[2011] 6 S.C.R. 873 BIRENDER PODDAR A v. STATE OF BIHAR (Criminal Appeal No. 373 of 2006) MAY 16, 2011 B [ASOK KUMAR GANGULY AND DEEPAK VERMA, JJ.) Penal Code, 1860: ss. 302134 and 498-A - Murder - Circumstantial C evidence - Death of a married woman in her matrimonial home - Evidence of beating and torture of deceased by her husband and his relatives - Medical evidence indicating injuries on dead body which were sufficient to cause the death - HELD: It was a case of homicidal death -There was nothing D on record to establish the defence case that deceased was suffering from jaundice and she died a natural death - There is no reason to interfere with the concurrent finding of guilt recorded by two courts below - Conviction of husband upheld - Circumstantial evidence. E Evidence: Related witnesses - Testimony of - HELD: Just because evidence is given by interested persons, that is no ground for discarding the same - In the instant case, the evidence of the F relatives of the deceased is quite cogent and it clearly established the prosecution case - Penal Code, 1860 - ss. 302134 and 498-A. . The appellant along with three others was convicted G and sentenced to imprisonment for life u/s 302/34 IPC for causing the death of appellant's wife. The appellant was also convicted u/s 498-A IPC. The High Court affirmed the conviction and the sentence. The SLP as regards the 873 H 874 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 6 S.C.R.

A three others stood dismissed, as they did not surrender, and leave was granted only to the appellant. Dismissing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1.1. The instant case rests solely on B circumstantial evidence. It is true that in cases where death takes place within the matrimonial home, it is very difficult to find direct evidence. But, for appreciating circumstantial evidences, the court has to be cautious and find out whether the chain of circumstances led by c the prosecution is complete and the chain must be so complete and conclusive as to unmistakably point to the guilt of the accused. [para 8] [878-D-E] Hanumant Govind Nargundkar and another v. State of Madhya Pradesh 1952 SCR 1091 = AIR 1952 SC343; D Bhagat Ram v. State of Punjab AIR 1954 SC 621 and Eradu and others v. State of Hyderabad AIR 1956 SC 316 - relied on 1.2. The evidence of PWs 5, 6, 7 and 8 on which the E prosecution relied, shows that there is consistent evidence of ill-treatment of the deceased. The appellant had an illicit relation with his brother's wife and as the deceased was complaining of such illicit relations, she was subjected to torture. Some letters were written by F the deceased to PW-8 complaining of such ill-treatment, one of which has been made an exhibit (Ext. 1). [para 9] [878-H; 879-A-B]

1.3. There is also evidence of beating and injury mark on the deceased. There is clear evidence of the doctor G (PW-9), who conducted the post-mortem, and the postmortem report (Ext.-4), indicating deep incised injuries on the neck and on the abdomen of the deceased, which were sufficient to cause the death. [para 9, 11 and 12] [879-A, G-H; 880-A-B] H BIRENDER PODDAR v. STATE OF BIHAR 875 1.4. The case of the defence that the deceased was A suffering from jaundice has not been proved at all. The only evidence that the deceased was suffering from jaundice and was given some treatment is the evidence of PW-12, who in his evidence, did not claim that he is a medical practitioner. He did not depose that the B deceased was suffering from jaundice. He merely stated that, for treatment, the deceased was referred to Patna on 02.09.1993. Thus, the High Court has rightly opined that the defence case is wholly inconsistent with the material on record and it is a case of homicidal death in the c matrimonial home. [para 13) [880-C]

1.5. As regards the identification of the dead body, the High Court concluded that there was positive evidence of identification, not only by the father of the deceased (PW-8) but also by her cousin and her own D brother, that is, PWs 5 and 7. The High Court has noted that it may be true that there was petrification in the dead body having regard to the time gap between the death and the postmortem, but there is nothing in the postmortem report to suggest that the body was beyond E identification. The High Court has noted that there is no such suggestion given to the doctor in his cross • examination on behalf of the appellant. The High Court has noted the fact that the hospital authority gave the custody of the dead body to the father of the girl and F thereafter the body was cremated. In view of such clear finding based on the materials on record, there is no inconsistency in the evidence about the identification of the dead body. [para 14] [880-D-F] 1.6. With regard to reliance by the prosecution on G witnesses who are related to the deceased, the law is well-settled that merely because the witnesses are related is not a ·ground to discard their evidence. It is of course true that the evidence of the interested witnesses has to be carefully scrutinised. In the instant case, the H 876 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011] 6 S.C.R.

A evidence given by PWs 5, 6, 7 and 8 is quite cogent and clearly established the prosecution case. The High Court has scrutinised the evidence of the relations with due care and caution. Therefore, this Court does not discern any error in the appreciation of their evidence either by s the trial court or by the High Court. That being the position, there is no reason to interfere with the concurrent finding recorded by the courts below. [para 15 and 17-18] (880-G; 881-E-G] Rajendra and Another v. State of Uttar Pradesh 2009 (5) C SCR 589 =(2009) 13 SCC 480 - held inapplicable. Namdeo v. State of Maharashtra 2007 (3) SCR 939 = (2007) 14 SCC 150; State of Maharashtra v. Ahmed Shaikh Babajan and Others 2008 (14) SCR 1184 =(2009) 14 SCC D 267 - referred to. Case Law Reference: 1952 SCR 1091 relied on para 8 1954 SC 621 relied on para 8 E AIR 1956 SC 316 relied on para 8 2009 (5) SCR 589 held inapplicable para 16 2007 (3) SCR 939 referred to para 17 F 2008 (14) SCR 1184 referred to para 17 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 373 of 2006. From the Judgment & Order dated 18.7.2002 of the High G Court of Patna in Criminal Appeal (DB) No. 9 and 44of1997. Manu Shanker Mishra, Rituraj Choudhary, Mayur Chaturvedi, C.D. Singh for the Appellant. Gopal Singh, Chandan Kumar for the Respondent.

H The Judgment of the Court was delivered by BIRENDER PODDAR v. STATE OF BIHAR 877 GANGULY, J. 1. Initially four persons filed the special leave A petition but as three of them, namely, Petitioner Nos. 1; 2 and 3 refused to. surrender, their special leave petition stood dismissed by an order dated 05.01.2004. 2. Leave was granted in respect of the present appellant 8on 27.03.2006. 3. This appeal which is now surviving only at the instance of Birender Poddar, the husband of the deceased woman, is directed against the concurrent judgment and order of his conviction. In the Sessions Trial No. 380of1994, the appellant c stood convicted under Section 302/34 of the Indian Penal Code and was sentenced to suffer imprisonment for life. The appellant was also convicted under Section 498-A of the Indian Penal Code and was sentenced to suffer two years rigorous imprisonment, sentence to run concurrently. The High Court on 0 appeal, affirmed the conviction and the sentences. 4. We have gone through the records of the case carefully and also the judgment of the High Court and also of the learned Sessions Judge. E

5. The learned counsel for the appellant in support of the appeal raised several contentions. His main contention is that there is no direct evidence in the case. He further submitted that there is substantial contradiction in the matter of identification of the dead body. He also submitted that out of F the several witnesses cited by the prosecution, PWs 1, 2 and 3 have turned hostile and the other witnesses, namely, PWs 5, 6, 7 and 8 are relations and interested witnesses. The learned counsel further submitted that there is substantial contradiction in this matter between the medical evidence and the oral evidence. He, therefore, submitted that in the facts of this case, G the conviction against the appellant should be quashed and considering the fact that he has been in custody for all these years, he should be set free immediately. 6. Learned counsel for the appellant has furtner raised a H 878 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 6 S.C.R. A defence that the deceased died a natural death as she was suffering from jaundice. Learned counsel further urged that the entire evidence on which the prosecution relied consists of evidences of interested persons who are related with the deceased woman.

B 7. The learned counsel for the State supporting the concurrent findings of the Sessions Court and that of the High Court urged that there is no contradiction in the material part of the prosecution case and the defence taken by the appellant has not at all been proved. Learned counsel further submitted C that the evidences of the so-called hostile witnesses do not support the defence version of the case and there is no discrepancy in the material part of the prosecution case and both the courts, especially the High Court, have correctly appreciated the facts of the case. D

8. It is obviously true th.Jt this case rests solely on circumstantial evidence. It is true that in cases where death takes place within the matrimonial home, it is very difficult to find direct evidence. But for appreciating circumstantial E evidences, the court has to be cautious and find out whether the chain of circumstances led by the prosecution is complete and the chain must be so complete and conclusive as to unmistakably point to the guilt of the accused. It is well settled that if any hypothesis or possibility arises from the evidences F which is incompatible with the guilt of the accused, in such case, the conviction of the accused which is based solely on circumstantial evidences is difficult to be sustained. (See AIR 1952 SC 343 'Hanumant Govind Nargundkar and another v. State of Madhya Pradesh', AIR 1954 SC G 621 'Bhagat Ram v. State of Punjab' and AIR 1956 SC 316 'Eradu and others v. State of Hyderabad) 9. Following the aforesaid time honoured principles, if we look into the facts of the case, we find from the evidence of PWs 5, 6, 7 and 8 on which the prosecution relied that there is H BIRENDER PODDAR v. STATE OF BIHAR 879 [ASOK KUMAR GANGULY, J.]

consistent evidence of ill-treatment of the deceased. There is A also evidence of beating and injury mark on the deceased. There is consistent evidence that the appellant had an illicit relation with one Janki Devi, who is the wife of the brother of the appellant, and as the deceased was complaining of such illicit relations of the appellant with that lady, she was subjected B to torture. Some letters were written by the deceased to the PW-8 complaining of such ill-treatment, one of which has been made an exhibit (Exhibit 1).

10. Now coming to the question of the defence version which has been taken by the appellant, we find that the defence C of the appellant that the deceased was suffering from jaundice has not been proved at all. There is no evidence on record that the deceased was treated for jaundice. There is no pathological report nor is there any medical subscription of any drug being administered on the deceased for treatment of jaundice. The D only evidence on which the defence relies in support of the defence case that the deceased was suffering from jaundice and was given some treatment is the evidence of PW-12 Mohd. Naseem. PW-12, in his evidence, did not claim that he is a medical practitioner. He did not give any evidence of his E qualification. He merely claims that he is an in-charge Medical Officer of primary health centre, Khagania. In his evidence also, PW-12 did not depose that the deceased was suffering from jaundice. He merely stated that, for treatment, the deceased was referred to Patna on 02.09.1993. These being the sum F total of the evidence adduced by the appellant in support of the defence, we reach the same conclusion which was reached by the High Court that such defence is not at all worthy of any credence.

11. As against that, there is clear evidence on record of G Doctor Raja Rajeshwar Prasad Singh(PW-9), the post-mortem doctor and from the postmortem report which is Exhibit-4, the following injuries appear on the dead body of the deceased: -"(i) Incised injury in the front of neck at the level of Thyroid H Cartilage-4"X2"X2". Trachea has been completely cut. 880 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 6 S.C.R. A Right and left internal (illigible) and external (illigible), internal (illigible) vein were cut. (ii) Incised injury on the upper part of right side of abdomen through which small intestine was out. Size injury 3"X2" communicating with the abdomen." (Quoted B from the paper book) 12. These injuries are sufficient to cause death. 13. Judging the said material on record as against the so-called defence case of the accused, the High Court opined, in C our view rightly, that the defence case is wholly inconsistent with the material on record and it is a case of homicidal death in the matrimonial home.

14. Dealing with the question of identification of the dead body, we find that the High Court concluded that there was D. positive evidence of identification, not only by the father of the deceased woman (PW-8) but also by her cousin and her own brother, that is PWs 5 and 7. The High Court has noted that it may be true that there was patrification in the dead body having regard to the time gap between the death and the postmortem E report but there is nothing in the postmortem report to suggest that the body was beyond identification. The High Court has noted that there is no such suggestion given to the doctor in his cross examination on behalf of the appellant. The High Court has noted the fact that the hospital authority gave the F custody of the dead body to the father of the girl and thereafter the body was cremated. In view of such clear finding based on the materials on record, we do not find that there is any inconsistency in the evidence about the identification of the dead body. G 15. Now coming to the question of reliance by the prosecution on witnesses who are related to the deceased, we find that the law is well-settled that merely because the witnesses are related is not a ground to discard their evidence. On the other hand, the court has held that in many cases, the H relations are only available for giving evidence, having regard BIRENDER PODDAR v. STATE OF BIHAR 881 [ASOK KUMAR GANGULY, J.]

to the trend in our present society, where other than relations, A witnesses are not available. It is of course true that the evidence of the interested witnesses have to be carefully scrutinised. VVe find that the High Cqu1t has scrutinised the evidence of the relations with due care and caution. 16. In this connection, the learned counsel for the appellant B has relied on a few decisions of this court. Reliance was placed on the decision of this Court in the case of Rajendra and Another v. State of Uttar Pradesh [(2009) 13 SCC 460]. In that case, though in the F.l.R., throttling was alleged and no Injury mark was found on the neck of the deceased and the C Doctor in cross examination suggested the possibility of suicide, this Court held that in such a case holistic approach should be taken (Para 10) and ultimately dismissed the appeal. We are of the view that the said decision does not, in any way, ronder any ass:stance to the appellant in this case. D

17. Two other decisions which have been cited by learned counsel for the appellant were rendered in the case of Namdeo v. State of Maharashtra [(2007) 14 sec 150] and in the case of State of Mal1arashtra v. Ahmed Shaikh Babajan and Others [(2009) 14 SCC 267] which dealt with lhe question of E appreciation of evidence of interested witnesses. Both those decisions follow the well-settled principle that just because ovidence is given by the interested persons that is no ground for discarding the same. We have already held that in the instant case, the evidence given by PWs 5, 6, 7 and 8 is quite cogent and clearly established the prosecution case. 18. We, therefore, cio not discern any error in the appreciation of their evidence either by the trial court or by the High Court. That being the position, we find no reason to interfere with the concurrent finding referred to abov~. G 19. The appeal is, therefore, dismissed .. R.P. Appeal dismissed.

[2011] 6 S.C.R. 873 BIRENDER PODDAR A v. STATE OF BIHAR (Criminal Appeal No. 373 of 2006) MAY 16, 2011 B [ASOK KUMAR GANGULY AND DEEPAK VERMA, JJ.) Penal Code, 1860: ss. 302134 and 498-A - Murder - Circumstantial C evidence - Death of a married woman in her matrimonial home - Evidence of beating and torture of deceased by her husband and his relatives - Medical evidence indicating injuries on dead body which were sufficient to cause the death - HELD: It was a case of homicidal death -There was nothing D on record to establish the defence case that deceased was suffering from jaundice and she died a natural death - There is no reason to interfere with the concurrent finding of guilt recorded by two courts below - Conviction of husband upheld - Circumstantial evidence. E Evidence: Related witnesses - Testimony of - HELD: Just because evidence is given by interested persons, that is no ground for discarding the same - In the instant case, the evidence of the F relatives of the deceased is quite cogent and it clearly established the prosecution case - Penal Code, 1860 - ss. 302134 and 498-A. . The appellant along with three others was convicted G and sentenced to imprisonment for life u/s 302/34 IPC for causing the death of appellant's wife. The appellant was also convicted u/s 498-A IPC. The High Court affirmed the conviction and the sentence. The SLP as regards the 873 H 874 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 6 S.C.R.

A three others stood dismissed, as they did not surrender, and leave was granted only to the appellant. Dismissing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1.1. The instant case rests solely on B circumstantial evidence. It is true that in cases where death takes place within the matrimonial home, it is very difficult to find direct evidence. But, for appreciating circumstantial evidences, the court has to be cautious and find out whether the chain of circumstances led by c the prosecution is complete and the chain must be so complete and conclusive as to unmistakably point to the guilt of the accused. [para 8] [878-D-E] Hanumant Govind Nargundkar and another v. State of Madhya Pradesh 1952 SCR 1091 = AIR 1952 SC343; D Bhagat Ram v. State of Punjab AIR 1954 SC 621 and Eradu and others v. State of Hyderabad AIR 1956 SC 316 - relied on 1.2. The evidence of PWs 5, 6, 7 and 8 on which the E prosecution relied, shows that there is consistent evidence of ill-treatment of the deceased. The appellant had an illicit relation with his brother's wife and as the deceased was complaining of such illicit relations, she was subjected to torture. Some letters were written by F the deceased to PW-8 complaining of such ill-treatment, one of which has been made an exhibit (Ext. 1). [para 9] [878-H; 879-A-B]

1.3. There is also evidence of beating and injury mark on the deceased. There is clear evidence of the doctor G (PW-9), who conducted the post-mortem, and the postmortem report (Ext.-4), indicating deep incised injuries on the neck and on the abdomen of the deceased, which were sufficient to cause the death. [para 9, 11 and 12] [879-A, G-H; 880-A-B] H BIRENDER PODDAR v. STATE OF BIHAR 875 1.4. The case of the defence that the deceased was A suffering from jaundice has not been proved at all. The only evidence that the deceased was suffering from jaundice and was given some treatment is the evidence of PW-12, who in his evidence, did not claim that he is a medical practitioner. He did not depose that the B deceased was suffering from jaundice. He merely stated that, for treatment, the deceased was referred to Patna on 02.09.1993. Thus, the High Court has rightly opined that the defence case is wholly inconsistent with the material on record and it is a case of homicidal death in the c matrimonial home. [para 13) [880-C]

1.5. As regards the identification of the dead body, the High Court concluded that there was positive evidence of identification, not only by the father of the deceased (PW-8) but also by her cousin and her own D brother, that is, PWs 5 and 7. The High Court has noted that it may be true that there was petrification in the dead body having regard to the time gap between the death and the postmortem, but there is nothing in the postmortem report to suggest that the body was beyond E identification. The High Court has noted that there is no such suggestion given to the doctor in his cross • examination on behalf of the appellant. The High Court has noted the fact that the hospital authority gave the custody of the dead body to the father of the girl and F thereafter the body was cremated. In view of such clear finding based on the materials on record, there is no inconsistency in the evidence about the identification of the dead body. [para 14] [880-D-F] 1.6. With regard to reliance by the prosecution on G witnesses who are related to the deceased, the law is well-settled that merely because the witnesses are related is not a ·ground to discard their evidence. It is of course true that the evidence of the interested witnesses has to be carefully scrutinised. In the instant case, the H 876 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011] 6 S.C.R.

A evidence given by PWs 5, 6, 7 and 8 is quite cogent and clearly established the prosecution case. The High Court has scrutinised the evidence of the relations with due care and caution. Therefore, this Court does not discern any error in the appreciation of their evidence either by s the trial court or by the High Court. That being the position, there is no reason to interfere with the concurrent finding recorded by the courts below. [para 15 and 17-18] (880-G; 881-E-G] Rajendra and Another v. State of Uttar Pradesh 2009 (5) C SCR 589 =(2009) 13 SCC 480 - held inapplicable. Namdeo v. State of Maharashtra 2007 (3) SCR 939 = (2007) 14 SCC 150; State of Maharashtra v. Ahmed Shaikh Babajan and Others 2008 (14) SCR 1184 =(2009) 14 SCC D 267 - referred to. Case Law Reference: 1952 SCR 1091 relied on para 8 1954 SC 621 relied on para 8 E AIR 1956 SC 316 relied on para 8 2009 (5) SCR 589 held inapplicable para 16 2007 (3) SCR 939 referred to para 17 F 2008 (14) SCR 1184 referred to para 17 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 373 of 2006. From the Judgment & Order dated 18.7.2002 of the High G Court of Patna in Criminal Appeal (DB) No. 9 and 44of1997. Manu Shanker Mishra, Rituraj Choudhary, Mayur Chaturvedi, C.D. Singh for the Appellant. Gopal Singh, Chandan Kumar for the Respondent.

H The Judgment of the Court was delivered by BIRENDER PODDAR v. STATE OF BIHAR 877 GANGULY, J. 1. Initially four persons filed the special leave A petition but as three of them, namely, Petitioner Nos. 1; 2 and 3 refused to. surrender, their special leave petition stood dismissed by an order dated 05.01.2004. 2. Leave was granted in respect of the present appellant 8on 27.03.2006. 3. This appeal which is now surviving only at the instance of Birender Poddar, the husband of the deceased woman, is directed against the concurrent judgment and order of his conviction. In the Sessions Trial No. 380of1994, the appellant c stood convicted under Section 302/34 of the Indian Penal Code and was sentenced to suffer imprisonment for life. The appellant was also convicted under Section 498-A of the Indian Penal Code and was sentenced to suffer two years rigorous imprisonment, sentence to run concurrently. The High Court on 0 appeal, affirmed the conviction and the sentences. 4. We have gone through the records of the case carefully and also the judgment of the High Court and also of the learned Sessions Judge. E

5. The learned counsel for the appellant in support of the appeal raised several contentions. His main contention is that there is no direct evidence in the case. He further submitted that there is substantial contradiction in the matter of identification of the dead body. He also submitted that out of F the several witnesses cited by the prosecution, PWs 1, 2 and 3 have turned hostile and the other witnesses, namely, PWs 5, 6, 7 and 8 are relations and interested witnesses. The learned counsel further submitted that there is substantial contradiction in this matter between the medical evidence and the oral evidence. He, therefore, submitted that in the facts of this case, G the conviction against the appellant should be quashed and considering the fact that he has been in custody for all these years, he should be set free immediately. 6. Learned counsel for the appellant has furtner raised a H 878 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 6 S.C.R. A defence that the deceased died a natural death as she was suffering from jaundice. Learned counsel further urged that the entire evidence on which the prosecution relied consists of evidences of interested persons who are related with the deceased woman.

B 7. The learned counsel for the State supporting the concurrent findings of the Sessions Court and that of the High Court urged that there is no contradiction in the material part of the prosecution case and the defence taken by the appellant has not at all been proved. Learned counsel further submitted C that the evidences of the so-called hostile witnesses do not support the defence version of the case and there is no discrepancy in the material part of the prosecution case and both the courts, especially the High Court, have correctly appreciated the facts of the case. D

8. It is obviously true th.Jt this case rests solely on circumstantial evidence. It is true that in cases where death takes place within the matrimonial home, it is very difficult to find direct evidence. But for appreciating circumstantial E evidences, the court has to be cautious and find out whether the chain of circumstances led by the prosecution is complete and the chain must be so complete and conclusive as to unmistakably point to the guilt of the accused. It is well settled that if any hypothesis or possibility arises from the evidences F which is incompatible with the guilt of the accused, in such case, the conviction of the accused which is based solely on circumstantial evidences is difficult to be sustained. (See AIR 1952 SC 343 'Hanumant Govind Nargundkar and another v. State of Madhya Pradesh', AIR 1954 SC G 621 'Bhagat Ram v. State of Punjab' and AIR 1956 SC 316 'Eradu and others v. State of Hyderabad) 9. Following the aforesaid time honoured principles, if we look into the facts of the case, we find from the evidence of PWs 5, 6, 7 and 8 on which the prosecution relied that there is H BIRENDER PODDAR v. STATE OF BIHAR 879 [ASOK KUMAR GANGULY, J.]

consistent evidence of ill-treatment of the deceased. There is A also evidence of beating and injury mark on the deceased. There is consistent evidence that the appellant had an illicit relation with one Janki Devi, who is the wife of the brother of the appellant, and as the deceased was complaining of such illicit relations of the appellant with that lady, she was subjected B to torture. Some letters were written by the deceased to the PW-8 complaining of such ill-treatment, one of which has been made an exhibit (Exhibit 1).

10. Now coming to the question of the defence version which has been taken by the appellant, we find that the defence C of the appellant that the deceased was suffering from jaundice has not been proved at all. There is no evidence on record that the deceased was treated for jaundice. There is no pathological report nor is there any medical subscription of any drug being administered on the deceased for treatment of jaundice. The D only evidence on which the defence relies in support of the defence case that the deceased was suffering from jaundice and was given some treatment is the evidence of PW-12 Mohd. Naseem. PW-12, in his evidence, did not claim that he is a medical practitioner. He did not give any evidence of his E qualification. He merely claims that he is an in-charge Medical Officer of primary health centre, Khagania. In his evidence also, PW-12 did not depose that the deceased was suffering from jaundice. He merely stated that, for treatment, the deceased was referred to Patna on 02.09.1993. These being the sum F total of the evidence adduced by the appellant in support of the defence, we reach the same conclusion which was reached by the High Court that such defence is not at all worthy of any credence.

11. As against that, there is clear evidence on record of G Doctor Raja Rajeshwar Prasad Singh(PW-9), the post-mortem doctor and from the postmortem report which is Exhibit-4, the following injuries appear on the dead body of the deceased: -"(i) Incised injury in the front of neck at the level of Thyroid H Cartilage-4"X2"X2". Trachea has been completely cut. 880 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 6 S.C.R. A Right and left internal (illigible) and external (illigible), internal (illigible) vein were cut. (ii) Incised injury on the upper part of right side of abdomen through which small intestine was out. Size injury 3"X2" communicating with the abdomen." (Quoted B from the paper book) 12. These injuries are sufficient to cause death. 13. Judging the said material on record as against the so-called defence case of the accused, the High Court opined, in C our view rightly, that the defence case is wholly inconsistent with the material on record and it is a case of homicidal death in the matrimonial home.

14. Dealing with the question of identification of the dead body, we find that the High Court concluded that there was D. positive evidence of identification, not only by the father of the deceased woman (PW-8) but also by her cousin and her own brother, that is PWs 5 and 7. The High Court has noted that it may be true that there was patrification in the dead body having regard to the time gap between the death and the postmortem E report but there is nothing in the postmortem report to suggest that the body was beyond identification. The High Court has noted that there is no such suggestion given to the doctor in his cross examination on behalf of the appellant. The High Court has noted the fact that the hospital authority gave the F custody of the dead body to the father of the girl and thereafter the body was cremated. In view of such clear finding based on the materials on record, we do not find that there is any inconsistency in the evidence about the identification of the dead body. G 15. Now coming to the question of reliance by the prosecution on witnesses who are related to the deceased, we find that the law is well-settled that merely because the witnesses are related is not a ground to discard their evidence. On the other hand, the court has held that in many cases, the H relations are only available for giving evidence, having regard BIRENDER PODDAR v. STATE OF BIHAR 881 [ASOK KUMAR GANGULY, J.]

to the trend in our present society, where other than relations, A witnesses are not available. It is of course true that the evidence of the interested witnesses have to be carefully scrutinised. VVe find that the High Cqu1t has scrutinised the evidence of the relations with due care and caution. 16. In this connection, the learned counsel for the appellant B has relied on a few decisions of this court. Reliance was placed on the decision of this Court in the case of Rajendra and Another v. State of Uttar Pradesh [(2009) 13 SCC 460]. In that case, though in the F.l.R., throttling was alleged and no Injury mark was found on the neck of the deceased and the C Doctor in cross examination suggested the possibility of suicide, this Court held that in such a case holistic approach should be taken (Para 10) and ultimately dismissed the appeal. We are of the view that the said decision does not, in any way, ronder any ass:stance to the appellant in this case. D

17. Two other decisions which have been cited by learned counsel for the appellant were rendered in the case of Namdeo v. State of Maharashtra [(2007) 14 sec 150] and in the case of State of Mal1arashtra v. Ahmed Shaikh Babajan and Others [(2009) 14 SCC 267] which dealt with lhe question of E appreciation of evidence of interested witnesses. Both those decisions follow the well-settled principle that just because ovidence is given by the interested persons that is no ground for discarding the same. We have already held that in the instant case, the evidence given by PWs 5, 6, 7 and 8 is quite cogent and clearly established the prosecution case. 18. We, therefore, cio not discern any error in the appreciation of their evidence either by the trial court or by the High Court. That being the position, we find no reason to interfere with the concurrent finding referred to abov~. G 19. The appeal is, therefore, dismissed .. R.P. Appeal dismissed.