[2011] 4 S.C.R. 867• DEVINDER SINGH A v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR (Civil Appeal No. 3190 of 2011) APRIL 11, 2011 B [G.S. SINGHVI AND ASOK KUMAR GANGULY, JJ.] INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES ACT, 1947: ss. 2.(s}, 2(oo) and 25-F-'Workman' engaged on contract C basis - Termination of services of workman without complying with the provisions of s. 25-F - Labour Court ordering reinstatement without back wages - High Court setting aside reinstatement holding that the appointment was made without following recruitment rules and that it would not be in public interest to approve award of reinstatement after long lapse of D time - HELD: The source of employment, the method of recruitment, the terms and conditions of employment/contract of service, the quantum of wages/pay and the mode of payment are not at all relevant for deciding whether or not a person is a workman within the meaning of s. 2(s) of the Act E

- Further, the definition of workman also does not make any distinction between full time and part time employee or a person appointed on contract basis - Once the test of employment for hire or reward for doing the specified type of work is satisfied, the employee will fall within the definition of F 'workman' - Delay in adjudication of dispute by Labour Court or the writ petition filed by employer cannot be made a ground to justify the gross illegalities committed by the employer in 'terminating the services of the workman - Delay!Laches. G s.25-F read with ss.2(s) and 2(oo) - HELD: Provisions contained in s. 25-F (a) and (b) are mandatory and termination of service of a workman which amounts to retrenchment uls. 2(oo) without complying with the mandates 867 H 868 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C.R. • A of s.25-F would be null and votd - There was no material to show that the engagement of the workman was discontinued by relying upon the terms and conditions of the employment

- Judgment of High Court set aside - Award of reinstatement passed by Labour Court restored with wages for the period B between the date of award and date of reinstatement. The appellant was engaged by the respondent-Municipal Council for doing the work of clerical nature w.e.f.1.8.1994 at a consolidated salary of Rs. 1,000/-per month. His services were discontinued w.e.f.30.9.1996, C without giving him any notice or compensation as required by s.25-F of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. On an Industrial Dispute being raised, the State Government referred the matter to the Labour Court, which passed an award for reinstatement of the workman without back D wages. However, the High Court allowed the appeal of the employer holding that the Labour Court should not have ordered reinstatement of the appellant as his appointment was contrary to the recruitment rules and Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution and it would not be E in public interest to sustain the award of reinstatement after long lapse of time. The High Court, however, declared that the appellant would be entitled to wages in terms of s.17-8 of the Act. Aggrieved, the workman filed the appeal.

F Allowing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1.1 Section 2(s) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 contains an exhaustive definition of the term 'workman'. The source of employment, the method of G recruitment, the terms and conditions of employment/ contract of service, the quantum of wages/pay and the mode of payment are not at all relevant for deciding whether or not a person is a workman within the meaning of s. 2(s) of the Act. The definition of workman also does H not make any distinction between full time and part time • DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 869 employee or a person appointed on contract basis. There A is nothing in the plain language of s. 2(s) from which it can be inferred that only a person employed on regular basis or a person employed for doing whole time job is a workman and the one employed on temporary, part time or contract basis on fixed wages or as a casual employee B or for doing duty for fixed hours is not a workman. [Para 12 to 14] [880-E-H; 881-A-C]

1.2 Whenever an employer challenges the maintainability of industrial dispute on the ground that the employee is not a workman within the meaning of s. 2(s) C of the Act, what the Labour Court/Industrial Tribunal is required to consider is whether the person is employed in an industry for hire or reward for doing manual, unskilled, skilled, operational, technical or clerical work in an industry. Once the test of employment for hire or D reward for doing the specified type of work is satisfied, the employee would fall within the definition of 'workman'. [Para 15] (881-D-E] Birdhichand Sharma v. First Civil Judge, Nagpur 1961 (3) E SCR 161; Silver Jubilee Tailoring House v. Chief Inspector of Shops and Establishments 1974 (1) SCR 747 = 1974 (3) SCC 498, L. Roberl D'souza v. Executive Engineer (1982) 1 sec 645, relied on. 2.1 Definition of the term "retrenchment" in s.2(oo) of F the Act is quite comprehensive. It covers every type of termination of the service of a workman by the employer for any reason whatsoever, otherwise than as a punishment inflicted by way of disciplinary action. The cases of voluntary retirement of the workman, retirement G on reaching the age of superannuation, termination of service as a result of non-renewal of the contract of employment or of such contract being terminated under a stipulation contained therein or termination of the H • 870 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C.R.

A service of a workman on the ground of continued ill health also do not fall within the ambit of retrenchment. [Para 10) [879-E-H] Punjab Land Development And Reclaimation Corporation Ltd., Chandigarh v. Presiding Officer Labour 8 Court, Chandigarh 1990 (3) SCR 111 = (1990) 3 SCC 682, State Bank of India v. N. Sundara Money 1976 (3) SCR 160 = (1976) 1 sec 822 - referred to. 2.2. Section 25-F is couched in negative form. It c imposes a restriction on the employer's right to retrench a workman. This Court has repeatedly held that the provisions contained in s. 25-F (a) and (b) are mandatory and termination of the service of a workman, which amounts to retrenchment within the meaning of s. 2(oo) without giving one month's notice or pay in lieu thereof0 and retrenchment compensation, is null and void/illegal/ inoperative. [Para 19 to 20) [882-D-E; G-H; 883-A] State of Bombay v. Hospital Mazdoor Sabha 1960 SCR 866 =AIR 1960 SC 610, Bombay Union of Journalists v. E State of Bombay 1964 SCR 22 =AIR 1964 SC 1617, State Bank of India v. N. Sundara Money (supra), Santosh Gupta v. State Bank of Patiala 1980 (3) SCR 884 =(1980) 3 SCC 340, Mohan Lal v. Bharat Electronics Ltd. 1981 (3) SCR Robert D'Souza v. Southern 518 = (1981) 3 SCC 225, L. F Railway (1982) 1 SCC 645; Surendra Kumar Verma v.

Central Government Industrial Tribunal-cum-Labour Court 1981 (1) SCR 789 = (1980) 4 SCC 443, Gammon India Ltd. v. Niranjan Dass 1984 (1) SCR 959 = (1984) 1 SCC 509, Gurmail Singh v. State of Punjab 1990 (2) Suppl. G SCR 367 = (1991) 1 SCC 189 and Pramod Jha v. State of Bihar 2003 (2) SCR 512 = (2003) 4 sec 619 - relied on 2.3 In Anoop Sharma's case*, the Court considered the effect of violation of s.25-F, referred to various H •DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 871 precedents on the subject and held that termination of A service of a workman without complying with the mandatory provisions contained in s.25-F(a) and (b) should ordinarily result in his reinstatement. [para 21) (883-0) 8 *Anoop Sharma vs. Executive Engineer, Public Health Divison, Haryana (2010) 5 SCC 497 - relied on. 3.1 A careful analysis of the impugned order reveals that the High Court neither found any jurisdictional infirmity in the award of the Labour Court nor did it come c to the conclusion that the same was vitiated by an error of law apparent on the face of the record.

Notwithstanding this, the High Court set aside the direction given by the Labour Court for reinstatement of the appellant by assuming that his initial appointment/ 0 engagement was contrary to law and that it would not be in public interest to approve the award of reinstatement after long lapse of time. The approach adopted by the High Court in dealing with the award of the Labour Court was ex facie erroneous and contrary to the law laid down E by this Court. (Para 22) (883-E-G] Syed Yakoob v. K.S. Radhakrishnan 1964 SCR 64 = AIR (1964) SC 477, Swaran Singh v. State of Punjab (1976) 2 SCC 868 P. G. I. of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh v. Raj Kumar 2000 ( 4 ) Suppl. SCR 350 = F (2001) 2 SCC 54, Surya Dev Rai v. Ram Chander Rai 2003 Shalini (2) Suppl. SCR 290 =(2003) 6 sec 675 and Sh yam v. Rajendra Shankar Path 2010 (8 ) SCR 836 = (2010) 8 sec 329, relied on. 3.2. The reasons assigned by the High Court for G setting aside the award of reinstatement are legally untenable. It is true that the engagement of the appellant was not preceded by an advertisement and consideration of the competing claims, but it deserves to be noticed, H • 872 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C.R.

A that the respondent had engaged the appellant in the back drop of the ban imposed by the State Government on the filling up of the vacant posts. The respondent had started a water supply scheme and for ensuring timely issue of the bills and collection of water charges, it B needed the service of a clerk. However, on account of the restriction imposed by the State Government, regular recruitment was not possible. Therefore, resolution dated 27.04.1995 was passed for engaging the appellant on contract basis. This exercise was repeated and in 1996 c and the appellant's term was extended for six months from 1.5.1996. However, his engagement was discontinued w.e.f. 30.9.1996 without giving any notice or pay in lieu thereof and compensation as per the requirement of clauses (a) and (b) of s. 25-F of the Act. Failure of the Director, Local Self Government, to convey0 his approval to the resolution of the respondent could not be made a ground for bringing an end to the engagement of the appellant and that too without complying with the mandate of s. 25-F(a) and (b). Further, the appellant could hardly be blamed for the delay, if any, in the adjudication E of the dispute by the Labour Court or the writ petition filed by the respondent. The delay of four to five years in the adjudication of disputes by the Labour Court/ Industrial Tribunal is a normal phenomena. If what the High Court has done is held to be justified, gross F illegalities committed by the employer in terminating the services of workman will acquire legitimacy in majority of cases. Therefore, the approach adopted by the High Court in dealing with the appellant's case is disapproved. [Para 24 to 26] [886-C-E; 887-E-H; 888-A-D] G

4.1. The plea of the respondent that the action taken by it is covered bys. 2(oo)(bb) was clearly misconceived and was rightly not entertained by the Labour Court because no material was produced by the respondent to H • DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 873 show that the engagement of the appellant was A discontinued by relying upon the terms and conditions of the employment. [Para 27] (888-E-F] 4.2. The impugned order is set aside and the award passed by the Labour Court for reinstatement of the 8 appellant is restored. If the respondent shall reinstate the appellant, the appellant shall also be entitled to wages for the period between the date of award a'nd the date of actual reinstatement. [Para 28] [888-F-G] Secy., State of Karnataka v. Umadevi (2006) 1 SCC 1; C State of M.P. v. La/it Kumar Verma (2007) 1 SCC 575; Uttrancha/ Forest Development Corporation v M. C. Joshi (2007(2) SCC (L&S) 813; M.P. Administration v. Tribhuban (2007) 9 SCC 748; Mahboob Deepak v. Nagar Panchayat, Gajrau/a (2008) 1 SCC 575; Ghaziabad Development D Authority v, Ashok Kumar (2008) 4 SCC 261; and Harjinder Singh v. Punjab .State Warehousing Corporation (2010) 3 sec 192 - cited. Case Law Reference: E (2006) 1 sec 1 cited para 6 (2001) 1 sec 575 cited para 6 2001(2) sec (L&S) 813 cited para 6 (2007) s sec 748 cited para 6 F (2oos) 1 sec 575 cited para 6 (2ooa) 4 sec 261 cited para 6 (201 o) 3 sec 192 cited para 7 G

(201 O) s sec 497 relied on para 7 1976 (3) SCR 160 referred to para 11 1990 (3) SCR 111 referred to para 11 1961 (3)_SCRI 161 relied on para 16 H 874 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C.R. • A 1974 ( 1 ) SCR 747 relied on para 17 (1982) 1 sec 645 relied on para 18 1960 SCR 866 relied on para 20 1964 SCR 22 relied on para 20 B 1980 ( 3) SCR 884 relied on para 20 1981 ( 3 ) SCR 518 relied on para 20 1981 ( 1 ) SCR 789 relied on para 20 c 1984 ( 1 ) SCR 959 relied on para 20 1990 ( 2 ) Suppl. SCR 367 relied on para 20 2003 ( 2) SCR 512 relied on para 20 1964 SCR 64 relied on para 22D (1976) 2 sec 868 relied on para 22 2000 ( 4 ) Suppl. SCR 350 relied on para 22 2003 (2 ) Suppl. SCR 290 relied on para 22 E 2010 (8 ) SCR 836 relied on para 22 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 3190 of 2011. From the Judgment & Order dated 19.11.2008 of the High F Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in C.W.P. No. 11111 of 2006. Roshan Lal Batta, Shikha Roy Pabbi, Ajit Kumar, S.K. Sabharwal for the Appellant. G Sanjay Jain for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by G.S. SINGHVI, J. 1. Leave granted. H 2. This appeal is directed against the order p!lsJd by the DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 875 [G.S. SINGHVI, J.]•

Division Bench of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in the A writ petition filed by the respondent whereby the award passed by Labour Court, Patiala (for short, "the Labour Court") for reinstatement of the appellant was set aside and it was declared that he shall be entitled to wages in terms of Section 17-B of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (for short, "the Act"). B 3. The appellant was engaged by the respondent with effect from 1.8.1994 for doing the work of clerical nature. He was paid consolidated salary of Rs.1,000/- per month. He continued in the service of the respondent till 29.09.1996. His service was discontinued with effect from 30.9.1996 without C giving him notice and compensation as per the requirement of Section 25-F of the Act.

4. The appellant challenged the termination of his service by raising an industrial dispute, which was referred by the State 0 Government to the Labour Court. In the statement of claim filed by him, the appellant pleaded that he had continuously worked in the employment of the respondent from 1.8.1994 to 29.9.1996; that his service was terminated without holding any enquiry and without giving him notice and compensation and E that persons junior to him were retained in service. In the written statement filed on behalf of the respondent, it was pleaded that the appellant was engaged on contract basis and his service was terminated because the Director, Local Self Government did not give approval to the resolution passed for his employment. According to the respondent, the resolution F passed for engaging the appellant was sent to the Deputy Director for approval, but the same was returned with the remark that the approval may be obtained from the Director, Local Self Government. Thereafter, the resolution was sent to the Director, Local Self Government but no response was G received from the concerned authority and, therefore, it became necessary to discontinue the service of the appellant. 5. After considering the pleadings of the parties and the evidence produced by them, the Labour Court passed an award H 876 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C .. R. •

A for reinstatement of the appellant without back wages. Tre Labour Court held that the appellant had worked for more than 240 days in a calendar year preceding the termination of his service and that his service was terminated with effect from 30.9.1996 without complying with the mandatory provisions B contained in Section 25F of the Act. The Labour Court rejected the plea that the termination of the appellant's service is covered by Section 2(oo)(bb) of the Act by observing that no evidence was produced by the respondent to prove that it was a case of termination of service in accordance with the terms of the c contract of employment.

6. The Division Bench of the High Court entertained and allowed the writ petition filed by the respondent by relying upon the judgments of this Court in Secy., State of Karnataka v. Umadevi (2006) 1 SCC 1; State of MP. v. La/it Kumar Verma D (2007) 1 SCC 575; Uttranchal Forest Development Corporation v M. C. Joshi (2007(2) SCC (L&S) 813; M.P. Administration v. Tribhuban (2007) 9 SCC 748; Mahboob Deepak v. Nagar Panchayat, Gajraula (2008) 1 SCC 575 and Ghaziabad Development Authority v. Ashok Kumar (2008) 4 E SCC 261. The Division Bench was of the view that the Labour Court should not have ordered reinstatement of the appellant because his appointment was contrary to the recruitment rules and Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution and it would not be in public interest to sustain the award of reinstatement after long F lapse of time. Simultaneously, the Division Bench declared that the appellant shall be entitled to wages in terms of Section 17-B of the Act.

7. Shri R.L.Batta, learned senior counsel for the appellant argued that the impugned order is liable to be set aside G because while interfering with the award of the Labour Court, the Division Bench of the High Court ignored the judicially recognised parameters for the exercise of power under Article 226 of the Constitution. Learned senior counsel further argued that the High Court was not justified in upsetting the award of H reinstatement simply because there was some time gap DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 877• [G.S. SINGHVI, J.] between reference of the dispute by the State Government and A .., adjudication thereof by the Labour Court. Learned senior counsel then relied upon the judgments of this Court in Harjinder Singh v. Punjab State Warehousing Corporation (2010) 3 SCC 192 and Anoop Sharma v. Public Health Division, Haryana (2010) 5 SCC 497 and argued that the B Labour Court did not commit any illegality by ordering reinstatement of the appellant because his service was terminated in clear violation of Sections 25~F and 25-G of the Act. .

8. Shri Sanjay Jain, learned counsel for the respondent C argued that the High Court did not commit any error by setting . aside the award of reinstatement because initial appointment of the appellant was not sanctioned by law. Learned counsel submitted that the action taken by the respondent was legally correct and justified because the Director, Local Self D Government did not approve the resolution passed by the respondent for engaging the appellant. Shri Jain further submitted that service of the appellant was terminated in accordance with the conditions stipulated in the contract of employment and, as such, it cannot be termed as retrenchment E 'Nithin the meaning of Section 2(oo) of the Act. 9. We have considered the respective submissions and carefully perused the record. Sections 2(oo}, 2(s) and 25F of the Act which have bearing on the decision .of this appeal read as under: F "2. (oo) "retrenchment" means the t~rmination by the employer of the service of a workman for any .reason whatsoever, otherwise than as a punishment inflicted by way of disciplinary action, but does not include -G (a) voluntary retirement of the workman; or (b) retirement of the workman on reaching the age of superannuation if the contract of employment between the employer and the wprkman concerned contains a stipulation in that behalf; or H l . ·:.~·' :+ '. 878 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C.R. •

A (bb) termination of the service of the workman as a result of the non-renewal of the contract of employment between the employer and the workman concerned on its expiry or of such contract being terminated under a stipulation in that behalf contained therein; B or (c} termination of the service of a workman on the ground of continued ill-health; 2 (s) "workman" means any person (including an c apprentice) employed in any industry to do any manual, unskilled, skilled, technical, operational, clerical or supervisory work for hire or reward, whether the terms of employment be express or implied, and for the purposes of any proceeding under this Act in relation to an industrial dispute, includes any such person who has been D dismissed, discharged or retrenched in connection with, or as a consequence of, that dispute, or whose dismissal, discharge or retrenchment has led to that dispute, but does not include any such person- (i) who is subject to the Air Force Act, 1950 (45 of 1950),E or the Army Act, 1950 (46of1950), or the Navy Act, 1957 (62 of 1957); or

(ii) who is employed in the police service or as an officer or other employee of a prison; or F (iii) who is employed mainly in a managerial or administrative capacity; or who, being employed in a supervisory capacity, draws wages exceeding ten thousand rupees per mensem or exercises, either by the nature of the duties attached to the office or by reason of G the powers vested in him, functions mainly of a managerial nature. 25F. Conditions precedent to retrenchment of worklnen.-No workman employed in any industry who has been in continuous service for not less than one yearH DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 879• [G.S. SINGHVI, J.] under an employer shall be retrenched by that employer A until- (a) the workman has been given one month's notice in writing indicating the reasons for retrenchment and the period of notice has expired, or the workman has been 8 paid in lieu of such notice, wages for the period of the notice; (b) the workman has been paid, at the time of retrenchment, compensation which shall be equivalent to fifteen days' average pay for every completed year of c continuous service or any part thereof in excess of six months; and (c) notice in the prescribed manner is served on the appropriate Government or such authority as may be specified by the appropriate Government by notification in D the Official Gazette."

10. The definition of the term "retrenchment" is quite comprehensive. It covers every type of termination of the service of a workman by the employer for any reason whatsoever, otherwise than as a punishment inflicted by way of disciplinary E action. The cases of voluntary retirement of the workman, retirement on reaching the age of superannuation, termination of service as a result of non-renewal of the contract of employment or of such contract being terminated under a stipulation contained therein or termination of the service of a F workman on the ground of continued ill health also do not fall within the ambit of retrenchment. 11. In State Bank of India v. N. Sundara Money (1976) 1 SCC 822, a three Judge Bench of this Court analysed Section G 2(oo) and held: " ...... Termination ... for any reason whatsoever' are the key words. Whatever the reason, every termination· spells retrenchment. So the sole question is, has the employee's service been terminated? Verbal apparel apart, the H 880 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 4 S.C.R. •

A substance is decisive. A termination takes place where a term expires either by the active step otthe master or the running out of the stipulated term. To protect the weak against the strong this policy of comprehensive definition has been effectuated. Termination embraces not merely the B act of termination by the employer, but the fact of termination howsoever produced. Maybe, the present may be a hard case, but we can visualise abuses by employers, by suitable verbal devices, circumventing the armour of Section 25-F and Section 2(00). Without c speculating on possibilities, we may agree that "retrenchment" is no longer terra incognita but area covered by an expansive definition. It means "to end, conclude, cease" .................... " The ratio of the aforementioned judgement was approved D by the Constitution Bench in Punjab Land Development And Recfaimation Corporation Ltd., Chandigarh v. Presiding Officer Labour Court, Chandigarh (1990) 3 SCC 682.

12. Section 2(s) contains an exhaustive definition of the term 'workman'. The definition takes within its ambit any person E including an apprentice employed in any industry to do any manual, unskilled, skilled, technical, operational, clerical or supervisory work for hire or reward and it is immaterial that the terms of employment are not reduced into writing. The definition also includes a person, who has been dismissed, discharged F or retrenched in connection with an industrial dispute or as a consequence of such dispute or whose dismissal, discharge or retrenchment has led to that dispute. The last segment of the definition specifies certain exclusions. A person to whom the Air Force Act, 1950, or the Army Act, 1950, or the Navy Act, G 1957, is applicable or who is employed in the police service as an officer or other employee of a prison or who is employed mainly in managerial or administrative capacity or who is . employed in a supervisory capacity and is drawing specified wages per mensem or exercises mainly managerial functions H does not fall within the definition of the term 'workman'. DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 881• [G.S. SINGHVI, J.] 13. The source of employment, the method of recruitment, A the terms and conditions of employmenUcontract of service, the quantum of wages/pay and the mode of payment are not at all relevant for deciding whether or not a person is a workman within the meaning of Section 2(s) of the Act.

14. It is apposite to observe that the definition of workman B also does not make any distinction between full time and part time employee or a person appointed on contract basis. There is nothing in the plain language of Section 2(s) from which it can be inferred that only a person employed on regular basis or a person employed for doing whole time job is a workman C and the one employed on temporary, part time or contract basis on fixed wages or as a casual employee or for doing duty for fixed hours is not a Workman. 15. Whenever an employer challenges the maintainability of industrial dispute on the ground that the employee is not a D workman within the meaning of Section 2(s) of the Act, what the Labour Court/Industrial Tribunal is required to consider is whether the person is employed in an industry for hire or reward for doing manual, unskilled, skilled, operational, technical or clerical work in an industry. Once the test of employment for hire E or reward for doing the specified type of work is satisfied, the employee would fall within the definition of 'workman'.

16. In Birdhichand Sharma v. First Civil Judge,Nagpur 1961 (3) SCR 161 this Court considered the question whether F bidi rollers were workmen within the meaning of the term used in the Factories Act, 1948. The factual matrix of the case reveals that the workers who used to roll the bidis had to work at the factory and were not at liberty to work at their houses. Their attendance was noted in the factory and they had to work within the factory, though there was freedom of doing work for G particular hours. They could be removed from service on the ground of absence for eight days. The wages were paid on piece-rate basis. After considering these facts, the Court held that the bidi rollers were workmen. The Court observed that when the operation was of a simple nature and did not require H .. 882 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C.R. • A supervision, the control could be exercised at the end of the day by the method of rejecting bidis which did not meet the required standard and such supervision was sufficient to establish the employer employee relationship. 17. In Silver Jubilee Tailoring House v. Chief Inspector B of Shops and Establishments 1974 (3) SCC 498 the three Judge ~ench held that the tailors employed in a tailoring shop, who were paid according to their skill and work and the quality of whose work was regularly checked were employees covered by the Andhra Pradesh (Tilengana Area) Shops and C Establishments Act, 1951.

18. In L. Robert D'souza v. Executive Engineer (1982) 1 sec 645 the Court held that even a daily rated worker would be entitled to protection of Section 25-F of the Act if he had continuously worked for a period of one year or more.0 19. Section 25 couched in negative form. It imposes a restriction on the employer's right to retrench a workman and lays down that no workman employed in any industry who has been in continuous service for not less then one year under an E employer shall be retrenched until he has been given one month's notice in writing indicating the reasons for retrenchment and the period of notice has expired or he has been paid wages for the period of notice and he has also been paid, at the time of retrenchment, compensation equivalent to fifteen F days' average pay for every completed year of continuous service or any part thereof in excess of six months and notice in the prescribed manner has been served upon the appropriate Government or the authority as may be specified by the appropriate Government by notification in the Official Gazette. G 20. This Court has repeatedly held that the provisions contained in Section 25F (a) and (b) are mandatory and termination of the service of a workman, which amounts to retrenchment within the meaning of Section 2(oo) without giving H one month's notice or pay in lieu thereof and retrenchment DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 883• [G.S. SINGHVI, J.]

compensation is null and void/illegal/inoperative-State of A Bombay v. Hospital Mazdoor Sabha AIR 1960 SC 610, Bombay Union of Journalists v. State of Bombay AIR 1964 SC 1617, State Bank of India v. N. Sundara Money (supra), Santosh Gupta v. State Bank of Patiala (1980) 3 SCC 340, Mohan Lal v. Bharat Electronics Ltd.(1981) 3 SCC 225, L. B Robert D'Souza v. Southern Railway (supra), Surendra Kumar Verma v. Central Government Industrial Tribunal-cum-Labour Court (1980) 4 SCC 443, Gammon India Ltd. v. Niranjan Dass (1984) 1 SCC 509, Gurmail Singh v. State of Punjab (1991) 1 SCC 189 and Pramod Jha v. State of Bihar (2003) 4 SCC C 619. 21. In Anoop Sharma v. Executive Engineer, Public Health Division, Haryana (supra), the Court considered the effect of violation of Section 25F, referred to various precedents on the subject and held the termination of service of a workman D 'without complying with the mandatory provisions contained in Section 25-F (a) and (b) should ordinarily result in his reinstatement.

22. We may now advert to the impugned order. A careful analysis thereof reveals that the High Court neither found any E jurisdictional infirmity in the award of the Labour Court nor it came to the conclusion that the same was vitiated by an error of law apparent on the face of the record. Notwithstanding this, the High Court set aside the direction given by the Labour Court for reinstatement of the appellant by assuming that his initial F appointmenUengagement was contrary to law and that it would not be in public interest to approve the award of reinstatement after long lapse of time. In our view, the approach adopted by the High Court in dealing with the award of the Labour Court was ex facie erroneous and contrary to the law laid down in G Syed Yakoob v. K.S. Radhakrishnan AIR (1964) SC 477, Swaran Singh v. State of Punjab (1976) 2 SC.C 868 P.G.I. of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh v. Raj Kumar •(2001) 2 SCC 54, Surya Dev Rai v. Ram Chander Rai (2003) 6SCC 675 and Shalini Shyam v. Rajendra Shankar Path H 884 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C.R. • A (201 O) 8 sec 329. 23. In Syed Yakoob v. K.S. Radhakrishnan (supra), this Court identified the limitations of certiorari jurisdiction of the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution in the following words: B

"The question about the limits of the jurisdiction of High Courts in issuing a writ of certiorari under Article 226 has been frequently considered by this Court and the true legal position in that behalf is no longer in doubt. A writ of c certiorari can be issued for correcting errors of jurisdiction committed by inferior courts or tribunals: these are cases where orders are passed by inferior courts or tribunals without jurisdiction, or is in excess of it, or as a result of failure to exercise jurisdiction. A writ can similarly be issued where in exercise of jurisdiction conferred on it, the D court or tribunal acts illegally or improperly, as for instance, it decides a question without giving an opportunity to be. heard to the party affected by the order, or where the procedure adopted in dealing with the dispute is opposed to principles of natural justice. There is, however, no doubt E that the jurisdiction to issue a writ of certiorari is a supervisory jurisdiction and the court exercising it is not entitled to a'ct as an appellate court. This limitation necessarily means that findings of fact reached by the inferior court or tribunal as result of the appreciation of F evidence cannot be reopened or questioned in writ proceedings. An error of law which is apparent on the face of the record can be corrected by a writ, but not an error of fact, however grave it may appear to be. In regard to a finding of fact recorded by the tribunal, a writ of certiorari G can be issued if it is shown that in recording the said finding, the tribunal had erroneously refused to admit admissible and material evidence, or had erroneously admitted inadmissible evidence which has influenced the impugned finding. Similarly, if a finding of fact is based on no evidence, that would be regarded as an error of lawH DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 885

[G.S. SINGHVI, J.]• which can be corrected by a writ of certiorari. In dealing A with this category of cases, however, we must always bear in mind that a finding of fact recorded by the tribunal cannot be challenged in proceedings for a writ of certiorari on the ground that the relevant and material evidence adduced before the tribunal was insufficient or inadequate s to sustain the impugned finding. The adequacy or sufficiency of evidence led on a point and the inference of fact to be drawn from the said finding are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the tribunal, and the said points cannot be agitated before a writ court. It is within these c limits that the jurisdiction conferred on the High Courts under Article 226 to issue a writ of certiorar.i can be legitimately exercised." In the second judgment'"" Swaran Singh v. State of Punjab (supra), thts Cc:rurt reiterated the limitations of certiorari D ·jurisdiction indicated in Syed Yakoob v. Radhakrishnan (supra) and observed:

"In regard to a finding of fact recorded by an inferior tribunal, a writ of certiorari can be issued only if in recording such a finding, the tribunal has acted on evidence which is E legally inadmissible, or has refused to admit admissible evidence, or if the finding is not supported by any evidence at all, because in such cases the error amounts to an error of law. The writ jurisdiction extends only to cases where orders are passed by inferior courts or tribunals in excess F of their jurisdiction or as a result of their refusal to exercise jurisdiction vested in them or they act illegally or improperly in the exercise of their jurisdiction causing grave miscarriage of justice." In Surya Dev Rai v. Ram Chander Rai (supra), the two- G Judge Bench noticed the distinction between the scope of Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution and culled out several propositions including the following: "(3) Certiorari, under Article 226 of the Constitution, is H 886 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C.R. • A issued for correcting gross errors of jurisdiction i.e. when a subordinate court is found to have acted (i) without jurisdiction-by assuming jurisdiction where there exists none, or (ii) in excess of its jurisdiction-by overstepping or crossing the limits of jurisdiction, or (iii) acting in flagrant B disregard of law or the rules of procedure or acting in violation of principles of natural justice where there is no procedure specified, and thereby occasioning failure of justice."

24. We are also convinced that the reasons assigned by C the High Court for setting aside the award of reinstatement are legally untenable. In the first, it deserves to be noticed that the respondent had engaged the appellant in the back drop of the ban imposed by the State Government on the filling up of the vacant posts. The respondent had started a water supply D scheme and for ensuring timely issue of the bills and collection of water charges, it needed the service of a clerk. However, on account of the restriction imposed by the State Government, regular recruitment was not possible. Therefore, resolution dated 27.04.1995 was passed for engaging the appellant on E contract basis. The relevant portions of the resolution are extracted below: "MUNICIPAL COUNCIL,SANAUR,(PATIALA). COPY OF RESOLUTION N0.30 DATED 27.04.1995

F It has been informed by the office to the house that one vacancy of Clerk in the office of Municipal Council, Sanaur is being vacant to the water supply branch. Due to ban imposed by the Punjab Government vacancy cannot be filed in at present. Municipal Council is operating two G tubewells and is directly supplying water to the- general public. At present Municipal Council is operating two tubewells and is directly supplying water to the general public. Municipal Council has given about 1500 water connections. In respect of issuance of water bills and their H respective deposit there is need of one Clerk. This DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 887• [G.S. SINGHVI, J.] vacancy can be filled in after receiving sanction from the A government. Therefore at present for the working of the office business as per the instruction of the Government, sanction may kindly be accorded for employing a person as Clerk on contract basis on the consolidated salary of Rs. One thousand per month. This matter was discussed B seriously by the house because to provide water to the general public in the summer season is very essential. Tht:refore, to run smoothly - the work of water supplying Shri Devinder Singh son of .Shjri Hazura Singh of Mohalla kanian, Sanaur is hereby engaged for a period of six c months on contract basis on a consolid~ted salary of ~s. One thousand with effect from 02.05.1995. Resolution was unanimously passed. Sd/- President Minicipal Council, Sanaur D Patiala

25. In furtherance of the aforesaid resolution, the respondent engaged the appellant, who was already in its employment, as a Clerk for a period of six months on contract E basis on consolidated salary of Rs. 1,000/- per month. At the end of six months, the respondent passed another resolution dated 30.11.1995 and again employed the appellant for a period of six months from 1.11.1995 to 20.4.1996. This exercise was repeated in 1996 and the appellant's term was extended F for six months from 1.5.199.6. However, his engagement was discontinued w.e.f. 30.9.1996 without giving any notice or pay in lieu thereof and compensation as per the requirement of clauses (a) and (b) of Section 25-F of the Act. It is true that the engagement of the appellant was not preceded by an G advertisement and consideration of the competing claims of other eligible persons but that exercise could:not be undertaken by the respondent because of the ban imposed by the State Government. It is surprising that the Division Bench of the High Court did not notice this important facet of the employment of H '' 888 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C.R.

A the appellant and decided the writ petition by assuming that his appointment/engagement was contrary to the recruitment rules and Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. We may also add that failure of the Director, Local Self Government, Punjab to convey his approval to the resolution of the respondent could B not be made a ground for bringing an end to the engagement of the appellant and that too without complying with the mandate of Section 25-F(a) and (b). 26. The other reason given by the High Court is equally untenable. The appellant could hardly be blamed for the delay, C if any, in the adjudication of the dispute by the Labour Court or the writ petition filed by the respondent. The delay of four to five years in the adjudication of disputes by the Labour Court/ Industrial Tribunal is a normal phenomena. If what the High Court has done is held to be justified, gross illegalities D committed by the employer in terminating the services of workman will acquire legitimacy in majority of cases. Therefore, we have no hesitation to disapprove the approach adopted by the High Court in dealing with the appellant's case. 27. The plea of the respondent that the action taken by it E is covered by Section 2(oo)(bb) was clearly misconceived and was rightly not entertained by the Labour Court because no material was produced by the respondent to show that the engagement of the appellant was discontinued by relying upon the terms and conditions of the employment.

F 28. In the result, the appeal is allowed. The impugned ord1:ir is set aside and the award passed by the Labour Court for reinstatement of the appellant is restored. If the respondent shall reinstate the appellant within a period of four weeks from today, G the appellant shall also be entitled to wages for the period between the date of award and the date of actual reinstatement. The respondent shall pay the arrears to the appellant within a period of three months from the date of receipt/production of the copy of this order. H R.P. Appeal allowed.

[2011] 4 S.C.R. 867• DEVINDER SINGH A v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR (Civil Appeal No. 3190 of 2011) APRIL 11, 2011 B [G.S. SINGHVI AND ASOK KUMAR GANGULY, JJ.] INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES ACT, 1947: ss. 2.(s}, 2(oo) and 25-F-'Workman' engaged on contract C basis - Termination of services of workman without complying with the provisions of s. 25-F - Labour Court ordering reinstatement without back wages - High Court setting aside reinstatement holding that the appointment was made without following recruitment rules and that it would not be in public interest to approve award of reinstatement after long lapse of D time - HELD: The source of employment, the method of recruitment, the terms and conditions of employment/contract of service, the quantum of wages/pay and the mode of payment are not at all relevant for deciding whether or not a person is a workman within the meaning of s. 2(s) of the Act E

- Further, the definition of workman also does not make any distinction between full time and part time employee or a person appointed on contract basis - Once the test of employment for hire or reward for doing the specified type of work is satisfied, the employee will fall within the definition of F 'workman' - Delay in adjudication of dispute by Labour Court or the writ petition filed by employer cannot be made a ground to justify the gross illegalities committed by the employer in 'terminating the services of the workman - Delay!Laches. G s.25-F read with ss.2(s) and 2(oo) - HELD: Provisions contained in s. 25-F (a) and (b) are mandatory and termination of service of a workman which amounts to retrenchment uls. 2(oo) without complying with the mandates 867 H 868 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C.R. • A of s.25-F would be null and votd - There was no material to show that the engagement of the workman was discontinued by relying upon the terms and conditions of the employment

- Judgment of High Court set aside - Award of reinstatement passed by Labour Court restored with wages for the period B between the date of award and date of reinstatement. The appellant was engaged by the respondent-Municipal Council for doing the work of clerical nature w.e.f.1.8.1994 at a consolidated salary of Rs. 1,000/-per month. His services were discontinued w.e.f.30.9.1996, C without giving him any notice or compensation as required by s.25-F of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. On an Industrial Dispute being raised, the State Government referred the matter to the Labour Court, which passed an award for reinstatement of the workman without back D wages. However, the High Court allowed the appeal of the employer holding that the Labour Court should not have ordered reinstatement of the appellant as his appointment was contrary to the recruitment rules and Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution and it would not be E in public interest to sustain the award of reinstatement after long lapse of time. The High Court, however, declared that the appellant would be entitled to wages in terms of s.17-8 of the Act. Aggrieved, the workman filed the appeal.

F Allowing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1.1 Section 2(s) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 contains an exhaustive definition of the term 'workman'. The source of employment, the method of G recruitment, the terms and conditions of employment/ contract of service, the quantum of wages/pay and the mode of payment are not at all relevant for deciding whether or not a person is a workman within the meaning of s. 2(s) of the Act. The definition of workman also does H not make any distinction between full time and part time • DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 869 employee or a person appointed on contract basis. There A is nothing in the plain language of s. 2(s) from which it can be inferred that only a person employed on regular basis or a person employed for doing whole time job is a workman and the one employed on temporary, part time or contract basis on fixed wages or as a casual employee B or for doing duty for fixed hours is not a workman. [Para 12 to 14] [880-E-H; 881-A-C]

1.2 Whenever an employer challenges the maintainability of industrial dispute on the ground that the employee is not a workman within the meaning of s. 2(s) C of the Act, what the Labour Court/Industrial Tribunal is required to consider is whether the person is employed in an industry for hire or reward for doing manual, unskilled, skilled, operational, technical or clerical work in an industry. Once the test of employment for hire or D reward for doing the specified type of work is satisfied, the employee would fall within the definition of 'workman'. [Para 15] (881-D-E] Birdhichand Sharma v. First Civil Judge, Nagpur 1961 (3) E SCR 161; Silver Jubilee Tailoring House v. Chief Inspector of Shops and Establishments 1974 (1) SCR 747 = 1974 (3) SCC 498, L. Roberl D'souza v. Executive Engineer (1982) 1 sec 645, relied on. 2.1 Definition of the term "retrenchment" in s.2(oo) of F the Act is quite comprehensive. It covers every type of termination of the service of a workman by the employer for any reason whatsoever, otherwise than as a punishment inflicted by way of disciplinary action. The cases of voluntary retirement of the workman, retirement G on reaching the age of superannuation, termination of service as a result of non-renewal of the contract of employment or of such contract being terminated under a stipulation contained therein or termination of the H • 870 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C.R.

A service of a workman on the ground of continued ill health also do not fall within the ambit of retrenchment. [Para 10) [879-E-H] Punjab Land Development And Reclaimation Corporation Ltd., Chandigarh v. Presiding Officer Labour 8 Court, Chandigarh 1990 (3) SCR 111 = (1990) 3 SCC 682, State Bank of India v. N. Sundara Money 1976 (3) SCR 160 = (1976) 1 sec 822 - referred to. 2.2. Section 25-F is couched in negative form. It c imposes a restriction on the employer's right to retrench a workman. This Court has repeatedly held that the provisions contained in s. 25-F (a) and (b) are mandatory and termination of the service of a workman, which amounts to retrenchment within the meaning of s. 2(oo) without giving one month's notice or pay in lieu thereof0 and retrenchment compensation, is null and void/illegal/ inoperative. [Para 19 to 20) [882-D-E; G-H; 883-A] State of Bombay v. Hospital Mazdoor Sabha 1960 SCR 866 =AIR 1960 SC 610, Bombay Union of Journalists v. E State of Bombay 1964 SCR 22 =AIR 1964 SC 1617, State Bank of India v. N. Sundara Money (supra), Santosh Gupta v. State Bank of Patiala 1980 (3) SCR 884 =(1980) 3 SCC 340, Mohan Lal v. Bharat Electronics Ltd. 1981 (3) SCR Robert D'Souza v. Southern 518 = (1981) 3 SCC 225, L. F Railway (1982) 1 SCC 645; Surendra Kumar Verma v.

Central Government Industrial Tribunal-cum-Labour Court 1981 (1) SCR 789 = (1980) 4 SCC 443, Gammon India Ltd. v. Niranjan Dass 1984 (1) SCR 959 = (1984) 1 SCC 509, Gurmail Singh v. State of Punjab 1990 (2) Suppl. G SCR 367 = (1991) 1 SCC 189 and Pramod Jha v. State of Bihar 2003 (2) SCR 512 = (2003) 4 sec 619 - relied on 2.3 In Anoop Sharma's case*, the Court considered the effect of violation of s.25-F, referred to various H •DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 871 precedents on the subject and held that termination of A service of a workman without complying with the mandatory provisions contained in s.25-F(a) and (b) should ordinarily result in his reinstatement. [para 21) (883-0) 8 *Anoop Sharma vs. Executive Engineer, Public Health Divison, Haryana (2010) 5 SCC 497 - relied on. 3.1 A careful analysis of the impugned order reveals that the High Court neither found any jurisdictional infirmity in the award of the Labour Court nor did it come c to the conclusion that the same was vitiated by an error of law apparent on the face of the record.

Notwithstanding this, the High Court set aside the direction given by the Labour Court for reinstatement of the appellant by assuming that his initial appointment/ 0 engagement was contrary to law and that it would not be in public interest to approve the award of reinstatement after long lapse of time. The approach adopted by the High Court in dealing with the award of the Labour Court was ex facie erroneous and contrary to the law laid down E by this Court. (Para 22) (883-E-G] Syed Yakoob v. K.S. Radhakrishnan 1964 SCR 64 = AIR (1964) SC 477, Swaran Singh v. State of Punjab (1976) 2 SCC 868 P. G. I. of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh v. Raj Kumar 2000 ( 4 ) Suppl. SCR 350 = F (2001) 2 SCC 54, Surya Dev Rai v. Ram Chander Rai 2003 Shalini (2) Suppl. SCR 290 =(2003) 6 sec 675 and Sh yam v. Rajendra Shankar Path 2010 (8 ) SCR 836 = (2010) 8 sec 329, relied on. 3.2. The reasons assigned by the High Court for G setting aside the award of reinstatement are legally untenable. It is true that the engagement of the appellant was not preceded by an advertisement and consideration of the competing claims, but it deserves to be noticed, H • 872 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C.R.

A that the respondent had engaged the appellant in the back drop of the ban imposed by the State Government on the filling up of the vacant posts. The respondent had started a water supply scheme and for ensuring timely issue of the bills and collection of water charges, it B needed the service of a clerk. However, on account of the restriction imposed by the State Government, regular recruitment was not possible. Therefore, resolution dated 27.04.1995 was passed for engaging the appellant on contract basis. This exercise was repeated and in 1996 c and the appellant's term was extended for six months from 1.5.1996. However, his engagement was discontinued w.e.f. 30.9.1996 without giving any notice or pay in lieu thereof and compensation as per the requirement of clauses (a) and (b) of s. 25-F of the Act. Failure of the Director, Local Self Government, to convey0 his approval to the resolution of the respondent could not be made a ground for bringing an end to the engagement of the appellant and that too without complying with the mandate of s. 25-F(a) and (b). Further, the appellant could hardly be blamed for the delay, if any, in the adjudication E of the dispute by the Labour Court or the writ petition filed by the respondent. The delay of four to five years in the adjudication of disputes by the Labour Court/ Industrial Tribunal is a normal phenomena. If what the High Court has done is held to be justified, gross F illegalities committed by the employer in terminating the services of workman will acquire legitimacy in majority of cases. Therefore, the approach adopted by the High Court in dealing with the appellant's case is disapproved. [Para 24 to 26] [886-C-E; 887-E-H; 888-A-D] G

4.1. The plea of the respondent that the action taken by it is covered bys. 2(oo)(bb) was clearly misconceived and was rightly not entertained by the Labour Court because no material was produced by the respondent to H • DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 873 show that the engagement of the appellant was A discontinued by relying upon the terms and conditions of the employment. [Para 27] (888-E-F] 4.2. The impugned order is set aside and the award passed by the Labour Court for reinstatement of the 8 appellant is restored. If the respondent shall reinstate the appellant, the appellant shall also be entitled to wages for the period between the date of award a'nd the date of actual reinstatement. [Para 28] [888-F-G] Secy., State of Karnataka v. Umadevi (2006) 1 SCC 1; C State of M.P. v. La/it Kumar Verma (2007) 1 SCC 575; Uttrancha/ Forest Development Corporation v M. C. Joshi (2007(2) SCC (L&S) 813; M.P. Administration v. Tribhuban (2007) 9 SCC 748; Mahboob Deepak v. Nagar Panchayat, Gajrau/a (2008) 1 SCC 575; Ghaziabad Development D Authority v, Ashok Kumar (2008) 4 SCC 261; and Harjinder Singh v. Punjab .State Warehousing Corporation (2010) 3 sec 192 - cited. Case Law Reference: E (2006) 1 sec 1 cited para 6 (2001) 1 sec 575 cited para 6 2001(2) sec (L&S) 813 cited para 6 (2007) s sec 748 cited para 6 F (2oos) 1 sec 575 cited para 6 (2ooa) 4 sec 261 cited para 6 (201 o) 3 sec 192 cited para 7 G

(201 O) s sec 497 relied on para 7 1976 (3) SCR 160 referred to para 11 1990 (3) SCR 111 referred to para 11 1961 (3)_SCRI 161 relied on para 16 H 874 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C.R. • A 1974 ( 1 ) SCR 747 relied on para 17 (1982) 1 sec 645 relied on para 18 1960 SCR 866 relied on para 20 1964 SCR 22 relied on para 20 B 1980 ( 3) SCR 884 relied on para 20 1981 ( 3 ) SCR 518 relied on para 20 1981 ( 1 ) SCR 789 relied on para 20 c 1984 ( 1 ) SCR 959 relied on para 20 1990 ( 2 ) Suppl. SCR 367 relied on para 20 2003 ( 2) SCR 512 relied on para 20 1964 SCR 64 relied on para 22D (1976) 2 sec 868 relied on para 22 2000 ( 4 ) Suppl. SCR 350 relied on para 22 2003 (2 ) Suppl. SCR 290 relied on para 22 E 2010 (8 ) SCR 836 relied on para 22 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 3190 of 2011. From the Judgment & Order dated 19.11.2008 of the High F Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in C.W.P. No. 11111 of 2006. Roshan Lal Batta, Shikha Roy Pabbi, Ajit Kumar, S.K. Sabharwal for the Appellant. G Sanjay Jain for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by G.S. SINGHVI, J. 1. Leave granted. H 2. This appeal is directed against the order p!lsJd by the DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 875 [G.S. SINGHVI, J.]•

Division Bench of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in the A writ petition filed by the respondent whereby the award passed by Labour Court, Patiala (for short, "the Labour Court") for reinstatement of the appellant was set aside and it was declared that he shall be entitled to wages in terms of Section 17-B of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (for short, "the Act"). B 3. The appellant was engaged by the respondent with effect from 1.8.1994 for doing the work of clerical nature. He was paid consolidated salary of Rs.1,000/- per month. He continued in the service of the respondent till 29.09.1996. His service was discontinued with effect from 30.9.1996 without C giving him notice and compensation as per the requirement of Section 25-F of the Act.

4. The appellant challenged the termination of his service by raising an industrial dispute, which was referred by the State 0 Government to the Labour Court. In the statement of claim filed by him, the appellant pleaded that he had continuously worked in the employment of the respondent from 1.8.1994 to 29.9.1996; that his service was terminated without holding any enquiry and without giving him notice and compensation and E that persons junior to him were retained in service. In the written statement filed on behalf of the respondent, it was pleaded that the appellant was engaged on contract basis and his service was terminated because the Director, Local Self Government did not give approval to the resolution passed for his employment. According to the respondent, the resolution F passed for engaging the appellant was sent to the Deputy Director for approval, but the same was returned with the remark that the approval may be obtained from the Director, Local Self Government. Thereafter, the resolution was sent to the Director, Local Self Government but no response was G received from the concerned authority and, therefore, it became necessary to discontinue the service of the appellant. 5. After considering the pleadings of the parties and the evidence produced by them, the Labour Court passed an award H 876 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C .. R. •

A for reinstatement of the appellant without back wages. Tre Labour Court held that the appellant had worked for more than 240 days in a calendar year preceding the termination of his service and that his service was terminated with effect from 30.9.1996 without complying with the mandatory provisions B contained in Section 25F of the Act. The Labour Court rejected the plea that the termination of the appellant's service is covered by Section 2(oo)(bb) of the Act by observing that no evidence was produced by the respondent to prove that it was a case of termination of service in accordance with the terms of the c contract of employment.

6. The Division Bench of the High Court entertained and allowed the writ petition filed by the respondent by relying upon the judgments of this Court in Secy., State of Karnataka v. Umadevi (2006) 1 SCC 1; State of MP. v. La/it Kumar Verma D (2007) 1 SCC 575; Uttranchal Forest Development Corporation v M. C. Joshi (2007(2) SCC (L&S) 813; M.P. Administration v. Tribhuban (2007) 9 SCC 748; Mahboob Deepak v. Nagar Panchayat, Gajraula (2008) 1 SCC 575 and Ghaziabad Development Authority v. Ashok Kumar (2008) 4 E SCC 261. The Division Bench was of the view that the Labour Court should not have ordered reinstatement of the appellant because his appointment was contrary to the recruitment rules and Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution and it would not be in public interest to sustain the award of reinstatement after long F lapse of time. Simultaneously, the Division Bench declared that the appellant shall be entitled to wages in terms of Section 17-B of the Act.

7. Shri R.L.Batta, learned senior counsel for the appellant argued that the impugned order is liable to be set aside G because while interfering with the award of the Labour Court, the Division Bench of the High Court ignored the judicially recognised parameters for the exercise of power under Article 226 of the Constitution. Learned senior counsel further argued that the High Court was not justified in upsetting the award of H reinstatement simply because there was some time gap DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 877• [G.S. SINGHVI, J.] between reference of the dispute by the State Government and A .., adjudication thereof by the Labour Court. Learned senior counsel then relied upon the judgments of this Court in Harjinder Singh v. Punjab State Warehousing Corporation (2010) 3 SCC 192 and Anoop Sharma v. Public Health Division, Haryana (2010) 5 SCC 497 and argued that the B Labour Court did not commit any illegality by ordering reinstatement of the appellant because his service was terminated in clear violation of Sections 25~F and 25-G of the Act. .

8. Shri Sanjay Jain, learned counsel for the respondent C argued that the High Court did not commit any error by setting . aside the award of reinstatement because initial appointment of the appellant was not sanctioned by law. Learned counsel submitted that the action taken by the respondent was legally correct and justified because the Director, Local Self D Government did not approve the resolution passed by the respondent for engaging the appellant. Shri Jain further submitted that service of the appellant was terminated in accordance with the conditions stipulated in the contract of employment and, as such, it cannot be termed as retrenchment E 'Nithin the meaning of Section 2(oo) of the Act. 9. We have considered the respective submissions and carefully perused the record. Sections 2(oo}, 2(s) and 25F of the Act which have bearing on the decision .of this appeal read as under: F "2. (oo) "retrenchment" means the t~rmination by the employer of the service of a workman for any .reason whatsoever, otherwise than as a punishment inflicted by way of disciplinary action, but does not include -G (a) voluntary retirement of the workman; or (b) retirement of the workman on reaching the age of superannuation if the contract of employment between the employer and the wprkman concerned contains a stipulation in that behalf; or H l . ·:.~·' :+ '. 878 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C.R. •

A (bb) termination of the service of the workman as a result of the non-renewal of the contract of employment between the employer and the workman concerned on its expiry or of such contract being terminated under a stipulation in that behalf contained therein; B or (c} termination of the service of a workman on the ground of continued ill-health; 2 (s) "workman" means any person (including an c apprentice) employed in any industry to do any manual, unskilled, skilled, technical, operational, clerical or supervisory work for hire or reward, whether the terms of employment be express or implied, and for the purposes of any proceeding under this Act in relation to an industrial dispute, includes any such person who has been D dismissed, discharged or retrenched in connection with, or as a consequence of, that dispute, or whose dismissal, discharge or retrenchment has led to that dispute, but does not include any such person- (i) who is subject to the Air Force Act, 1950 (45 of 1950),E or the Army Act, 1950 (46of1950), or the Navy Act, 1957 (62 of 1957); or

(ii) who is employed in the police service or as an officer or other employee of a prison; or F (iii) who is employed mainly in a managerial or administrative capacity; or who, being employed in a supervisory capacity, draws wages exceeding ten thousand rupees per mensem or exercises, either by the nature of the duties attached to the office or by reason of G the powers vested in him, functions mainly of a managerial nature. 25F. Conditions precedent to retrenchment of worklnen.-No workman employed in any industry who has been in continuous service for not less than one yearH DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 879• [G.S. SINGHVI, J.] under an employer shall be retrenched by that employer A until- (a) the workman has been given one month's notice in writing indicating the reasons for retrenchment and the period of notice has expired, or the workman has been 8 paid in lieu of such notice, wages for the period of the notice; (b) the workman has been paid, at the time of retrenchment, compensation which shall be equivalent to fifteen days' average pay for every completed year of c continuous service or any part thereof in excess of six months; and (c) notice in the prescribed manner is served on the appropriate Government or such authority as may be specified by the appropriate Government by notification in D the Official Gazette."

10. The definition of the term "retrenchment" is quite comprehensive. It covers every type of termination of the service of a workman by the employer for any reason whatsoever, otherwise than as a punishment inflicted by way of disciplinary E action. The cases of voluntary retirement of the workman, retirement on reaching the age of superannuation, termination of service as a result of non-renewal of the contract of employment or of such contract being terminated under a stipulation contained therein or termination of the service of a F workman on the ground of continued ill health also do not fall within the ambit of retrenchment. 11. In State Bank of India v. N. Sundara Money (1976) 1 SCC 822, a three Judge Bench of this Court analysed Section G 2(oo) and held: " ...... Termination ... for any reason whatsoever' are the key words. Whatever the reason, every termination· spells retrenchment. So the sole question is, has the employee's service been terminated? Verbal apparel apart, the H 880 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 4 S.C.R. •

A substance is decisive. A termination takes place where a term expires either by the active step otthe master or the running out of the stipulated term. To protect the weak against the strong this policy of comprehensive definition has been effectuated. Termination embraces not merely the B act of termination by the employer, but the fact of termination howsoever produced. Maybe, the present may be a hard case, but we can visualise abuses by employers, by suitable verbal devices, circumventing the armour of Section 25-F and Section 2(00). Without c speculating on possibilities, we may agree that "retrenchment" is no longer terra incognita but area covered by an expansive definition. It means "to end, conclude, cease" .................... " The ratio of the aforementioned judgement was approved D by the Constitution Bench in Punjab Land Development And Recfaimation Corporation Ltd., Chandigarh v. Presiding Officer Labour Court, Chandigarh (1990) 3 SCC 682.

12. Section 2(s) contains an exhaustive definition of the term 'workman'. The definition takes within its ambit any person E including an apprentice employed in any industry to do any manual, unskilled, skilled, technical, operational, clerical or supervisory work for hire or reward and it is immaterial that the terms of employment are not reduced into writing. The definition also includes a person, who has been dismissed, discharged F or retrenched in connection with an industrial dispute or as a consequence of such dispute or whose dismissal, discharge or retrenchment has led to that dispute. The last segment of the definition specifies certain exclusions. A person to whom the Air Force Act, 1950, or the Army Act, 1950, or the Navy Act, G 1957, is applicable or who is employed in the police service as an officer or other employee of a prison or who is employed mainly in managerial or administrative capacity or who is . employed in a supervisory capacity and is drawing specified wages per mensem or exercises mainly managerial functions H does not fall within the definition of the term 'workman'. DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 881• [G.S. SINGHVI, J.] 13. The source of employment, the method of recruitment, A the terms and conditions of employmenUcontract of service, the quantum of wages/pay and the mode of payment are not at all relevant for deciding whether or not a person is a workman within the meaning of Section 2(s) of the Act.

14. It is apposite to observe that the definition of workman B also does not make any distinction between full time and part time employee or a person appointed on contract basis. There is nothing in the plain language of Section 2(s) from which it can be inferred that only a person employed on regular basis or a person employed for doing whole time job is a workman C and the one employed on temporary, part time or contract basis on fixed wages or as a casual employee or for doing duty for fixed hours is not a Workman. 15. Whenever an employer challenges the maintainability of industrial dispute on the ground that the employee is not a D workman within the meaning of Section 2(s) of the Act, what the Labour Court/Industrial Tribunal is required to consider is whether the person is employed in an industry for hire or reward for doing manual, unskilled, skilled, operational, technical or clerical work in an industry. Once the test of employment for hire E or reward for doing the specified type of work is satisfied, the employee would fall within the definition of 'workman'.

16. In Birdhichand Sharma v. First Civil Judge,Nagpur 1961 (3) SCR 161 this Court considered the question whether F bidi rollers were workmen within the meaning of the term used in the Factories Act, 1948. The factual matrix of the case reveals that the workers who used to roll the bidis had to work at the factory and were not at liberty to work at their houses. Their attendance was noted in the factory and they had to work within the factory, though there was freedom of doing work for G particular hours. They could be removed from service on the ground of absence for eight days. The wages were paid on piece-rate basis. After considering these facts, the Court held that the bidi rollers were workmen. The Court observed that when the operation was of a simple nature and did not require H .. 882 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C.R. • A supervision, the control could be exercised at the end of the day by the method of rejecting bidis which did not meet the required standard and such supervision was sufficient to establish the employer employee relationship. 17. In Silver Jubilee Tailoring House v. Chief Inspector B of Shops and Establishments 1974 (3) SCC 498 the three Judge ~ench held that the tailors employed in a tailoring shop, who were paid according to their skill and work and the quality of whose work was regularly checked were employees covered by the Andhra Pradesh (Tilengana Area) Shops and C Establishments Act, 1951.

18. In L. Robert D'souza v. Executive Engineer (1982) 1 sec 645 the Court held that even a daily rated worker would be entitled to protection of Section 25-F of the Act if he had continuously worked for a period of one year or more.0 19. Section 25 couched in negative form. It imposes a restriction on the employer's right to retrench a workman and lays down that no workman employed in any industry who has been in continuous service for not less then one year under an E employer shall be retrenched until he has been given one month's notice in writing indicating the reasons for retrenchment and the period of notice has expired or he has been paid wages for the period of notice and he has also been paid, at the time of retrenchment, compensation equivalent to fifteen F days' average pay for every completed year of continuous service or any part thereof in excess of six months and notice in the prescribed manner has been served upon the appropriate Government or the authority as may be specified by the appropriate Government by notification in the Official Gazette. G 20. This Court has repeatedly held that the provisions contained in Section 25F (a) and (b) are mandatory and termination of the service of a workman, which amounts to retrenchment within the meaning of Section 2(oo) without giving H one month's notice or pay in lieu thereof and retrenchment DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 883• [G.S. SINGHVI, J.]

compensation is null and void/illegal/inoperative-State of A Bombay v. Hospital Mazdoor Sabha AIR 1960 SC 610, Bombay Union of Journalists v. State of Bombay AIR 1964 SC 1617, State Bank of India v. N. Sundara Money (supra), Santosh Gupta v. State Bank of Patiala (1980) 3 SCC 340, Mohan Lal v. Bharat Electronics Ltd.(1981) 3 SCC 225, L. B Robert D'Souza v. Southern Railway (supra), Surendra Kumar Verma v. Central Government Industrial Tribunal-cum-Labour Court (1980) 4 SCC 443, Gammon India Ltd. v. Niranjan Dass (1984) 1 SCC 509, Gurmail Singh v. State of Punjab (1991) 1 SCC 189 and Pramod Jha v. State of Bihar (2003) 4 SCC C 619. 21. In Anoop Sharma v. Executive Engineer, Public Health Division, Haryana (supra), the Court considered the effect of violation of Section 25F, referred to various precedents on the subject and held the termination of service of a workman D 'without complying with the mandatory provisions contained in Section 25-F (a) and (b) should ordinarily result in his reinstatement.

22. We may now advert to the impugned order. A careful analysis thereof reveals that the High Court neither found any E jurisdictional infirmity in the award of the Labour Court nor it came to the conclusion that the same was vitiated by an error of law apparent on the face of the record. Notwithstanding this, the High Court set aside the direction given by the Labour Court for reinstatement of the appellant by assuming that his initial F appointmenUengagement was contrary to law and that it would not be in public interest to approve the award of reinstatement after long lapse of time. In our view, the approach adopted by the High Court in dealing with the award of the Labour Court was ex facie erroneous and contrary to the law laid down in G Syed Yakoob v. K.S. Radhakrishnan AIR (1964) SC 477, Swaran Singh v. State of Punjab (1976) 2 SC.C 868 P.G.I. of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh v. Raj Kumar •(2001) 2 SCC 54, Surya Dev Rai v. Ram Chander Rai (2003) 6SCC 675 and Shalini Shyam v. Rajendra Shankar Path H 884 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C.R. • A (201 O) 8 sec 329. 23. In Syed Yakoob v. K.S. Radhakrishnan (supra), this Court identified the limitations of certiorari jurisdiction of the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution in the following words: B

"The question about the limits of the jurisdiction of High Courts in issuing a writ of certiorari under Article 226 has been frequently considered by this Court and the true legal position in that behalf is no longer in doubt. A writ of c certiorari can be issued for correcting errors of jurisdiction committed by inferior courts or tribunals: these are cases where orders are passed by inferior courts or tribunals without jurisdiction, or is in excess of it, or as a result of failure to exercise jurisdiction. A writ can similarly be issued where in exercise of jurisdiction conferred on it, the D court or tribunal acts illegally or improperly, as for instance, it decides a question without giving an opportunity to be. heard to the party affected by the order, or where the procedure adopted in dealing with the dispute is opposed to principles of natural justice. There is, however, no doubt E that the jurisdiction to issue a writ of certiorari is a supervisory jurisdiction and the court exercising it is not entitled to a'ct as an appellate court. This limitation necessarily means that findings of fact reached by the inferior court or tribunal as result of the appreciation of F evidence cannot be reopened or questioned in writ proceedings. An error of law which is apparent on the face of the record can be corrected by a writ, but not an error of fact, however grave it may appear to be. In regard to a finding of fact recorded by the tribunal, a writ of certiorari G can be issued if it is shown that in recording the said finding, the tribunal had erroneously refused to admit admissible and material evidence, or had erroneously admitted inadmissible evidence which has influenced the impugned finding. Similarly, if a finding of fact is based on no evidence, that would be regarded as an error of lawH DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 885

[G.S. SINGHVI, J.]• which can be corrected by a writ of certiorari. In dealing A with this category of cases, however, we must always bear in mind that a finding of fact recorded by the tribunal cannot be challenged in proceedings for a writ of certiorari on the ground that the relevant and material evidence adduced before the tribunal was insufficient or inadequate s to sustain the impugned finding. The adequacy or sufficiency of evidence led on a point and the inference of fact to be drawn from the said finding are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the tribunal, and the said points cannot be agitated before a writ court. It is within these c limits that the jurisdiction conferred on the High Courts under Article 226 to issue a writ of certiorar.i can be legitimately exercised." In the second judgment'"" Swaran Singh v. State of Punjab (supra), thts Cc:rurt reiterated the limitations of certiorari D ·jurisdiction indicated in Syed Yakoob v. Radhakrishnan (supra) and observed:

"In regard to a finding of fact recorded by an inferior tribunal, a writ of certiorari can be issued only if in recording such a finding, the tribunal has acted on evidence which is E legally inadmissible, or has refused to admit admissible evidence, or if the finding is not supported by any evidence at all, because in such cases the error amounts to an error of law. The writ jurisdiction extends only to cases where orders are passed by inferior courts or tribunals in excess F of their jurisdiction or as a result of their refusal to exercise jurisdiction vested in them or they act illegally or improperly in the exercise of their jurisdiction causing grave miscarriage of justice." In Surya Dev Rai v. Ram Chander Rai (supra), the two- G Judge Bench noticed the distinction between the scope of Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution and culled out several propositions including the following: "(3) Certiorari, under Article 226 of the Constitution, is H 886 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C.R. • A issued for correcting gross errors of jurisdiction i.e. when a subordinate court is found to have acted (i) without jurisdiction-by assuming jurisdiction where there exists none, or (ii) in excess of its jurisdiction-by overstepping or crossing the limits of jurisdiction, or (iii) acting in flagrant B disregard of law or the rules of procedure or acting in violation of principles of natural justice where there is no procedure specified, and thereby occasioning failure of justice."

24. We are also convinced that the reasons assigned by C the High Court for setting aside the award of reinstatement are legally untenable. In the first, it deserves to be noticed that the respondent had engaged the appellant in the back drop of the ban imposed by the State Government on the filling up of the vacant posts. The respondent had started a water supply D scheme and for ensuring timely issue of the bills and collection of water charges, it needed the service of a clerk. However, on account of the restriction imposed by the State Government, regular recruitment was not possible. Therefore, resolution dated 27.04.1995 was passed for engaging the appellant on E contract basis. The relevant portions of the resolution are extracted below: "MUNICIPAL COUNCIL,SANAUR,(PATIALA). COPY OF RESOLUTION N0.30 DATED 27.04.1995

F It has been informed by the office to the house that one vacancy of Clerk in the office of Municipal Council, Sanaur is being vacant to the water supply branch. Due to ban imposed by the Punjab Government vacancy cannot be filed in at present. Municipal Council is operating two G tubewells and is directly supplying water to the- general public. At present Municipal Council is operating two tubewells and is directly supplying water to the general public. Municipal Council has given about 1500 water connections. In respect of issuance of water bills and their H respective deposit there is need of one Clerk. This DEVINDER SINGH v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, SANAUR 887• [G.S. SINGHVI, J.] vacancy can be filled in after receiving sanction from the A government. Therefore at present for the working of the office business as per the instruction of the Government, sanction may kindly be accorded for employing a person as Clerk on contract basis on the consolidated salary of Rs. One thousand per month. This matter was discussed B seriously by the house because to provide water to the general public in the summer season is very essential. Tht:refore, to run smoothly - the work of water supplying Shri Devinder Singh son of .Shjri Hazura Singh of Mohalla kanian, Sanaur is hereby engaged for a period of six c months on contract basis on a consolid~ted salary of ~s. One thousand with effect from 02.05.1995. Resolution was unanimously passed. Sd/- President Minicipal Council, Sanaur D Patiala

25. In furtherance of the aforesaid resolution, the respondent engaged the appellant, who was already in its employment, as a Clerk for a period of six months on contract E basis on consolidated salary of Rs. 1,000/- per month. At the end of six months, the respondent passed another resolution dated 30.11.1995 and again employed the appellant for a period of six months from 1.11.1995 to 20.4.1996. This exercise was repeated in 1996 and the appellant's term was extended F for six months from 1.5.199.6. However, his engagement was discontinued w.e.f. 30.9.1996 without giving any notice or pay in lieu thereof and compensation as per the requirement of clauses (a) and (b) of Section 25-F of the Act. It is true that the engagement of the appellant was not preceded by an G advertisement and consideration of the competing claims of other eligible persons but that exercise could:not be undertaken by the respondent because of the ban imposed by the State Government. It is surprising that the Division Bench of the High Court did not notice this important facet of the employment of H '' 888 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 4 S.C.R.

A the appellant and decided the writ petition by assuming that his appointment/engagement was contrary to the recruitment rules and Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. We may also add that failure of the Director, Local Self Government, Punjab to convey his approval to the resolution of the respondent could B not be made a ground for bringing an end to the engagement of the appellant and that too without complying with the mandate of Section 25-F(a) and (b). 26. The other reason given by the High Court is equally untenable. The appellant could hardly be blamed for the delay, C if any, in the adjudication of the dispute by the Labour Court or the writ petition filed by the respondent. The delay of four to five years in the adjudication of disputes by the Labour Court/ Industrial Tribunal is a normal phenomena. If what the High Court has done is held to be justified, gross illegalities D committed by the employer in terminating the services of workman will acquire legitimacy in majority of cases. Therefore, we have no hesitation to disapprove the approach adopted by the High Court in dealing with the appellant's case. 27. The plea of the respondent that the action taken by it E is covered by Section 2(oo)(bb) was clearly misconceived and was rightly not entertained by the Labour Court because no material was produced by the respondent to show that the engagement of the appellant was discontinued by relying upon the terms and conditions of the employment.

F 28. In the result, the appeal is allowed. The impugned ord1:ir is set aside and the award passed by the Labour Court for reinstatement of the appellant is restored. If the respondent shall reinstate the appellant within a period of four weeks from today, G the appellant shall also be entitled to wages for the period between the date of award and the date of actual reinstatement. The respondent shall pay the arrears to the appellant within a period of three months from the date of receipt/production of the copy of this order. H R.P. Appeal allowed.