[2010] 12 S.C.R. 927 SHYAM TELELINK LTD. NOW SISTEMA SHYAM A TELESERVICES LTD. V. UNION OF INDIA (Civil Appeal No. 7236 of 2003) B OCTOBER 5, 2010 [MARKANDEY KAT JU AND T.S. THAKUR, JJ.) Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, Act, 1997 - s. 14(f!}(i) rlw s. 14A(1) - Grant of licence to a company under C Telecom Act for providing basic telecom services - Delay in commencing the commercial operations within the stipulated time provided in the agreement due to certain technical deficiencies - In the meantime, introduction of 'Migration Package' - The company unconditionally accepting the D package and paying the entire amount towards the licence· fee and liquidated damages in terms of the package - Further demand of amount towards liquidated damage - The company challenging the demand of entire amount towards liquidated damages and demanding refund thereof - The E tribunal declined the challenge - On appeal, Held: The company not entitled to question the terms of the Migration Package after unconditionally accepting and acting upon the same - The unconditional acceptance of the package would estop the company from challenging the recovery of the dues F under the package - The company cannot be allowed to approbate and reprobate the same instrument - Telecom Act, 1885 - Evidence - Estoppel. Maxim - Maxim 'qui approbat non reprobat' -Applicability of. G Doctrine - Doctrine of benefits and burdens -Applicability of. 927 H 928 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 12 S.C.R.

A The appellant was granted a licence under the Telecom Act, 1885 on 4.3.1998 for providing basic telecom services. The licence agreement required the appellant to start the commercial operations within twelve months from the date of the agreement. The appellant, B when sought permission to commence the commercial operations, towards the end of the year, it was denied on the ground that certain technical deficiencies remained to be removed. In the meantime, the respondent-Union of India offered a Migration Package. The appellant gave an C unconditional acceptance to the Package. The respondent, in terms of the package, demanded 35% of the outstanding licence fee with interest, and also liquidated damages amounting to Rs. 7.30 crores. The appellant prayed for waiver of the damages and the same D on being turned down, paid the entire amount towards the liquidated damages. The appellant started the commercial operations on 5.6.2000. Thereafter, the respondent demanded a further amount of Rs. 70 lakhs as liquidated damages from the appellant for the delay in commissioning the service. Aggrieved by the demand of E the entire amount of Rs. 8 crores towards the liquidated damages, the appellant filed a petition before the Telecom Dispute Settlement and Appellate Tribunal and also demanded refund of the entire amount of Rs. 8 crores. The Tribunal dismissed the petition. Therefore, the F instant appeal was filed.

Dismissing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1. The Tribunal was justified in holding that G the commercial operations were started only on 5th June, 2000 and that for the intervening period such operations could not be commenced on account of deficiencies that were attributed entirely to the defects in the system which the appellant had installed. It is not correct to say that the appellant was ready to commence commercial H

SHYAM TELELINK LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 929 operations in February 1999 i.e. within one year of the A date on which the agreement was signed between the parties, which is evident from the fact that it applied for the grant of permission to commence commercial operations from 3rd February, 1999 and this was sufficient to show its readiness to commence such B operations. It is not disputed that the actual operations started only on 5th June, 2000. The material placed before the Tribunal clearly established that during the intervening period, the appellant had been informed by the respondent that clearance for commencing c commercial operations could be considered only after certain requirements of the licence agreement were complied with. The material further established that the deficiencies pointed out by the Telecommunication Engineering Centre (TEC) could not be rectified by the 0 . manufacturer of the equipment purchased by the appellant forcing the latter to go for a new set of equipment from a new vendor in December 1999 which equipment was finally delivered and installed in April 2000. It was only after the installation of the said E equipment that fresh test certificates were issued by TEC on 1st June, 2000 leading to the start of the commercial operations on 5th June, 2000. The fact that the appellant was not ready to commence commercial operations in February 1999 is evident from its own letter dated 19th July, 1999 in which the appellant had clearly admitted that F the system was not yet ready for such operations and that the appellant was engaged only in monitoring and testing the credential of the new technology and the related software/hardware. It is also evident from the letter of the appellant dated 25th August, 1999 that the G appellant was not in a position to indicate any firm date for a formal launch of the service as the system was not yet in a position to do so. In the light of the above admission which is the best evidence against the appellant, it is not open to the appellant to say that it was H

930 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2010] 12 S.C.R. A ready to start commercial operations in February 1999. [Paras 7, 8 and 9] [936-C-F; 937-D-G; 938-B-D]

2. The Tribunal was also justified in holding that the denial of permission to the appellant to commence the operation was neither arbitrary nor ma/a fide, especially8 when the conditions in the licence agreement, requiring the appellant to arrange and install suitable equipment to meet the prevailing technical specifications by TEC were not complied with nor were all performance tests required C for successful commissioning of the services carried out by the licensor before the services are commissioned for public use. The plea that the respondent has acted arbitrarily and in a discriminatory manner by overlooking similar deficiencies in the case of other service providers has also been correctly repelled by the Tribunal on the D ground that the nature of the deficiencies found in the case of the appellant have not been found similar to those found in other cases, where permission was granted. The appellant also failed to implead the other service providers nor was any material placed on record E to show that any discriminatory treatment was meted out to it. So long as the conditions of the agreement entitled the respondents to decline permission to commence commercial operations on account of failure on the part of the appellant to comply with the conditions stipulated F in the said agreement, which condition included a defect-free efficient system, the fact that some other service providers were given permission in the peculiar facts of their cases and deficiencies allegedly noticed in their system could not make out a case for the appellant to G question the demand raised on the basis of a package which the appellant had accepted unconditionally and pursuant to which acceptance of a substantial part of the liquidated damages amounting to Rs.7.3 crores had been deposited by it without any demur. [Paras 9 and 1O] [938-H D-H; 939-A-C]

SHYAM TELELINK LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 931 3. The Tribunal has also rightly held that the A computation of the liquidated damages for non-commencing of the services as well as limiting the same to a total amount of Rs.8 crores was in conformity with the licence conditions executed between the parties. · There is nothing to suggest that any error has crept in B the computation of liquidated damages nor was any such error pointed out before the Tribunal. [Para 11) [939-D-E] 4. The appellant was not entitled to question the terms of the Migration Package after unconditionally accepting and acting upon the same. The payment of C liquidated damages was an essential condition of the Migration Package which was offered to the service providers. Unconditional acceptance of the package including the payment of outstanding licence fee with interest due thereon and liquidated damages was a D specific requirement of the Migration Package which was unequivocally accepted by the appellant. The unconditional acceptance of the terms of the package and the benefit which the appellant derived under the same will estop the appellant from challenging the E recovery of the dues under the package or the process of its determination. [Paras 12, 13 and 18] [939-F-G; 940-8; 943-C-D)

5. Although the appellant had sought waiver of the F liquidated damages yet upon rejection of that request, it had made the payment of the amount demanded, which signified a clear acceptance on its part of the obligation to pay. The appellant, instead of taking recourse to appropriate proceedings and taking the adjudication process to its logical conclusion before exercising its G option, gave up the plea of waiver and deposited the amount which clearly indicates acceptance on its part of its liability to pay especially when it was only upon such payment that it could be permitted to avail of the H 932 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 12 S.C.R. A Migration Package. Allowing the appellant at this stage to question the demand raised under the Migration Package would amount to permitting the appellant to accept what was favourable to it and reject what was not. The appellant cannot approbate and reprobate. The s maxim qui approbat non reprobat (one who approbates cannot reprobate) is akin to the doctrine of benefits and burdens which at its most basic level provides that a person taking advantage under an instrument which both grants a benefit and imposes a burden cannot take the C former without complying with the latter. A person cannot approbate and reprobate or accept and reject the same instrument. [Para 13] [939-D-H; 941-A] Ambu Nair v. Kelu Nair AIR 1933 PC 167; City Montessori School v. State of Uttar Pradesh and Ors. (2009) D 14 SCC 253; New Bihar Biri

Leaves Co. v. State of Bihar 1981 (1) SCC 537; R. N. Goswain v. Yashpal Dhir AIR 1993 SC 352, relied on. American Jurisprudence, 2nd Edition, Volume 28, E pages 677-680 - referred to. Case Law Reference: AIR 1933 PC 167 Relied on. Para 13 (2009) 14 sec 253 Relied on. Para 14F 1981 (1) sc.c 537 Relied on. Para 15 -AIR 1993 SC 352 Relied on. Para 15 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. G 7236 of 2003. From the Judgment & Order dated 9.4.2003 of the Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal in Petition No. 24 of 2001. SHYAM TELELINK LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 933 Subramonium Prasad and Rohft Tandon for the Appellant. A T.S. Doabia, Shweta Verma {for A.K. Sharma) for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by B T.S. THAKUR, J. 1. This appeal under Section 18(1) of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of lridia Act, 1997 is directed against an order dated 9th April, 2003. passed by the Telecom Dispute Settlement and Appellate Tribunal whereby Petition No.24/2001 filed under Section 14(a)(i) read with Section C 14A(1) of the Telecom Regulatory Authority .of India Act, 1997 has been dismissed. The factual matrix giving rise to the appeal may be summarised at the outset.

2. The appellant-Shyam Telelink Ltd. was granted a licence 0under the Indian Telecom Act, 1885 on 4th Marc,h, 1998 for providing basic telecom services in Rajasthan Circle. A licence agreement was executed between the parties that, inter alia, required the appellant to start commercial operations within twelve months from the date on which the agreement was executed. The appellant's case before the Tribunal so also E before us is that, it was ready to commence commercial operations in the last week of February 1999 and had sought permission of the respondents io do so. Permission was, however, denied on the ground that certain technical deficiencies remained to be removed and certain conditions F for the grant of permission remained to be fulfilled. In the meantime the Union of India appears to have offered a Migration Package to all the Telecom Operators in July 1999. Under this package which was offered to the appellant-Shyam Telelink Ltd. on 22nd July, 1999 the fixed licence fee was to stand replaced G by a revenue-sharing arrangement w.e.f. 1st August, 1999 subject to the stipulation that atleast 35% of all outstanding dues including interest payable as on 31st July, 1999 and liquidated damages in full is paid by the appellant on or before 15th August, 1999. Migration Package further provided that the H 934 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 12 S.C.R.

A company shall have to accept all the conditions stipulated in the package and that all proceedings instituted by the licensee or their associations against the Union of India shall have to be withdrawn. 3. It is not in dispute that the appellant gave an8 unconditional acceptance to the Migration Package on 22nd July, 1999 nor is it disputed that on 10th At.:gust, 1999 the respondent advised the appellant that a sum of Rs.6,74,90,481/- was payable towards outstanding licence fee and interest due thereon apart from a sum of Rs.7.30 crores C payable towards liquidated damages that were provisionally determined. The appellant-company was informed that in terms of the Migration Package at least 35% of the total licence fee along with interest amounting to Rs.6,74,90,481/- had to be paid by it before 16th August, 1999 and the balance dues D covered by a Financial Bank Guarantee by the 30th November, 1999. The liquidated damages payable by the appellant-company were demanded in full and had to be paid on or before 16th August, 1999.

E 4. On receipt of the intimation demanding payment of the amounts mentioned above the appellant-company appears to have prayed for waiver of the liquidated damages on the ground that it could not commence commercial operations by the stipulated date on account of certain procedural delay. That F prayer was upon consideration turned down with the result that the appellant paid 35% of the outstanding licence fee and interest amounting to Rs.2.36 crores on 16th August, 1999. It also paid the full amount of Rs.7.30 crores towards liquidated damages as demanded by the Government. G 5. Commercial operations in Rajasthan were finally started by the appellant-company on 5th June 2000. In March 2001 a demand was raised by the respondent for payment of a further amount of Rs.70 lakhs as liquidated damages for the delay in the commissioning of the service. Aggrieved by the H SHYAM TELELINK LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 935 [T.S. THAKUR, J.]

demand of Rs.8 crores towards liquidated damages out of A which the appellant had already paid Rs.7.30 crores on 16th August, 1999 the appellant approached the Tribunal for redress. As mentioned earlier the appellant's case before the Tribunal was that it was ready to commence commercial operations in the last week of February 1999 and had sought B permission to do so from the respondent which permission was in an arbitrary, illegal and discriminatory manner refl,l_~ed by the respondent. Recovery of the liquidated damages was, therefore bad, argued the appellant who demanded refund of the entire amount of Rs.8 crores recovered towards liquidated damages c from it.

6. The respondent contested the petition before the Tribunal, inter alia, on the ground that the petitioner-appellant was not entitled to question any demand arising out of the 0agreement executed between the parties after it had unconditionally accepted the Migration Package under which it agreed to deposit without demur the outstanding licence fee as also the liquidated damages payable under the licence agreement. The respondent also asserted that the appellant was not ready with the commissioning of the service as was E evident from the admissions made in several communications sent by it to the respondent. It was further pointed out by the respondent that the computation t.· actual liquidated damages could be undertaken only after the appellant had commenced commercial operations. The actual charges after such F computation were according to the respondent determined at Rs.29.86 crores but the demand was restricted to Rs.8 crores in terms of the explicit limitation prescribed under the licence. An amount of Rs.7.3 crores having already been paid under the Migration Package, a demand for payment of Rs.70 lakhs G only was raised by the respondent. It was also asserted by the respondent that the appellant had not disputed calculation of the amount of Rs.7.3 crores as liquidated damages for non-commissioning of the service at the time of Migration Package and paid the same with other dues. Having done so, the H 936 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2010] 12 S.C.R.

A Migration Package which contained a specific stipulation that the acceptance of the package "will be deemed as a full and final settlement of all existing disputes whatsoever irrespective of whether they are related to the present package or not" could not be questioned by the petitioner-appellant. The respondent B also raised the question of limitation and assailed the maintainability of the petition on that ground. By its order dated 9th April, 2003 impugned in this appeal the Tribunal dismissed the petition filed by the appellant aggrieved whereof the appellant has filed C.A. No.7236 of 2003 before this Court. c 7. We have heard learned counsel for the parties and perused the record. A two-fold contention was urged in support of the appeal by counsel appearing for the appellant. Firstly, it was contended that the appellant was ready to commence commercial operations in February 1999 i.e. within one year D of the date on which the agreement was signed between the parties. The fact that the petitioner had applied for the grant of permission to commence commercial operations in Jaipur from 3rd February, 1999 was according to the appellant sufficient to show its readiness to commence such operations. There is, E in our opinion, no force in that contention. It is not disputed that the actual operations started only on 5th June, 2000. The material placed before the Tribunal clearly established that during the intervening period the appellant had been informed by the respondent that clearance for commencing commercial F operations could be considered only after the following requirements of the licence agreement were complied with:

(a) Payment of next instalment of licence fee due on 3.3.1999; G {b) Provision of Performance Bank Guarantee (PBG) and enhanced Financial Bank Guarantee (FBG) for requisite amount and validity before commencement of succeeding year on 3.3.1999; H SHYAM TELELINK LTD. v. UNION OF !NOIA 937 [T.S. THAKUR, J.] (c) Rectification of deficiencies pointed out by A TEC before the commencement of commercial operations; (d) Submission of plan in respect of providing Direct Exchange Lines (DEL-s) and Village 8 Public Telephones (VPT-s) as per committed targets failing which Liquidated Damages (LD-s) are payable; and (e) Establishment of a separate bank account (an escrow account as stipulated under C condition 18.6 of the Licence Agreement).

8. Material further established that the deficiencies pointed out by the TEC could not be rectified by M/s Qualcomm manufacturer of the equipment purchased by the appellant 0 forcing the latter to go for a new set of equipment from a new vendor in December 1999 which equipment was finally delivered and installed in April 2000. It was only after the installation of the said equipment that fresh test certificates were issued by TEC on 1st June, 2000 leading to the start of the I Ecommercial operations on 5th June, 2000. The fact that the appellant was not ready to commence commercial operations in February 1999 is evident from its own letter dated 19th July, 1999 in which the appellant had clearly admitted that the system was not yet ready for such operations and that the appellant Fwas engaged only in monitoring and testing the credential of the new technology and the related software/hardware. It is also evident from the letter of the appellant dated 25th August, 1999 that the appellant was not in a position to indicate any firm date for a formal launch of the service as the system was not yet in a position to do so. The relevant part of the letter reads as under: G " ............ at this stage we are unable to indicate any date for formal commissioning of the commercial launch of the service since still there are bugs in the system provided by our supplier. In any case the testing has to continue for H . - 938 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 12 S.C.R.

A monitoring the behaviour of the equipment even after 75% loading of the system which is also being followed by DoT/ MTNL, while acceptance testing of the systems. However, we hope to commercialize the services by middle of December 1999, as supplier is continuously working to B resolve the bugs in the software." 9. In the light of the above admission which is the best evidence against the appellant, it is not open to the appellant to argue that it was ready to start commercial operations in C February 1999. The Tribunal was, therefore, perfectly justified in holding that the commercial operations were started only on "5th June, 2000 and that for the intervening period such operations could not be commenced on account of deficiencies that were attributed entirely to the defects in the system which the appellant had installed. The Tribunal was also justified in D our opinion in holding that the denial of permission to the appellant was neither arbitrary nor mala fide especially when the conditions in the licence agreement requiring the appellant to arrange and install suitable equipment to meet the prevailing technical specifications by Telecommunication Engineering E Centre were no.t complied with nor were all performance tests required for successful commissioning of the services carried out by the Licensor before the services are commissioned for public use.

F 10. The argument that the respondent has acted arbitrarily and in a discriminatory manner by overlooking similar deficiencies in the case of other service providers has also been correctly repelled by the Tribunal on the ground that the nature of the deficiencies found in the case of the appellant G have not been found similar to those found in other cases where permission was granted. As a matter of fact, the appellant was given an opportunity to implead the other service providers so that the allegation could be examined in detail but the appellant failed to do so nor was any material placed on record to show H that any discriminatory treatment was meted out to it. At any SHYAM TELELINK LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 939 [TS. THAKUR, J.]

rate so long as the conditions of the agreement entitled the A respondents to decline permission to commence commercial operations on account of failure on the part of the appellant to comply with the conditions stipulated in the said agreement, which condition included a defect-free efficient system, the fact that some other service providers were given permission in the B peculiar facts of their cases and deficiencies allegedly noticed in their system could not make out a case for the appellant to question the demand raised on the basis of a package which the appellant had accepted unconditionally and pursuant to which acceptance a substantial part of the liquidated damages c amounting to Rs.7.3 crores had been deposited by it without any demur. 11. The Tribunal has also held and in our view correctly so that the computation of the liquidated damages for non-commencing of the services as well as limiting the same to a D total amount of Rs.8 crores was in conformity with the licence conditions executed between the parties. There is nothing before us to suggest that any error has crept in the computation of liquidated damages ndr was any such error pointed out before the Tribunal. As a matter of fact, according to the E respondents the amount of damages works out to Rs.29.86 crores was limited to Rs.8 crores in explicit terms of the limitation laid down in the licence agreement.

12. The factual aspects apart we need to remember that F the payment of liquidated damages was an essential condition of the Migration Package which was offered to the service providers. Unconditional acceptance of the package including the payment of outstanding licence fee with interest due thereon and liquidated damages was a specific requirement of the G Migration Package which was unequivocally accepted by the appellant in terms of the declaration made in the following words: " .. With reference to the letter No.842-153/99-VAS (Vol.V) (Pt.) dated 22nd July, 1999 on the subject noted H 940 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 12 S.C.R. A above, I hereby covey unconditional acceptance on behalf of the Licensee ·with regard to the package proposed for migration of the existing licenses to NTP 1999 Regime on the terms and conditions in the letter under reference .... "

13. The unconditional acceptance of the terms of theB package and the benefit which the appellant derived under the same will estop the appellant from challenging the recovery of the dues under the package or the process of its determination. No dispute has been raised by thP appellant and rightly so in C regard to the payment of outstanding licence fee or the interest due thereon. The controversy is limited to the computation of liquidated damages of Rs.8 crores out of which Rs.7.3 crores was paid by the appellant in the beginning without any objection followed by a payment of Rs.70 lakhs made on 29th May, 2001. Although the appellant had sought waiver of the liquidated D damages yet upon rejection of that request it had made the payment of the amount demanded which signified a clear acceptance on its part of the obligation to pay. If the appellant proposed to continue with its challenge to demand, nothing prevented it from taking recourse to appropriate proceedings E and taking the adjudication process to its logical conclusion before exercising its option. Far from doing so, the appellant gave up the plea of waiver and deposited the amount which clearly indicates acceptance on its part of its liability to pay especially when it was only upon such payment that it could be F permitted to avail of the Migration Package. Allowing the appellant at this stage to question the demand raised under the Migration Package would amount to permitting the appellant to accept what was favourable to it and reject what was not. The appellant cannot approbate and reprobate. The maxim qui G approbat non reprobat (one who approbates cannot reprobate) is firmly embodied in English Common Law and often applied by Courts in this country. It is akin to the doctrine of benefits and burdens which at its most basic level provides that a person taking advantage under an instrument which both grants H a benefit and imposes a burden cannot take the former without SHYAM TELELINK LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 941

[T.S. THAKUR, J.] complying with the latter. A person cannot approbate and A reprobate or accept and reject the same instrument In Ambu Nair v. Kelu Nair AIR 1933 PC 167 the doctrine was explained thus: "Having thus, almost in terms, offered to be redeemed 8 under the usufructuary mortgage in order to get payment of the other mortgage debt, the appellant, Their Lordships think, cannot now turn round and say that redemption under the usufructuary mortgage had been barred nearly seventeen years before he so obtained payment. It is a well-accepted principle that a party cannot both approbate C and reprobate. He cannot, to use the words of Honyman, J. in Smith v. Baker (1878) LR 8 CP 350 at p. 357 'at the same time blow hot and cold. He cannot say at one time that the transaction is valid and thereby obtain some advantage to which he could only be entitled on the footing D that it is valid, and at another time say it is void for the purpose of securing some further advantage'." 14. View taken in the above decision has been reiterated by this Court in City Montessori~chool v. State of Uttar E Pradesh and Ors. (2009) 14 sec 253. To the same effect is the decision of this Court in New Bihar Biri Leaves Co. v. State of Bihar 1981 (1) SCC 537 where this Court said :

"It is a fundamental principle of general application that if a person of his own accord, accepts a contract on certain F terms and works out the contract, he cannot be allowed to adhere to and abide by some of the terms of the contract which proved advantageous to him and repudiate the other terms of the same contract l/',ihich might be disadvantageous to him. The maxim is qui approbat non G reprobat (one who approbates cannot reprobate). This principle, though originally borrowed from Scots Law, is now firmly embodied in English Common Law. According to it, a party to an instrument or transaction cannot take advantage of one part of a document or transaction and H 942 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 12 S.C.R. A reject the rest. That is to say, no party can accept and reject the same instrument or transaction (Per Scrutton, L.J., Verschures Creameries Ltd. v. Hull & Netherlands Steamship Co.)"

15. The decision of this Court in R.N. Goswain v. Yashpal8 Dhir AIR 1993 SC 352, brings in the doctrine of election in support of the very same conclusion in the following words : "10. Law does not permit a person to both approbate and reprobate. This principle is based on the doctrine of C election which postulates that no party can accept and reject the same instrument and that "a person cannot say at one time that a transaction is valid and thereby obtain some advantage, to which he could only be entitled on the footing that it is valid, and then turn round and say it is void D for the purpose of securing some other advantage". [See: Verschures Creameries Ltd. v. Hull and Netherlands Steamship Co. Ltd. (1921) 2 KB 608, at p.612, Scrutton, L.J.] According to Halsbury's Laws of England, 4th Edn., Vol. 16, "after taking an advantage under an order (for E example for the payment of costs) a party may be precluded from saying that it is invalid and asking to set it aside''. (para 1508)" 16. In America Estoppel by acceptance of benefits is one of the recognized situations that would prevent a party from F taking up inconsistent positions qua a contract or transaction under which it has benefited. 17. American Jurisprudence, 2nd Edition, Volume 28, pages 677-680 discusses 'Estoppel by acceptance of benefits' G in the following passage:

"Estoppel by the acceptance of benefits: Estoppel is frequently based upon the acceptance and retention, by one having knowledge or notice of the facts, of benefits from a transaction, contract, instrument, regulation which H SHYAM TELELINK LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 943 [T.S. THAKUR, J.] he might have rejected or contested. This doctrine is A obviously a branch of the rule against assuming inconsistent positions. As a general principle, one who knowingly accepts the · benefits of a contract or conveyance is estopped to deny 8 the validity or binding effect on him of such contract or conveyance. This rule has to be applied to do equity and must not be applied in such a manner as to violate the principles of right and good conscience." C 18.' For the reasons set out by us hereinabove, we have . no hesitation in holding that the appellant was not entitled to question the terms of the Migration Package after unconditionally accepting and acting upon the same. o · 19. In the result this appeal fails and i_s hereby dismissed but in the circumstances without ~any order as to costs. . K.K.T. Appeal dismissed.

[2010] 12 S.C.R. 927 SHYAM TELELINK LTD. NOW SISTEMA SHYAM A TELESERVICES LTD. V. UNION OF INDIA (Civil Appeal No. 7236 of 2003) B OCTOBER 5, 2010 [MARKANDEY KAT JU AND T.S. THAKUR, JJ.) Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, Act, 1997 - s. 14(f!}(i) rlw s. 14A(1) - Grant of licence to a company under C Telecom Act for providing basic telecom services - Delay in commencing the commercial operations within the stipulated time provided in the agreement due to certain technical deficiencies - In the meantime, introduction of 'Migration Package' - The company unconditionally accepting the D package and paying the entire amount towards the licence· fee and liquidated damages in terms of the package - Further demand of amount towards liquidated damage - The company challenging the demand of entire amount towards liquidated damages and demanding refund thereof - The E tribunal declined the challenge - On appeal, Held: The company not entitled to question the terms of the Migration Package after unconditionally accepting and acting upon the same - The unconditional acceptance of the package would estop the company from challenging the recovery of the dues F under the package - The company cannot be allowed to approbate and reprobate the same instrument - Telecom Act, 1885 - Evidence - Estoppel. Maxim - Maxim 'qui approbat non reprobat' -Applicability of. G Doctrine - Doctrine of benefits and burdens -Applicability of. 927 H 928 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 12 S.C.R.

A The appellant was granted a licence under the Telecom Act, 1885 on 4.3.1998 for providing basic telecom services. The licence agreement required the appellant to start the commercial operations within twelve months from the date of the agreement. The appellant, B when sought permission to commence the commercial operations, towards the end of the year, it was denied on the ground that certain technical deficiencies remained to be removed. In the meantime, the respondent-Union of India offered a Migration Package. The appellant gave an C unconditional acceptance to the Package. The respondent, in terms of the package, demanded 35% of the outstanding licence fee with interest, and also liquidated damages amounting to Rs. 7.30 crores. The appellant prayed for waiver of the damages and the same D on being turned down, paid the entire amount towards the liquidated damages. The appellant started the commercial operations on 5.6.2000. Thereafter, the respondent demanded a further amount of Rs. 70 lakhs as liquidated damages from the appellant for the delay in commissioning the service. Aggrieved by the demand of E the entire amount of Rs. 8 crores towards the liquidated damages, the appellant filed a petition before the Telecom Dispute Settlement and Appellate Tribunal and also demanded refund of the entire amount of Rs. 8 crores. The Tribunal dismissed the petition. Therefore, the F instant appeal was filed.

Dismissing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1. The Tribunal was justified in holding that G the commercial operations were started only on 5th June, 2000 and that for the intervening period such operations could not be commenced on account of deficiencies that were attributed entirely to the defects in the system which the appellant had installed. It is not correct to say that the appellant was ready to commence commercial H

SHYAM TELELINK LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 929 operations in February 1999 i.e. within one year of the A date on which the agreement was signed between the parties, which is evident from the fact that it applied for the grant of permission to commence commercial operations from 3rd February, 1999 and this was sufficient to show its readiness to commence such B operations. It is not disputed that the actual operations started only on 5th June, 2000. The material placed before the Tribunal clearly established that during the intervening period, the appellant had been informed by the respondent that clearance for commencing c commercial operations could be considered only after certain requirements of the licence agreement were complied with. The material further established that the deficiencies pointed out by the Telecommunication Engineering Centre (TEC) could not be rectified by the 0 . manufacturer of the equipment purchased by the appellant forcing the latter to go for a new set of equipment from a new vendor in December 1999 which equipment was finally delivered and installed in April 2000. It was only after the installation of the said E equipment that fresh test certificates were issued by TEC on 1st June, 2000 leading to the start of the commercial operations on 5th June, 2000. The fact that the appellant was not ready to commence commercial operations in February 1999 is evident from its own letter dated 19th July, 1999 in which the appellant had clearly admitted that F the system was not yet ready for such operations and that the appellant was engaged only in monitoring and testing the credential of the new technology and the related software/hardware. It is also evident from the letter of the appellant dated 25th August, 1999 that the G appellant was not in a position to indicate any firm date for a formal launch of the service as the system was not yet in a position to do so. In the light of the above admission which is the best evidence against the appellant, it is not open to the appellant to say that it was H

930 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2010] 12 S.C.R. A ready to start commercial operations in February 1999. [Paras 7, 8 and 9] [936-C-F; 937-D-G; 938-B-D]

2. The Tribunal was also justified in holding that the denial of permission to the appellant to commence the operation was neither arbitrary nor ma/a fide, especially8 when the conditions in the licence agreement, requiring the appellant to arrange and install suitable equipment to meet the prevailing technical specifications by TEC were not complied with nor were all performance tests required C for successful commissioning of the services carried out by the licensor before the services are commissioned for public use. The plea that the respondent has acted arbitrarily and in a discriminatory manner by overlooking similar deficiencies in the case of other service providers has also been correctly repelled by the Tribunal on the D ground that the nature of the deficiencies found in the case of the appellant have not been found similar to those found in other cases, where permission was granted. The appellant also failed to implead the other service providers nor was any material placed on record E to show that any discriminatory treatment was meted out to it. So long as the conditions of the agreement entitled the respondents to decline permission to commence commercial operations on account of failure on the part of the appellant to comply with the conditions stipulated F in the said agreement, which condition included a defect-free efficient system, the fact that some other service providers were given permission in the peculiar facts of their cases and deficiencies allegedly noticed in their system could not make out a case for the appellant to G question the demand raised on the basis of a package which the appellant had accepted unconditionally and pursuant to which acceptance of a substantial part of the liquidated damages amounting to Rs.7.3 crores had been deposited by it without any demur. [Paras 9 and 1O] [938-H D-H; 939-A-C]

SHYAM TELELINK LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 931 3. The Tribunal has also rightly held that the A computation of the liquidated damages for non-commencing of the services as well as limiting the same to a total amount of Rs.8 crores was in conformity with the licence conditions executed between the parties. · There is nothing to suggest that any error has crept in B the computation of liquidated damages nor was any such error pointed out before the Tribunal. [Para 11) [939-D-E] 4. The appellant was not entitled to question the terms of the Migration Package after unconditionally accepting and acting upon the same. The payment of C liquidated damages was an essential condition of the Migration Package which was offered to the service providers. Unconditional acceptance of the package including the payment of outstanding licence fee with interest due thereon and liquidated damages was a D specific requirement of the Migration Package which was unequivocally accepted by the appellant. The unconditional acceptance of the terms of the package and the benefit which the appellant derived under the same will estop the appellant from challenging the E recovery of the dues under the package or the process of its determination. [Paras 12, 13 and 18] [939-F-G; 940-8; 943-C-D)

5. Although the appellant had sought waiver of the F liquidated damages yet upon rejection of that request, it had made the payment of the amount demanded, which signified a clear acceptance on its part of the obligation to pay. The appellant, instead of taking recourse to appropriate proceedings and taking the adjudication process to its logical conclusion before exercising its G option, gave up the plea of waiver and deposited the amount which clearly indicates acceptance on its part of its liability to pay especially when it was only upon such payment that it could be permitted to avail of the H 932 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 12 S.C.R. A Migration Package. Allowing the appellant at this stage to question the demand raised under the Migration Package would amount to permitting the appellant to accept what was favourable to it and reject what was not. The appellant cannot approbate and reprobate. The s maxim qui approbat non reprobat (one who approbates cannot reprobate) is akin to the doctrine of benefits and burdens which at its most basic level provides that a person taking advantage under an instrument which both grants a benefit and imposes a burden cannot take the C former without complying with the latter. A person cannot approbate and reprobate or accept and reject the same instrument. [Para 13] [939-D-H; 941-A] Ambu Nair v. Kelu Nair AIR 1933 PC 167; City Montessori School v. State of Uttar Pradesh and Ors. (2009) D 14 SCC 253; New Bihar Biri

Leaves Co. v. State of Bihar 1981 (1) SCC 537; R. N. Goswain v. Yashpal Dhir AIR 1993 SC 352, relied on. American Jurisprudence, 2nd Edition, Volume 28, E pages 677-680 - referred to. Case Law Reference: AIR 1933 PC 167 Relied on. Para 13 (2009) 14 sec 253 Relied on. Para 14F 1981 (1) sc.c 537 Relied on. Para 15 -AIR 1993 SC 352 Relied on. Para 15 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. G 7236 of 2003. From the Judgment & Order dated 9.4.2003 of the Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal in Petition No. 24 of 2001. SHYAM TELELINK LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 933 Subramonium Prasad and Rohft Tandon for the Appellant. A T.S. Doabia, Shweta Verma {for A.K. Sharma) for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by B T.S. THAKUR, J. 1. This appeal under Section 18(1) of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of lridia Act, 1997 is directed against an order dated 9th April, 2003. passed by the Telecom Dispute Settlement and Appellate Tribunal whereby Petition No.24/2001 filed under Section 14(a)(i) read with Section C 14A(1) of the Telecom Regulatory Authority .of India Act, 1997 has been dismissed. The factual matrix giving rise to the appeal may be summarised at the outset.

2. The appellant-Shyam Telelink Ltd. was granted a licence 0under the Indian Telecom Act, 1885 on 4th Marc,h, 1998 for providing basic telecom services in Rajasthan Circle. A licence agreement was executed between the parties that, inter alia, required the appellant to start commercial operations within twelve months from the date on which the agreement was executed. The appellant's case before the Tribunal so also E before us is that, it was ready to commence commercial operations in the last week of February 1999 and had sought permission of the respondents io do so. Permission was, however, denied on the ground that certain technical deficiencies remained to be removed and certain conditions F for the grant of permission remained to be fulfilled. In the meantime the Union of India appears to have offered a Migration Package to all the Telecom Operators in July 1999. Under this package which was offered to the appellant-Shyam Telelink Ltd. on 22nd July, 1999 the fixed licence fee was to stand replaced G by a revenue-sharing arrangement w.e.f. 1st August, 1999 subject to the stipulation that atleast 35% of all outstanding dues including interest payable as on 31st July, 1999 and liquidated damages in full is paid by the appellant on or before 15th August, 1999. Migration Package further provided that the H 934 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 12 S.C.R.

A company shall have to accept all the conditions stipulated in the package and that all proceedings instituted by the licensee or their associations against the Union of India shall have to be withdrawn. 3. It is not in dispute that the appellant gave an8 unconditional acceptance to the Migration Package on 22nd July, 1999 nor is it disputed that on 10th At.:gust, 1999 the respondent advised the appellant that a sum of Rs.6,74,90,481/- was payable towards outstanding licence fee and interest due thereon apart from a sum of Rs.7.30 crores C payable towards liquidated damages that were provisionally determined. The appellant-company was informed that in terms of the Migration Package at least 35% of the total licence fee along with interest amounting to Rs.6,74,90,481/- had to be paid by it before 16th August, 1999 and the balance dues D covered by a Financial Bank Guarantee by the 30th November, 1999. The liquidated damages payable by the appellant-company were demanded in full and had to be paid on or before 16th August, 1999.

E 4. On receipt of the intimation demanding payment of the amounts mentioned above the appellant-company appears to have prayed for waiver of the liquidated damages on the ground that it could not commence commercial operations by the stipulated date on account of certain procedural delay. That F prayer was upon consideration turned down with the result that the appellant paid 35% of the outstanding licence fee and interest amounting to Rs.2.36 crores on 16th August, 1999. It also paid the full amount of Rs.7.30 crores towards liquidated damages as demanded by the Government. G 5. Commercial operations in Rajasthan were finally started by the appellant-company on 5th June 2000. In March 2001 a demand was raised by the respondent for payment of a further amount of Rs.70 lakhs as liquidated damages for the delay in the commissioning of the service. Aggrieved by the H SHYAM TELELINK LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 935 [T.S. THAKUR, J.]

demand of Rs.8 crores towards liquidated damages out of A which the appellant had already paid Rs.7.30 crores on 16th August, 1999 the appellant approached the Tribunal for redress. As mentioned earlier the appellant's case before the Tribunal was that it was ready to commence commercial operations in the last week of February 1999 and had sought B permission to do so from the respondent which permission was in an arbitrary, illegal and discriminatory manner refl,l_~ed by the respondent. Recovery of the liquidated damages was, therefore bad, argued the appellant who demanded refund of the entire amount of Rs.8 crores recovered towards liquidated damages c from it.

6. The respondent contested the petition before the Tribunal, inter alia, on the ground that the petitioner-appellant was not entitled to question any demand arising out of the 0agreement executed between the parties after it had unconditionally accepted the Migration Package under which it agreed to deposit without demur the outstanding licence fee as also the liquidated damages payable under the licence agreement. The respondent also asserted that the appellant was not ready with the commissioning of the service as was E evident from the admissions made in several communications sent by it to the respondent. It was further pointed out by the respondent that the computation t.· actual liquidated damages could be undertaken only after the appellant had commenced commercial operations. The actual charges after such F computation were according to the respondent determined at Rs.29.86 crores but the demand was restricted to Rs.8 crores in terms of the explicit limitation prescribed under the licence. An amount of Rs.7.3 crores having already been paid under the Migration Package, a demand for payment of Rs.70 lakhs G only was raised by the respondent. It was also asserted by the respondent that the appellant had not disputed calculation of the amount of Rs.7.3 crores as liquidated damages for non-commissioning of the service at the time of Migration Package and paid the same with other dues. Having done so, the H 936 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2010] 12 S.C.R.

A Migration Package which contained a specific stipulation that the acceptance of the package "will be deemed as a full and final settlement of all existing disputes whatsoever irrespective of whether they are related to the present package or not" could not be questioned by the petitioner-appellant. The respondent B also raised the question of limitation and assailed the maintainability of the petition on that ground. By its order dated 9th April, 2003 impugned in this appeal the Tribunal dismissed the petition filed by the appellant aggrieved whereof the appellant has filed C.A. No.7236 of 2003 before this Court. c 7. We have heard learned counsel for the parties and perused the record. A two-fold contention was urged in support of the appeal by counsel appearing for the appellant. Firstly, it was contended that the appellant was ready to commence commercial operations in February 1999 i.e. within one year D of the date on which the agreement was signed between the parties. The fact that the petitioner had applied for the grant of permission to commence commercial operations in Jaipur from 3rd February, 1999 was according to the appellant sufficient to show its readiness to commence such operations. There is, E in our opinion, no force in that contention. It is not disputed that the actual operations started only on 5th June, 2000. The material placed before the Tribunal clearly established that during the intervening period the appellant had been informed by the respondent that clearance for commencing commercial F operations could be considered only after the following requirements of the licence agreement were complied with:

(a) Payment of next instalment of licence fee due on 3.3.1999; G {b) Provision of Performance Bank Guarantee (PBG) and enhanced Financial Bank Guarantee (FBG) for requisite amount and validity before commencement of succeeding year on 3.3.1999; H SHYAM TELELINK LTD. v. UNION OF !NOIA 937 [T.S. THAKUR, J.] (c) Rectification of deficiencies pointed out by A TEC before the commencement of commercial operations; (d) Submission of plan in respect of providing Direct Exchange Lines (DEL-s) and Village 8 Public Telephones (VPT-s) as per committed targets failing which Liquidated Damages (LD-s) are payable; and (e) Establishment of a separate bank account (an escrow account as stipulated under C condition 18.6 of the Licence Agreement).

8. Material further established that the deficiencies pointed out by the TEC could not be rectified by M/s Qualcomm manufacturer of the equipment purchased by the appellant 0 forcing the latter to go for a new set of equipment from a new vendor in December 1999 which equipment was finally delivered and installed in April 2000. It was only after the installation of the said equipment that fresh test certificates were issued by TEC on 1st June, 2000 leading to the start of the I Ecommercial operations on 5th June, 2000. The fact that the appellant was not ready to commence commercial operations in February 1999 is evident from its own letter dated 19th July, 1999 in which the appellant had clearly admitted that the system was not yet ready for such operations and that the appellant Fwas engaged only in monitoring and testing the credential of the new technology and the related software/hardware. It is also evident from the letter of the appellant dated 25th August, 1999 that the appellant was not in a position to indicate any firm date for a formal launch of the service as the system was not yet in a position to do so. The relevant part of the letter reads as under: G " ............ at this stage we are unable to indicate any date for formal commissioning of the commercial launch of the service since still there are bugs in the system provided by our supplier. In any case the testing has to continue for H . - 938 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 12 S.C.R.

A monitoring the behaviour of the equipment even after 75% loading of the system which is also being followed by DoT/ MTNL, while acceptance testing of the systems. However, we hope to commercialize the services by middle of December 1999, as supplier is continuously working to B resolve the bugs in the software." 9. In the light of the above admission which is the best evidence against the appellant, it is not open to the appellant to argue that it was ready to start commercial operations in C February 1999. The Tribunal was, therefore, perfectly justified in holding that the commercial operations were started only on "5th June, 2000 and that for the intervening period such operations could not be commenced on account of deficiencies that were attributed entirely to the defects in the system which the appellant had installed. The Tribunal was also justified in D our opinion in holding that the denial of permission to the appellant was neither arbitrary nor mala fide especially when the conditions in the licence agreement requiring the appellant to arrange and install suitable equipment to meet the prevailing technical specifications by Telecommunication Engineering E Centre were no.t complied with nor were all performance tests required for successful commissioning of the services carried out by the Licensor before the services are commissioned for public use.

F 10. The argument that the respondent has acted arbitrarily and in a discriminatory manner by overlooking similar deficiencies in the case of other service providers has also been correctly repelled by the Tribunal on the ground that the nature of the deficiencies found in the case of the appellant G have not been found similar to those found in other cases where permission was granted. As a matter of fact, the appellant was given an opportunity to implead the other service providers so that the allegation could be examined in detail but the appellant failed to do so nor was any material placed on record to show H that any discriminatory treatment was meted out to it. At any SHYAM TELELINK LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 939 [TS. THAKUR, J.]

rate so long as the conditions of the agreement entitled the A respondents to decline permission to commence commercial operations on account of failure on the part of the appellant to comply with the conditions stipulated in the said agreement, which condition included a defect-free efficient system, the fact that some other service providers were given permission in the B peculiar facts of their cases and deficiencies allegedly noticed in their system could not make out a case for the appellant to question the demand raised on the basis of a package which the appellant had accepted unconditionally and pursuant to which acceptance a substantial part of the liquidated damages c amounting to Rs.7.3 crores had been deposited by it without any demur. 11. The Tribunal has also held and in our view correctly so that the computation of the liquidated damages for non-commencing of the services as well as limiting the same to a D total amount of Rs.8 crores was in conformity with the licence conditions executed between the parties. There is nothing before us to suggest that any error has crept in the computation of liquidated damages ndr was any such error pointed out before the Tribunal. As a matter of fact, according to the E respondents the amount of damages works out to Rs.29.86 crores was limited to Rs.8 crores in explicit terms of the limitation laid down in the licence agreement.

12. The factual aspects apart we need to remember that F the payment of liquidated damages was an essential condition of the Migration Package which was offered to the service providers. Unconditional acceptance of the package including the payment of outstanding licence fee with interest due thereon and liquidated damages was a specific requirement of the G Migration Package which was unequivocally accepted by the appellant in terms of the declaration made in the following words: " .. With reference to the letter No.842-153/99-VAS (Vol.V) (Pt.) dated 22nd July, 1999 on the subject noted H 940 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 12 S.C.R. A above, I hereby covey unconditional acceptance on behalf of the Licensee ·with regard to the package proposed for migration of the existing licenses to NTP 1999 Regime on the terms and conditions in the letter under reference .... "

13. The unconditional acceptance of the terms of theB package and the benefit which the appellant derived under the same will estop the appellant from challenging the recovery of the dues under the package or the process of its determination. No dispute has been raised by thP appellant and rightly so in C regard to the payment of outstanding licence fee or the interest due thereon. The controversy is limited to the computation of liquidated damages of Rs.8 crores out of which Rs.7.3 crores was paid by the appellant in the beginning without any objection followed by a payment of Rs.70 lakhs made on 29th May, 2001. Although the appellant had sought waiver of the liquidated D damages yet upon rejection of that request it had made the payment of the amount demanded which signified a clear acceptance on its part of the obligation to pay. If the appellant proposed to continue with its challenge to demand, nothing prevented it from taking recourse to appropriate proceedings E and taking the adjudication process to its logical conclusion before exercising its option. Far from doing so, the appellant gave up the plea of waiver and deposited the amount which clearly indicates acceptance on its part of its liability to pay especially when it was only upon such payment that it could be F permitted to avail of the Migration Package. Allowing the appellant at this stage to question the demand raised under the Migration Package would amount to permitting the appellant to accept what was favourable to it and reject what was not. The appellant cannot approbate and reprobate. The maxim qui G approbat non reprobat (one who approbates cannot reprobate) is firmly embodied in English Common Law and often applied by Courts in this country. It is akin to the doctrine of benefits and burdens which at its most basic level provides that a person taking advantage under an instrument which both grants H a benefit and imposes a burden cannot take the former without SHYAM TELELINK LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 941

[T.S. THAKUR, J.] complying with the latter. A person cannot approbate and A reprobate or accept and reject the same instrument In Ambu Nair v. Kelu Nair AIR 1933 PC 167 the doctrine was explained thus: "Having thus, almost in terms, offered to be redeemed 8 under the usufructuary mortgage in order to get payment of the other mortgage debt, the appellant, Their Lordships think, cannot now turn round and say that redemption under the usufructuary mortgage had been barred nearly seventeen years before he so obtained payment. It is a well-accepted principle that a party cannot both approbate C and reprobate. He cannot, to use the words of Honyman, J. in Smith v. Baker (1878) LR 8 CP 350 at p. 357 'at the same time blow hot and cold. He cannot say at one time that the transaction is valid and thereby obtain some advantage to which he could only be entitled on the footing D that it is valid, and at another time say it is void for the purpose of securing some further advantage'." 14. View taken in the above decision has been reiterated by this Court in City Montessori~chool v. State of Uttar E Pradesh and Ors. (2009) 14 sec 253. To the same effect is the decision of this Court in New Bihar Biri Leaves Co. v. State of Bihar 1981 (1) SCC 537 where this Court said :

"It is a fundamental principle of general application that if a person of his own accord, accepts a contract on certain F terms and works out the contract, he cannot be allowed to adhere to and abide by some of the terms of the contract which proved advantageous to him and repudiate the other terms of the same contract l/',ihich might be disadvantageous to him. The maxim is qui approbat non G reprobat (one who approbates cannot reprobate). This principle, though originally borrowed from Scots Law, is now firmly embodied in English Common Law. According to it, a party to an instrument or transaction cannot take advantage of one part of a document or transaction and H 942 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 12 S.C.R. A reject the rest. That is to say, no party can accept and reject the same instrument or transaction (Per Scrutton, L.J., Verschures Creameries Ltd. v. Hull & Netherlands Steamship Co.)"

15. The decision of this Court in R.N. Goswain v. Yashpal8 Dhir AIR 1993 SC 352, brings in the doctrine of election in support of the very same conclusion in the following words : "10. Law does not permit a person to both approbate and reprobate. This principle is based on the doctrine of C election which postulates that no party can accept and reject the same instrument and that "a person cannot say at one time that a transaction is valid and thereby obtain some advantage, to which he could only be entitled on the footing that it is valid, and then turn round and say it is void D for the purpose of securing some other advantage". [See: Verschures Creameries Ltd. v. Hull and Netherlands Steamship Co. Ltd. (1921) 2 KB 608, at p.612, Scrutton, L.J.] According to Halsbury's Laws of England, 4th Edn., Vol. 16, "after taking an advantage under an order (for E example for the payment of costs) a party may be precluded from saying that it is invalid and asking to set it aside''. (para 1508)" 16. In America Estoppel by acceptance of benefits is one of the recognized situations that would prevent a party from F taking up inconsistent positions qua a contract or transaction under which it has benefited. 17. American Jurisprudence, 2nd Edition, Volume 28, pages 677-680 discusses 'Estoppel by acceptance of benefits' G in the following passage:

"Estoppel by the acceptance of benefits: Estoppel is frequently based upon the acceptance and retention, by one having knowledge or notice of the facts, of benefits from a transaction, contract, instrument, regulation which H SHYAM TELELINK LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 943 [T.S. THAKUR, J.] he might have rejected or contested. This doctrine is A obviously a branch of the rule against assuming inconsistent positions. As a general principle, one who knowingly accepts the · benefits of a contract or conveyance is estopped to deny 8 the validity or binding effect on him of such contract or conveyance. This rule has to be applied to do equity and must not be applied in such a manner as to violate the principles of right and good conscience." C 18.' For the reasons set out by us hereinabove, we have . no hesitation in holding that the appellant was not entitled to question the terms of the Migration Package after unconditionally accepting and acting upon the same. o · 19. In the result this appeal fails and i_s hereby dismissed but in the circumstances without ~any order as to costs. . K.K.T. Appeal dismissed.