[2011] 2 S.C.R. 985 PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED A v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, NANDED AND ORS. (Civil Appeal No.2619 of 2002) FEBRUARY 18, 2011 B [DALVEER _BHANDARI AND DEEPAK VERMA, JJ.] Municipalities: Allotment of land - Plot shown and included in development plan for public and semi public purpose - Appel/ant-charitable trust allotted a plot of land on C · 60 years lease for starting a school for providing education especially for girls - However, for want of money and financial crunch, the school for which the land was initially acquired by the appellant could not be started and the appellant started hostel for girls and working women - Writ petition in the nature 0 of pro bona publico challenging the allotment of land to the appellant - High Court set aside the allotment of land - On appeal, held: It is a matter of common knowledge that girls and women face lot of problems and difficulties in finding a suitable and safe accommodation when they go out of their E own· cities, to their respective schools or colleges or work-place

- If a hostel is constructed for girls and working women, then it is definitely for public or semi public purpose and it cannot be said that there is any deviation from the purposes for which the said plot was earmarked and allotted to the appellant - F Appellant was running thf3 hostel on no profit-no loss basis and had taken the initiative of introducing progressive elements (through the establishment of counselling centres), in its efforts to alleviate some primary concerns of most working women - Thus, order passed by the High Court was G not sustainable - Maharashtra Municipalities (Trqnsfer of Immovable property) Rules, 1983 - r.21. Public Interest Litigation: 985 H 986 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 2 S.C.R. A Death of sole petitioner - Effect on continuance of PIL -Held: Although a matter cannot be allowed to be prosecuted for and on behalf of a dead person or against a dead party but a Public Interest Litigation, which generally raises an issue of general public importance, should not be allowed to be B withdrawn or dismissed on technical grounds, if cognizance thereof has already been taken by the court.

Concept of, and importance of - Held: The concept of Public Interest Litigation was introduced to help a person or class of persons whose legal and constitutional rights are C violated - It means a legal action initiated in court of law for the enforcement of public interest or general interest in which the public or class of the community have pecuniary interest or some interest by which their legal rights or liabilities are affected - A person or the society could espouse a common D grievance by filing a petition under Article 226 of the Constitution in the High Court or under Article 32 of the Constitution in the Supreme Court - Constitution of India, 1950 - Articles 226, 32. E Procedure to be adopted while entertaining PIL - Held: Courts entertaining PIL enjoy a degree of flexibility unknown to the trial of traditional court litigation but the procedure to be adopted by it should be known to the judicial tenets and adhere to established principles of a judicial procedure F employed in every judicial proceedings which constitute the basic infrastructure along whose channels flows the power of the court in the process of adjudication - However, minor deviations are permissible in order to do complete justice between the parties. G Constitution of India, 1950:

Article 226 - Applicability of provisions of CPC to petitions filed u!Article 226 - Held: s.14.1, CPC creates a bar of applicability of the provisions of the CPC to petitions filed H under Article 226 of the Constitution - Explanation to s.141, PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 987 COUNCIL, NANDED CPC which has been added in the CPC with effect from A 1.2.1977 makes it clear that the provisions of CPC do not speoifically apply to the proceedings under Article 226 -Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 - s.141 Article 226 - PIL - Death of sole petitioner - Right to 8 pursue the remedy in the absence of any person on record representing the deceaseq writ petitioner - Various options that can be exercised by the court in such situation -Discussed.

The appellant was a charitable trust. It made a C request to respondent no.1-muncipal council for -allotment of a plot for starting a school for providing -education especially for girls. The request was allowed and allotment was made to the appellant on 60 years lease and possession was given. A writ petition in the D nature of pro bono publico was filed challenging the allotment. During the pendency of writ petition, the sole petitioner 'ATK' expired. There was no application to bring on record the legal representatives of the deceased petitioner. Thereafter, th~ High Court appointed the E counsel of the deceased writ petitioner as Amicus Curiae and directed him to continue to prosecute the said petition. By impugned order, the High Court set aside the allotment of a piece of land in favour of the appellant. F The questions which arose 1or consideration in the instant appeal were whether the 'High Court was justified in setting aside the allotment and whether on the death of the sole petitioner in Public Interest Litigation, the petition would· stand abated or can be allowed to be continued without bringing anyone else in place of the G deceased petitioner. Allowing the appeal,· the Court HELD: 1.1. It is well settled that no matter can be H 988 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 2 S.C.R.

A allowed to be prosecuted for and on behalf of a dead person or against a dead party but it is also, no doubt, true that a Public Interest Litigation, which generally raises an issue of general public importance, should not be allowed to be withdrawn or dismissed on technical B grounds, if cognizance thereof has already been taken by the court. The concept of Public Interest Litigation was introduced in Indian Legal System to help a person or a class of persons whose legal and Constitutional Rights are violated and where such person or class of persons c as the case may be, owing to their disadvantaged position such as poverty, exploitation, socially and economic backwardness and other forms of disablement etc. is unable to approach the courts. Under these circumstances, a person or the society could espouse a common grievance by filing a petition under Article 2260 of the Constitution of India in the High Court or under Article 32 of the Constitution of India in the Supreme Court. [Paras 9, 10] [998-8-C; 998-E-F]

1.2. Public Interest Litigation means a legal action E initiated in a court of law for the enforcement of public interest or general interest in which the public or class of the community have pecuniary interest or some interest by which their legal rights or liabilities are affected. It is also well settled that laws of procedure are F meant to regulate effectively, assist and aid the object of doing substantial and real justice and not to foreclose an adjudication on merits of substantial rights of citizens under personal, propl!rty or other laws. Though, the courts entertaining PIL enjoy a degree of flexibility G unknown to the trial of traditional court litigation but the procedure to be adopted by it should be known to the judicial tenets and adhere to established principles of a judicial procedure employed in every judicial proceedings which constitute the basic infrastructure along whose H channels flows the power of the court in the process of PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 989 COUNCIL, NANDED adjudication. It would thus clearly mean that the courts A have to,' in the normal course of business, follow traditional procedural law. However, minor deviations are permissible here and there in order to do complete justice between the parties. [Paras 11-13) [998-G-H; 999-A-D] ' ' B Black's Law Dictionary - referred to.

2.1. Section 141, CPC creates a bar of applicability of the provisions of the CPC to petitions filed under Article 226 of the Constitution. Explanation to Section 141, CPC which has been added in the CPC with effect from C 1.2.1977 makes it clear that the provisions of CPC do not specifically apply to the proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. The necessary corollary thereof shall be that it shall be open to the courts to apply the procedure provided in CPC to any proceeding in any D court of civil jurisdiction except to the proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. [Para 15) [9,99-G; 1000-8-C)

2.2. Order 22, rule 4A, CPC prescribes the procedure E where there is no legal representatives. Even if it is held .that Order 22, CPC which relates to the subject of 'abatement of suits', is not applicable to writ proceedings, it does not mean that death of the petitioner can be totally ignored. Looking to the nature of the writ proceedings, F as initiated by the deceased petitioner, the question was whether the right to pursue the remedy would have survived despite the absence of any person on record representing the deceased. Under such circumstances, the following options- can be exercised by the couft't.I As soon as the information is received that a sole peti\ioner G to the writ petition in the nature of a PIL filed pro bono publico, is dead, the court can issue a notice throf,lgh newspapers or electronic media inviting public spir~ed bodies or persons to file applications to take up'the· position of the petitioner. If such an application is filed, H 990 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] ~ S.C.R.

A the court can examine the antecedents of the person so applying and find out if allowing him to be impleaded as petitioner could meet the ends of justice. If the matter is already pending and the court is of the opinion that the . relief sought could be granted in the PIL, without having B .to take recourse to adversarial-style of proceedings, then it can proceed further as if it had taken suo moto cognizance of the matter. The court can still examine and explore the possibility if any of the non-contesting respondents of the writ petition could be transposed as c petitioner as ultimately the relief would be granted to the said party only. The court in a suitable case can ask any lawyer or any other individual or an organisation to assist the court in place of the person who had earlier filed the petition. However, the fact situation of the instant case would show that after the death of the original petitioner0 'ATK', respondent no.1-municipal council could have stepped into the shoes of the petitioner, albeit on a limited scale. This is because, while the deceased writ petitioner had challenged the initial allotment of land in favour of E the appellant-charitable organization on the ground that it was made in contravention of the purpose envisaged in the master plan, respondent No.1 had emphasized on the subsequent unauthorized change in user of land by the appellant. Respondent no. 12 in the writ petition 'SMS' could also have been transposed as a petitioner because . F he too, had a similar grievance against the respondent Municipal Council as that of the original deceased petitioner. 'SMS' also had passed away during the pendency of the writ proceedings - however, in his own second appeal, he had been represented through his G Legal Representative. So, the impleadment of that legal representative as the petitioner in this PIL would have been sufficient for continuance of proceedings since the main relief sought was the same, i.e. quashing of the allotment order in favour of the appellant. [Paras 17 to 22] H [1001-C-H; 1002-A-G]

PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 991 COUNCIL, NANDED 2.3. Where the main writ petitioner has passed away A and any other person (not being a representative of the deceased) is brought on record, either from the opposite side or from a third party, the court may, after having received an application requesting for permission for the same, grant opportunity to the newly added petitioners B to amend the petition, if they so desire. In such circumstances, court can taken suo moto cognizance of the averments made in the petition, despite death of original petitioner, by assigning reasons and can continue to bring it to a logical end, so as to meet the ends of c justice. In this view of the matter, reasoning of the court in this regard cannot be legally upheld as the same would lead to an anomalous situation not akin to law. [Paras 23-25] [1002-H; 1003-A-C]

3. As regards merits of the matter, 'SMS' had filed a D civil suit for cancellation of the lease granted in favour of the appellant. The suit was dismissed. Ultimately, matter was carried up to the Supreme Court. An SLP filed before the Supreme Court was dismissed as withdrawn. Thus, in any case, the question of legality of the allotment of the E subject piece of land in favour of the appellant, had . attained finality at the High Court stage, even though at the instance of some other person. In the suit filed by 'SMS', who was the plaintiff therein, the Municipal Council was arrayed as defendant no.2 in which it had filed its F written statement giving reasons for allotment of piece of plot in favour of the appellant. It was categorically mentioned in the same that Divisional Commissioner had accorded sanction to the said transfer of plot. Accordingly, the appellant had started the construction G of its building to be used for the hostel for girls and working women. Similarly, all other respondents fully supported the allotment of plot in favour of the appellant. In the writ petition by 'ATK', respondent no. 1 has submitted that the reservations of the land for the H 992 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 2 S.C.R.

A establishment of a primary school near the open space in the revised layout was not under the master plan. It was development plan submitted by the owner of these two lands under Section 44 of the Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning Act of 1966 and those two B reservations were as per the tentative development plan fortfttriated by the Municipal Council as a planning authorit1f'""'9 plan was sanctioned before 1972. The owner of the land was not in a position to finance the construction of a primary school. In this background, c appellant-Trust came forward with the offer to establish primary school as per the revised development plan with the consent of the owner. In the affidavit of Collector, Nanded in the writ petition, it was categorically averred that the said plot was reserved to be allotted on the lease basis for 60 years and the main object of the appellant-0 trust was to conduct educational activities for girls .. Assistant Director of Town Planning had also issued no objection certificate for the allotment of plot. He also referred to Rule 21 of the Maharashtra Municipalities (Transfer of Immovable property) Rules, 1983 under E which the Municipal Council is bestowed with the powers of sanction of government grant of the land on the basis of lease for promotion of educational, medical, religious, social and charitable purposes to the registered institutions on payment of such concessional premium F as the council may, in its discretion, determine. The Chief Officer of Nanded Municipal Council, Nanded also submitted his affidavit in reply to the writ petition and assigned various valid and cogent reasons for allotment of plot to the appellant. In the reply affidavit of the then G Commissioner of the Municipal Corporation, it was categorically stated that on 3.1.1978, the first development plan of Nanded city was sanctioned by the Government in which the said plot was shown and included in the Development plan for public and semi public purposes H and was not shown or included as land reserved 1 PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 993

COUNCIL, NANDED

exclusively for primary school. Thus, only after land user A was changed, admittedly the appellant was using it for the said purposes i.e. Public and semi public use, which fact was not denied by respondents. However, for want of money and financial crunch, the school for which the land was initially acquired by the appellant could not be B started. So, it constructed a hostel for working women and girls taking higher education. There was one auditorium also which was used as family counselling centre. It was neither disputed nor anything could be brought on record to show that appellant was running c the said hostel for any gains or profit. In fact, it was run on no profit-no loss basis. The accounts of the appellant were duly audited and reflected absolute transparency. There was no reason to doubt the correctness thereof. It is a matter of common knowledge that girls and women 0 face lot of problems and difficulties in finding a suitable and safe accommodation when they go out of their own cities, to their respective schools or colleges or work-place. If a hostel has been constructed for girls and working women, then it would definitely be for public or E semi public purpose and it cannot be said that there has been any deviation from the purposes for which the said plot was earmarked and allotted to the appellant. It is commendable that the appellant has taken the initiative of introducing progressive elements (through the F establishment of counselling centres), in its efforts to alleviate some primary concerns of most working women. It would be nothing short of a cruel twist of justice, if they are prevented from continuing to do so by a PIL, which is motivated by ulterior motives. The provisions of Memorandum of Association of the G appellant clearly stated that one of the objectives of the appellant was to provide Hostel facilities for girls and working women. This further fortified the stand of the , appellant that it was public or at least semi-public purpose. Thus, looking to the matter from all angles, the H

994 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 2 S.C.R. A impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court cannot be sustained in law. [Paras 26 to 37] [1003-E-H; 1004-A-H; 1005-A-G; 1006-A-G] CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. B 2619 of 2002. From the Judgment & Order dated 16/17.7.2001 of the High Court of Judicature of Bombay, Bench at Aurangabad in Writ Petition No. 925 of 1988. c Dr. A.M. Singhvi, V.A. Mohta, Ajay Majithia, Anubhav Singhvi, Abhimanyu Bhandari (for Yash Pal Dhingra) for the Appellant. G.E. Vahanvati, AG, Parag Tripathi, ASG, Shivaji M. D Jadhav, Shankar Chillarge, Asha Gopalan Nair for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DEEPAK VERMA, J. 1. How far whip of Public Interest E Litigation can be stretched and used is the moot and foremost question to be answered in this Appeal, arising out of judgment and order dated 16/17th July, 2001 passed by Division Bench of the High Court of Judicature of Bombay, Bench at Aurangabad in W. P. No. 925 of 1988 titled as A nil F Tryambakarao Kokil (since dead) Vs. Municipal Council, Nanded and others.

2. Appellant herein - Pragati Mahila Mandal, Nanded is before us challenging the said judgment and order passed by Division Bench, whereby and whereunder allotment of a piece G of plot bearing Survey No. 42 of Village Assadullabad (Maganpura), admeasuring 75'x 350' in its favour has been set aside and quashed as being illegal and void ab initio, with further direction to Respondent No. 1, Municipal Council, Nanded to take possession of the said plot together with H PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 995 COUNCIL, NANDED [DEEPAK VERMA, J.] building appurtenant thereto, within a period of eight weeks from A the date of impugned judgment. Thumb nail sketch of the facts of the case is as under: 3. Appellant is a Charitable Trust duly registered under the provisions of Bombay Public Trust Act, 1950. On 14.10.1983, B it made a request to Respondent No. 1 Municipal Council, Nanded (now Nanded Waghela City Municipal Corporation) for allotment of a plot, out of the lands belonging to it, for starting a school to provide education, especially for girls. Accordingly, in the year 1984, the Administrator, who was then holding the C charge of the Municipal Council, vide Resolution dated 22.10.1984 allotted a plot admeasuring 75' x 350' bearing Survey No. 42 to the Appellant on a 60 years' lease.

4. It further contemplated that the applicable rental 0 compensation shall be fixed on the basis of the rate to be worked out by the Assistant Town Planner, subject to compliance of the provisions of Section 92 of the Maharashtra Municipal Councils, Nagar Panchayats and Industrial Townships Act, 1965 (for short The Act'). The Assistant Town Planner was E also required to undertake the measurements and after fixing boundaries, the said piece of plot came to be handed over to the Appellant on 25.10.1984, after drawing a possession Panchanama. However, at that time, the nominal rental compensation could not be fixed as the State Government was yet to grant sanction for transfer of the land in favour of the F Appellant, as contemplated under Section 92 of the Act. 5. Respondent No.1, the Municipal Council then in turn submitted a proposal to the Collector, seeking sanction of the State Government regarding allotment of the aforesaid plot in G favour of the Appellant. The Assistant Town Planner by his communication dated 5.6.1986 informed Respondent No.1 that rental compensation for the subject plot for giving it on long lease of 60 years, would work out at Rs. 6,816/- per annum. A representation was made by the Appellant for reduction of the H 996 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 2 S.C.R.

A rental to a reasonable sum, owing to it being a Charitable Trust, working mainly for the benefit of girls and women and it had no source of income to pay such rental compensation. On reconsideration of the matter, the rental was fixed at Rs. 11 per annum by the Divisional Commissioner, vide his order dated B 12.11.1986, wherein sanction was granted under Section 92 of the Act, for allotment of the subject plot to the Appellant on a lease for 60 years. Thus, it was an ex-post facto sanction granted in favour of the Appellant, after the possession of the plot was already handed over to the Appellant. It was this C allotment of land in favour of the Appellant and also other allotments made by Respondent No.1 in favour of other allottees together with certain donations made by Respondent No.1, Municipal Council that were the subject matter of challenge in a consolidated writ petition filed by Anil Tryambakarao Kokil (since dead) in the nature of pro bona publico.0

6. However, it appears that during pendency of this Writ Petition, the sole petitioner Anil Tryambakarao Kokil expired. It is to be noted here that, following his demise, no application to bring the Legal Representatives of the deceased Petitioner E on record was preferred, before the hearing of the writ petition could commence. Thereafter, instead of directing the petition to have abated or to have made some alternative arrangements (since his legal representatives were not brought on record) to ensure that some other public spirited person to F be brought in as petitioner to prosecute the petition, in place of deceased Anil Tryambakarao Kokil, the counsel Mr. S.C. Bora, who probably was already appearing for deceased Writ Petitioner, was appointed as Amicus Curiae and was directed to continue to prosecute the said petition in that capacity of G Amicus Curiae. Thus for all practical purposes, the petition continued to be prosecuted and heard even when admittedly the sole Petitioner Anil Tryambakarao Kokil had expired long time back. 7. Thus, apart from examining the correctness, legality and H PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 997 COUNCIL, NANDED [DEEPAK VERMA, J.]

propriety of the impugned order passed by Division Bench, it A is also necessary to examine the effect of death of the sole petitioner in a Public Interest Litigation, viz., whether the same would stand abated or can be allowed to be continued without bringing anyone else in place of the deceased petitioner. B 8. The Division Bench had, vide its interim order dated 16.1.2001, considered the question of the effect of the death of the sole petitioner Anil Tryambakrao Kokil on the Writ Petition, and whether anyone else is required to be brought in his place. After duedeliberation, the Division Bench then C appointed counsel for the petitioner who was already appearing as Amicus Curiae, with further direction to allow him to continue the petition. Thus, there was change of status of the counsel for deceased petitioner. The said Order dated 16.1.2001 reads as under: D "This is a public interest litigation pertaining to the allotment of plots and shops in the Nanded City; by the Municipal Council, Nanded. However, the petitioner has expired long back. Nobody has come forward to agitate the cause of this petition further. After having gone through E the petition, this Court would like to hear the parties to find out whether there is any substance in the petition.

Shri S.C. Bora, learned Advocate, who has made the statement that the petitioner has expired, has stated that F this Vakilpatra ceases to be effective. However, in our opinion, it is necessary to appoint Amicus Curiae so as to assist this Court to understand the facts of the case and to find out if any decision is required to be given in the matter. Shri Bora is, therefore, appointed as Amicus Curiae in the matter. Shri M.V. Deshpande, learned Advocate for the Municipal Council, states that he was under the impression that since the petitioner has expired, the matter will not be heard today. The learned Advocates for other respondents 998 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 2 S.C.R. A also state that they require more time for getting themselves prepared in the matter. S.O. to 6.2.2001."

9. Perusal thereof does not, in fact, reflect or show as to B for what reasons and under what circumstances the Amicus CLJrfae was allowed to be relegated to the position of the · petitioner, who had admittedly died long time back. It is too well settled that no matter can be allowed to be prosecuted for and on behalf of a dead person or against a dead party but it is also C no doubt true that a Public Interest Litigation, which generally raises an issue of general public importance, should not be allowed to be withdrawn or dismissed on technical grounds, if cognizance thereof has already been taken by the Court. But an important issue would still arise whether in case of death of D a sole petitioner in a Public Interest Litigation, without bringing anyone else in his place, if the petition could still be allowed to be prosecuted or continued?

10. The concept of Public Interest Litigation was introduced E in Indian Legal System to help a person or a class of persons whose legal and Constitutional Rights are violated and where such person or class of persons as the case may be, owing to their disadvantaged position such as poverty, exploitation, socially and economic backwardness and other forms of disablement etc. is unable to approach the courts. Under the F aforesaid circumstances, a person or the society could espouse a common grievance by filing a petition under Article 226 of the Constitution of India in the High Court or under Article 32 of the Constitution of India in the Supreme Court. G 11. According to Black's Law Dictionary - "Public Interest Litigation means a legal action initiated in a court of law for the enforcement of public interest or general interest in which the public or class of the community have pecuniary interest or some interest by which their legal rights or liabilities are H affected." PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 999 COUNCIL, NANDED [DEEPAK VERMA, J.] 12. It is also well settled that laws of procedure are meant A to regulate effectively, assist and aid the object of doing substantial and real justice and not to foreclose an adjudic:ition on merits of substantial rights of citizens under personal, . property or other laws. B

13. Though, the courts entertaining PIL enjoy a degree of flexibility unknown to the trial of traditional court litigation but the procedure to be adopted by it should be known to the judicial tenets and adhere to established principles of a judicial procedure employed in every judicial proceedings which constitute the basic infrastructure along whose channels flows C the power of the court in the process of adjudication. It would thus clearly mean that the courts have to, in the normal course of business, follow traditional procedural law. However, minor deviation~ are permissible here and there in order to do complete justice between the parties. D / 14. Even though, we made fervent search to find out a suitable answer to the questions posed hereinabove, from earlier precedents of this Court but it appears to be a unique case. Therefore, in our wisdom, we thought it appropriate to E provide answer to the said question. 15. Before proceeding to decide the said issue, it is necessary to take into consideration some of the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (hereinafter shall be referred Fto as Code for short). Section 141 of the Code, which creates a bar of applicability of the provisions of the Code to petitions filed under Article 226 of the Constitution reads as under: G

"141. Miscellaneous proceedings- The procedure provided in this Code in regard to suit shall be followed, as far as it can be made applicable, in all proceedings in any Court of civil jurisdiction. H 1000 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 2 S.C.R. A [Explanation - In this section, the expression "proceedings" includes proceedings under Order IX, but does not include any proceeding under article 226 of the Constitution.]" Explanation which has been added in the Code with effect8 from 1.2.1977 makes it clear that the provisions of the Code do not specifically apply to the proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. The necessary corollary thereof shall be that it shall be C open to the Courts to apply the procedure provided in the Code to any proceeding in any Court of civil jurisdiction except to the proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. 16. Order XXll, Rule 4A of the Code prescribes the procedure where there is no legal representative, reads thus:0 "Order XXll Rule 4A. Procedure where there is no legal representative-

If, in any suit, it shall appear to the Court that any party who E has died during the pendency of the suit has no legal representative, the Court may, on the application of any party to the suit, proceed in the absence of a person representing the estate of the deceased person, or may by order appoint the Administrator-General, or an officer F of the Court or such other person as it thinks fit to represent the estate of the deceased person for the purpose of the suit; and any judgment or order subsequently given or made in the suit shall bind the estate of the deceased person to the same extent as he would have been bound if a personal representative of the deceased person hasG been a party to the suit. (2) Before making an order under this Rule, the Court - (a) may require notice of the application for the order to H be given to such (if any) of the persons having an interest PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 1001 COUNCIL, NANDED [DEEPAK VERMA, J.] in the estate of the deceased person as it thinks fit; and A {b) shall ascertain that the person proposed to be appointed to represent the estate of the deceased person is willing to be so appointed and has no interest adverse to that of the deceased person." B

17. Thus, even if it is held that Order 22 of the Code, which relates to the subject of 'abatement of suits', is not applicable to writ proceedings, it does not mean that death of the petitioner can be totally ignored. Looking to the nature of the writ proceedings, as initiated by the deceased petitioner, the C question is whether the right to pursue the remedy would have survived despite the absence of any person on record representing the deceased. 18. Under these circumstances, what would have been the o best option open to the court, is to be seen. In our considered opinion, the following options could have been exercised by the Court. 19. As soon as the information is received that a sole petitioner to the writ petition in the nature of a PIL filed pro bono E publico, is dead, the Court can issue a notice through newspapers or electronic media inviting public spirited bodies or persons to file applications to take up the position of the petitioner. If such an application is filed, the court can examine the antecedents of the person so applying and find out if ·F allowing him to be impleaded as petitioner could meet the ends of justice. 20. If the matter is already pending and the court is of the opinion that the relief sought could be granted in the PIL, without G having to take recourse to adversarial-style of proceedings, then it can proceed further as if it had taken suo moto cognizance of the matter. 21. The court can still examine and explore the possibility, H

1002 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 2 S.C.R. A if any of the non-contesting Respondents of the Writ Petition could be transposed as petitioner as ultimately the relief would be granted to the said party only. The court in a suitable case can ask any lawyer or any other individual or an organisation to assist the court in place of the person who had earlier filed B the petition.

22. However, the fact situation of this case would show that after the death of the original petitioner Anil Tryambakarao Kokil, Respondent No.1 Municipal Council could have stepped into the shoes of the petitioner, albeit on a limited scale. This C is because, while the Writ Petitioner had challenged the initial allotment of land in favour of the Appellant charitable organization on the ground that it was made in contravention of the purpose envisaged in the Master Plan, Respondent No.1 Nanded Municipal Council had emphasized on the subsequent D unauthorized change in user of land by the Appellant. If we were to cast our net wider, Sitaram Maganlal Shukla, (who was Respondent No. 12 in the Writ Petition), could also have been transposed as a Petitioner because he too, had a similar grievance against the Respondent Municipal Council as that of E the original deceased petitioner. It has been brought to our notice that the said Sitaram Maganlal Shukla also had passed away during the pendency of the Writ Proceedings - however, in his own Second Appeal No. 30 of 2000, he had been represented through his Legal Representative. So, the F impleadment of that Legal Representative as the Petitioner in this PIL would have been sufficient for continuance of proceedings. Since the petition before the High Court was in the nature of a PIL, it is immaterial that the respective causes of action urged by the Writ Petitioner and Respondent No. 12 G have their foundations in different sets of legal argument, as the main relief sought is the same, i.e. quashing of the allotment

• order in favour of the Appellant. 23. At any rate, in cases like the above, where the main Writ Petitioner has passed away and any other person (not H PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 1003 COUNCIL, NANDED [DEEPAK VERMA, J.] being a representative.of the deceased) is brought on record, A either from the opposite side or from a third party, the court may, after having received an application requesting for permission for the same, grant opportunity to the newly added petitioners to amend the petition, if they so desire. B 24. In these circumstances, Court could have taken a suo moto cognizance of the averments made in the petition, despite death of original petitioner, by asigning reasons and could have continued to bring it to a logical end, so as to meet the ends of justice. c 25. In this view of the matter, reasoning of the Court in this --regard cannot be legally upheld nor we can put a seal of -approval to such a procedure as the same would lead to an anomalot:s situation not akin to law. D 26. Now, coming to the merits of the matter, few facts material for deciding have already been mentioned hereinabove but we have to decide whether the Division Bench in the impugned judgment was justified in quashing the allotment made in favour of the Appellant or not. E ·

27. It is pertinent to point out here that the aforementioned Sitaram Maganlal Shukla had filed a civil suit for cancellation of the lease granted in favour of the Appellant. Ultimately, matter was carried up to this Court. The said suit was dismissed. An SLP (c) No.16517/2007 against the judgment and order dated F 15.6.2007 passed in Second Appeal No. 30 of 2000 of the High Court of Bombay, Bench at Aurangabad was filed before this Court. However, on 21.9.2007 the said SLP was dismissed as withdrawn. Thus, in any case, the question of legality of the allotment of the subject piece of land in favour of the Appellant, G had attained finality at the High Court stage, even though at the instance of some other person. 28. In the aforesaid suit filed by Sitaram Maganlal Shukla, who was the plaintiff therein, the Municipal Council was arrayed H 1004 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 2 S.C.R. A as defendant No.2 in which it had filed its written statement giving reasons for allotment of piece of plot in favour of the Appellant. It was categorically mentioned in the same that Divisional Commissioner had accorded sanction to the said transfer of plot by its letter dated 12.11.1986. Accordingly, the B Appellant had started the construction of its building to be used for the hostel for girls and working women. Similarly, all other Respondents had fully supported the allotment of plot in favour of the Appellant.

29. In the Writ Petition No. 925 of 1988, Respondent No. C 1 has submitted that the reservations of the land in survey No. 42 and Survey No. 29 for the establishment of a primary school near the open space in the revised layout was not under the master plan. It was development plan submitted by the owner of these two lands under Section 44 of the Maharashtra D Regional and Town Planning Act of 1966 and those two reservations are as per the tentative development plan formulated by the Municipal Council as a planning authority. This plan was sanctioned before 1972. The owner of the land was not in a position to finance the construction of a primary school. E In this background, Appellant - Trust came forward with the offer to establish primary school as per the revised development plan with the consent of the owner.

30. It is pertinent to point out the affidavit of Collector, F Nanded in the Writ Petition. He has categorically averred that the said plot was reserved to be allotted on the lease basis for 60 years and the main object of the Appellant, Pragati Mahila Mandal, Nanded is to conduct educational activities for girls. Assistant Director of Town Planning had also issued no G objection certificate for the allotment of plot to the above institution. He has also referred to Rule 21 of the Maharashtra Municipalities (Transfer of Immovable property) Rules, 1983 under which the Municipal Council is bestowed with the powers of sanction of government grant of the land on the basis of lease for promotion of educational, medical, religious, social and H PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 1005 COUNCIL, NANDED [DEEPAK VERMA, J.] charitable purposes to the registered institutions on payment A of such concessional premium as the council may, in its discretion, determine. 31. The Chief Officer of Nanded Municipal Council, Nanded had also submitted his affidavit in reply to the Writ 8 Petition and assigned various valid and cogent reasons for allotment of plot to the Appellant.

32. In the reply affidavit of Kiran Kurundkar dated 30.6.2001, the then Commissioner of the Nanded - Waghela Municipal Corporation, it has categorically been stated that on C 3.1.1978, the first development plan of Nanded city was sanctioned by the Government in which the said plot was shown and included in the Development plan for public and semi public purposes and was not shown or included as land reserved exclusively for primary school. Thus, only after land user was D changed, admittedly the Appellant is using it for the said purposes ie. Public and semi public use, which fact has not been denied by Respondents. 33. However, as has been mentioned earlier, for want of E money and financial crunch, the school forwhich the land was initially acquired by the Appellant could not be started. So, it constructed a hostel for working women and girls taking higher education. There is one auditorium also which is being used as family counselling centre. F

34. It has neither been disputed before us nor anything could be brought on record to show that Appellant is running the said hostel for any gains or profit. In fact, it is run on no profit-no loss basis. This is manifest from the details of the list of students who have been pursuing various courses for higher G education since the year 1991 to the year 2000. It largely discloses the names of the students, the courses for which they had opted and the colleges of enrolment It also shows that initially room rent was only Rs. 150/- which was enhanced to Rs. 400/- in the year 2000. Most of the inmates were students H 1006 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 2 S.C.R. A and only handful of them were working women. We have been given to understand that as of today, it is charging only Rs. 750/ - per month from each of the students occupying the room. The accounts of the Appellant are duly audited and reflect absolute transparency. There is no reason to doubt the correctness B thereof.

35. It is a matter of common knowledge that girls and women face lot of problems and difficulties in finding a suitable and safe accommodation when they go out of their own cities, C to their respective schools or colleges or work-place. If a hostel has been constructed for girls and working women, then it would definitely be for public or semi public purpose and it cannot be said that there has been any deviation from the purposes for which the said plot was earmarked and allotted to the Appellant. It is commendable that the Appellant has taken the initiative of D introducing progressive elements (through the establishment of counselling centres), in its efforts to alleviate some primary concerns of most working women. It would be nothing short of a cruel twist of justice, if they are prevented from continuing to do so by a PIL, which is motivated by ulterior motives. E 36. In this regard, it is further necessary to mention that the provisions of Memorandum of Association of the Appellant clearly state that one of the objectives of the Appellant is to provide Hostel facilities for girls and working women. This F further fortifies the stand of the Appellant that it is public or at least semi-public purpose.

37. Thus, looking to the matter from all angles, we are of the considered opinion that impugned judgment and order passed by the Division Bench cannot be sustained in law. It ' G deserves to be set aside and quashed. We accordingly do so. The appeal is accordingly hereby allowed. Parties are directed to bear their own respective costs. D.G. Appeal allowed. H

[2011] 2 S.C.R. 985 PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED A v. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, NANDED AND ORS. (Civil Appeal No.2619 of 2002) FEBRUARY 18, 2011 B [DALVEER _BHANDARI AND DEEPAK VERMA, JJ.] Municipalities: Allotment of land - Plot shown and included in development plan for public and semi public purpose - Appel/ant-charitable trust allotted a plot of land on C · 60 years lease for starting a school for providing education especially for girls - However, for want of money and financial crunch, the school for which the land was initially acquired by the appellant could not be started and the appellant started hostel for girls and working women - Writ petition in the nature 0 of pro bona publico challenging the allotment of land to the appellant - High Court set aside the allotment of land - On appeal, held: It is a matter of common knowledge that girls and women face lot of problems and difficulties in finding a suitable and safe accommodation when they go out of their E own· cities, to their respective schools or colleges or work-place

- If a hostel is constructed for girls and working women, then it is definitely for public or semi public purpose and it cannot be said that there is any deviation from the purposes for which the said plot was earmarked and allotted to the appellant - F Appellant was running thf3 hostel on no profit-no loss basis and had taken the initiative of introducing progressive elements (through the establishment of counselling centres), in its efforts to alleviate some primary concerns of most working women - Thus, order passed by the High Court was G not sustainable - Maharashtra Municipalities (Trqnsfer of Immovable property) Rules, 1983 - r.21. Public Interest Litigation: 985 H 986 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 2 S.C.R. A Death of sole petitioner - Effect on continuance of PIL -Held: Although a matter cannot be allowed to be prosecuted for and on behalf of a dead person or against a dead party but a Public Interest Litigation, which generally raises an issue of general public importance, should not be allowed to be B withdrawn or dismissed on technical grounds, if cognizance thereof has already been taken by the court.

Concept of, and importance of - Held: The concept of Public Interest Litigation was introduced to help a person or class of persons whose legal and constitutional rights are C violated - It means a legal action initiated in court of law for the enforcement of public interest or general interest in which the public or class of the community have pecuniary interest or some interest by which their legal rights or liabilities are affected - A person or the society could espouse a common D grievance by filing a petition under Article 226 of the Constitution in the High Court or under Article 32 of the Constitution in the Supreme Court - Constitution of India, 1950 - Articles 226, 32. E Procedure to be adopted while entertaining PIL - Held: Courts entertaining PIL enjoy a degree of flexibility unknown to the trial of traditional court litigation but the procedure to be adopted by it should be known to the judicial tenets and adhere to established principles of a judicial procedure F employed in every judicial proceedings which constitute the basic infrastructure along whose channels flows the power of the court in the process of adjudication - However, minor deviations are permissible in order to do complete justice between the parties. G Constitution of India, 1950:

Article 226 - Applicability of provisions of CPC to petitions filed u!Article 226 - Held: s.14.1, CPC creates a bar of applicability of the provisions of the CPC to petitions filed H under Article 226 of the Constitution - Explanation to s.141, PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 987 COUNCIL, NANDED CPC which has been added in the CPC with effect from A 1.2.1977 makes it clear that the provisions of CPC do not speoifically apply to the proceedings under Article 226 -Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 - s.141 Article 226 - PIL - Death of sole petitioner - Right to 8 pursue the remedy in the absence of any person on record representing the deceaseq writ petitioner - Various options that can be exercised by the court in such situation -Discussed.

The appellant was a charitable trust. It made a C request to respondent no.1-muncipal council for -allotment of a plot for starting a school for providing -education especially for girls. The request was allowed and allotment was made to the appellant on 60 years lease and possession was given. A writ petition in the D nature of pro bono publico was filed challenging the allotment. During the pendency of writ petition, the sole petitioner 'ATK' expired. There was no application to bring on record the legal representatives of the deceased petitioner. Thereafter, th~ High Court appointed the E counsel of the deceased writ petitioner as Amicus Curiae and directed him to continue to prosecute the said petition. By impugned order, the High Court set aside the allotment of a piece of land in favour of the appellant. F The questions which arose 1or consideration in the instant appeal were whether the 'High Court was justified in setting aside the allotment and whether on the death of the sole petitioner in Public Interest Litigation, the petition would· stand abated or can be allowed to be continued without bringing anyone else in place of the G deceased petitioner. Allowing the appeal,· the Court HELD: 1.1. It is well settled that no matter can be H 988 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 2 S.C.R.

A allowed to be prosecuted for and on behalf of a dead person or against a dead party but it is also, no doubt, true that a Public Interest Litigation, which generally raises an issue of general public importance, should not be allowed to be withdrawn or dismissed on technical B grounds, if cognizance thereof has already been taken by the court. The concept of Public Interest Litigation was introduced in Indian Legal System to help a person or a class of persons whose legal and Constitutional Rights are violated and where such person or class of persons c as the case may be, owing to their disadvantaged position such as poverty, exploitation, socially and economic backwardness and other forms of disablement etc. is unable to approach the courts. Under these circumstances, a person or the society could espouse a common grievance by filing a petition under Article 2260 of the Constitution of India in the High Court or under Article 32 of the Constitution of India in the Supreme Court. [Paras 9, 10] [998-8-C; 998-E-F]

1.2. Public Interest Litigation means a legal action E initiated in a court of law for the enforcement of public interest or general interest in which the public or class of the community have pecuniary interest or some interest by which their legal rights or liabilities are affected. It is also well settled that laws of procedure are F meant to regulate effectively, assist and aid the object of doing substantial and real justice and not to foreclose an adjudication on merits of substantial rights of citizens under personal, propl!rty or other laws. Though, the courts entertaining PIL enjoy a degree of flexibility G unknown to the trial of traditional court litigation but the procedure to be adopted by it should be known to the judicial tenets and adhere to established principles of a judicial procedure employed in every judicial proceedings which constitute the basic infrastructure along whose H channels flows the power of the court in the process of PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 989 COUNCIL, NANDED adjudication. It would thus clearly mean that the courts A have to,' in the normal course of business, follow traditional procedural law. However, minor deviations are permissible here and there in order to do complete justice between the parties. [Paras 11-13) [998-G-H; 999-A-D] ' ' B Black's Law Dictionary - referred to.

2.1. Section 141, CPC creates a bar of applicability of the provisions of the CPC to petitions filed under Article 226 of the Constitution. Explanation to Section 141, CPC which has been added in the CPC with effect from C 1.2.1977 makes it clear that the provisions of CPC do not specifically apply to the proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. The necessary corollary thereof shall be that it shall be open to the courts to apply the procedure provided in CPC to any proceeding in any D court of civil jurisdiction except to the proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. [Para 15) [9,99-G; 1000-8-C)

2.2. Order 22, rule 4A, CPC prescribes the procedure E where there is no legal representatives. Even if it is held .that Order 22, CPC which relates to the subject of 'abatement of suits', is not applicable to writ proceedings, it does not mean that death of the petitioner can be totally ignored. Looking to the nature of the writ proceedings, F as initiated by the deceased petitioner, the question was whether the right to pursue the remedy would have survived despite the absence of any person on record representing the deceased. Under such circumstances, the following options- can be exercised by the couft't.I As soon as the information is received that a sole peti\ioner G to the writ petition in the nature of a PIL filed pro bono publico, is dead, the court can issue a notice throf,lgh newspapers or electronic media inviting public spir~ed bodies or persons to file applications to take up'the· position of the petitioner. If such an application is filed, H 990 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] ~ S.C.R.

A the court can examine the antecedents of the person so applying and find out if allowing him to be impleaded as petitioner could meet the ends of justice. If the matter is already pending and the court is of the opinion that the . relief sought could be granted in the PIL, without having B .to take recourse to adversarial-style of proceedings, then it can proceed further as if it had taken suo moto cognizance of the matter. The court can still examine and explore the possibility if any of the non-contesting respondents of the writ petition could be transposed as c petitioner as ultimately the relief would be granted to the said party only. The court in a suitable case can ask any lawyer or any other individual or an organisation to assist the court in place of the person who had earlier filed the petition. However, the fact situation of the instant case would show that after the death of the original petitioner0 'ATK', respondent no.1-municipal council could have stepped into the shoes of the petitioner, albeit on a limited scale. This is because, while the deceased writ petitioner had challenged the initial allotment of land in favour of E the appellant-charitable organization on the ground that it was made in contravention of the purpose envisaged in the master plan, respondent No.1 had emphasized on the subsequent unauthorized change in user of land by the appellant. Respondent no. 12 in the writ petition 'SMS' could also have been transposed as a petitioner because . F he too, had a similar grievance against the respondent Municipal Council as that of the original deceased petitioner. 'SMS' also had passed away during the pendency of the writ proceedings - however, in his own second appeal, he had been represented through his G Legal Representative. So, the impleadment of that legal representative as the petitioner in this PIL would have been sufficient for continuance of proceedings since the main relief sought was the same, i.e. quashing of the allotment order in favour of the appellant. [Paras 17 to 22] H [1001-C-H; 1002-A-G]

PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 991 COUNCIL, NANDED 2.3. Where the main writ petitioner has passed away A and any other person (not being a representative of the deceased) is brought on record, either from the opposite side or from a third party, the court may, after having received an application requesting for permission for the same, grant opportunity to the newly added petitioners B to amend the petition, if they so desire. In such circumstances, court can taken suo moto cognizance of the averments made in the petition, despite death of original petitioner, by assigning reasons and can continue to bring it to a logical end, so as to meet the ends of c justice. In this view of the matter, reasoning of the court in this regard cannot be legally upheld as the same would lead to an anomalous situation not akin to law. [Paras 23-25] [1002-H; 1003-A-C]

3. As regards merits of the matter, 'SMS' had filed a D civil suit for cancellation of the lease granted in favour of the appellant. The suit was dismissed. Ultimately, matter was carried up to the Supreme Court. An SLP filed before the Supreme Court was dismissed as withdrawn. Thus, in any case, the question of legality of the allotment of the E subject piece of land in favour of the appellant, had . attained finality at the High Court stage, even though at the instance of some other person. In the suit filed by 'SMS', who was the plaintiff therein, the Municipal Council was arrayed as defendant no.2 in which it had filed its F written statement giving reasons for allotment of piece of plot in favour of the appellant. It was categorically mentioned in the same that Divisional Commissioner had accorded sanction to the said transfer of plot. Accordingly, the appellant had started the construction G of its building to be used for the hostel for girls and working women. Similarly, all other respondents fully supported the allotment of plot in favour of the appellant. In the writ petition by 'ATK', respondent no. 1 has submitted that the reservations of the land for the H 992 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 2 S.C.R.

A establishment of a primary school near the open space in the revised layout was not under the master plan. It was development plan submitted by the owner of these two lands under Section 44 of the Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning Act of 1966 and those two B reservations were as per the tentative development plan fortfttriated by the Municipal Council as a planning authorit1f'""'9 plan was sanctioned before 1972. The owner of the land was not in a position to finance the construction of a primary school. In this background, c appellant-Trust came forward with the offer to establish primary school as per the revised development plan with the consent of the owner. In the affidavit of Collector, Nanded in the writ petition, it was categorically averred that the said plot was reserved to be allotted on the lease basis for 60 years and the main object of the appellant-0 trust was to conduct educational activities for girls .. Assistant Director of Town Planning had also issued no objection certificate for the allotment of plot. He also referred to Rule 21 of the Maharashtra Municipalities (Transfer of Immovable property) Rules, 1983 under E which the Municipal Council is bestowed with the powers of sanction of government grant of the land on the basis of lease for promotion of educational, medical, religious, social and charitable purposes to the registered institutions on payment of such concessional premium F as the council may, in its discretion, determine. The Chief Officer of Nanded Municipal Council, Nanded also submitted his affidavit in reply to the writ petition and assigned various valid and cogent reasons for allotment of plot to the appellant. In the reply affidavit of the then G Commissioner of the Municipal Corporation, it was categorically stated that on 3.1.1978, the first development plan of Nanded city was sanctioned by the Government in which the said plot was shown and included in the Development plan for public and semi public purposes H and was not shown or included as land reserved 1 PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 993

COUNCIL, NANDED

exclusively for primary school. Thus, only after land user A was changed, admittedly the appellant was using it for the said purposes i.e. Public and semi public use, which fact was not denied by respondents. However, for want of money and financial crunch, the school for which the land was initially acquired by the appellant could not be B started. So, it constructed a hostel for working women and girls taking higher education. There was one auditorium also which was used as family counselling centre. It was neither disputed nor anything could be brought on record to show that appellant was running c the said hostel for any gains or profit. In fact, it was run on no profit-no loss basis. The accounts of the appellant were duly audited and reflected absolute transparency. There was no reason to doubt the correctness thereof. It is a matter of common knowledge that girls and women 0 face lot of problems and difficulties in finding a suitable and safe accommodation when they go out of their own cities, to their respective schools or colleges or work-place. If a hostel has been constructed for girls and working women, then it would definitely be for public or E semi public purpose and it cannot be said that there has been any deviation from the purposes for which the said plot was earmarked and allotted to the appellant. It is commendable that the appellant has taken the initiative of introducing progressive elements (through the F establishment of counselling centres), in its efforts to alleviate some primary concerns of most working women. It would be nothing short of a cruel twist of justice, if they are prevented from continuing to do so by a PIL, which is motivated by ulterior motives. The provisions of Memorandum of Association of the G appellant clearly stated that one of the objectives of the appellant was to provide Hostel facilities for girls and working women. This further fortified the stand of the , appellant that it was public or at least semi-public purpose. Thus, looking to the matter from all angles, the H

994 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 2 S.C.R. A impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court cannot be sustained in law. [Paras 26 to 37] [1003-E-H; 1004-A-H; 1005-A-G; 1006-A-G] CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. B 2619 of 2002. From the Judgment & Order dated 16/17.7.2001 of the High Court of Judicature of Bombay, Bench at Aurangabad in Writ Petition No. 925 of 1988. c Dr. A.M. Singhvi, V.A. Mohta, Ajay Majithia, Anubhav Singhvi, Abhimanyu Bhandari (for Yash Pal Dhingra) for the Appellant. G.E. Vahanvati, AG, Parag Tripathi, ASG, Shivaji M. D Jadhav, Shankar Chillarge, Asha Gopalan Nair for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DEEPAK VERMA, J. 1. How far whip of Public Interest E Litigation can be stretched and used is the moot and foremost question to be answered in this Appeal, arising out of judgment and order dated 16/17th July, 2001 passed by Division Bench of the High Court of Judicature of Bombay, Bench at Aurangabad in W. P. No. 925 of 1988 titled as A nil F Tryambakarao Kokil (since dead) Vs. Municipal Council, Nanded and others.

2. Appellant herein - Pragati Mahila Mandal, Nanded is before us challenging the said judgment and order passed by Division Bench, whereby and whereunder allotment of a piece G of plot bearing Survey No. 42 of Village Assadullabad (Maganpura), admeasuring 75'x 350' in its favour has been set aside and quashed as being illegal and void ab initio, with further direction to Respondent No. 1, Municipal Council, Nanded to take possession of the said plot together with H PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 995 COUNCIL, NANDED [DEEPAK VERMA, J.] building appurtenant thereto, within a period of eight weeks from A the date of impugned judgment. Thumb nail sketch of the facts of the case is as under: 3. Appellant is a Charitable Trust duly registered under the provisions of Bombay Public Trust Act, 1950. On 14.10.1983, B it made a request to Respondent No. 1 Municipal Council, Nanded (now Nanded Waghela City Municipal Corporation) for allotment of a plot, out of the lands belonging to it, for starting a school to provide education, especially for girls. Accordingly, in the year 1984, the Administrator, who was then holding the C charge of the Municipal Council, vide Resolution dated 22.10.1984 allotted a plot admeasuring 75' x 350' bearing Survey No. 42 to the Appellant on a 60 years' lease.

4. It further contemplated that the applicable rental 0 compensation shall be fixed on the basis of the rate to be worked out by the Assistant Town Planner, subject to compliance of the provisions of Section 92 of the Maharashtra Municipal Councils, Nagar Panchayats and Industrial Townships Act, 1965 (for short The Act'). The Assistant Town Planner was E also required to undertake the measurements and after fixing boundaries, the said piece of plot came to be handed over to the Appellant on 25.10.1984, after drawing a possession Panchanama. However, at that time, the nominal rental compensation could not be fixed as the State Government was yet to grant sanction for transfer of the land in favour of the F Appellant, as contemplated under Section 92 of the Act. 5. Respondent No.1, the Municipal Council then in turn submitted a proposal to the Collector, seeking sanction of the State Government regarding allotment of the aforesaid plot in G favour of the Appellant. The Assistant Town Planner by his communication dated 5.6.1986 informed Respondent No.1 that rental compensation for the subject plot for giving it on long lease of 60 years, would work out at Rs. 6,816/- per annum. A representation was made by the Appellant for reduction of the H 996 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 2 S.C.R.

A rental to a reasonable sum, owing to it being a Charitable Trust, working mainly for the benefit of girls and women and it had no source of income to pay such rental compensation. On reconsideration of the matter, the rental was fixed at Rs. 11 per annum by the Divisional Commissioner, vide his order dated B 12.11.1986, wherein sanction was granted under Section 92 of the Act, for allotment of the subject plot to the Appellant on a lease for 60 years. Thus, it was an ex-post facto sanction granted in favour of the Appellant, after the possession of the plot was already handed over to the Appellant. It was this C allotment of land in favour of the Appellant and also other allotments made by Respondent No.1 in favour of other allottees together with certain donations made by Respondent No.1, Municipal Council that were the subject matter of challenge in a consolidated writ petition filed by Anil Tryambakarao Kokil (since dead) in the nature of pro bona publico.0

6. However, it appears that during pendency of this Writ Petition, the sole petitioner Anil Tryambakarao Kokil expired. It is to be noted here that, following his demise, no application to bring the Legal Representatives of the deceased Petitioner E on record was preferred, before the hearing of the writ petition could commence. Thereafter, instead of directing the petition to have abated or to have made some alternative arrangements (since his legal representatives were not brought on record) to ensure that some other public spirited person to F be brought in as petitioner to prosecute the petition, in place of deceased Anil Tryambakarao Kokil, the counsel Mr. S.C. Bora, who probably was already appearing for deceased Writ Petitioner, was appointed as Amicus Curiae and was directed to continue to prosecute the said petition in that capacity of G Amicus Curiae. Thus for all practical purposes, the petition continued to be prosecuted and heard even when admittedly the sole Petitioner Anil Tryambakarao Kokil had expired long time back. 7. Thus, apart from examining the correctness, legality and H PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 997 COUNCIL, NANDED [DEEPAK VERMA, J.]

propriety of the impugned order passed by Division Bench, it A is also necessary to examine the effect of death of the sole petitioner in a Public Interest Litigation, viz., whether the same would stand abated or can be allowed to be continued without bringing anyone else in place of the deceased petitioner. B 8. The Division Bench had, vide its interim order dated 16.1.2001, considered the question of the effect of the death of the sole petitioner Anil Tryambakrao Kokil on the Writ Petition, and whether anyone else is required to be brought in his place. After duedeliberation, the Division Bench then C appointed counsel for the petitioner who was already appearing as Amicus Curiae, with further direction to allow him to continue the petition. Thus, there was change of status of the counsel for deceased petitioner. The said Order dated 16.1.2001 reads as under: D "This is a public interest litigation pertaining to the allotment of plots and shops in the Nanded City; by the Municipal Council, Nanded. However, the petitioner has expired long back. Nobody has come forward to agitate the cause of this petition further. After having gone through E the petition, this Court would like to hear the parties to find out whether there is any substance in the petition.

Shri S.C. Bora, learned Advocate, who has made the statement that the petitioner has expired, has stated that F this Vakilpatra ceases to be effective. However, in our opinion, it is necessary to appoint Amicus Curiae so as to assist this Court to understand the facts of the case and to find out if any decision is required to be given in the matter. Shri Bora is, therefore, appointed as Amicus Curiae in the matter. Shri M.V. Deshpande, learned Advocate for the Municipal Council, states that he was under the impression that since the petitioner has expired, the matter will not be heard today. The learned Advocates for other respondents 998 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 2 S.C.R. A also state that they require more time for getting themselves prepared in the matter. S.O. to 6.2.2001."

9. Perusal thereof does not, in fact, reflect or show as to B for what reasons and under what circumstances the Amicus CLJrfae was allowed to be relegated to the position of the · petitioner, who had admittedly died long time back. It is too well settled that no matter can be allowed to be prosecuted for and on behalf of a dead person or against a dead party but it is also C no doubt true that a Public Interest Litigation, which generally raises an issue of general public importance, should not be allowed to be withdrawn or dismissed on technical grounds, if cognizance thereof has already been taken by the Court. But an important issue would still arise whether in case of death of D a sole petitioner in a Public Interest Litigation, without bringing anyone else in his place, if the petition could still be allowed to be prosecuted or continued?

10. The concept of Public Interest Litigation was introduced E in Indian Legal System to help a person or a class of persons whose legal and Constitutional Rights are violated and where such person or class of persons as the case may be, owing to their disadvantaged position such as poverty, exploitation, socially and economic backwardness and other forms of disablement etc. is unable to approach the courts. Under the F aforesaid circumstances, a person or the society could espouse a common grievance by filing a petition under Article 226 of the Constitution of India in the High Court or under Article 32 of the Constitution of India in the Supreme Court. G 11. According to Black's Law Dictionary - "Public Interest Litigation means a legal action initiated in a court of law for the enforcement of public interest or general interest in which the public or class of the community have pecuniary interest or some interest by which their legal rights or liabilities are H affected." PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 999 COUNCIL, NANDED [DEEPAK VERMA, J.] 12. It is also well settled that laws of procedure are meant A to regulate effectively, assist and aid the object of doing substantial and real justice and not to foreclose an adjudic:ition on merits of substantial rights of citizens under personal, . property or other laws. B

13. Though, the courts entertaining PIL enjoy a degree of flexibility unknown to the trial of traditional court litigation but the procedure to be adopted by it should be known to the judicial tenets and adhere to established principles of a judicial procedure employed in every judicial proceedings which constitute the basic infrastructure along whose channels flows C the power of the court in the process of adjudication. It would thus clearly mean that the courts have to, in the normal course of business, follow traditional procedural law. However, minor deviation~ are permissible here and there in order to do complete justice between the parties. D / 14. Even though, we made fervent search to find out a suitable answer to the questions posed hereinabove, from earlier precedents of this Court but it appears to be a unique case. Therefore, in our wisdom, we thought it appropriate to E provide answer to the said question. 15. Before proceeding to decide the said issue, it is necessary to take into consideration some of the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (hereinafter shall be referred Fto as Code for short). Section 141 of the Code, which creates a bar of applicability of the provisions of the Code to petitions filed under Article 226 of the Constitution reads as under: G

"141. Miscellaneous proceedings- The procedure provided in this Code in regard to suit shall be followed, as far as it can be made applicable, in all proceedings in any Court of civil jurisdiction. H 1000 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 2 S.C.R. A [Explanation - In this section, the expression "proceedings" includes proceedings under Order IX, but does not include any proceeding under article 226 of the Constitution.]" Explanation which has been added in the Code with effect8 from 1.2.1977 makes it clear that the provisions of the Code do not specifically apply to the proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. The necessary corollary thereof shall be that it shall be C open to the Courts to apply the procedure provided in the Code to any proceeding in any Court of civil jurisdiction except to the proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. 16. Order XXll, Rule 4A of the Code prescribes the procedure where there is no legal representative, reads thus:0 "Order XXll Rule 4A. Procedure where there is no legal representative-

If, in any suit, it shall appear to the Court that any party who E has died during the pendency of the suit has no legal representative, the Court may, on the application of any party to the suit, proceed in the absence of a person representing the estate of the deceased person, or may by order appoint the Administrator-General, or an officer F of the Court or such other person as it thinks fit to represent the estate of the deceased person for the purpose of the suit; and any judgment or order subsequently given or made in the suit shall bind the estate of the deceased person to the same extent as he would have been bound if a personal representative of the deceased person hasG been a party to the suit. (2) Before making an order under this Rule, the Court - (a) may require notice of the application for the order to H be given to such (if any) of the persons having an interest PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 1001 COUNCIL, NANDED [DEEPAK VERMA, J.] in the estate of the deceased person as it thinks fit; and A {b) shall ascertain that the person proposed to be appointed to represent the estate of the deceased person is willing to be so appointed and has no interest adverse to that of the deceased person." B

17. Thus, even if it is held that Order 22 of the Code, which relates to the subject of 'abatement of suits', is not applicable to writ proceedings, it does not mean that death of the petitioner can be totally ignored. Looking to the nature of the writ proceedings, as initiated by the deceased petitioner, the C question is whether the right to pursue the remedy would have survived despite the absence of any person on record representing the deceased. 18. Under these circumstances, what would have been the o best option open to the court, is to be seen. In our considered opinion, the following options could have been exercised by the Court. 19. As soon as the information is received that a sole petitioner to the writ petition in the nature of a PIL filed pro bono E publico, is dead, the Court can issue a notice through newspapers or electronic media inviting public spirited bodies or persons to file applications to take up the position of the petitioner. If such an application is filed, the court can examine the antecedents of the person so applying and find out if ·F allowing him to be impleaded as petitioner could meet the ends of justice. 20. If the matter is already pending and the court is of the opinion that the relief sought could be granted in the PIL, without G having to take recourse to adversarial-style of proceedings, then it can proceed further as if it had taken suo moto cognizance of the matter. 21. The court can still examine and explore the possibility, H

1002 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 2 S.C.R. A if any of the non-contesting Respondents of the Writ Petition could be transposed as petitioner as ultimately the relief would be granted to the said party only. The court in a suitable case can ask any lawyer or any other individual or an organisation to assist the court in place of the person who had earlier filed B the petition.

22. However, the fact situation of this case would show that after the death of the original petitioner Anil Tryambakarao Kokil, Respondent No.1 Municipal Council could have stepped into the shoes of the petitioner, albeit on a limited scale. This C is because, while the Writ Petitioner had challenged the initial allotment of land in favour of the Appellant charitable organization on the ground that it was made in contravention of the purpose envisaged in the Master Plan, Respondent No.1 Nanded Municipal Council had emphasized on the subsequent D unauthorized change in user of land by the Appellant. If we were to cast our net wider, Sitaram Maganlal Shukla, (who was Respondent No. 12 in the Writ Petition), could also have been transposed as a Petitioner because he too, had a similar grievance against the Respondent Municipal Council as that of E the original deceased petitioner. It has been brought to our notice that the said Sitaram Maganlal Shukla also had passed away during the pendency of the Writ Proceedings - however, in his own Second Appeal No. 30 of 2000, he had been represented through his Legal Representative. So, the F impleadment of that Legal Representative as the Petitioner in this PIL would have been sufficient for continuance of proceedings. Since the petition before the High Court was in the nature of a PIL, it is immaterial that the respective causes of action urged by the Writ Petitioner and Respondent No. 12 G have their foundations in different sets of legal argument, as the main relief sought is the same, i.e. quashing of the allotment

• order in favour of the Appellant. 23. At any rate, in cases like the above, where the main Writ Petitioner has passed away and any other person (not H PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 1003 COUNCIL, NANDED [DEEPAK VERMA, J.] being a representative.of the deceased) is brought on record, A either from the opposite side or from a third party, the court may, after having received an application requesting for permission for the same, grant opportunity to the newly added petitioners to amend the petition, if they so desire. B 24. In these circumstances, Court could have taken a suo moto cognizance of the averments made in the petition, despite death of original petitioner, by asigning reasons and could have continued to bring it to a logical end, so as to meet the ends of justice. c 25. In this view of the matter, reasoning of the Court in this --regard cannot be legally upheld nor we can put a seal of -approval to such a procedure as the same would lead to an anomalot:s situation not akin to law. D 26. Now, coming to the merits of the matter, few facts material for deciding have already been mentioned hereinabove but we have to decide whether the Division Bench in the impugned judgment was justified in quashing the allotment made in favour of the Appellant or not. E ·

27. It is pertinent to point out here that the aforementioned Sitaram Maganlal Shukla had filed a civil suit for cancellation of the lease granted in favour of the Appellant. Ultimately, matter was carried up to this Court. The said suit was dismissed. An SLP (c) No.16517/2007 against the judgment and order dated F 15.6.2007 passed in Second Appeal No. 30 of 2000 of the High Court of Bombay, Bench at Aurangabad was filed before this Court. However, on 21.9.2007 the said SLP was dismissed as withdrawn. Thus, in any case, the question of legality of the allotment of the subject piece of land in favour of the Appellant, G had attained finality at the High Court stage, even though at the instance of some other person. 28. In the aforesaid suit filed by Sitaram Maganlal Shukla, who was the plaintiff therein, the Municipal Council was arrayed H 1004 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 2 S.C.R. A as defendant No.2 in which it had filed its written statement giving reasons for allotment of piece of plot in favour of the Appellant. It was categorically mentioned in the same that Divisional Commissioner had accorded sanction to the said transfer of plot by its letter dated 12.11.1986. Accordingly, the B Appellant had started the construction of its building to be used for the hostel for girls and working women. Similarly, all other Respondents had fully supported the allotment of plot in favour of the Appellant.

29. In the Writ Petition No. 925 of 1988, Respondent No. C 1 has submitted that the reservations of the land in survey No. 42 and Survey No. 29 for the establishment of a primary school near the open space in the revised layout was not under the master plan. It was development plan submitted by the owner of these two lands under Section 44 of the Maharashtra D Regional and Town Planning Act of 1966 and those two reservations are as per the tentative development plan formulated by the Municipal Council as a planning authority. This plan was sanctioned before 1972. The owner of the land was not in a position to finance the construction of a primary school. E In this background, Appellant - Trust came forward with the offer to establish primary school as per the revised development plan with the consent of the owner.

30. It is pertinent to point out the affidavit of Collector, F Nanded in the Writ Petition. He has categorically averred that the said plot was reserved to be allotted on the lease basis for 60 years and the main object of the Appellant, Pragati Mahila Mandal, Nanded is to conduct educational activities for girls. Assistant Director of Town Planning had also issued no G objection certificate for the allotment of plot to the above institution. He has also referred to Rule 21 of the Maharashtra Municipalities (Transfer of Immovable property) Rules, 1983 under which the Municipal Council is bestowed with the powers of sanction of government grant of the land on the basis of lease for promotion of educational, medical, religious, social and H PRAGATI MAHILA MANDAL, NANDED v. MUNICIPAL 1005 COUNCIL, NANDED [DEEPAK VERMA, J.] charitable purposes to the registered institutions on payment A of such concessional premium as the council may, in its discretion, determine. 31. The Chief Officer of Nanded Municipal Council, Nanded had also submitted his affidavit in reply to the Writ 8 Petition and assigned various valid and cogent reasons for allotment of plot to the Appellant.

32. In the reply affidavit of Kiran Kurundkar dated 30.6.2001, the then Commissioner of the Nanded - Waghela Municipal Corporation, it has categorically been stated that on C 3.1.1978, the first development plan of Nanded city was sanctioned by the Government in which the said plot was shown and included in the Development plan for public and semi public purposes and was not shown or included as land reserved exclusively for primary school. Thus, only after land user was D changed, admittedly the Appellant is using it for the said purposes ie. Public and semi public use, which fact has not been denied by Respondents. 33. However, as has been mentioned earlier, for want of E money and financial crunch, the school forwhich the land was initially acquired by the Appellant could not be started. So, it constructed a hostel for working women and girls taking higher education. There is one auditorium also which is being used as family counselling centre. F

34. It has neither been disputed before us nor anything could be brought on record to show that Appellant is running the said hostel for any gains or profit. In fact, it is run on no profit-no loss basis. This is manifest from the details of the list of students who have been pursuing various courses for higher G education since the year 1991 to the year 2000. It largely discloses the names of the students, the courses for which they had opted and the colleges of enrolment It also shows that initially room rent was only Rs. 150/- which was enhanced to Rs. 400/- in the year 2000. Most of the inmates were students H 1006 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 2 S.C.R. A and only handful of them were working women. We have been given to understand that as of today, it is charging only Rs. 750/ - per month from each of the students occupying the room. The accounts of the Appellant are duly audited and reflect absolute transparency. There is no reason to doubt the correctness B thereof.

35. It is a matter of common knowledge that girls and women face lot of problems and difficulties in finding a suitable and safe accommodation when they go out of their own cities, C to their respective schools or colleges or work-place. If a hostel has been constructed for girls and working women, then it would definitely be for public or semi public purpose and it cannot be said that there has been any deviation from the purposes for which the said plot was earmarked and allotted to the Appellant. It is commendable that the Appellant has taken the initiative of D introducing progressive elements (through the establishment of counselling centres), in its efforts to alleviate some primary concerns of most working women. It would be nothing short of a cruel twist of justice, if they are prevented from continuing to do so by a PIL, which is motivated by ulterior motives. E 36. In this regard, it is further necessary to mention that the provisions of Memorandum of Association of the Appellant clearly state that one of the objectives of the Appellant is to provide Hostel facilities for girls and working women. This F further fortifies the stand of the Appellant that it is public or at least semi-public purpose.

37. Thus, looking to the matter from all angles, we are of the considered opinion that impugned judgment and order passed by the Division Bench cannot be sustained in law. It ' G deserves to be set aside and quashed. We accordingly do so. The appeal is accordingly hereby allowed. Parties are directed to bear their own respective costs. D.G. Appeal allowed. H