to 1990(3) Suppl. SCR 259 Para 27 referred to G CRIMINAL AP PELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.1251 of2011. From the Judgment & Order dated 11.01.2007 of the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmadabad in Special Criminal Application H No. 1977 of 2006. JOSEPH SALVARAJ A. v. STATE OF GUJARAT & 821 ·ORS. Huzefa Ahmedi, Shamik Sanjanwala, Meenakshi Arora for A the Appellant. Aparna Bhat, P. Ramesh Kumar, Jesal (for Hemantika wahi) for the Respondents. B The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DEEPAK VERMA, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. Respondent No. 4 - complainant, Living Water Finney, lodged an FIR on 05.09.2006 at 22.15 hrs with Odhav Police c Station, Ahmadabad City, complaining therein that the Appellant has committed offences under Section 406, 420 and 506(1) of the Indian Penal Code (hereinafter shall be referred to as 'IP~'). 3. Respondent No.4 was working as Administrative Officer D in "Amaaru Family Education Trust" at Ahmadabad and claimed that he has been residing there, leading life peacefully. He also stated that Shri Dharmendra P. Rami@ Lalabhai was running business of Siti Cable in Bapi Nagar area at . Ahmadabad, was known to him for many years and both of E · them enjoyed good relations with each other.

4.'Sometime in the year 2005, complainant had gone to Hyderabad at his wife's place where he had the occasion to watch "God TV" which influenced him deeply and profoundly F touching his holy spirit. He wanted to share his experience with the Christian community of Ahmadabad so that they may also be blessed through this religious channel. On his return to Ahmadabad, he approached cable operator Mr. Lalabhai, owner of Siti Cable as mentioned above and requested him to have this channel also in the bouquet of channels offered by G him. He also contacted the Appellant's Company directly, requesting it to allow broadcasting of "God TV" in certain areas of Ahmadabad through Siti Cables, Ahmadabad. 5. Eventually, with the aid and enterprise of Mr. Lalabhai, H 822 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011] 8 S.C.R. A they were able to commence broadcasting of "GOD TV" in the eastern zone of Ahmedabad. 6. Initially, Mr. Lalabhai quoted Rs. 30 lacs for persuading all the three operators to' commence the telecast of "GOD TV" in their respective areas in Ahmedabad but the same was8 settled for Rs. 10 lacs. Thus, according to the complainant, Mr. Lalabhai (and 2 other cable operators) had agreed to broadcast, religious channel "God TV" at Ahmedabad, after the Appellant had agreed to pay a sum of Rs. 1O lacs to Mr. Lalabhai.c

7. However, it appears that there was no Agreement in writing executed and entered into between Mr. Lalabhai and the Appellant. Furthermore, there has not been any Agreement between complainant and either of the aforesaid two parties. D According to him, on his own, he had acted only as a mediator. 8. From time to time, the Complainant kept reminding the appellant about payment of the amount of Rs. 10 lacs to Mr. Lalabhai. But according to the Complainant, the appellant E deliberately avoided his communications. In the meanwhile, the cable operators who had started telecasting "God TV" were also pressurizing the Complainant for the said amount.

9. As mentioned heretnabove for about five months, they enjoyed watching "God TV" without any disruption but thereafter F the reception signals of the said channel developed some technical snag. Thus, from October 2005, on account of poor quality of receivers, the reception was also not clear and was blurred. He once again contacted the·Appellant who agreed to send receiver to the Complainant. After having received the said G receiver, it was delivered to Mr. Lalabhai but as per the Complainant's version, by that time the amount of Rs. 10 lacs as agreed to between Mr. Lalabhai and the present Appellant was still not paid. Having failed to elicit a verbal response, the · Complainant thereafter wrote a series of letters and sent e-H mails to the Appellant, ultimately culminating in a notice dated JOSEPH SALVARAJ A. v. STATE OF GUJARAT & 823 ORS. [DEEPAK VERMA, J.] 21.06.2006; to which the-Appellant replied on 18.07.2006, A 4enying all accusations and liabilities. Then the problem started and Respondent No. 4 lodged· the FIR against the Appellant as mentioned hereinabove.

10. After completion of the investigation, as per the FIR 8lodged by the Complainant on 05.09.2006, the Appellant was arrested at Chennai for c0mmission of the said offences on 17 .11.2006. He was thus constrained to file an application under Section 437 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 {hereinafter shall be referred to as the 'Code') for grant of bail C to. him. The same was granted to him on the conditions mentioned in the order dated 22.11.2006. 11. The Appellant, thereafter, was constrained to file the petition under Section 482 of the Code in the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad, with a prayer for quashing of the FIR D bearing C.R. No. 1-371/2006 registered with Odhav Police Station and to stay further investigation in the case. The said application came to be considered before the learned Single Judge on 11.1.2007. By that time, charge sheet was already filed before the Competent Criminal Court. Thus, learned Single E Judge, was of the opinion that it was not a fit case to -be entertained and refused to hear the petition on merits, even though the appellant was given liberty to file an application for his discharge before the Trial Court. It may be noted that even in its impugned order the learned Single Judge has F emphasized that he had not considered the case on merits. Thus the Appellant's petition was dismissed and interim order granted in his favour was vacated.

12. Now the Order dated 11.01.2007 passed by the learned Single Judge of the High Court in Appellant's Criminal G Application No. 1977 of 2006, is subject matter of challenge in this Appeal. 13. We have accordingly heard Mr. Huzefa Ahmedi with Mr. Shamik Sanjanwala for the Appellants Ms. Jesel, for H 824 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 8 S.C.R. A respondent No 1,2 and 3 and Ms. Aparna ·Bhat for respondent No.4 - Complainant at length. Perused the record. 14. Learned counsel for the Appellant contended that even after going through the FIR, no case under Section 406 or 420 of the Penal Code was made out. The FIR was filed by a8 person who is indisputably not a contracting party and at best by his own admission, had acted only as a mediator, and had no cause of action to file the complaint. He has failed to produce any evidence worth the name in support of his allegation and C legally acceptable that the contract was concluded, where under the Appellant was obliged to pay a sum of Rs. 10 lacs to Mr. Lalabhai. 15. The allegations in the F.l.R. clearly discloses a civil dispute between the parties and the FIR seems to have been D filed only with an intention to harass and humiliate the Appellant. This was a pre-emptive move by the Complainant.

16. A summary Civil Suit under Order 37 Rule II of Code of Civil Procedure {hereinafter to be referred as 'CPC') has E already been filed by Dharmendra P. Rami@ Lalabhai against the Appellant and the Respondent No.4, Complainant herein, before the City Civil Court, Ahmadabad claiming a sum of Rs. 10 lacs together with interest thereon. In the ~aid suit an unconditional leave to defend has already been granted to the Appellant .and the matter is still pending. In the light of the F aforesaid submissions, it was contended that it is a flt case where the FIR deserves to be quashed otherwise the same would amount to abuse of the process of law. 17. On the other hand, the learned counsel for G Respondents especially Respondent No. 4, contended that intention to cheat the complainant was clearly made out by the action of the Appellant, ultimately resulting in lodging of F.l.R. against Appellant and Respondent No.4 both. Learned Single Judge was fully justified in rejecting the Appellant's Petition as H it was not a fit case to invoke the jurisdiction conferred on the ~ JOSEPH SALVARAJ A. v. STATE OF GUJARAT & 825 ORS'. [DEEPAK VERMA, J.] court under Section 482 of the CrPC. Thus, a prayer was made A that no case for interference was made out and the Appeal be dismissed.

18. In the light of the rival contentions we have to examine whether cognizance of the offences could have been taken by 8 the Competent Criminal Court in the light of the averments made by the complainant in the FIR. 19. Even though the learned counsel appearing for contesting parties have cited numerous authorities in support of their respective contentions, but in view of the well settled C legal position of law, by long catena of cases of this Court, on this and related points, we are not dealing with.each one of them separately and independently. However, the ratio and gist of these would be reflected in our order. ' D

20. In the instant case, we have to first examine whether any of the ingredients under Section 406, 420 or 506 (1) of the IPC have been made out to enable the Court to take -cogniz~mce thereof against the appellant or not. Bare perusal of the FIR lodged by the complainant, would indicate that he E had got in touch with the appellant so as to extend the benefit of Appellant's Channel "GOD TV" to his other brethren residing at Ahmadabad. For the said purposes, he had met the owner of Siti Cable, Bapi Nagar in Ahmadabad and negotiated a settlement for a sum of Rs. 10 lacs on behalf of the Appellant's F Company as the fee to be paid to Siti cable by Appellant for telecast of channel "God TV" in Ahmadabad. Further grievance of the Complainant was that despite the telecast of "GOD TV", the Appellant, as promised, failed to pay a sum of Rs. 10 lacs to the owners of Siti cables. This is what has been mentioned in nutshell in the complainant's FIR. We have grave doubt, in G our mind whether on such averments and allegations, even a prima facie case of the aforesaid offences could be made out against the present appellant. · 4 21. Criminal breach of trust is defined under Section 405 H 826 SUPREME COURT Rj::PORTS (2011) 8 S.C.R. A of the IPC and 406 thereof deals with punishment to be awarded to the accused, if found guilty for commission of the said offence i.e. with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years, or with fine, or with both.

22. Section 420 of the IPC deals with cheating and8 dishonestly inducing delivery of property. Cheating has been defined under Section 415 of the I PC to constitute an offence. Under the aforesaid section, it is inbuilt that there has to be a dishonest intention from the very beginning, which is sine qua non to hold the accused guilty for commission of the said C offence. Categorical and microscopic examination of the FIR certainly does not reflect any such dishonest intention ab initio on the part of the.appellant. 23. Section 506 of tha IPC deals with punishment for D criminal intimidation. Criminal intimidation, insult and annoyance have been defined in Section 503 of the IPC 'but the FIR lodged by complainant does not show or reflect that any such threat to cause injury to person or of property was ever given by the Appellant to the Complainant. E 24. Thus, from the general conspectus of the various sections under which the Appellant is being charged and is to be prosecuted would show that the same are not made out even prima facie from the Complainant's FIR. Even if the charge F sheet had been filed, the learned Single Judge could have ·still examined whether the offences alleged to have been comm.itted by the Appellant were prima facie made out from the complainant's FIR, charge sheet, documents etc. or not.

25. In our opinion, the matter appears to be purely civil in G nature. There appears to be no c.heating or a dishonest inducement for the delivery of property or breach of trust by the Appellant. The present FIR is an abuse of process of law. The purely .civil dispute, is sought to be given a colour of a criminal offence to wreak vengeance against the Appellant. It does not H JOSEPH SALVARAJ A. v. STATE OF GUJARAT & 827 ORS. [DEEPAK VERMA, J.] meet the strict standard of proof required to sustain a criminal A accusation.. ' -- 26. In such type of cases, it is necessary to draw a distinction between civil wrong and criminal wrong as has been succinctly held by this Court in Devendra Vs. State of U.P., B2009 (7) sec 495, relevant part thereof is reproduced herein below: "A distinction must be made between a civil wrong and a criminal wrong. When dispute between the parties constitute only a civil wrong and not a criminal wrong, the C courts would not permit a person to be harassed although no case for taking cognizance of the offence has been made out."

27. In fact, all these questions have been elaborately 0 discussed by this Court in the most oft quoted judgment reported in 1992 (Suppl) 1 SCC 335 State of Haryana Vs. Bhajan Lal, where seven cardinal principles have been carved out before cognizance of offences, said to have been committed, by the accused is taken. The case in hand E unfortunately does not fall in that category where cognizance of the offence could have been taken by the court, at least after having gone through the F.l.R., which discloses only a civil dispute. 28. The Appellant cannot be allowed to go through the F rigmarole of a criminal prosecution for long number of years, even when admittedly a civil suit has already been filed against the Appellant and Complainant-Respondent No. 4, and is still subjudice. In the said suit, the Appellant is at liberty to contest the same on grounds available to him in accordance with law G as per the leave granted by Trial Court. It may also be pertinent to mention here that the complainant has not been able to show that at any material point of time there was any contract, much less any privity of contract between the Appellant and Respondent No. 4 - the Complainant. There was no cause of H 828 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 8 S.C.R.

' A action to even lodge an FIR against the Appellant as neither the Complainant had to receive the money nor he was in any way instrumental to telecast "GOD TV' in the central areas of Ahmedabad. He appears to be totally a stranger to the same. Appellant's prosecution would only lead to his harassment and 8 humiliation, which cannot be permitted in accordance with the principles of law. '29. Thus, looking to the matter from all angles, we are of the considered opinion that the prosecution of the Appellant for commission of the alleged offences would be clear abuse of C the process of law. 30. The FIR under the circumstances deserves to be quashed at the threshold. We accordingly do so. The Appeal is, therefore, allowed. The order of learned Single Judge is set D aside. The FIR dated 05.09.2006 lodged by Respondent No. 4 - Complainant with Odhav Police Station, Ahmedabad stands quashed and all criminal proceedings emanating therefrom also stand quashed. The parties to bear their respective costs. 8.8.B. Appeal allowed.