[2010] 10'S'.C.R. 731 ' HUSSAINBHAI ALLARAKHBHAI DARIAYA & ORS. A v. STATE OF GUJARAT & ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 7208 of'2010) AUGUST 31, 2010 B [RN,· RAVEENDRAN'AND H; L. GOKHALE; JJ;] Code of Civil Procedure, 1908: Or 23, r.3 and 3-B - Compromise of a suit/appeal - c Requirements to be. complied with - Explained - HELD: In the instant case, the compromise alleged was not between the parties to the suit/appeal, butwas between two groups of two communities - Further a decree can be made in terms of compromise only in so far as it relates to the parties to the 0 suit - Ultimately, first appellate court made an oi;der refusing to draw a decree in terms ofthe 'compromise' between non-parties, as the appeal was disposed ofin pursuance of·the memo·of withdrawal. Or. 23, r. 3-B, Explanation - "Representative suit" - E Explained. s, 100.- Secondappealfiled. with application for leave· to file appeal by persons who were not parties to suit/first appeal

- Maintainability of - In the instant case, the parties to the F suit/appeal had not entered into any compromise and the court had not passed a decree in terms of the compromise -In fact, the court could not pass any decree in terms of the said compromise as it was not between the parties to the appeal - Request of the plaintiff/appellant was for withdrawal G of the first appeal and that request was granted and the appeal was dismissed as withdrawn -- When an appeal has been withdrawn by the persons who filed the appeal, it is not open to some other parties to file second appeal challenging the 731 H • 732 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 10 S.C.R. A withdrawal of the first appeal on the ground that a 'compromise' was illegally entered - Neither 0. 23, r.3, nor 0. 23, r. 3-B was attracted.

Plaintiff-respondent No. 6, namely, the Samast Sunni Muslim Jamat Damnagar (Jamat), represented by its8 Secretary, filed a suit against respondent Nos. 1 to 5, inter a/ia, for declaration that it was the owner-in-possession of old Survey No. 248. The trial court though granted the other reliefs, rejected the claim of the plaintiff as regards Old Survey No. 248. In the first appeal filed by the plaintiff, C a consent 'pursis' signed by 4 Trustees of the Jamat and endorsed by the Sarpanch and the Secretary of the Grampanchayat was filed. Subsequently, a compromise agreement entered into between leaders of 'Muslim Samaj' and "Samast Hindu Samaj', was filed. The first D appellate court disposed of the appeal in terms of the consent 'pursis' and the agreement. The appellants, who were neither parties to the suit nor to the first appeal, but claimed to be the members of the Jamat, filed a second appeal before the High Court, with an application seeking E permission to file the appeal. The High Court held that the Jamat had not filed the suit in a representative capacity and, therefore, the application seeking leave to file the second appeal and the second appeal filed by the appellants were not maintainable. F Dismissing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1. The second appeal by the appellants was not maintainable and the refusal to grant leave to appeal was justified, though for reasons different from what has G been mentioned by the High Court. [para 17) [745-F-G]

2.1 A compromise of a suit is governed by Rule 3 of Order 23 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. However, if the suit which is compromised, is a representative suit, H HUSSAINBHAI ALLARAKHBHAI DARIAYA & ORS. v. 733 STATE OF GUJARAT

two additional requirements of Rule 38 will also have to A be complied with. They are: (i) compromise cannot be entered without the leave of the court expressly recorded in the proceedings; and (ii) before granting such leave, the court shall give notice to such persons as may appear to it to be interested in the suit. The Explanation to Rule B 38 defines four categories of suits as "representative suits" for the purpose of the said rule : (a) suits u/s 91 or section 92 of the Code; (b) suits under Order 1 Rule 8 of the Code; (c) suits in which the manager of an undivided Hindu Family sues or is sued as representing the ·other c members of the family; and (d) suits in which the decree passed may bind any person who is not named as a party to the suit by virtue of the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure or any other law for the time being in force. If a suit should answer the definition of a ·representative 0 suit' under clause (d) of the Explanation, two conditions should be satisfied - (i) the decree passed in the suit should bind the person who is not named as a party to the suit; and (ii) the decree should so bind a person who is not named as a party to the suit, by Virtue of the E provisions of the Code or any other law for the time being in force. [para 10) [742-8-F]

2.2 In the instant case, the compromise alleged was not between the parties to the suit/appeal. The defendants/respondents were the State Government, the F Mamlatdar, Development Officer and the Gram Panchayat. None of them were parties to the compromise. Even the Jamat represented by the Secretary, was not a party to the compromise. The alleged compromise was between two groups, namely, 14 persons representing the Muslim G community and 18 persons representing the Hindu community of the locality. Therefore, it cannot be said to be a compromise between the parties to the suit or the appeal. Further, under Order 23 Rule 3, a decree can be H - 734 SUPREME COURT REPORTS. (2010] 10 S.C.R; A madedn .terms of the compromise only, insofar as it relates to-the·parties to the suit. Where either plaintiff-appellants or~the,defendant-respondents were notparties, it.cannot be said.that there was a compromise between the parties to the. suit or appeal. [para 14] -[7 44-D-G] B

1'.3 The pursis (Memo - E.X.17) filed by the appellants in the·first:appeal stated that the trustees. of.the Jamat· were withdrawing the appeal unconditionally, in view of the·compromise reached 'between two groups of' people C who·were: not'. parties to the appeal. The parties. to the appeal, that is the appellants and respondents, did not sign or file any compromise petition before the·court. The first:appeHate court•could not; therefore, direct that:a decree· be drawn up in terms of the 'comp.romise' between two sets of non-parties, while dismissing, the D first appeal as withdrawn. Though the order disposing.of the·first·appeal stated that a.decree. shall be drawn according_ to the· "agreement" submitted along, with the· consent' pursis, no such decree has been drawn. It has also been brought to the notice of the Court that recently E the· first'. appellate court has made an order refusing to draw a decree in terms of the compromise between non-parties, as the appeal was disposed of in pursuance of the,memo of withdrawal: [para 15] [744-H; 745"A~C], F 1:4'When an appeal-has been withdrawn by the persons-who filed the appeal; it is not open to some other parties to file an appeal challenging•the withdrawal of the first appeal on the ground that a 'compromise' was illegally,entered. In the instant case, the parties to the suit had.notenteredJnto any compromise and the-court.had G riot:passed:a.decree ·in·terms of the compromise. In fact, the.-court could not pass, any.decree. in terms of the said 0 compromise as it was not between the parties to. the appeaL The request of the Jamat was for withdrawal ·of the first appeal and that request was granted and the H

HUSSAINBHAI ALLARAKHBHAI DARIAYA &.ORS. v. 735 STATE OF GUJARAT appeal' was. dismissed as withdrawn: Neither. Order;-23 A Rule·3; nor Order,23 .Rule 3-B·was:attracted: Therefore, a, second~appeal1would1not·lie·at·the,instance·of•any;non• party, as>there·is.no appealable·order or dec"ree: (para116] (745-C-F]i B .. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION.: Civil Appeal No. 7208 of 2010. From the Judgment & Order dated 13.10.2006 of the High Court·of Gujarat at Ahmedabad in Civil Application No. 3427 of 2006 with Civil Application ~No: 3429 of'2006'with Second C Appeal 70. of 2005 with Civil Application 1985 of 2005 in Second Appeal 70 of 2005. Huzefa Ahmadi, Ejaz· Maqbool, Sakshi Banga, Garima Kapoor, Mohd. Tahir Hakim for the Appellants. D Raju Ramachanc,'lran, Mitul Shehlat, Milind Kumar, Madhvi Divan; Hemantika Wahi, Jesal for the Respondents: · The Judgment of the Court was delivered by E Rv:· RAVEENDRAN,' J, 1: Leave granted.

2. The appellants are aggrieved by the rejection ·oftheir application seeking permission to file a second appeal. The Samast Sunni Muslim Jamat, Damnagar (6th respondent herein, for short the 'Jamat') represented by its Secretary.filed F a suit against respondents 1 to 5 in the court ofthe Civil Judge (Senior•Division), Amreli (Regular Civil Suit No.240/1995) for a declaration that they are the owners in possession of land bearing old survey No.248, Damnagar. They also sought a permanent injunction restraining the fifthrespondentDamnagar G Gram Panchayat (now Damnagar Nagarpalika) from interfering with the right of the plaintiff to construct a compound wall/fencing around the Kabrastan. They also sought·a direction to respondents 1 to 5 to remove any encroachments overthe said Kabrastan land. H· 736 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 10 S.C.R.

A 3. After contest, the said suit was decreed in part by the Civil Judge, Senior Division, Amreli by judgment and decree dated 29.11.2003. The trial court declared that the plaintiff Jamat was the owner of plot Nos. 23, 24, 25,26 and 28 (described in the annexed order of District Development Officer B dated 13.10.1977, canceling the auction of those plots) and granted a permanent injunction restraining the defendants from obstructing or interfering with the possession of the plaintiff Jamat. The trial court however rejected the claim of the plaintiff Jamat in regard to old survey No.248 in the absence of exact c measurements and boundaries of the said land. 4. Feeling aggrieved, the said Jamat filed an appeal before the Assistant District Judge, Amreli (Regular Civil Appeal No.67/2003). In the said appeal, the following pursis dated 3.8.2004 (Ex.17) was filed by the four trustees of the D Jamat: "We, the appellants submit the said pursis in this case and declare that :- (1) We, the appellants have filed the present appealE against the respondent. In the said appeal, the consent pursis and agreement has been made between the members of both community and the Panchayat in the decree of the trial court. Therefore, the appeal does not remain to be tried further. Therefore, we withdraw the F appeal unconditionally.

(2) The Grampanchayat Damnagar, villagers and the members of the community have to do and behave as per the compromise agreement herewith and carry out the G agreement specifically and we withdraw the appeal accordingly. (3) Therefore, we agree and declare by the pursis that the appeal may be disposed off accordingly." H HUSSAINBHAI ALLARAKHBHAI DARIAYA & ORS. v. 737 STATE OF GUJARAT [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.] The said pursis also contained an endorsement by the A Sarpanch and Secretary of Damnagar Grampanchayat confirming that they would not insist for any costs of the suit. 5. The compromise agreement referred to in the said pursis dated 3.8.2004 was entered into between two groups 8 of residents of Damnagar, namely the Samast Sunni Muslim Jamat as the leaders of the Muslim Samaj and the leaders of the Samast Hindu Samaj. The said compromise is extracted below: "(1) The status quo which is obtained by Bavbhai C Gajibhai Chudasama and others with respect to the land admeasuring 30,000 Sq.Feet, situated at the eastern side at Chhabhadia Road, allotted vide the Government Order to Shree Akshar Purshottam Swaminarayan Trust shall be withdrawn. D (2) The land admeasuring 120m x 90 feet= 10,800 Sq. Feet situated after leaving the· road from Dargah at the western side from the land allotted to the Trust, shall be left for the Sunni Muslim Jamat. E

(3) For the social activity no construction activity for constructing the houses b, the Sunni Muslim Jamat shall be allowed. The land shall be left for open place. (4) Pursuant to the order of the Honourable Court from F amongst the five plots, the present land is allotted. (5) Except the land admeasuring 10,800 Sq. Feet allotted to the Sunni Muslim Jamat, all the entire.land shall remain of the Akshar Purshottam Trust. G (6) With regard to the said land, now after any party from amongst both the party shall not raise ariy dispute before the Government Office or in the Court. (7) With regard to the land allotted to the Akshar H 738 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 10 S.C.R. A 'Purshottam Trust any·dispute which is raised previously ,and.with-reference to the said dispute any party shall give the consent in the Government Office or before the Court in respect of the point of Compromise. (8) The case which is. proceeding in the Tribunal withB .reference to the land of the said Trust, for the same .Bavjibhai Gajibhai,Chudasama and .Daudbhai R. Pathan -st.iall,withdraw the case.

The said Agreement of Compromise is executed with aim c ·to:prevail peace and harmony in between the Hindu and 'Muslim and for maintaining Hindu Muslim unity for years .to·come.and with an aim of avoiding any obstruction in the , peace .and harmony and the. recent festival cannot be .affected and for the larger interest of the future and which D is executed by our consent and willingness and for the same we are.putting our signature below." The said agreement was not ·a compromise petition between the plaintiffs and·the defendants in the suit, or between the E appellants and respondents in the appeal, but an agreement said to have been reached by the leaders of two communities, :signed•by '14~persons on behalf of the Sunni Jamat and 19 :persons.offbehalf of the Hindu Samaj. 6. On the said pursis dated 3.8.2004 (Ex.17) filed by the F <lamat,lthe'fin~t appellate court made the following order dated 3.8.2004 : ·''Both 'the· parties :present ·before the Court and have submitted"thejoint consent pursis .. Moreover, the L.A. for the concerned party as well. as Sarpanch and SecretaryG of Damnagar Gram .Panchayat have also signed the 'consent pursis. Further more, the consent pursis has read over·to 0the parties who have submitted one agreement along with ·the consent pursis is also read over to them .am:hthey have.also admitted the facts of the agreement·H HUSSAINBHAI ALLARAKHBHAI DARIAYA & ORS. v. 739 STATE OF GUJARAT [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.)

which is submitted along with the consent.pursis and they A rhave 0stated in their consent ·pursis that as :penthe agreement; the appeal should be disposed of and as.per their ·contentions contained in ·the consent :pursis "and agreement, ·this application is hereby granted, with no order as'.to costs." fi The appeal was disposed of by the following order dated 3.8.2004: "In view of the consent pursis along with the agreement submitted by both'the·parties before this Court on 03-08- C 04 and· have agreed to dispose of this appeal according to·the .consent pursis and agreement, have also agreed ·to draw the decree according to.:the agreement which· has ·been ·submitted along with ·the ·consent· pursis and, therefore, the consent·pursis has been granted by this o Court. So:this appeal is hereby disposed of according· to ·the consent pursis at Exh. 17 along with the agreement and the·decree is hereby drawn according·to·the agreement which submitted along with the consent pursis and hence, this appeal is hereby disposed of accordingly, with no ·E order as to costs."

7. The appellants who c' imed ·to be the·individual members of the Sunni Jamat, and who were· not parties either to the suit or the first appeal, were aggrieved by the said compromise resulting in disposal of the first appeal as F according tothem, 30,000 sq. ft. of Kabrastan.land.had·been unauthorisedly.given·to AksharPurshottam Trust. According to appellants the Sunni Jamat had no legal authority to deal with or give away the Kabrastan (wakf) land for any purpose other than the use of Muslims in Damnagar. They therefore filed a G second appeal before· the Gujarat High Court challenging the order disposing of the first appeal. As they were·not parties to the first appeal, they also filed an application seeking permission to file the appeal. H 740 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 10 S.C.R.

A 8. A learned Single Judge of the High Court dismissed the application for permission to file the second appeal. Consequently the second appeal was also dismissed by order dated 13.10.2006. The High Court held that the Sunni Jamat had not filed a suit in a representative capacity under Order 1 Rule 8 of the Code of Civil Procedure ('Code' for short); that it8 was not the contention of the appellants that the Secretary of the Sunni Jamat was not entitled or authorized to file a suit; that if the Secretary represented the interests of the members of the Jamat, then the suit was by a person authorized by the C members of the Jamat and not by a person filing a suit in his representative capacity; that as the suit by the Secretary of the Jamat was oot a representative suit either for purpose of section 92 or for the purpose of Order 1 Rule 8 of the Code, it cannot be taken to be a representative suit for the purpose of Order 23 Rule 38 of the Code; and that therefore the application D seeking leave to file the second appeal and the second appeal by the appellants were .not maintainable. The said judgment is challenged by the appellants in this appeal by special leave.

9. We may have to notice the relevant provisions of law E before referring to the rival contentions. Rule 1 of Order 23 provides for withdrawal of a suit or abandonment of a part of a claim. Rule 3 of Order 23 provides for compromise of a suit and the relevant portion thereof is extracted below : "Compromise of suit.-Where it is proved to theF satisfaction of the Court that a suit has been adjusted wholly or in part by any lawful agreement or compromise in writing and signed by the parties, or where the defendant satisfies the plaintiff in respect of the whole or any part of the subject-matter of the suit, the Court shall order such G agreement, compromise or satisfaction to be recorded, and shall pass a decree in accordance therewith so far as it relates to the parties to the suit, whether or not the subject-matter of the agreement, compromise or satisfaction is the same as the subject-matter of the suit:" H HUSSAINBHAI ALLARAKHBHAI DARIAYA & ORS. v. 741 STATE OF GUJARAT [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.] Rule 3A of Order 23 provides that no suit shall lie to set aside A a decree on the ground that the compromise on which the decree is based was not lawful. Rule 38 of Order 23 provides that no agreement or compromise shall be entered in a representative suit without leave of court. The said rule is extracted below : B

"38. No agreement or compromise to be entered in a representative suit without leave of Court.-(1) No agreement or compromise in a representative suit shall be entered into -without the leave of the Court expressly C recorded in the proceedings; and any such agreement or compromise entered into without the leave of the Court so recorded shall be void. (2) Before granting such leave, the Court shall give notice in such manner as it may think fit to such persons as may D appear to it to be interested in the suit. Explanation.-ln this rule, "representative suit" means,- (a) a suit under section 91 or section 92, E (b) a suit under rule 8 of Order I, (c) a suit in which the manager of an undivided Hindu family sues or is sued as representing the other members of the family, F (d) any other suit in which the decree passed may, by virtue of the provisions of this Code or of any other law for the time being in force, bind any person who is not named as party to the suit." G . Order 43 Rule 1A relates to right to challenge non-appealable orders in appeal against decrees and sub-rule (2) thereof is extracted below : "(2) In an appeal against a decree passed in a suit after H 742 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2010) 10 S.C.R. A recording a compromise or refusing to record a compromise, it shall be open to the appellant to contest the decree on the ground that the compromise should, or should not, have been recorded."

B 10. A compromise of a suit is governed by Rule 3 of Order 23 of the Code. However, if the suit which is compromised, is a representative suit, two additional requirements of Rule 38 will also have to be complied with. They are : (i) compromise cannot be entered without the leave of the court expressly C recorded in the proceedings; and (ii) before granting such leave, the court shall give notice to such persons as may appear to it to be interested in the suit. The Explanation to Rule 38 defines four categories of suits as "representative suits" for the purpose of the said rule : (a) suits under section 91 or section 92 of the Code; (b) suits under Order 1 Rule 8 of the Code; (c) suits in D which the manager of an undivided Hindu Family sues or is sued as representing the other members of the family; and (d) suits in which the decree passed may bind any person who is not named as a party to the suit by virtue of the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure or any other law for the time being E in force. If a suit should answer the definition of a 'representative suit' under clause (d) of the Explanation, two conditions should be satisfied - (i) the decree passed in the suit should bind the person who is not named as a party to the suit; and (ii) the decree should so bind a person who is not named as a party F to the suit, by virtue of the provisions of the Code or any other law for the time being in force.

11. Learned counsel for the appellants contended that the High Court committed a serious error in assuming that the leave G of the court for entering into a compromise would be required only in a representative suit filed under section 91 or 92 of the Code or under Order 1 Rule 8 of the Code, or a suit in which the manager of an undivided family sues or is sued as representing the other members of the family. According to H appellants, having regard to the Explanation under Rule 38, HUSSAIN8HAI ALLARAKH8HAI DARIAYA & ORS. v. 743 STATE OF GUJARAT [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.]

even if a suit is not filed under Order 1 Rule 8 of the Code, if A the decree passed in a suit would bind any person who is not a party to such suit, by virtue of the provisions of the Code or any other law for the time being in force, then it will be a "representative suit" for the purpose .of Order 23 Rule 38 of the Code, having regard to clause (d) of the Explanation. It is B submitted that as the decree in a suit to which a Jamat is a party, would bind all members of the Jamat who are not parties to such suit, the suit by or against the Jamat is to be considered .as a representative suit for the purpose of clause (1) of Rule 38 of Order 23 and consequently a compromise could be C entered in a suit to which the Jamat is a party, only with the leave of the court granted after giving notice to all the members of the Jamat. It is submitted that as the leave of the court was not obtained for entering into such a compromise and as the court did not give notice to persons interested in the suit, the 0compromise was not a valid compromise and any person affected .bY the said compromise could challenge the same by filing a second appeal having regard to the provisions of Order 43 Rule 1A(2). The appellants submit that category (d) under the Explanation to Rule 38 was ignored by the High Court. E

12. On the other hand, the respondents contended that the suit by the Jamat was not a representative suit. They submitted that the appellants admitted that the suit of the Jamat did not fall under categories (a) to (c) enumerated in the Explanation to Rule 38. They contended that for a suit to fall under clause F (d) of the Explanation to Rule 38, it is necessary that the decree made in such suit should bind a person who is not a party to the suit by virtue of the special provisions in the Code or any other law. It is submitted that there is no provision in the Code or any other law which make the decree in a suit by or against G the Jamat, binding on a person who is not a party to the suit. It is submitted that the argument of the appellants if accepted, would mean that even where a compromise is entered in suits to which a company (incorporated under the Companies Act) or a co-operative society (registered under the Cooperative H 744 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 10 S.C.R. A Societies Act) or a society (registered under the Societies Registration Act) is a party, it would be necessary to treat them as representative suits and issue notice to all members thereof on the ground that the decree passed in such suits, would bind members of such company, co-operative society or society, who are not parties to the suit. The respondents submitted such8 a position would be untenable.

13. It is unnecessdry to examine the question as to the constitution of the Jamat or the question whether a suit by or against the Jamat will bind all members of the Jamat or the C question whether the members of the Jamat will be so bound by virtue of any specific provision in the Code or any other law, as these questions do not arise in this case. 14. The compromise alleged was not between the parties D to the suit/appeal, As noticed above, the defendants/ respondents were the State of Gujarat, the Mamlatdar of Lathi, Amreli District Panchayat, the Taluka Development Officer of Lathi and the Damnagar Gram Panchayat. None of them were parties to the compromise. Even the Jamat represented by the E Secretary, was not a party to the compromise. The alleged compromise was between two groups, namely, 14 persons representing the Muslim community of Damnagar and 18 persons representing the Hindu community of Damnagar. Therefore, it cannot be said to be a compromise between the F parties to the suit or the appeal. Further under Order 23 Rule 3, a decree can be made in terms of the compromise only insofar as it relates to the parties to the suit. Where either plaintiff-appellants or the defendant-respondents were not parties, it cannot be said that there was a compromise between the parties to the suit or appeal. G

15. The pursis (Memo - Ex.17) filed by the appellants in the first appeal stated that the trustees of the Jamat were withdrawing the appeal unconditionally, in view of the compromise reached between two groups of people who were H not parties to the appeal. The parties to the appeal, that is the HUSSAINBHAI ALLARAKHBHAI DARIAYA & ORS. v. 745 STATE OF GUJARAT [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.] appellants and respondents did not sign or file any compromise A petition before the court. The first appellate court could not therefore direct that a decree be drawn up in terms of the 'compromise' between two sets of non-parties. while dismissing the first appeal as withdrawn. Though the order dated 3.8.2004 disposing of the first appeal stated that a B decree shall be drawn according to the "agreement" submitted along with the consent pursis, no such decree has been drawn. We are informed that recently the first appellate court has made an order refusing to draw a decree in terms of the compromise betwe;rn non-parties, as the appeal was disposed of in c pursuance of the memo of withdrawal. Be that as it may.

16. When an appeal has been withdrawn by the persons who filed the appeal, it is not open to some other parties to file an appeal challenging the withdrawal of the first appeal on the Dground that a 'compromise' was illegally entered. As noticed above, the parties to the suit had not entered into any compromise and the court had not passed a decree in terms of the compromise. In fact the court could not pass any decree in terms of the said compromise as it was not between the parties to the appeal. The request of the Jamat was for E withdrawal of the first appeal and that request was granted and the appeal was dismissed as withdrawn. Neither Order 23 Rule 3, nor Order 23 Rule 38 was attracted. Therefore a second appeal would not lie at the instance of any non-party, as there is no appealable order or decree. F 17. We are therefore of the view that the appeal by the appellants was not maintainable and the refusal to grant leave to appeal was justified, though for reasons different from what has been mentioned by the High Court. We however make it G clear that the refusal to grant leave would not come in the way of the appellants pursuing any claim or remedies, if any, available in accordance with law. R.P. Appeal dismissed. H

[2010] 10'S'.C.R. 731 ' HUSSAINBHAI ALLARAKHBHAI DARIAYA & ORS. A v. STATE OF GUJARAT & ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 7208 of'2010) AUGUST 31, 2010 B [RN,· RAVEENDRAN'AND H; L. GOKHALE; JJ;] Code of Civil Procedure, 1908: Or 23, r.3 and 3-B - Compromise of a suit/appeal - c Requirements to be. complied with - Explained - HELD: In the instant case, the compromise alleged was not between the parties to the suit/appeal, butwas between two groups of two communities - Further a decree can be made in terms of compromise only in so far as it relates to the parties to the 0 suit - Ultimately, first appellate court made an oi;der refusing to draw a decree in terms ofthe 'compromise' between non-parties, as the appeal was disposed ofin pursuance of·the memo·of withdrawal. Or. 23, r. 3-B, Explanation - "Representative suit" - E Explained. s, 100.- Secondappealfiled. with application for leave· to file appeal by persons who were not parties to suit/first appeal

- Maintainability of - In the instant case, the parties to the F suit/appeal had not entered into any compromise and the court had not passed a decree in terms of the compromise -In fact, the court could not pass any decree in terms of the said compromise as it was not between the parties to the appeal - Request of the plaintiff/appellant was for withdrawal G of the first appeal and that request was granted and the appeal was dismissed as withdrawn -- When an appeal has been withdrawn by the persons who filed the appeal, it is not open to some other parties to file second appeal challenging the 731 H • 732 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 10 S.C.R. A withdrawal of the first appeal on the ground that a 'compromise' was illegally entered - Neither 0. 23, r.3, nor 0. 23, r. 3-B was attracted.

Plaintiff-respondent No. 6, namely, the Samast Sunni Muslim Jamat Damnagar (Jamat), represented by its8 Secretary, filed a suit against respondent Nos. 1 to 5, inter a/ia, for declaration that it was the owner-in-possession of old Survey No. 248. The trial court though granted the other reliefs, rejected the claim of the plaintiff as regards Old Survey No. 248. In the first appeal filed by the plaintiff, C a consent 'pursis' signed by 4 Trustees of the Jamat and endorsed by the Sarpanch and the Secretary of the Grampanchayat was filed. Subsequently, a compromise agreement entered into between leaders of 'Muslim Samaj' and "Samast Hindu Samaj', was filed. The first D appellate court disposed of the appeal in terms of the consent 'pursis' and the agreement. The appellants, who were neither parties to the suit nor to the first appeal, but claimed to be the members of the Jamat, filed a second appeal before the High Court, with an application seeking E permission to file the appeal. The High Court held that the Jamat had not filed the suit in a representative capacity and, therefore, the application seeking leave to file the second appeal and the second appeal filed by the appellants were not maintainable. F Dismissing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1. The second appeal by the appellants was not maintainable and the refusal to grant leave to appeal was justified, though for reasons different from what has G been mentioned by the High Court. [para 17) [745-F-G]

2.1 A compromise of a suit is governed by Rule 3 of Order 23 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. However, if the suit which is compromised, is a representative suit, H HUSSAINBHAI ALLARAKHBHAI DARIAYA & ORS. v. 733 STATE OF GUJARAT

two additional requirements of Rule 38 will also have to A be complied with. They are: (i) compromise cannot be entered without the leave of the court expressly recorded in the proceedings; and (ii) before granting such leave, the court shall give notice to such persons as may appear to it to be interested in the suit. The Explanation to Rule B 38 defines four categories of suits as "representative suits" for the purpose of the said rule : (a) suits u/s 91 or section 92 of the Code; (b) suits under Order 1 Rule 8 of the Code; (c) suits in which the manager of an undivided Hindu Family sues or is sued as representing the ·other c members of the family; and (d) suits in which the decree passed may bind any person who is not named as a party to the suit by virtue of the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure or any other law for the time being in force. If a suit should answer the definition of a ·representative 0 suit' under clause (d) of the Explanation, two conditions should be satisfied - (i) the decree passed in the suit should bind the person who is not named as a party to the suit; and (ii) the decree should so bind a person who is not named as a party to the suit, by Virtue of the E provisions of the Code or any other law for the time being in force. [para 10) [742-8-F]

2.2 In the instant case, the compromise alleged was not between the parties to the suit/appeal. The defendants/respondents were the State Government, the F Mamlatdar, Development Officer and the Gram Panchayat. None of them were parties to the compromise. Even the Jamat represented by the Secretary, was not a party to the compromise. The alleged compromise was between two groups, namely, 14 persons representing the Muslim G community and 18 persons representing the Hindu community of the locality. Therefore, it cannot be said to be a compromise between the parties to the suit or the appeal. Further, under Order 23 Rule 3, a decree can be H - 734 SUPREME COURT REPORTS. (2010] 10 S.C.R; A madedn .terms of the compromise only, insofar as it relates to-the·parties to the suit. Where either plaintiff-appellants or~the,defendant-respondents were notparties, it.cannot be said.that there was a compromise between the parties to the. suit or appeal. [para 14] -[7 44-D-G] B

1'.3 The pursis (Memo - E.X.17) filed by the appellants in the·first:appeal stated that the trustees. of.the Jamat· were withdrawing the appeal unconditionally, in view of the·compromise reached 'between two groups of' people C who·were: not'. parties to the appeal. The parties. to the appeal, that is the appellants and respondents, did not sign or file any compromise petition before the·court. The first:appeHate court•could not; therefore, direct that:a decree· be drawn up in terms of the 'comp.romise' between two sets of non-parties, while dismissing, the D first appeal as withdrawn. Though the order disposing.of the·first·appeal stated that a.decree. shall be drawn according_ to the· "agreement" submitted along, with the· consent' pursis, no such decree has been drawn. It has also been brought to the notice of the Court that recently E the· first'. appellate court has made an order refusing to draw a decree in terms of the compromise between non-parties, as the appeal was disposed of in pursuance of the,memo of withdrawal: [para 15] [744-H; 745"A~C], F 1:4'When an appeal-has been withdrawn by the persons-who filed the appeal; it is not open to some other parties to file an appeal challenging•the withdrawal of the first appeal on the ground that a 'compromise' was illegally,entered. In the instant case, the parties to the suit had.notenteredJnto any compromise and the-court.had G riot:passed:a.decree ·in·terms of the compromise. In fact, the.-court could not pass, any.decree. in terms of the said 0 compromise as it was not between the parties to. the appeaL The request of the Jamat was for withdrawal ·of the first appeal and that request was granted and the H

HUSSAINBHAI ALLARAKHBHAI DARIAYA &.ORS. v. 735 STATE OF GUJARAT appeal' was. dismissed as withdrawn: Neither. Order;-23 A Rule·3; nor Order,23 .Rule 3-B·was:attracted: Therefore, a, second~appeal1would1not·lie·at·the,instance·of•any;non• party, as>there·is.no appealable·order or dec"ree: (para116] (745-C-F]i B .. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION.: Civil Appeal No. 7208 of 2010. From the Judgment & Order dated 13.10.2006 of the High Court·of Gujarat at Ahmedabad in Civil Application No. 3427 of 2006 with Civil Application ~No: 3429 of'2006'with Second C Appeal 70. of 2005 with Civil Application 1985 of 2005 in Second Appeal 70 of 2005. Huzefa Ahmadi, Ejaz· Maqbool, Sakshi Banga, Garima Kapoor, Mohd. Tahir Hakim for the Appellants. D Raju Ramachanc,'lran, Mitul Shehlat, Milind Kumar, Madhvi Divan; Hemantika Wahi, Jesal for the Respondents: · The Judgment of the Court was delivered by E Rv:· RAVEENDRAN,' J, 1: Leave granted.

2. The appellants are aggrieved by the rejection ·oftheir application seeking permission to file a second appeal. The Samast Sunni Muslim Jamat, Damnagar (6th respondent herein, for short the 'Jamat') represented by its Secretary.filed F a suit against respondents 1 to 5 in the court ofthe Civil Judge (Senior•Division), Amreli (Regular Civil Suit No.240/1995) for a declaration that they are the owners in possession of land bearing old survey No.248, Damnagar. They also sought a permanent injunction restraining the fifthrespondentDamnagar G Gram Panchayat (now Damnagar Nagarpalika) from interfering with the right of the plaintiff to construct a compound wall/fencing around the Kabrastan. They also sought·a direction to respondents 1 to 5 to remove any encroachments overthe said Kabrastan land. H· 736 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 10 S.C.R.

A 3. After contest, the said suit was decreed in part by the Civil Judge, Senior Division, Amreli by judgment and decree dated 29.11.2003. The trial court declared that the plaintiff Jamat was the owner of plot Nos. 23, 24, 25,26 and 28 (described in the annexed order of District Development Officer B dated 13.10.1977, canceling the auction of those plots) and granted a permanent injunction restraining the defendants from obstructing or interfering with the possession of the plaintiff Jamat. The trial court however rejected the claim of the plaintiff Jamat in regard to old survey No.248 in the absence of exact c measurements and boundaries of the said land. 4. Feeling aggrieved, the said Jamat filed an appeal before the Assistant District Judge, Amreli (Regular Civil Appeal No.67/2003). In the said appeal, the following pursis dated 3.8.2004 (Ex.17) was filed by the four trustees of the D Jamat: "We, the appellants submit the said pursis in this case and declare that :- (1) We, the appellants have filed the present appealE against the respondent. In the said appeal, the consent pursis and agreement has been made between the members of both community and the Panchayat in the decree of the trial court. Therefore, the appeal does not remain to be tried further. Therefore, we withdraw the F appeal unconditionally.

(2) The Grampanchayat Damnagar, villagers and the members of the community have to do and behave as per the compromise agreement herewith and carry out the G agreement specifically and we withdraw the appeal accordingly. (3) Therefore, we agree and declare by the pursis that the appeal may be disposed off accordingly." H HUSSAINBHAI ALLARAKHBHAI DARIAYA & ORS. v. 737 STATE OF GUJARAT [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.] The said pursis also contained an endorsement by the A Sarpanch and Secretary of Damnagar Grampanchayat confirming that they would not insist for any costs of the suit. 5. The compromise agreement referred to in the said pursis dated 3.8.2004 was entered into between two groups 8 of residents of Damnagar, namely the Samast Sunni Muslim Jamat as the leaders of the Muslim Samaj and the leaders of the Samast Hindu Samaj. The said compromise is extracted below: "(1) The status quo which is obtained by Bavbhai C Gajibhai Chudasama and others with respect to the land admeasuring 30,000 Sq.Feet, situated at the eastern side at Chhabhadia Road, allotted vide the Government Order to Shree Akshar Purshottam Swaminarayan Trust shall be withdrawn. D (2) The land admeasuring 120m x 90 feet= 10,800 Sq. Feet situated after leaving the· road from Dargah at the western side from the land allotted to the Trust, shall be left for the Sunni Muslim Jamat. E

(3) For the social activity no construction activity for constructing the houses b, the Sunni Muslim Jamat shall be allowed. The land shall be left for open place. (4) Pursuant to the order of the Honourable Court from F amongst the five plots, the present land is allotted. (5) Except the land admeasuring 10,800 Sq. Feet allotted to the Sunni Muslim Jamat, all the entire.land shall remain of the Akshar Purshottam Trust. G (6) With regard to the said land, now after any party from amongst both the party shall not raise ariy dispute before the Government Office or in the Court. (7) With regard to the land allotted to the Akshar H 738 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 10 S.C.R. A 'Purshottam Trust any·dispute which is raised previously ,and.with-reference to the said dispute any party shall give the consent in the Government Office or before the Court in respect of the point of Compromise. (8) The case which is. proceeding in the Tribunal withB .reference to the land of the said Trust, for the same .Bavjibhai Gajibhai,Chudasama and .Daudbhai R. Pathan -st.iall,withdraw the case.

The said Agreement of Compromise is executed with aim c ·to:prevail peace and harmony in between the Hindu and 'Muslim and for maintaining Hindu Muslim unity for years .to·come.and with an aim of avoiding any obstruction in the , peace .and harmony and the. recent festival cannot be .affected and for the larger interest of the future and which D is executed by our consent and willingness and for the same we are.putting our signature below." The said agreement was not ·a compromise petition between the plaintiffs and·the defendants in the suit, or between the E appellants and respondents in the appeal, but an agreement said to have been reached by the leaders of two communities, :signed•by '14~persons on behalf of the Sunni Jamat and 19 :persons.offbehalf of the Hindu Samaj. 6. On the said pursis dated 3.8.2004 (Ex.17) filed by the F <lamat,lthe'fin~t appellate court made the following order dated 3.8.2004 : ·''Both 'the· parties :present ·before the Court and have submitted"thejoint consent pursis .. Moreover, the L.A. for the concerned party as well. as Sarpanch and SecretaryG of Damnagar Gram .Panchayat have also signed the 'consent pursis. Further more, the consent pursis has read over·to 0the parties who have submitted one agreement along with ·the consent pursis is also read over to them .am:hthey have.also admitted the facts of the agreement·H HUSSAINBHAI ALLARAKHBHAI DARIAYA & ORS. v. 739 STATE OF GUJARAT [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.)

which is submitted along with the consent.pursis and they A rhave 0stated in their consent ·pursis that as :penthe agreement; the appeal should be disposed of and as.per their ·contentions contained in ·the consent :pursis "and agreement, ·this application is hereby granted, with no order as'.to costs." fi The appeal was disposed of by the following order dated 3.8.2004: "In view of the consent pursis along with the agreement submitted by both'the·parties before this Court on 03-08- C 04 and· have agreed to dispose of this appeal according to·the .consent pursis and agreement, have also agreed ·to draw the decree according to.:the agreement which· has ·been ·submitted along with ·the ·consent· pursis and, therefore, the consent·pursis has been granted by this o Court. So:this appeal is hereby disposed of according· to ·the consent pursis at Exh. 17 along with the agreement and the·decree is hereby drawn according·to·the agreement which submitted along with the consent pursis and hence, this appeal is hereby disposed of accordingly, with no ·E order as to costs."

7. The appellants who c' imed ·to be the·individual members of the Sunni Jamat, and who were· not parties either to the suit or the first appeal, were aggrieved by the said compromise resulting in disposal of the first appeal as F according tothem, 30,000 sq. ft. of Kabrastan.land.had·been unauthorisedly.given·to AksharPurshottam Trust. According to appellants the Sunni Jamat had no legal authority to deal with or give away the Kabrastan (wakf) land for any purpose other than the use of Muslims in Damnagar. They therefore filed a G second appeal before· the Gujarat High Court challenging the order disposing of the first appeal. As they were·not parties to the first appeal, they also filed an application seeking permission to file the appeal. H 740 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 10 S.C.R.

A 8. A learned Single Judge of the High Court dismissed the application for permission to file the second appeal. Consequently the second appeal was also dismissed by order dated 13.10.2006. The High Court held that the Sunni Jamat had not filed a suit in a representative capacity under Order 1 Rule 8 of the Code of Civil Procedure ('Code' for short); that it8 was not the contention of the appellants that the Secretary of the Sunni Jamat was not entitled or authorized to file a suit; that if the Secretary represented the interests of the members of the Jamat, then the suit was by a person authorized by the C members of the Jamat and not by a person filing a suit in his representative capacity; that as the suit by the Secretary of the Jamat was oot a representative suit either for purpose of section 92 or for the purpose of Order 1 Rule 8 of the Code, it cannot be taken to be a representative suit for the purpose of Order 23 Rule 38 of the Code; and that therefore the application D seeking leave to file the second appeal and the second appeal by the appellants were .not maintainable. The said judgment is challenged by the appellants in this appeal by special leave.

9. We may have to notice the relevant provisions of law E before referring to the rival contentions. Rule 1 of Order 23 provides for withdrawal of a suit or abandonment of a part of a claim. Rule 3 of Order 23 provides for compromise of a suit and the relevant portion thereof is extracted below : "Compromise of suit.-Where it is proved to theF satisfaction of the Court that a suit has been adjusted wholly or in part by any lawful agreement or compromise in writing and signed by the parties, or where the defendant satisfies the plaintiff in respect of the whole or any part of the subject-matter of the suit, the Court shall order such G agreement, compromise or satisfaction to be recorded, and shall pass a decree in accordance therewith so far as it relates to the parties to the suit, whether or not the subject-matter of the agreement, compromise or satisfaction is the same as the subject-matter of the suit:" H HUSSAINBHAI ALLARAKHBHAI DARIAYA & ORS. v. 741 STATE OF GUJARAT [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.] Rule 3A of Order 23 provides that no suit shall lie to set aside A a decree on the ground that the compromise on which the decree is based was not lawful. Rule 38 of Order 23 provides that no agreement or compromise shall be entered in a representative suit without leave of court. The said rule is extracted below : B

"38. No agreement or compromise to be entered in a representative suit without leave of Court.-(1) No agreement or compromise in a representative suit shall be entered into -without the leave of the Court expressly C recorded in the proceedings; and any such agreement or compromise entered into without the leave of the Court so recorded shall be void. (2) Before granting such leave, the Court shall give notice in such manner as it may think fit to such persons as may D appear to it to be interested in the suit. Explanation.-ln this rule, "representative suit" means,- (a) a suit under section 91 or section 92, E (b) a suit under rule 8 of Order I, (c) a suit in which the manager of an undivided Hindu family sues or is sued as representing the other members of the family, F (d) any other suit in which the decree passed may, by virtue of the provisions of this Code or of any other law for the time being in force, bind any person who is not named as party to the suit." G . Order 43 Rule 1A relates to right to challenge non-appealable orders in appeal against decrees and sub-rule (2) thereof is extracted below : "(2) In an appeal against a decree passed in a suit after H 742 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2010) 10 S.C.R. A recording a compromise or refusing to record a compromise, it shall be open to the appellant to contest the decree on the ground that the compromise should, or should not, have been recorded."

B 10. A compromise of a suit is governed by Rule 3 of Order 23 of the Code. However, if the suit which is compromised, is a representative suit, two additional requirements of Rule 38 will also have to be complied with. They are : (i) compromise cannot be entered without the leave of the court expressly C recorded in the proceedings; and (ii) before granting such leave, the court shall give notice to such persons as may appear to it to be interested in the suit. The Explanation to Rule 38 defines four categories of suits as "representative suits" for the purpose of the said rule : (a) suits under section 91 or section 92 of the Code; (b) suits under Order 1 Rule 8 of the Code; (c) suits in D which the manager of an undivided Hindu Family sues or is sued as representing the other members of the family; and (d) suits in which the decree passed may bind any person who is not named as a party to the suit by virtue of the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure or any other law for the time being E in force. If a suit should answer the definition of a 'representative suit' under clause (d) of the Explanation, two conditions should be satisfied - (i) the decree passed in the suit should bind the person who is not named as a party to the suit; and (ii) the decree should so bind a person who is not named as a party F to the suit, by virtue of the provisions of the Code or any other law for the time being in force.

11. Learned counsel for the appellants contended that the High Court committed a serious error in assuming that the leave G of the court for entering into a compromise would be required only in a representative suit filed under section 91 or 92 of the Code or under Order 1 Rule 8 of the Code, or a suit in which the manager of an undivided family sues or is sued as representing the other members of the family. According to H appellants, having regard to the Explanation under Rule 38, HUSSAIN8HAI ALLARAKH8HAI DARIAYA & ORS. v. 743 STATE OF GUJARAT [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.]

even if a suit is not filed under Order 1 Rule 8 of the Code, if A the decree passed in a suit would bind any person who is not a party to such suit, by virtue of the provisions of the Code or any other law for the time being in force, then it will be a "representative suit" for the purpose .of Order 23 Rule 38 of the Code, having regard to clause (d) of the Explanation. It is B submitted that as the decree in a suit to which a Jamat is a party, would bind all members of the Jamat who are not parties to such suit, the suit by or against the Jamat is to be considered .as a representative suit for the purpose of clause (1) of Rule 38 of Order 23 and consequently a compromise could be C entered in a suit to which the Jamat is a party, only with the leave of the court granted after giving notice to all the members of the Jamat. It is submitted that as the leave of the court was not obtained for entering into such a compromise and as the court did not give notice to persons interested in the suit, the 0compromise was not a valid compromise and any person affected .bY the said compromise could challenge the same by filing a second appeal having regard to the provisions of Order 43 Rule 1A(2). The appellants submit that category (d) under the Explanation to Rule 38 was ignored by the High Court. E

12. On the other hand, the respondents contended that the suit by the Jamat was not a representative suit. They submitted that the appellants admitted that the suit of the Jamat did not fall under categories (a) to (c) enumerated in the Explanation to Rule 38. They contended that for a suit to fall under clause F (d) of the Explanation to Rule 38, it is necessary that the decree made in such suit should bind a person who is not a party to the suit by virtue of the special provisions in the Code or any other law. It is submitted that there is no provision in the Code or any other law which make the decree in a suit by or against G the Jamat, binding on a person who is not a party to the suit. It is submitted that the argument of the appellants if accepted, would mean that even where a compromise is entered in suits to which a company (incorporated under the Companies Act) or a co-operative society (registered under the Cooperative H 744 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 10 S.C.R. A Societies Act) or a society (registered under the Societies Registration Act) is a party, it would be necessary to treat them as representative suits and issue notice to all members thereof on the ground that the decree passed in such suits, would bind members of such company, co-operative society or society, who are not parties to the suit. The respondents submitted such8 a position would be untenable.

13. It is unnecessdry to examine the question as to the constitution of the Jamat or the question whether a suit by or against the Jamat will bind all members of the Jamat or the C question whether the members of the Jamat will be so bound by virtue of any specific provision in the Code or any other law, as these questions do not arise in this case. 14. The compromise alleged was not between the parties D to the suit/appeal, As noticed above, the defendants/ respondents were the State of Gujarat, the Mamlatdar of Lathi, Amreli District Panchayat, the Taluka Development Officer of Lathi and the Damnagar Gram Panchayat. None of them were parties to the compromise. Even the Jamat represented by the E Secretary, was not a party to the compromise. The alleged compromise was between two groups, namely, 14 persons representing the Muslim community of Damnagar and 18 persons representing the Hindu community of Damnagar. Therefore, it cannot be said to be a compromise between the F parties to the suit or the appeal. Further under Order 23 Rule 3, a decree can be made in terms of the compromise only insofar as it relates to the parties to the suit. Where either plaintiff-appellants or the defendant-respondents were not parties, it cannot be said that there was a compromise between the parties to the suit or appeal. G

15. The pursis (Memo - Ex.17) filed by the appellants in the first appeal stated that the trustees of the Jamat were withdrawing the appeal unconditionally, in view of the compromise reached between two groups of people who were H not parties to the appeal. The parties to the appeal, that is the HUSSAINBHAI ALLARAKHBHAI DARIAYA & ORS. v. 745 STATE OF GUJARAT [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.] appellants and respondents did not sign or file any compromise A petition before the court. The first appellate court could not therefore direct that a decree be drawn up in terms of the 'compromise' between two sets of non-parties. while dismissing the first appeal as withdrawn. Though the order dated 3.8.2004 disposing of the first appeal stated that a B decree shall be drawn according to the "agreement" submitted along with the consent pursis, no such decree has been drawn. We are informed that recently the first appellate court has made an order refusing to draw a decree in terms of the compromise betwe;rn non-parties, as the appeal was disposed of in c pursuance of the memo of withdrawal. Be that as it may.

16. When an appeal has been withdrawn by the persons who filed the appeal, it is not open to some other parties to file an appeal challenging the withdrawal of the first appeal on the Dground that a 'compromise' was illegally entered. As noticed above, the parties to the suit had not entered into any compromise and the court had not passed a decree in terms of the compromise. In fact the court could not pass any decree in terms of the said compromise as it was not between the parties to the appeal. The request of the Jamat was for E withdrawal of the first appeal and that request was granted and the appeal was dismissed as withdrawn. Neither Order 23 Rule 3, nor Order 23 Rule 38 was attracted. Therefore a second appeal would not lie at the instance of any non-party, as there is no appealable order or decree. F 17. We are therefore of the view that the appeal by the appellants was not maintainable and the refusal to grant leave to appeal was justified, though for reasons different from what has been mentioned by the High Court. We however make it G clear that the refusal to grant leave would not come in the way of the appellants pursuing any claim or remedies, if any, available in accordance with law. R.P. Appeal dismissed. H