[2010] 9 S.C.R. 176 A M/S. SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & NATURAL GAS COMPANY (Civil Appeal No. 3185 of 2002) JULY 28, 2010 B [R.V. RAvEENDRAN AND H.L. GOKHALE, JJ.] Arbitration: International commercial contract - Works contract between respondent and contractor - Respondent C agreed to compensate contractor for all necessary and reasonable extra cost caused by a change in law affecting the contractor economically - Contractor entered into a sub-contract with a sub-contractor for a part of a contract - Under the existing law, the income arising out of the work done was D not subject to income tax in India - Change in law after closing of bid - Under the amended law, the work done under the tender and the income arising therefrom became subject to Income Tax Act, 1961 under s.4488 with retrospective effect - Tax liability imposed on sub-contractor - He paid and E received reimbursement from contractor - Contractor claimed it from respondent company - Respondent rejected the claim

- Reference to arbitration - Umpire passed award holding the respondent liable to indemnify contractor for sum paid to sub-contractor on account of assessment of income tax due to F change in law - High Court set aside the award - Held: Respondent was liable to indemnify contractor for sum paid to sub-contractor - Sub-contractor played pivotal role in the execution of entire contract - Contractor reimbursed the tax amount to sub-contractor in view of commitment made - The G reimbursement was not voluntary act and arose out of change in law - There was nexus between payment to sub-contractor and the responsibility of the respondent - View taken by umpire on the construction of arbitration clause was plausible one and High Court erred in interfering with same - Income H 176 SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 177 NATURAL GAS COMPANY Tax Act, 1961 - s. 4488 - Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, A Exclusive Economic Zone and other Maritime Zones Act, 1976 - Clauses 6(6), 7(7) - Contract. Deeds and documents: International commercial contract - Interpretation of B

Words and phrases: 'perverse finding' - Meaning of The respondent invited tenders for installation of a platform complex. The closing date for the bid was 11.10.1982. The work was to be done beyond the fiscal c limit of Indian Income Tax laws as it then existed, and therefore, the income arising therefrom under the existing law was not subject to income tax in India. The appellant was a successful bidder. An agreement was entered into between the appellant and the respondent. Clause 17.3 D of the agreement provided that the respondent company would compensate the contractor for all necessary and, reasonable extra cost caused by any change in law, affecting the contractor economically. The appellant entered into a sub-contract with Mii for execution of a E part of a work under the contract. The work was completed in 1984. Meanwhile, a notification dated 31.3.1983 was issued by Government of India under clauses 6(6) and 7(7) of the Territorial Waters, Continental shE;!lf, Exclusive Economic Zone and other Maritine Zones FAct, 1976, extending Income Tax Act, 1961 to the continental shelf of India and the exclusive Economic Zone with effect from 1.4.1983. Under the amended law, the work done under the tender and the income arising therefrom, became subject to the Income Tax Act, 1961. By Finance Act, 1987, Clause 4488 was introduced in the G Income Tax Act, 1961 with retrospective effect from 1.4.1983. In 1988, Mii was served notices for re-opening and revising the assessments already made for the AY 1984-85 and 1985-86. The authorities rejected the H

178 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [20101 9 S.C.R. A objections of Mii and imposed tax on Mii. Mii paid that amount and claimed it from the appellant. The appellant re-imbursed the same and claimed it from the respondent under Clause 17.3. The respondent rejected the claim. The appellant served on the respondent a notice of B arbitration and filed their statement of claim. Both the parties appointed their respective arbitrators. The two arbitrators differed in their determination, and the matter was referred to an umpire, who gave his award. He declared that in the event of appellant becoming liable to c pay further sums to Mii, due to any assessment of income tax on Mii or under the sub-contract pursuant to Section 44BB of Income Tax Act, the respondent would have to compensate the appellant against such payment of tax. A single judge of the High Court set aside the award passed by the umpire which decision was confirmed by0 a Division Bench. The decision of High Court was challenged in the instant appeal. Allowing the appeal, the Court E HELD: 1.1. The instant case was dealing with an International Commercial Contract under which the appellant reimbursed the tax liability of their sub-contractor (Mii) which arose out of change in the law after the date of bid closing. This was stated to have affected F the position of the appellant economically for which the appellant sought equivalent compensation from the respondent as per its construction of clause 17.3. [Para 31] [199-B-E]

1.2. Mii became liable to pay the tax amount to the G government of India only because of the retrospective change in the Indian Income Tax Law, brought in subsequent to the date of bid closing. The liability of the appellant to reimburse that amount to Mii arose in view of the commitment made by the appellant in their sub-H SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 179 NATURAL GAS COMPANY contract to Mii. It cannot be ignored that if there was no A change in law, this situation would not have arisen at all. It was therefore not possible to treat this payment as voluntary, that is, in the absence of any liability. [Para 32] [199-G-H; 200-A-B]

B 1.3. The relevant material and evidence placed before the arbitrator clearly showed that Mii was the principal sub-contractor and throughout was in picture in the contract between the appellant and the respondent. In fact, it was because of the expertise of Mii that it was given a pivotal role in the execution of the entire contract. C The appellant had entered into a back to back contract with Mii to the knowledge of the respondent. The performance of obligation under the sub-contract by Mii, formed part and parcel of appellant's obligations under the Head-contract. The respondent had taken up the D responsibility for the income tax liabilities of the appellant. The appellant had taken up the responsibility for the tax liabilities of Mil and the respondent cannot be said to be ignorant of it. In any case, clause 17.3 has to be given a meaningful interpretation. It is confined only to the E necessary and reasonable extra cost, caused by change in law occurring after the date of bid closing. The claim of appellant was restricted only to that extent. The contract was otherwise completely executed, payments were made and the discharge certificate was issued long F back. Mil had already filed its returns for the two relevant assessment years 1984-85 and 1985-86. In 1988, its assessment was reopened in view of the change in law, for which appellant had made the payment and had sought reimbursement from the respondent. In the G circumstances, the submission of absence of nexus between payment to Mii and the responsibility of the respondent cannot be accepted. [Para 33] [200-C-H] Union of India v. Mis D.N Revri & Co. (1976) 4 SCC 147; H

180 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R A Central Bank of India Ltd., Amritsar v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co. Ltd. AIR 1965 SC 1288; Polymat India (P) ltd. v. National Insurance Co. Ltd. (2005) 9 SCC 174 - referred to. 2.1. The umpire entertained appellant's claim only after giving a meaningful interpretation to clause 17.38 after considering all the material on record as well as the context. He looked into the evidence including that of the respondent's officer as to how Mil had participated in the bid clarification meetings. He considered the submission of the appellant as to how the sub-contract was also tax C protected, which was their main plea. The court can interfere, if there is an error apparent on the face of the award or where the umpire had exceeded his jurisdiction or travelled beyond the reference. In the instant case, the award did not suffer from any of the defects so as to call D for interference. In the circumstances, the approach adopted by the umpire being a plausible one, interpretation was not open to interference. Perhaps, it can be said to be a situation where two views were possible, out of which the umpire had legitimately taken E one. [Paras 34, 35) (201-A-H; 202-A] Steel Authority of India Limited v. Gupta Brothers Steel Tubes Limited (2009) 10 SCC 63; Triveni Rubber & Plastics v. CCE AIR 1994 SC 1341 - relied on.

F 2.2. A perverse finding is a finding which is not only against the weight of evidence but altogether against the evidence. In the instant case, the findings and award of the umpire were rendered after considering the material on record and giving due weightage to all the terms of G the contract. Calling the same to be perverse was highly unfair to the umpire. The umpire considered the fact situation and placed a construction on the clauses of the agreement which according to him was the correct one. One may at the most say that one would have preferred H SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 181 NATURAL GAS COMPANY another construction of clause 17.3 but that would not A make the award in any way perverse. Nor can one substitute one's own view in such a situation, in place of the one taken by the umpire, which would amount to sitting in appeal. The umpire was legitimately entitled to take the view which he holds to be the correct one after B considering the material before him and after interpreting the provisions of the agreement. If he does so, the decision of the umpire has to be accepted as final and binding. [Para 36] [202-C-H; 203-A-B] c Arulve/u and Another v. State Represented by the Public Prosecutor and Another (2009) 10 SCC 206; Kwality Manufacturing Corporation v. Central Warehousing Corporation (2009) 5 SCC 142·- relied on.

3. It is an obligation of the parties to a contract that D they must perform their respective promises, and if a party does not so perform, the arbitrator or the umpire has to give the necessary direction, if sought. In that process, they have to give a meaningful interpretation to all the relevant clauses of the contract to make them E effective and not redundant. The intention of the parties in providing a clause like clause 17.3 could not be ignored. It had to be given a due weightage. This was what the umpire had done and had given the direction to the respondent to compensate the appellant for the F amount of the necessary and reasonable extra cost caused by change in law. The award of the umpire was a well reasoned award and one within his jurisdiction, and which gave a meaningful interpretation to all the clauses of the contract including clause 17.3. In the G circumstances, the High Court clearly erred in interfering with the award rendered by the umpire. [Para 37] [203-8-E] 4. It was canvassed by the appellant in the High Court and before the Supreme Court also that the award H 182 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R.

A rendered by the umpire was one on a question of law, and on that ground also the High Court was not expected to interfere with the award. The Supreme Court was not required to go into that issue since it was otherwise holding that the award was not only a plausible one but B a well reasoned one and in the circumstances the interference by the High Court was not called for. [Paras 38 and 39] [203-F; 204-E-F] Mis Kapoor Nilokheri Co-op Diary Farm Society Ltd. v. c Union of India and Others (1973) 1 SCC 708; Mis Tarapore & Co. v. Cochin Shipyard Ltd. AIR 1984 SC 1072; Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Ltd. v. Eastern Engineering Enterprises & Anr JT 1999 (7) SC 379 7 - referred to. case Law Reference: D (1976) 4 sec 147 referred to Para 28 AIR 1965 SC 1288 referred to Para 30 (2005) 9 sec 114 referred to Para 30 E (2009) 1o sec 63 referred to Para 35 AIR 1994 SC 1341 relied on Para 36 (2009) 1o sec 20s referred to Para 36 (2009) s sec 142 relied on Para 36F (1973) 1 sec 108 referred to Para 38 AIR 1984 SC 1072 referred to Para 38 JT 1999 (7) SC 379 referred to Para 38 G CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 3185 of 2002. From the Judgment & Order dated 19.12.2001 of the High Court of Bombay in Appeal No. 126 of 2000 in Arbitration H SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 183 NATURAL GAS COMPANY

Petition No. 104 of 1998 in Award No. 11 of 1998. A Dusyant Dave, Shyam Divan, Pratap Venugopal, Hitesh Modi, Vikram Mehta, S. Trehan, Kush Chaturvedi, Vikas Mehta, Deepti (for K.J. John & Co.) for the Appellant. B Vivek Tankha, ASG, Gaurav Agrawal, Barsha Misra, P.S. Sudheer, Sumit Attri, Noami Chandra, Suman Jyoti Khaitan for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by c GOKHALE, J. 1. This appeal is directed against the judgment and order dated 19th December 2001 rendered by a Division Bench of the Bombay High Court in Appeal No. 126 of 2000 confirming the decision of a single Judge of that Court dated 29th November, 1999, in Arbitration Petition No. 104 of D 1998 whereby the High Court has set aside the Award dated 27th June, 1995 made by the umpire in an Arbitration claim of the appellant against the respondent. The question involved in this appeal is as to whether as held by the Division Bench, the umpire had failed to apply his mind to the material on record and the clauses of the contract between the parties thereby E rendering a perverse award, or whether his decision was a possible one and the High Court had erred in interfering therein.

2. The appellant had entered into a contract with the first respondent for installing and commissioning of Well-cum- F Production Platform Deck and connected system including submarine pipelines on a turn-key basis at its Bombay High (South) Offshore Site for extraction of oil. The appellant had appointed Mis.Mc Dermott International Inc (in short 'Mil') as the Sub-Contractor in execution of this work by a back to back G contract to the full knowledge of the respondent. The appellant had sought from the respondent the reimbursement of the Income-tax amount which Mil was required to pay to the Union of India under newly added Clause 44BB of the Income Tax Act H 184 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R. A 1961 (concerning the profits and gains in connection with the business of exploration of minerals) and which amount was paid by the appellant to Mii. The respondent had declined to reimburse the tax amount.

B 3. The appellant, therefore, invoked the Arbitration clause in the agreement between the appellant and the respondent. The appellant contended that their liability had arisen due to change of law and that under clause 17.3 of the General Conditions of Contract forming part of the contract between the C parties, the respondent was required to reimburse this amount since it was in the nature of necessary and reasonable extra cost arising out of change of law. (In the General Conditions of contract its clauses are referred to as sections.) As against this, the submission of the respondent was that they were responsible only for the appellant's tax liability under clause 23 D of the General Conditions, and if at all, it was the responsibility of the appellant under clause 13.2.7 thereof to take care of the obligations of the Sub-Contractor.

4. The two arbitrators appointed by the appellant and the E respondent differed while deciding this claim of the appellant for reimbursement. This led to Sir Micheal Kerr entering the reference as the Umpire who has accepted appellant's claim, by award dated 27.6.1995. By the said award, the umpire directed the respondent to pay the appellant the sum of F Japanese Yen 129,764,463/- with interest at 4.5% per annum from 15.5.1991 to date of award. He declared that in the event of appellant becoming liable to pay further sums to Mii thereafter, due to any assessment of income tax on Mii under the present sub-contract pursuant to Section 44 BB of Income G Tax Act, then Respondent shall indemnify the appellant against any such payment on demand. He awarded costs also. The respondent sought setting aside of the award of the umpire by invoking the jurisdiction of a learned single Judge of Bombay High Court under Clause - 30 of the Arbitration Act, 1940. The learned single Judge took the view that the said reimbursement H SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 185 NATURAL GAS COMPANY [H.L. GOKHALE, J.]

by appellant to Mii was a voluntary act on the part of the A appellant and the terms of the contract did not require the respondent to reimburse the said income-tax amount to the appellant. The learned single Judge held that the construction placed by the umpire on clause 17.3 of the agreement was 'clearly an impossible one', and therefore, the Court would be B justified in interfering with the findings and the award. The learned single Judge, therefore, allowed the Arbitration Petition and set aside the Award. 5. Being aggrieved by this judgment and order, the C appellant preferred an appeal, which came to be dismissed by the Division Bench of the Bombay High Court by its above referred to judgment and order dated 19th December, 2001. The Division Bench held that the only possible view of all the clauses of the contract was that the respondent could not be held to be liable to the appellant for the income-tax liability of D the sub-contractor and that the umpire exceeded his jurisdiction in allowing appellant's claim under Clause 17 .3 of the General Conditions. The Division Bench, therefore, dismissed the appeal by its judgment and order dated 19th December, 2001. Being aggrieved by this judgment and order the present appeal E has been filed by Special Leave. It may be mentioned at this stage that it was submitted on behalf of the respondent before the single judge that the revised assessment of the sub-contractor was not referable to Clause 44 BB of Income Tax

- Act, and that the conclusion of the umpire be interfered on that F ground also. The submission did not find favour with the learned single judge. The respondent challenged that finding by filing a cross-appeal and submitted that, if the cross-appeal was not maintainable, the respondent be permitted to challenge that finding while defending the judgment. The Division Bench G overruled this challenge of the respondent to that finding. The short facts leading to this appeal are as follows: 6. On 22nd July, 1982 the respondent invited tenders for H 186 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R.

A installation and commissioning on turn-key basis of a Platform Complex on its Bombay High (South) Offshore Site. The closing date for the bid was 11.10.1982. On the date of closing of the bid, the fiscal limit of Indian Income-tax Laws was 12 Nautical Miles in the territorial waters of India. The work to be done under B the above mentioned tender was about 100 miles off the coast, and hence, the income arising therefrom was not subject to income-tax in India. The appellant had submitted its tender offer on 11th October 1982, which was accepted by the respondent and an agreement between the two came to be signed on 7th c September, 1983 for executing the above work for the contract price of J.Y.10,823,237,000/-. Clause - 13.1 of the General Conditions of Contract which provides for this contract price laid down that "the contract price is the firm price without escalation subject to the provisions of the contract". The contract clearly D stipulated that the remuneration provided to the appellant under the contract would be tax protected and would be net of all taxes.

7. Consequent upon signing of the contract the appellant entered into a sub-contract with Mii on 28th December, 1983 E for execution of a part of a work under the above mentioned contract. The work was ultimately completed as per the contract and the respondent certified that the appellant had successfully completed the contract and a Certificate of Completion and Acceptance was issued on 11th April, 1984. A Discharge F Certificate was also issued by the respondent on 18th May, 1984. 8. The Government of India, Ministry of Finance, Department of Revenue issued a notification on 31st March, G 1983 under Clauses 6(6) and 7(7) of the Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and other Maritime Zones Act, 1976, extending Income Tax Act, 1961 to the Continental Shelf of India and the Exclusive Economic Zone with effect from 1.4.1983. Hence, under the amended law, the work done under the above mentioned tender and the income arising H SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 187 NATURAL GAS COMPANY [H.L. GOKHALE, J.] therefrom, became subject to the Income Tax Act, 1961. By A Finance Act, 1987 Clause 44BB was introduced in the Income Tax Act, 1961 with retrospective effect from 1.4.1983. This clause is a special provision for computing profits and gains in connection with the business of exploration etc. of minerals. It is obvious that all these changes in law took place after the B closing date of the bid i.e. after 11th October, 1982.

9. In July, 1987 the Foreign Tax Division of the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance issued a circular in respect of turn-key projects of foreign contractors engaged in the business C of exploration of oil and natural gas in India. This circular contained guidelines for computing the tax liability under the above referred to Clause 44BB of the Income Tax Act, 1961 and instructions were given to all Commissioners of Income Tax to assess the tax liability accordingly. In the year 1988 the above referred to Mii was served with income-tax notices to re- D open and revise the assessments already made for the assessment years 1984-85 and 85-86. Mii was informed that it was required to pay the tax on the income from the respondent for the work executed by them at Bombay High (South) Offshore Site. Mii pointed out that it had already filed E tax returns for these two years stating that it had incurred loss, and it was no more liable to pay income-tax. The authorities rejected the objections of Mii and a tax liability was imposed to the tune of US$1,12,447.84 (Rupees 1,85,23,780/-). Mii paid that amount and claimed it from the appellant. The appellant F reimbursed the same, and claimed it from the respondent under clause 17.3 of the General Conditions of Contract, which provided for situations arising out of change of law. The respondent did not accept this claim. As pointed out earlier, respondent contended that they were responsible for the tax G liability of the appellant alone under clause 23 of the General Conditions of Contract, and under clause 13.2.7 thereof it was the responsibility of the appellant to meet all the obligations of the Sub-Contractor.

H 188 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R. A 10. On 6th March, 1991 the appellant served on the respondent a notice of arbitration under clause 17 .2 of the agreement between the parties and filed their statement of claim on 13th October, 1992. Both the parties appointed their respective arbitrators as per the agreement. The two arbitrators B differed in their determination, vide 'Reasons for conclusions' dated 4.7.1994 and 18.7.1994. Hence, the matter was referred to Sir Micheal Kerr as Umpire, who gave his award as aforesaid. C The Relevant Terms of the Agreement entered into between the Parties. 11. To understand the scope of the controversy it will be necessary to refer to the relevant clauses of the agreement dated 7.9.1983 between the parties. D 12. Clause B of the agreement specifically states that the following documents including the annexures listed thereunder shall be deemed to form, and will be read and construed as integral parts of the contract, and in case of any discrepancy, E conflict or dispute, they shall be referred to in the order of priority as stated hereunder: Order of Priority: 1. Agreement F 2. Annex. 'A' General Conditions of the Contract 3. Annex.'B' Scope of Work (as briefly outlined) 4. Annex. 'C' Contract Price Schedule G 5. Annex. 'D' Project Schedule 6. Annex. 'E' Minutes of Meeting 7. Annex. 'F' Contract Specifications & Drawings H SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 189 NATURAL GAS COMPANY [H.L GOKHALE, J.]

13. In the present matter we are concerned with the A provisions of the General Conditions of Contract and the claim of the appellant for reimbursement of the amounts paid by the appellant to its sub-contractor. Clause 3.1 deals with Assignment and clause 3:2 deals with Conditions of· Subcontracting. Clauses 3.1 and 3.2(i) read as follows: B "3.0 - ASSIGNMENT AND SUBCONTRACTING: 3.1 - Assignment: The Contractor shall not, except with the previous C consent in writing of the Company, transfer or assign their obligations or interests in the Contract or any part thereof in any manner whatsoever." 3.2 - Conditions for Subcontracting: D Concerning the works and facilities covered by the Contract having to be executed and commissioned on turnkey basis by the Contractor, the following conditions shall apply as regards subcontracting of any portion of the E work entrusted to the Contractor.

(i) In case of plant, equipment and allied requirement to be procured, installed and commissioned on the platform structure for the purpose of receiving, processing, F pumping, compressing, etc., and also any other facilities to be provided thereon, the Contractor shall, subject to the limitations imposed on him with regard to the makes/ manufacturer of certain plant and equipment specifically stipulated to be procured against this Contract, be free to sublet the work to the manufacturers/authorized agents of G the respective plant and equipment for procurement of the necessary supplies. In respect of those stipulated items referred to above, the Contractor shall not arrange alternative makes other than those agreed already for H 190 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R. A procurement without the prior written consent of the Company." 14. Clause 5.10.5 lays down that the Contractor shall protect, indemnify and hold the Company (ONGC) harmless against all losses and claims, including such claims arising out8 of the negligence of the Contractor or its subcontractors, and the particulars of this indemnity are specified in this clause.

15. Clause 5.11.3. lays down that the Contractor shall observe and comply with and shall ensure that all his C subcontractors also observe and comply with the laws, regulations or requirements of any states which are liiioral states with respect to any sea areas comprised at site, and of any international authority or international convention or other rule of international law or custom applicable thereto. This is D subject to the exception in clause 5.11.2 which provides as follows: 'The Contractor shall conform in all respects, and shall ensure that all his subcontractors also conform in all respects with the provisions of any statute, ordinance orE laws as aforesaid except where such laws, statutes or ordinances conflict with any laws, statutes or ordinances of United States of America and Japan, Contractor confirms that there is presently no law or regulation which should preclude its parformance of the works under the F Contract." 16. Clause - 13 provides for Contract Price and PaymenU Discharge Certificate. Clause 13.1 lays down the Contract Price, which is mentioned earlier. Clause 13.2 lays down the G Payment Procedure and sub-clause 13.2.7 provides as follows: "13.2. 7 - The Company shall not be responsible/obliged for making any payments or any other related obligations under this Contract to the Contractor's Subcontractor/ Vendors. The Contractor shall be fully liable andH SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 191 NATURAL GAS COMPANY [H.L. GOKHALE, J.]

responsible for meeting all such obligations and all A payments to be made to its SubcontractorsNendors and any other third party engaged by the Contractor in any way connected with the discharge of the Contractor's obligation under the Contract and in any manner whatsoever. B 17. Next relevant clause 17 relates to Laws/Arbitration. Clause - 17 .1 is on applicable laws, which lays down that "all questions, disputes or differences arising under, out of or in connection with this Contract shall be subject to the laws of India." Clause 17.2 provides for arbitration in the event of any C dispute and for appointment of one Arbitrator each by the parties, that the arbitration will be held at London, and further that the decision of the arbitrators and in the event of their failing to arrive at an agreed decision, the decision of the umpire shall be final and binding on the parties. D 18. Clause 17.3 makes the provision in the event of a Change in Law. This clause reads as follows:

"Should there be, after the date of bid closing a change in any legal provision of the Republic of India or E any political sub-division thereof or should there be a change in the interpretation of said legal provision by the Supreme Court of India and/or enforcement of any such legal provision by the Republic of India or any political subdivision thereof which affects economically the position F of the Contractor; then the Company shall compensate Contractor for all necessary and reasonable extra cost caused by such a change." 19. The last clause relevant for our purpose is clause - 23 which is on Duties and Taxes, and in that Clause the respondent G has taken care of the Customs Duties and Income-tax which would be payable by the appellant. It reads as follows: "23.0 - DUTIES AND TAXES: H Indian Customs Duties, if any, levied upon fabricated 192 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R. A structures, sub-assemblies and equipment and all components which are to be incorporated in the Works under the Contract shall be borne by the Company. The Company shall bear all Indian income taxes levied or imposed on the Contractor under the Contract, on account B of its or their offshore personnel while working at offshore or on account of payments received by Contractor from the Company for Work done under the Contract.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall have no obligation whatsoever in respect of the Contractor's c onshore employees whether they may be expatriate or nationals." Question arising for consideration 20. As stated above, the submission of the appellant was0 that the tax liability of Mii arose out of change of law and the appellant had to reimburse that amount to Mii. This affected the position of the appellant economically. The reimbursement of the tax liability of Mii by the appellant was merely the necessary E and reasonable extra cost arising due to the change of law. There is no dispute that this liability of Mii arose out of the change of law after the date of bid closing. This being the position, according to the appellant the respondent was liable to compensate the appellant to that extent. F 21. As against this submission of the appellant, the submission of the respondent was that under clause 23 of the General Conditions of Contract, referred to above, the respondent was liable to bear all Indian taxes levied or imposed on the appellant under the contract on account of the payment G received by the appellant from the respondent for work done under the contract or on account of its off-shore personnel while working at off-shore. This Clause states that the respondent had no obligation whatsoever in respect of appellant's on-shore employees whether they were expatriate or nationals.

H Accordingly to the respondent they had not taken over the SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 193 NATURAL GAS COMPANY [H.L. GOKHALE, J.] liability to pay any taxes which may be due to be paid by the A sub-contractors of the appellant which, according to them was also clear from Clause 13.2. 7 of the General Conditions of Contract which laid down the Payment Procedure and which stated that the respondent shall not be responsible or obliged for making any payment in any other related obligations under B the contract to the appellant's sub-contractors.

22. As stated earlier, the umpire has taken the view that the tax liability of Mii reimbursed by the appellant was the necessary and reasonable extra cost arising out of change of C law and that the respondent was required to compensate the appellant to that extent in view of the provision contained in Clause 17 .3 of the General Conditions of Contract. The question for decision is whether the umpire exceeded his jurisdiction in making the award or whether there is an error D apparent on the face of the award. This necessitates consideration of the question whether the view taken by the umpire on the construction of clause 17.3 was a possible one and in which case whether it was open to the High Court to ir.tei fere with the Award. Alternatively, the question is whether the view taken by the umpire was an impossible one and in E which case whether there was no error in the High Court interfering with the Award rendered by the umpire. The approach of the Umpire F

23. To find an answer to the question we have to see as to what was the approach adopted by the umpire. To decide as to whether the respondent was liable under the above referred clause 17 .3, the umpire framed three questions. They are reflected in Para 6.2 of the award which reads as follows:- G "6. 2 ONGC liability on the true construction of Clause 17 .3 effectively depends on the answers to three questions in the circumstances of this case, of which the first can be divided into two parts. These are the following: H 194 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R. A (1) Since 11 October 1982, the date of the bid closing, has there been (a) any (relevant) change in any legal provision of the Republic of India; or B (b) any (relevant) change in the enforcement of any such legal provision by the Republic of India/ (2) If the answer to (1) (a) or (b) be "yes", has this affected c economically the position of SHI? (1) and (2) are of course interdependent, and the insertion of ("relevant" is designed to provide the necessary connection). D (3) If the answer to (2) is also "yes" have SHI incurred any "necessary and reasonable extra cost caused by any changes" as referred to in (1) above? If the answer to (3) is also "yes" then ONGC are liable. IfE any of the answers are different, then ONGC are not liable."

24. It is seen from the award that before answering these three questions the learned umpire went into the issue as to what approach should be adopted while examining the scope F and application of clause 17.3. The respondent submitted that this clause was in the nature of an indemnity and that it must be construed strictly and narrowly. This view is also accepted by the Division Bench. The Division Bench ob:;erved as follows: G 'The Umpire further erred in law by refusing to put a narrow interpretation on the indemnity clause 17.3. Clause 17.3 being indemnity clause should not have been given wider interpretation. The indemnity clause should be construed strictly analogously to an exemption clause. The H SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 195 NATURAL GAS COMPANY [H.L. GOKHALE, J.] Umpire overlooked the commercial principle that every A business venture carried its own risk.". I 25. The umpire on the other hand observed in Para 6.3.3 as follows:

B "It is self-evident that Clause 17.3 is couched in wide terms. This is commercially understable, since it was designed to cover a wide and potentially unfores~eable spectrum- the possible impact of possible changes in Indian law in the future. I can therefore see no reason for giving to it any particularly strict or narrow interpretation. C From the point of view of its commercial purpose, the contrary approach would be more justifiable. However, in relation to the present facts, it seems to me that this question has no practical significance. The proper approach is to construe the Clause on the basis of the D ordinary and natural meaning of the words used, in the usual way, and of course in its context, as already mentioned." 26. The umpire has noted this context in Para 2.2.4 of the E award. He noted that the bid made it clear that a large part of the contract works were to be fabricated, positioned and installed by Mii as the named and approved principal sub-contractor of the appellant for this purpose. In para 2.2.4 he referred to the evidence of the Project Manager of the F respondent, the sub-contract between the appellant and Mii, and the fact of the terms of the proposed sub-contract having been · set out in the bid document. The umpire recorded in Para 2.2.4 as follows:

G 'The evidence of Mr. B.L. Goel, ONGC's Project Manager, was that Mii had participated in the Bid Clarification meetings between ONGC and SHI, and had been approved by ONGC as Subcontractors of SHI because ONGC were familiar with their work and relied H 196 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R. A on their expertise. In this connection SHI placed some reliance on the fact that under the heading of Mii's "Schedule of Hourly Rates", a number of the terms of the proposed Subcontract between SHI and Mii were out set in the Bid, including a provision which made it clear that, in the same way as in the Head Contract between SHI andB ONGC, the Subcontract was to be "tax protected", with the consequence that SHI would be liable for all Indian tax that might become payable by Mii. This provision, which referred to Mii as "Contractor" and SHI as "Customer" was c in the following terms: "Any foreign (i.e non-U.S.A.) taxes incurred by Contractor and Contractor's employees and which are imposed by or payable to any foreign governmental authority, whether by way of withholding, assessment or D otherwise, for work performed hereunder shall be borne by Customer. Any such taxes which are paid directly by Contractor, shall be reimbursed by Customer." As will be seen hereafter, what became Clause 23 E in the Head Contract and thus subsequently also in the Subcontract, was in different terms, but the substance was the same."

27. In this background, the umpire answered the three F questions and held that there was a relevant change in view of the enactment of Clause 44 BB in the Income Tax Act with retrospective effect. The enactment of this clause caused Mii to become liable to pay the tax which they paid. Since the appellant had to pay this amount of tax to Mii, it did affect G economically the position of the appellant. Then the umpire posed a question whether the payments made by appellant to Mii can properly be described as cost to the appellant. The umpire took the view that the word 'cost' is a very wide word and that obviously the payments were an 'extra cost'. He held H that when the payment arises under a contractual obligation to SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 197 NATURAL GAS COMPANY [H.L. GOKHALE, J.] pay or refund some other party's tax, then such a payment is A obviously a cost under the contract in question. The cost was therefore 'necessary cost' and it was also 'reasonable' since it was only the added tax amount. He accordingly held that the appellant was legally obliged to make this payment to Mii in view of the back to back contract between the appellant and B Mii and that the respondent was required to reimburse the same to the appellant. Consideration of the rival submissions

28. The Division Bench has found fault with the umpire in C not placing a narrow and strict interpretation on clause 17.3. Mr. Dushyant Dave learned Senior Advocate appearing for the appellant submitted that it would not be right to apply strict rules of construction ordinarily applicable to conveyances and other formal documents to a commercial contract like the present one D and referred to and relied upon the judgment of this Court in Union of India vs. Mis D.N Revri & Co. reported in (1976) 4 SCC 147. As held in that judgment, he submitted that the meaning of a contract, and particularly a commercial one, must be gathered by adopting a common sense approach and not E by a narrow pedantic and legalistic interpretation. The present case relates to an international commercial contract and. as noted earlier the appellant and Mii had agreed to subject themselves to the domestic laws of India as well as the International law and conventions. On this background the F appellant wanted to safeguard itself in the event of change of law in India to which the respondent had agreed. It was submitted that any narrow interpretation of Clause 17 .3 to exclude the reimbursement of the income tax liability of the sub-contractor will defeat the purpose in providing this safeguard G under clause 17.3 and will make it otiose.

29. On the other hand Mr. Vivek Tankha, learned Additional Solicitor General appearing for the respondent pressed for the acceptance of the approach of the Division Bench viz. that H 198 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R. A clause 17.3 must be construed as an indemnity clause and that it must be read strictly and narrowly. As far as this submission is concerned, one has to note that as per Section 124 of the Indian Contract Act, a Contract of Indemnity is one under which one party promises to save the other from loss caused to him B by the conduct of the promisor or any other person. Thus in the present case, under clause 5.10.5 of the General Conditions of contract, the appellant has given the indemnity to the respondent against all losses that the respondent may suffer out of the negligence of appellant or their sub-contractor. Clause c 17.3 thereof does not deal with any such losses. It makes a provision for compensation in the event of the appellant being subjected to extra cost arising on account of change of law. It cannot be compared with indemnity for loss due to conduct of the promisor or of a third party. D 30. Mr. Tankha submitted that clauses in the contract have to be given a literal interpretation. He relied upon the judgments of this Court in Central Bank of India Ltd., Amritsar vs. Hartford Fire Insurance Co. Ltd. AIR 1965 SC 1288 and Polymat India

(P) ltd. vs. National Insurance Co. Ltd. (2005) 9 SCC 174 in E support. He contended that under the terms of the present contract respondent has taken up the income tax liability of the contractor alone, and clause 17.3 would not have the effect of passing on the burden of the income tax liability of the sub contractor as well on to the respondent. In this con11ection we F must notice that both these judgments are concerning clauses in insurance policies. In the case of Central Bank of India (supra) the concerned clause in the insurance policy was "This Insurance may be terminated at any time at the request of the Insured." This Court held that the words "at any time" can only G mean "at any time the party concerned likes". It was in this context that this Court held that the intention of the parties is to be looked for in the words used. In Polymat India (P) Ltd. (supra) the question for the consideration was whether as per the terms of the insurance policy the goods lying outside the shed were H covered thereunder. The terms used in the policy were 'factory-SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 199 NATURAL GAS COMPANY [H.L. GOKHALE, J.] cum-godown-cum-office'. Obviously the goods lying outside the A factory and godown could not be held to be covered under the policy. This Court held that the interpretation could not be given de-hors the context.

31. There is no difficulty in accepting that the clauses of 8 an insurance policy have to be read as they are. In an insurance policy the party which is insured makes a proportionate advance payment to the Insurance Company and gets an assurance to protect itself against the loss or the damage which it might suffer in certain eventuality. Consequently the terms of the insurance policy fixing the responsibility of the Insurance C Company are read strictly. Such is not the situation in the present case. Here we are not concerned with a clause in an insurance policy. We are dealing with an International Commercial Contract under which the appellant has reimbursed the tax liability of their sub-contractor which arose out of change D in the law after the date of bid closing. This is stated to have affected the position of the appellant economically for which the appellant is seeking equivalent compensation from the respondent as per its construction of clause 17.3. When clause 17 .3 provides that the respondent company shall compensate E the contractor for all necessary and reasonable extra cost caused by such a change in law, affecting the contractor economically, could the claim for reimbursement made by the appellant from the respondent be held as not covered under this clause? F

32. The respondents had contended in the High Court and also before us that it was not necessary for the appellant to reimburse this tax amount to Mii and that it was only a voluntary payment on their part. It was also submitted that this payment G arose out of the contract between the appellant and Mii and not because of change of law as such. Now, as can be seen from the evidence as narrated above, Mii became liable to pay this tax amount to the Union of India only because of the retrospective change in the Income Tax Law, brought in H 200 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R. A subsequent to the date of bid closing. The liability of the appellant to reimburse that amount to Mii arose in view of the commitment made by the appellant in their sub-contract to Mii. It cannot be ignored that if there was no change of law, this situation would not have arisen at all. It is therefore not possible B to treat this payment as voluntary, that is, in the absence of any liability.

33. It was canvassed on behalf of the respondent that there is no nexus between that payment to Mii and the responsibility cf ~he respondent. However, as can be seen from clause 3 ofc the General condition quoted above, the sub-contracting was clearly contemplated by the parties and was provided for in their agreement. The relevant material and evidence placed before the arbitrator clearly shows that Mii was the principal sub-contractor and has all throughout been in picture in the contract D between the appellant and the respondent. In fact it is because of the expertise of Mii that it was given a pivotal role in the execution of the entire contract. The appellant had entered into a back to back contract with Mii to the knowledge of the respondent. The performance of their obligation under the sub-E contract by Mii, formed part and parcel of appellant's obligations under the Head-contract. The respondent had taken up the responsibility for the income tax liabilities of the appellant. So had the appellant taken up the responsibility for the tax liabilities of Mii and the respondent cannot be said to be ignorant there F of. In any case clause 17.3 will have to be given a meaningful interpretation. It is confined only to the necessary and reasonable extra cost, caused by change in law occurring after the date of bid closing. The claim of appellant was restricted only to that extent. It is necessary to note that the contract was G otherwise completely executed, payments were made and the discharge certificate was issued long back. Mii had already filed its returns for the two relevant assessment years 1984-85 and 1985-86. In 1988 its assessment has been reopened in view of the change in law, for which appellant had made the H payment and had sought reimbursement from the respondent. SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 201 NATURAL GAS cor.~PANY [H.L. GOKHALE, J.]

In the circumstances the submission of absence of nexus can A not be accepted.

34. In the present matter the Division Bench has observed, that the umpire exceeded his jurisdiction :·1 awarding Appellant's claim under clause 17 .3 of the agreement and that he has failed 8 to apply his mind to the pleadings, documents and the evidence as well as particular clause of the contract to decla12 that the award was perverse. In fact as seen above, the umpire has entertained appellant's claim only after giving a meaningful interpretation to clause 17.3 after considering all the material C on record as well as the context. Respondent had contended in their arbitration petition before the High Court that it was not permissible to refer to the pre-contractual negotiations and the documents arising therein. What the umpire has however done is to look into the context with a view to understand the text. As we have noted above the umpire has looked into the evidence D before him including that of the respondent's officer as to how Mii had participated in the bid clarification meetings. He considered the submission of the appellant as to how the sub-contract was also tax protected, which was their main plea. It is true that if there is an error apparent on the face of the award E or where the umpire had exceeded his jurisdiction or travelled beyond the reference, the court can interfere. However in view of what is noted above it is not possible to say that the award suffers from any of the above defects so as to call for interefence. F

35. The view canvassed on behalf of the respondent was that clause 17 .3 ought to be read narrowly like an indemnity clause or given a literal interpretation as in the case of an insurance policy. The umpire on the other hand has observed G that this clause is couched in wide terms and it was commercially understandable and sensible, since it was designed to cover a wide and potentially unforseeable spectrum viz. the likely impact of a possible change in Indian law in future. In the circumstances the approach adopted by the umpire being H 202 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [20'10] 9 S.C.R. A a plausible interpretation, is not open to interfere. The Division bench was clearly in error when it observed that the view of the umpire on clause 17.3 is by no stretch of imagination a plausible or a possible view. Perhaps, it can be said to be a situation where two views are possible, out of which the umpire B has legitimately taken one. As recently reiterated by this Court in Steel Authority of India Limited versus Gupta Brothers Steel Tubes Limited reported in (2009) 10 SCC 63 if the conclusion of the arbitrator is based on a possible view of the matter, the court is not expected to interfere with the award. The High Court c has erred in so interfering.

36. Can the findings and the award in the present case be described as perverse? This Court has already laid down as to which finding would be called perverse. It is a finding which is not only against the weight of evidence but altogether against D the evidence. This court has held in Triveni Rubber & Plastics vs. CCE AIR 1994 SC 1341 that a perverse finding is one which is based on no evidence or one that no reasonable person would have arrived at. Unless it is found that some relevant evidence has not been considered or that certain inadmissible E material has been taken into consideration the finding cannot be said to be perverse. The legal position in this behalf has been recently reiterated in Arulvelu and Another vs. State Represented by the Public Prosecutor and Another (2009) 10 sec 206. In the present case, the findings and award of the F umpire are rendered after considering the material on record and giving due weightage to all the terms of the contract. Calling the same to be perverse is highly unfair to the umpire. The umpire has considered the fact situation and placed a construction on the clauses of the agreement which according G to him was the correct one. One may at the highest say that one would have preferred another construction of clause 17.3 but that cannot make the award in any way perverse. Nor can one substitute one's own view in such a situation, in place of the one taken by the umpire, which would amount to sitting in H appeal. As held by this Court in Kwality Manufacturing SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 203

NATURAL GAS COMPANY [H.L. GOKHALE, J.] Corporation versus Central Warehousing Corporation A reported in (2009) 5 sec 142, the court while considering challenge to arbitral award does not sit in appeal over the findings and decision of the arbitrator, which is what the High Court has practically done in this matter. The umpire is legitimately entitled to take the view which he holds to be the p correct one after considering the material before him and after interpreting the provisions of the agreement. If he does so, the decision of the umpire has to be accepted as final and binding.

37. It is an obligation of the parties to a contract that they must perform their respective promises, and if a party does not C so perform, the arbitrator or the umpire has to give the necessary direction if sought. In that process, they have to give a meaningful interpretation to all the relevant clauses of the contract to make them effective and not redundant. The intention of the parties in providing a clause like clause 17.3 could not D be ignored. It had to be given a due weightage. This is what the umpire has done and has given the direction to the respondent to compensate the appellant for the amount of the necessary and reasonable extra cost caused by change in law. We have no hesitation in holding that the award of the umpire E is a well reasoned award and one within his jurisdiction, and which gives a meaningful interpretation to all the clauses of the contract including clause 17.3. In the circumstances in our view the High Court has clearly erred in interfering with the award rendered by the umpire. F

38. There is one more submission which has to be referred to. It was canvassed on behalf of the appellant in the High Court and before us also that the award rendered by the umpire was one on a question of law and on that ground also the Court was G not expected to interfere with the award. Mr. Dave took us through the notice of intention to appoint the arbitrator, the request for arbitration, the summary of issues submitted by the appellant and the draft issues submitted by the respondent. He then contended that appellant's claim essentially depended on H 204 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R.

A the interpretation of the clauses of contract which plea was specifically raised through these draft issues and this stood on the same footing, as a reference of an issue of law for arbitration. Amongst others, the judgment in Mis Kapoor Nilokheri Co-op Diary Farm Society Ltd. vs. Union of India B and Others in (1973) 1 sec 708 was relied upon in support of this proposition. As against that, Mr. Tankha submitted that in paragraph 23 of Mis Tarapore & Co. v. Cochin Shipyard Ltd. AIR 1984 SC 1072, the judgment in Kapoor Nilokheri has been read as one in the facts of that case. He further relied c upon the judgment in Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Ltd. vs. Eastern Engineering Enterprises & Anr JT 1999 (7) SC 379 to submit that the award of the arbitrator on a question of law is immune from a challenge in a Court only when it is rendered on a specific question of law referred to him and that the same was not the situation in the present matter. The0 Division Bench has accepted this submission of the respondent and held that in the present case there was no specific question of law referred to the arbitrators or the umpire. It held that what was referred for arbitration was the determination of the claim of the appellant against the respondent, and that an incidental E question involving interpretation cannot be said to be a specific question of law.

39. However, we are not required to go into that issue since we are otherwise holding that the award was not only a F plausible one but a well-reasoned award. In the circumstance the interference by the High Court was not called for. In that view of the matter we allow this appeal and set aside the judgment of the learned single Judge, as well as that of the Division Bench. The award made by the Umpire is upheld and there shall G be a decree in terms of the award. The arbitration petition filed by the respondent for setting aside the award shall stand dismissed with cost. D.G. Appeal allowed.

[2010] 9 S.C.R. 176 A M/S. SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & NATURAL GAS COMPANY (Civil Appeal No. 3185 of 2002) JULY 28, 2010 B [R.V. RAvEENDRAN AND H.L. GOKHALE, JJ.] Arbitration: International commercial contract - Works contract between respondent and contractor - Respondent C agreed to compensate contractor for all necessary and reasonable extra cost caused by a change in law affecting the contractor economically - Contractor entered into a sub-contract with a sub-contractor for a part of a contract - Under the existing law, the income arising out of the work done was D not subject to income tax in India - Change in law after closing of bid - Under the amended law, the work done under the tender and the income arising therefrom became subject to Income Tax Act, 1961 under s.4488 with retrospective effect - Tax liability imposed on sub-contractor - He paid and E received reimbursement from contractor - Contractor claimed it from respondent company - Respondent rejected the claim

- Reference to arbitration - Umpire passed award holding the respondent liable to indemnify contractor for sum paid to sub-contractor on account of assessment of income tax due to F change in law - High Court set aside the award - Held: Respondent was liable to indemnify contractor for sum paid to sub-contractor - Sub-contractor played pivotal role in the execution of entire contract - Contractor reimbursed the tax amount to sub-contractor in view of commitment made - The G reimbursement was not voluntary act and arose out of change in law - There was nexus between payment to sub-contractor and the responsibility of the respondent - View taken by umpire on the construction of arbitration clause was plausible one and High Court erred in interfering with same - Income H 176 SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 177 NATURAL GAS COMPANY Tax Act, 1961 - s. 4488 - Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, A Exclusive Economic Zone and other Maritime Zones Act, 1976 - Clauses 6(6), 7(7) - Contract. Deeds and documents: International commercial contract - Interpretation of B

Words and phrases: 'perverse finding' - Meaning of The respondent invited tenders for installation of a platform complex. The closing date for the bid was 11.10.1982. The work was to be done beyond the fiscal c limit of Indian Income Tax laws as it then existed, and therefore, the income arising therefrom under the existing law was not subject to income tax in India. The appellant was a successful bidder. An agreement was entered into between the appellant and the respondent. Clause 17.3 D of the agreement provided that the respondent company would compensate the contractor for all necessary and, reasonable extra cost caused by any change in law, affecting the contractor economically. The appellant entered into a sub-contract with Mii for execution of a E part of a work under the contract. The work was completed in 1984. Meanwhile, a notification dated 31.3.1983 was issued by Government of India under clauses 6(6) and 7(7) of the Territorial Waters, Continental shE;!lf, Exclusive Economic Zone and other Maritine Zones FAct, 1976, extending Income Tax Act, 1961 to the continental shelf of India and the exclusive Economic Zone with effect from 1.4.1983. Under the amended law, the work done under the tender and the income arising therefrom, became subject to the Income Tax Act, 1961. By Finance Act, 1987, Clause 4488 was introduced in the G Income Tax Act, 1961 with retrospective effect from 1.4.1983. In 1988, Mii was served notices for re-opening and revising the assessments already made for the AY 1984-85 and 1985-86. The authorities rejected the H

178 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [20101 9 S.C.R. A objections of Mii and imposed tax on Mii. Mii paid that amount and claimed it from the appellant. The appellant re-imbursed the same and claimed it from the respondent under Clause 17.3. The respondent rejected the claim. The appellant served on the respondent a notice of B arbitration and filed their statement of claim. Both the parties appointed their respective arbitrators. The two arbitrators differed in their determination, and the matter was referred to an umpire, who gave his award. He declared that in the event of appellant becoming liable to c pay further sums to Mii, due to any assessment of income tax on Mii or under the sub-contract pursuant to Section 44BB of Income Tax Act, the respondent would have to compensate the appellant against such payment of tax. A single judge of the High Court set aside the award passed by the umpire which decision was confirmed by0 a Division Bench. The decision of High Court was challenged in the instant appeal. Allowing the appeal, the Court E HELD: 1.1. The instant case was dealing with an International Commercial Contract under which the appellant reimbursed the tax liability of their sub-contractor (Mii) which arose out of change in the law after the date of bid closing. This was stated to have affected F the position of the appellant economically for which the appellant sought equivalent compensation from the respondent as per its construction of clause 17.3. [Para 31] [199-B-E]

1.2. Mii became liable to pay the tax amount to the G government of India only because of the retrospective change in the Indian Income Tax Law, brought in subsequent to the date of bid closing. The liability of the appellant to reimburse that amount to Mii arose in view of the commitment made by the appellant in their sub-H SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 179 NATURAL GAS COMPANY contract to Mii. It cannot be ignored that if there was no A change in law, this situation would not have arisen at all. It was therefore not possible to treat this payment as voluntary, that is, in the absence of any liability. [Para 32] [199-G-H; 200-A-B]

B 1.3. The relevant material and evidence placed before the arbitrator clearly showed that Mii was the principal sub-contractor and throughout was in picture in the contract between the appellant and the respondent. In fact, it was because of the expertise of Mii that it was given a pivotal role in the execution of the entire contract. C The appellant had entered into a back to back contract with Mii to the knowledge of the respondent. The performance of obligation under the sub-contract by Mii, formed part and parcel of appellant's obligations under the Head-contract. The respondent had taken up the D responsibility for the income tax liabilities of the appellant. The appellant had taken up the responsibility for the tax liabilities of Mil and the respondent cannot be said to be ignorant of it. In any case, clause 17.3 has to be given a meaningful interpretation. It is confined only to the E necessary and reasonable extra cost, caused by change in law occurring after the date of bid closing. The claim of appellant was restricted only to that extent. The contract was otherwise completely executed, payments were made and the discharge certificate was issued long F back. Mil had already filed its returns for the two relevant assessment years 1984-85 and 1985-86. In 1988, its assessment was reopened in view of the change in law, for which appellant had made the payment and had sought reimbursement from the respondent. In the G circumstances, the submission of absence of nexus between payment to Mii and the responsibility of the respondent cannot be accepted. [Para 33] [200-C-H] Union of India v. Mis D.N Revri & Co. (1976) 4 SCC 147; H

180 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R A Central Bank of India Ltd., Amritsar v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co. Ltd. AIR 1965 SC 1288; Polymat India (P) ltd. v. National Insurance Co. Ltd. (2005) 9 SCC 174 - referred to. 2.1. The umpire entertained appellant's claim only after giving a meaningful interpretation to clause 17.38 after considering all the material on record as well as the context. He looked into the evidence including that of the respondent's officer as to how Mil had participated in the bid clarification meetings. He considered the submission of the appellant as to how the sub-contract was also tax C protected, which was their main plea. The court can interfere, if there is an error apparent on the face of the award or where the umpire had exceeded his jurisdiction or travelled beyond the reference. In the instant case, the award did not suffer from any of the defects so as to call D for interference. In the circumstances, the approach adopted by the umpire being a plausible one, interpretation was not open to interference. Perhaps, it can be said to be a situation where two views were possible, out of which the umpire had legitimately taken E one. [Paras 34, 35) (201-A-H; 202-A] Steel Authority of India Limited v. Gupta Brothers Steel Tubes Limited (2009) 10 SCC 63; Triveni Rubber & Plastics v. CCE AIR 1994 SC 1341 - relied on.

F 2.2. A perverse finding is a finding which is not only against the weight of evidence but altogether against the evidence. In the instant case, the findings and award of the umpire were rendered after considering the material on record and giving due weightage to all the terms of G the contract. Calling the same to be perverse was highly unfair to the umpire. The umpire considered the fact situation and placed a construction on the clauses of the agreement which according to him was the correct one. One may at the most say that one would have preferred H SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 181 NATURAL GAS COMPANY another construction of clause 17.3 but that would not A make the award in any way perverse. Nor can one substitute one's own view in such a situation, in place of the one taken by the umpire, which would amount to sitting in appeal. The umpire was legitimately entitled to take the view which he holds to be the correct one after B considering the material before him and after interpreting the provisions of the agreement. If he does so, the decision of the umpire has to be accepted as final and binding. [Para 36] [202-C-H; 203-A-B] c Arulve/u and Another v. State Represented by the Public Prosecutor and Another (2009) 10 SCC 206; Kwality Manufacturing Corporation v. Central Warehousing Corporation (2009) 5 SCC 142·- relied on.

3. It is an obligation of the parties to a contract that D they must perform their respective promises, and if a party does not so perform, the arbitrator or the umpire has to give the necessary direction, if sought. In that process, they have to give a meaningful interpretation to all the relevant clauses of the contract to make them E effective and not redundant. The intention of the parties in providing a clause like clause 17.3 could not be ignored. It had to be given a due weightage. This was what the umpire had done and had given the direction to the respondent to compensate the appellant for the F amount of the necessary and reasonable extra cost caused by change in law. The award of the umpire was a well reasoned award and one within his jurisdiction, and which gave a meaningful interpretation to all the clauses of the contract including clause 17.3. In the G circumstances, the High Court clearly erred in interfering with the award rendered by the umpire. [Para 37] [203-8-E] 4. It was canvassed by the appellant in the High Court and before the Supreme Court also that the award H 182 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R.

A rendered by the umpire was one on a question of law, and on that ground also the High Court was not expected to interfere with the award. The Supreme Court was not required to go into that issue since it was otherwise holding that the award was not only a plausible one but B a well reasoned one and in the circumstances the interference by the High Court was not called for. [Paras 38 and 39] [203-F; 204-E-F] Mis Kapoor Nilokheri Co-op Diary Farm Society Ltd. v. c Union of India and Others (1973) 1 SCC 708; Mis Tarapore & Co. v. Cochin Shipyard Ltd. AIR 1984 SC 1072; Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Ltd. v. Eastern Engineering Enterprises & Anr JT 1999 (7) SC 379 7 - referred to. case Law Reference: D (1976) 4 sec 147 referred to Para 28 AIR 1965 SC 1288 referred to Para 30 (2005) 9 sec 114 referred to Para 30 E (2009) 1o sec 63 referred to Para 35 AIR 1994 SC 1341 relied on Para 36 (2009) 1o sec 20s referred to Para 36 (2009) s sec 142 relied on Para 36F (1973) 1 sec 108 referred to Para 38 AIR 1984 SC 1072 referred to Para 38 JT 1999 (7) SC 379 referred to Para 38 G CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 3185 of 2002. From the Judgment & Order dated 19.12.2001 of the High Court of Bombay in Appeal No. 126 of 2000 in Arbitration H SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 183 NATURAL GAS COMPANY

Petition No. 104 of 1998 in Award No. 11 of 1998. A Dusyant Dave, Shyam Divan, Pratap Venugopal, Hitesh Modi, Vikram Mehta, S. Trehan, Kush Chaturvedi, Vikas Mehta, Deepti (for K.J. John & Co.) for the Appellant. B Vivek Tankha, ASG, Gaurav Agrawal, Barsha Misra, P.S. Sudheer, Sumit Attri, Noami Chandra, Suman Jyoti Khaitan for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by c GOKHALE, J. 1. This appeal is directed against the judgment and order dated 19th December 2001 rendered by a Division Bench of the Bombay High Court in Appeal No. 126 of 2000 confirming the decision of a single Judge of that Court dated 29th November, 1999, in Arbitration Petition No. 104 of D 1998 whereby the High Court has set aside the Award dated 27th June, 1995 made by the umpire in an Arbitration claim of the appellant against the respondent. The question involved in this appeal is as to whether as held by the Division Bench, the umpire had failed to apply his mind to the material on record and the clauses of the contract between the parties thereby E rendering a perverse award, or whether his decision was a possible one and the High Court had erred in interfering therein.

2. The appellant had entered into a contract with the first respondent for installing and commissioning of Well-cum- F Production Platform Deck and connected system including submarine pipelines on a turn-key basis at its Bombay High (South) Offshore Site for extraction of oil. The appellant had appointed Mis.Mc Dermott International Inc (in short 'Mil') as the Sub-Contractor in execution of this work by a back to back G contract to the full knowledge of the respondent. The appellant had sought from the respondent the reimbursement of the Income-tax amount which Mil was required to pay to the Union of India under newly added Clause 44BB of the Income Tax Act H 184 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R. A 1961 (concerning the profits and gains in connection with the business of exploration of minerals) and which amount was paid by the appellant to Mii. The respondent had declined to reimburse the tax amount.

B 3. The appellant, therefore, invoked the Arbitration clause in the agreement between the appellant and the respondent. The appellant contended that their liability had arisen due to change of law and that under clause 17.3 of the General Conditions of Contract forming part of the contract between the C parties, the respondent was required to reimburse this amount since it was in the nature of necessary and reasonable extra cost arising out of change of law. (In the General Conditions of contract its clauses are referred to as sections.) As against this, the submission of the respondent was that they were responsible only for the appellant's tax liability under clause 23 D of the General Conditions, and if at all, it was the responsibility of the appellant under clause 13.2.7 thereof to take care of the obligations of the Sub-Contractor.

4. The two arbitrators appointed by the appellant and the E respondent differed while deciding this claim of the appellant for reimbursement. This led to Sir Micheal Kerr entering the reference as the Umpire who has accepted appellant's claim, by award dated 27.6.1995. By the said award, the umpire directed the respondent to pay the appellant the sum of F Japanese Yen 129,764,463/- with interest at 4.5% per annum from 15.5.1991 to date of award. He declared that in the event of appellant becoming liable to pay further sums to Mii thereafter, due to any assessment of income tax on Mii under the present sub-contract pursuant to Section 44 BB of Income G Tax Act, then Respondent shall indemnify the appellant against any such payment on demand. He awarded costs also. The respondent sought setting aside of the award of the umpire by invoking the jurisdiction of a learned single Judge of Bombay High Court under Clause - 30 of the Arbitration Act, 1940. The learned single Judge took the view that the said reimbursement H SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 185 NATURAL GAS COMPANY [H.L. GOKHALE, J.]

by appellant to Mii was a voluntary act on the part of the A appellant and the terms of the contract did not require the respondent to reimburse the said income-tax amount to the appellant. The learned single Judge held that the construction placed by the umpire on clause 17.3 of the agreement was 'clearly an impossible one', and therefore, the Court would be B justified in interfering with the findings and the award. The learned single Judge, therefore, allowed the Arbitration Petition and set aside the Award. 5. Being aggrieved by this judgment and order, the C appellant preferred an appeal, which came to be dismissed by the Division Bench of the Bombay High Court by its above referred to judgment and order dated 19th December, 2001. The Division Bench held that the only possible view of all the clauses of the contract was that the respondent could not be held to be liable to the appellant for the income-tax liability of D the sub-contractor and that the umpire exceeded his jurisdiction in allowing appellant's claim under Clause 17 .3 of the General Conditions. The Division Bench, therefore, dismissed the appeal by its judgment and order dated 19th December, 2001. Being aggrieved by this judgment and order the present appeal E has been filed by Special Leave. It may be mentioned at this stage that it was submitted on behalf of the respondent before the single judge that the revised assessment of the sub-contractor was not referable to Clause 44 BB of Income Tax

- Act, and that the conclusion of the umpire be interfered on that F ground also. The submission did not find favour with the learned single judge. The respondent challenged that finding by filing a cross-appeal and submitted that, if the cross-appeal was not maintainable, the respondent be permitted to challenge that finding while defending the judgment. The Division Bench G overruled this challenge of the respondent to that finding. The short facts leading to this appeal are as follows: 6. On 22nd July, 1982 the respondent invited tenders for H 186 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R.

A installation and commissioning on turn-key basis of a Platform Complex on its Bombay High (South) Offshore Site. The closing date for the bid was 11.10.1982. On the date of closing of the bid, the fiscal limit of Indian Income-tax Laws was 12 Nautical Miles in the territorial waters of India. The work to be done under B the above mentioned tender was about 100 miles off the coast, and hence, the income arising therefrom was not subject to income-tax in India. The appellant had submitted its tender offer on 11th October 1982, which was accepted by the respondent and an agreement between the two came to be signed on 7th c September, 1983 for executing the above work for the contract price of J.Y.10,823,237,000/-. Clause - 13.1 of the General Conditions of Contract which provides for this contract price laid down that "the contract price is the firm price without escalation subject to the provisions of the contract". The contract clearly D stipulated that the remuneration provided to the appellant under the contract would be tax protected and would be net of all taxes.

7. Consequent upon signing of the contract the appellant entered into a sub-contract with Mii on 28th December, 1983 E for execution of a part of a work under the above mentioned contract. The work was ultimately completed as per the contract and the respondent certified that the appellant had successfully completed the contract and a Certificate of Completion and Acceptance was issued on 11th April, 1984. A Discharge F Certificate was also issued by the respondent on 18th May, 1984. 8. The Government of India, Ministry of Finance, Department of Revenue issued a notification on 31st March, G 1983 under Clauses 6(6) and 7(7) of the Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and other Maritime Zones Act, 1976, extending Income Tax Act, 1961 to the Continental Shelf of India and the Exclusive Economic Zone with effect from 1.4.1983. Hence, under the amended law, the work done under the above mentioned tender and the income arising H SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 187 NATURAL GAS COMPANY [H.L. GOKHALE, J.] therefrom, became subject to the Income Tax Act, 1961. By A Finance Act, 1987 Clause 44BB was introduced in the Income Tax Act, 1961 with retrospective effect from 1.4.1983. This clause is a special provision for computing profits and gains in connection with the business of exploration etc. of minerals. It is obvious that all these changes in law took place after the B closing date of the bid i.e. after 11th October, 1982.

9. In July, 1987 the Foreign Tax Division of the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance issued a circular in respect of turn-key projects of foreign contractors engaged in the business C of exploration of oil and natural gas in India. This circular contained guidelines for computing the tax liability under the above referred to Clause 44BB of the Income Tax Act, 1961 and instructions were given to all Commissioners of Income Tax to assess the tax liability accordingly. In the year 1988 the above referred to Mii was served with income-tax notices to re- D open and revise the assessments already made for the assessment years 1984-85 and 85-86. Mii was informed that it was required to pay the tax on the income from the respondent for the work executed by them at Bombay High (South) Offshore Site. Mii pointed out that it had already filed E tax returns for these two years stating that it had incurred loss, and it was no more liable to pay income-tax. The authorities rejected the objections of Mii and a tax liability was imposed to the tune of US$1,12,447.84 (Rupees 1,85,23,780/-). Mii paid that amount and claimed it from the appellant. The appellant F reimbursed the same, and claimed it from the respondent under clause 17.3 of the General Conditions of Contract, which provided for situations arising out of change of law. The respondent did not accept this claim. As pointed out earlier, respondent contended that they were responsible for the tax G liability of the appellant alone under clause 23 of the General Conditions of Contract, and under clause 13.2.7 thereof it was the responsibility of the appellant to meet all the obligations of the Sub-Contractor.

H 188 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R. A 10. On 6th March, 1991 the appellant served on the respondent a notice of arbitration under clause 17 .2 of the agreement between the parties and filed their statement of claim on 13th October, 1992. Both the parties appointed their respective arbitrators as per the agreement. The two arbitrators B differed in their determination, vide 'Reasons for conclusions' dated 4.7.1994 and 18.7.1994. Hence, the matter was referred to Sir Micheal Kerr as Umpire, who gave his award as aforesaid. C The Relevant Terms of the Agreement entered into between the Parties. 11. To understand the scope of the controversy it will be necessary to refer to the relevant clauses of the agreement dated 7.9.1983 between the parties. D 12. Clause B of the agreement specifically states that the following documents including the annexures listed thereunder shall be deemed to form, and will be read and construed as integral parts of the contract, and in case of any discrepancy, E conflict or dispute, they shall be referred to in the order of priority as stated hereunder: Order of Priority: 1. Agreement F 2. Annex. 'A' General Conditions of the Contract 3. Annex.'B' Scope of Work (as briefly outlined) 4. Annex. 'C' Contract Price Schedule G 5. Annex. 'D' Project Schedule 6. Annex. 'E' Minutes of Meeting 7. Annex. 'F' Contract Specifications & Drawings H SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 189 NATURAL GAS COMPANY [H.L GOKHALE, J.]

13. In the present matter we are concerned with the A provisions of the General Conditions of Contract and the claim of the appellant for reimbursement of the amounts paid by the appellant to its sub-contractor. Clause 3.1 deals with Assignment and clause 3:2 deals with Conditions of· Subcontracting. Clauses 3.1 and 3.2(i) read as follows: B "3.0 - ASSIGNMENT AND SUBCONTRACTING: 3.1 - Assignment: The Contractor shall not, except with the previous C consent in writing of the Company, transfer or assign their obligations or interests in the Contract or any part thereof in any manner whatsoever." 3.2 - Conditions for Subcontracting: D Concerning the works and facilities covered by the Contract having to be executed and commissioned on turnkey basis by the Contractor, the following conditions shall apply as regards subcontracting of any portion of the E work entrusted to the Contractor.

(i) In case of plant, equipment and allied requirement to be procured, installed and commissioned on the platform structure for the purpose of receiving, processing, F pumping, compressing, etc., and also any other facilities to be provided thereon, the Contractor shall, subject to the limitations imposed on him with regard to the makes/ manufacturer of certain plant and equipment specifically stipulated to be procured against this Contract, be free to sublet the work to the manufacturers/authorized agents of G the respective plant and equipment for procurement of the necessary supplies. In respect of those stipulated items referred to above, the Contractor shall not arrange alternative makes other than those agreed already for H 190 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R. A procurement without the prior written consent of the Company." 14. Clause 5.10.5 lays down that the Contractor shall protect, indemnify and hold the Company (ONGC) harmless against all losses and claims, including such claims arising out8 of the negligence of the Contractor or its subcontractors, and the particulars of this indemnity are specified in this clause.

15. Clause 5.11.3. lays down that the Contractor shall observe and comply with and shall ensure that all his C subcontractors also observe and comply with the laws, regulations or requirements of any states which are liiioral states with respect to any sea areas comprised at site, and of any international authority or international convention or other rule of international law or custom applicable thereto. This is D subject to the exception in clause 5.11.2 which provides as follows: 'The Contractor shall conform in all respects, and shall ensure that all his subcontractors also conform in all respects with the provisions of any statute, ordinance orE laws as aforesaid except where such laws, statutes or ordinances conflict with any laws, statutes or ordinances of United States of America and Japan, Contractor confirms that there is presently no law or regulation which should preclude its parformance of the works under the F Contract." 16. Clause - 13 provides for Contract Price and PaymenU Discharge Certificate. Clause 13.1 lays down the Contract Price, which is mentioned earlier. Clause 13.2 lays down the G Payment Procedure and sub-clause 13.2.7 provides as follows: "13.2. 7 - The Company shall not be responsible/obliged for making any payments or any other related obligations under this Contract to the Contractor's Subcontractor/ Vendors. The Contractor shall be fully liable andH SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 191 NATURAL GAS COMPANY [H.L. GOKHALE, J.]

responsible for meeting all such obligations and all A payments to be made to its SubcontractorsNendors and any other third party engaged by the Contractor in any way connected with the discharge of the Contractor's obligation under the Contract and in any manner whatsoever. B 17. Next relevant clause 17 relates to Laws/Arbitration. Clause - 17 .1 is on applicable laws, which lays down that "all questions, disputes or differences arising under, out of or in connection with this Contract shall be subject to the laws of India." Clause 17.2 provides for arbitration in the event of any C dispute and for appointment of one Arbitrator each by the parties, that the arbitration will be held at London, and further that the decision of the arbitrators and in the event of their failing to arrive at an agreed decision, the decision of the umpire shall be final and binding on the parties. D 18. Clause 17.3 makes the provision in the event of a Change in Law. This clause reads as follows:

"Should there be, after the date of bid closing a change in any legal provision of the Republic of India or E any political sub-division thereof or should there be a change in the interpretation of said legal provision by the Supreme Court of India and/or enforcement of any such legal provision by the Republic of India or any political subdivision thereof which affects economically the position F of the Contractor; then the Company shall compensate Contractor for all necessary and reasonable extra cost caused by such a change." 19. The last clause relevant for our purpose is clause - 23 which is on Duties and Taxes, and in that Clause the respondent G has taken care of the Customs Duties and Income-tax which would be payable by the appellant. It reads as follows: "23.0 - DUTIES AND TAXES: H Indian Customs Duties, if any, levied upon fabricated 192 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R. A structures, sub-assemblies and equipment and all components which are to be incorporated in the Works under the Contract shall be borne by the Company. The Company shall bear all Indian income taxes levied or imposed on the Contractor under the Contract, on account B of its or their offshore personnel while working at offshore or on account of payments received by Contractor from the Company for Work done under the Contract.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall have no obligation whatsoever in respect of the Contractor's c onshore employees whether they may be expatriate or nationals." Question arising for consideration 20. As stated above, the submission of the appellant was0 that the tax liability of Mii arose out of change of law and the appellant had to reimburse that amount to Mii. This affected the position of the appellant economically. The reimbursement of the tax liability of Mii by the appellant was merely the necessary E and reasonable extra cost arising due to the change of law. There is no dispute that this liability of Mii arose out of the change of law after the date of bid closing. This being the position, according to the appellant the respondent was liable to compensate the appellant to that extent. F 21. As against this submission of the appellant, the submission of the respondent was that under clause 23 of the General Conditions of Contract, referred to above, the respondent was liable to bear all Indian taxes levied or imposed on the appellant under the contract on account of the payment G received by the appellant from the respondent for work done under the contract or on account of its off-shore personnel while working at off-shore. This Clause states that the respondent had no obligation whatsoever in respect of appellant's on-shore employees whether they were expatriate or nationals.

H Accordingly to the respondent they had not taken over the SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 193 NATURAL GAS COMPANY [H.L. GOKHALE, J.] liability to pay any taxes which may be due to be paid by the A sub-contractors of the appellant which, according to them was also clear from Clause 13.2. 7 of the General Conditions of Contract which laid down the Payment Procedure and which stated that the respondent shall not be responsible or obliged for making any payment in any other related obligations under B the contract to the appellant's sub-contractors.

22. As stated earlier, the umpire has taken the view that the tax liability of Mii reimbursed by the appellant was the necessary and reasonable extra cost arising out of change of C law and that the respondent was required to compensate the appellant to that extent in view of the provision contained in Clause 17 .3 of the General Conditions of Contract. The question for decision is whether the umpire exceeded his jurisdiction in making the award or whether there is an error D apparent on the face of the award. This necessitates consideration of the question whether the view taken by the umpire on the construction of clause 17.3 was a possible one and in which case whether it was open to the High Court to ir.tei fere with the Award. Alternatively, the question is whether the view taken by the umpire was an impossible one and in E which case whether there was no error in the High Court interfering with the Award rendered by the umpire. The approach of the Umpire F

23. To find an answer to the question we have to see as to what was the approach adopted by the umpire. To decide as to whether the respondent was liable under the above referred clause 17 .3, the umpire framed three questions. They are reflected in Para 6.2 of the award which reads as follows:- G "6. 2 ONGC liability on the true construction of Clause 17 .3 effectively depends on the answers to three questions in the circumstances of this case, of which the first can be divided into two parts. These are the following: H 194 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R. A (1) Since 11 October 1982, the date of the bid closing, has there been (a) any (relevant) change in any legal provision of the Republic of India; or B (b) any (relevant) change in the enforcement of any such legal provision by the Republic of India/ (2) If the answer to (1) (a) or (b) be "yes", has this affected c economically the position of SHI? (1) and (2) are of course interdependent, and the insertion of ("relevant" is designed to provide the necessary connection). D (3) If the answer to (2) is also "yes" have SHI incurred any "necessary and reasonable extra cost caused by any changes" as referred to in (1) above? If the answer to (3) is also "yes" then ONGC are liable. IfE any of the answers are different, then ONGC are not liable."

24. It is seen from the award that before answering these three questions the learned umpire went into the issue as to what approach should be adopted while examining the scope F and application of clause 17.3. The respondent submitted that this clause was in the nature of an indemnity and that it must be construed strictly and narrowly. This view is also accepted by the Division Bench. The Division Bench ob:;erved as follows: G 'The Umpire further erred in law by refusing to put a narrow interpretation on the indemnity clause 17.3. Clause 17.3 being indemnity clause should not have been given wider interpretation. The indemnity clause should be construed strictly analogously to an exemption clause. The H SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 195 NATURAL GAS COMPANY [H.L. GOKHALE, J.] Umpire overlooked the commercial principle that every A business venture carried its own risk.". I 25. The umpire on the other hand observed in Para 6.3.3 as follows:

B "It is self-evident that Clause 17.3 is couched in wide terms. This is commercially understable, since it was designed to cover a wide and potentially unfores~eable spectrum- the possible impact of possible changes in Indian law in the future. I can therefore see no reason for giving to it any particularly strict or narrow interpretation. C From the point of view of its commercial purpose, the contrary approach would be more justifiable. However, in relation to the present facts, it seems to me that this question has no practical significance. The proper approach is to construe the Clause on the basis of the D ordinary and natural meaning of the words used, in the usual way, and of course in its context, as already mentioned." 26. The umpire has noted this context in Para 2.2.4 of the E award. He noted that the bid made it clear that a large part of the contract works were to be fabricated, positioned and installed by Mii as the named and approved principal sub-contractor of the appellant for this purpose. In para 2.2.4 he referred to the evidence of the Project Manager of the F respondent, the sub-contract between the appellant and Mii, and the fact of the terms of the proposed sub-contract having been · set out in the bid document. The umpire recorded in Para 2.2.4 as follows:

G 'The evidence of Mr. B.L. Goel, ONGC's Project Manager, was that Mii had participated in the Bid Clarification meetings between ONGC and SHI, and had been approved by ONGC as Subcontractors of SHI because ONGC were familiar with their work and relied H 196 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R. A on their expertise. In this connection SHI placed some reliance on the fact that under the heading of Mii's "Schedule of Hourly Rates", a number of the terms of the proposed Subcontract between SHI and Mii were out set in the Bid, including a provision which made it clear that, in the same way as in the Head Contract between SHI andB ONGC, the Subcontract was to be "tax protected", with the consequence that SHI would be liable for all Indian tax that might become payable by Mii. This provision, which referred to Mii as "Contractor" and SHI as "Customer" was c in the following terms: "Any foreign (i.e non-U.S.A.) taxes incurred by Contractor and Contractor's employees and which are imposed by or payable to any foreign governmental authority, whether by way of withholding, assessment or D otherwise, for work performed hereunder shall be borne by Customer. Any such taxes which are paid directly by Contractor, shall be reimbursed by Customer." As will be seen hereafter, what became Clause 23 E in the Head Contract and thus subsequently also in the Subcontract, was in different terms, but the substance was the same."

27. In this background, the umpire answered the three F questions and held that there was a relevant change in view of the enactment of Clause 44 BB in the Income Tax Act with retrospective effect. The enactment of this clause caused Mii to become liable to pay the tax which they paid. Since the appellant had to pay this amount of tax to Mii, it did affect G economically the position of the appellant. Then the umpire posed a question whether the payments made by appellant to Mii can properly be described as cost to the appellant. The umpire took the view that the word 'cost' is a very wide word and that obviously the payments were an 'extra cost'. He held H that when the payment arises under a contractual obligation to SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 197 NATURAL GAS COMPANY [H.L. GOKHALE, J.] pay or refund some other party's tax, then such a payment is A obviously a cost under the contract in question. The cost was therefore 'necessary cost' and it was also 'reasonable' since it was only the added tax amount. He accordingly held that the appellant was legally obliged to make this payment to Mii in view of the back to back contract between the appellant and B Mii and that the respondent was required to reimburse the same to the appellant. Consideration of the rival submissions

28. The Division Bench has found fault with the umpire in C not placing a narrow and strict interpretation on clause 17.3. Mr. Dushyant Dave learned Senior Advocate appearing for the appellant submitted that it would not be right to apply strict rules of construction ordinarily applicable to conveyances and other formal documents to a commercial contract like the present one D and referred to and relied upon the judgment of this Court in Union of India vs. Mis D.N Revri & Co. reported in (1976) 4 SCC 147. As held in that judgment, he submitted that the meaning of a contract, and particularly a commercial one, must be gathered by adopting a common sense approach and not E by a narrow pedantic and legalistic interpretation. The present case relates to an international commercial contract and. as noted earlier the appellant and Mii had agreed to subject themselves to the domestic laws of India as well as the International law and conventions. On this background the F appellant wanted to safeguard itself in the event of change of law in India to which the respondent had agreed. It was submitted that any narrow interpretation of Clause 17 .3 to exclude the reimbursement of the income tax liability of the sub-contractor will defeat the purpose in providing this safeguard G under clause 17.3 and will make it otiose.

29. On the other hand Mr. Vivek Tankha, learned Additional Solicitor General appearing for the respondent pressed for the acceptance of the approach of the Division Bench viz. that H 198 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R. A clause 17.3 must be construed as an indemnity clause and that it must be read strictly and narrowly. As far as this submission is concerned, one has to note that as per Section 124 of the Indian Contract Act, a Contract of Indemnity is one under which one party promises to save the other from loss caused to him B by the conduct of the promisor or any other person. Thus in the present case, under clause 5.10.5 of the General Conditions of contract, the appellant has given the indemnity to the respondent against all losses that the respondent may suffer out of the negligence of appellant or their sub-contractor. Clause c 17.3 thereof does not deal with any such losses. It makes a provision for compensation in the event of the appellant being subjected to extra cost arising on account of change of law. It cannot be compared with indemnity for loss due to conduct of the promisor or of a third party. D 30. Mr. Tankha submitted that clauses in the contract have to be given a literal interpretation. He relied upon the judgments of this Court in Central Bank of India Ltd., Amritsar vs. Hartford Fire Insurance Co. Ltd. AIR 1965 SC 1288 and Polymat India

(P) ltd. vs. National Insurance Co. Ltd. (2005) 9 SCC 174 in E support. He contended that under the terms of the present contract respondent has taken up the income tax liability of the contractor alone, and clause 17.3 would not have the effect of passing on the burden of the income tax liability of the sub contractor as well on to the respondent. In this con11ection we F must notice that both these judgments are concerning clauses in insurance policies. In the case of Central Bank of India (supra) the concerned clause in the insurance policy was "This Insurance may be terminated at any time at the request of the Insured." This Court held that the words "at any time" can only G mean "at any time the party concerned likes". It was in this context that this Court held that the intention of the parties is to be looked for in the words used. In Polymat India (P) Ltd. (supra) the question for the consideration was whether as per the terms of the insurance policy the goods lying outside the shed were H covered thereunder. The terms used in the policy were 'factory-SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 199 NATURAL GAS COMPANY [H.L. GOKHALE, J.] cum-godown-cum-office'. Obviously the goods lying outside the A factory and godown could not be held to be covered under the policy. This Court held that the interpretation could not be given de-hors the context.

31. There is no difficulty in accepting that the clauses of 8 an insurance policy have to be read as they are. In an insurance policy the party which is insured makes a proportionate advance payment to the Insurance Company and gets an assurance to protect itself against the loss or the damage which it might suffer in certain eventuality. Consequently the terms of the insurance policy fixing the responsibility of the Insurance C Company are read strictly. Such is not the situation in the present case. Here we are not concerned with a clause in an insurance policy. We are dealing with an International Commercial Contract under which the appellant has reimbursed the tax liability of their sub-contractor which arose out of change D in the law after the date of bid closing. This is stated to have affected the position of the appellant economically for which the appellant is seeking equivalent compensation from the respondent as per its construction of clause 17.3. When clause 17 .3 provides that the respondent company shall compensate E the contractor for all necessary and reasonable extra cost caused by such a change in law, affecting the contractor economically, could the claim for reimbursement made by the appellant from the respondent be held as not covered under this clause? F

32. The respondents had contended in the High Court and also before us that it was not necessary for the appellant to reimburse this tax amount to Mii and that it was only a voluntary payment on their part. It was also submitted that this payment G arose out of the contract between the appellant and Mii and not because of change of law as such. Now, as can be seen from the evidence as narrated above, Mii became liable to pay this tax amount to the Union of India only because of the retrospective change in the Income Tax Law, brought in H 200 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R. A subsequent to the date of bid closing. The liability of the appellant to reimburse that amount to Mii arose in view of the commitment made by the appellant in their sub-contract to Mii. It cannot be ignored that if there was no change of law, this situation would not have arisen at all. It is therefore not possible B to treat this payment as voluntary, that is, in the absence of any liability.

33. It was canvassed on behalf of the respondent that there is no nexus between that payment to Mii and the responsibility cf ~he respondent. However, as can be seen from clause 3 ofc the General condition quoted above, the sub-contracting was clearly contemplated by the parties and was provided for in their agreement. The relevant material and evidence placed before the arbitrator clearly shows that Mii was the principal sub-contractor and has all throughout been in picture in the contract D between the appellant and the respondent. In fact it is because of the expertise of Mii that it was given a pivotal role in the execution of the entire contract. The appellant had entered into a back to back contract with Mii to the knowledge of the respondent. The performance of their obligation under the sub-E contract by Mii, formed part and parcel of appellant's obligations under the Head-contract. The respondent had taken up the responsibility for the income tax liabilities of the appellant. So had the appellant taken up the responsibility for the tax liabilities of Mii and the respondent cannot be said to be ignorant there F of. In any case clause 17.3 will have to be given a meaningful interpretation. It is confined only to the necessary and reasonable extra cost, caused by change in law occurring after the date of bid closing. The claim of appellant was restricted only to that extent. It is necessary to note that the contract was G otherwise completely executed, payments were made and the discharge certificate was issued long back. Mii had already filed its returns for the two relevant assessment years 1984-85 and 1985-86. In 1988 its assessment has been reopened in view of the change in law, for which appellant had made the H payment and had sought reimbursement from the respondent. SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 201 NATURAL GAS cor.~PANY [H.L. GOKHALE, J.]

In the circumstances the submission of absence of nexus can A not be accepted.

34. In the present matter the Division Bench has observed, that the umpire exceeded his jurisdiction :·1 awarding Appellant's claim under clause 17 .3 of the agreement and that he has failed 8 to apply his mind to the pleadings, documents and the evidence as well as particular clause of the contract to decla12 that the award was perverse. In fact as seen above, the umpire has entertained appellant's claim only after giving a meaningful interpretation to clause 17.3 after considering all the material C on record as well as the context. Respondent had contended in their arbitration petition before the High Court that it was not permissible to refer to the pre-contractual negotiations and the documents arising therein. What the umpire has however done is to look into the context with a view to understand the text. As we have noted above the umpire has looked into the evidence D before him including that of the respondent's officer as to how Mii had participated in the bid clarification meetings. He considered the submission of the appellant as to how the sub-contract was also tax protected, which was their main plea. It is true that if there is an error apparent on the face of the award E or where the umpire had exceeded his jurisdiction or travelled beyond the reference, the court can interfere. However in view of what is noted above it is not possible to say that the award suffers from any of the above defects so as to call for interefence. F

35. The view canvassed on behalf of the respondent was that clause 17 .3 ought to be read narrowly like an indemnity clause or given a literal interpretation as in the case of an insurance policy. The umpire on the other hand has observed G that this clause is couched in wide terms and it was commercially understandable and sensible, since it was designed to cover a wide and potentially unforseeable spectrum viz. the likely impact of a possible change in Indian law in future. In the circumstances the approach adopted by the umpire being H 202 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [20'10] 9 S.C.R. A a plausible interpretation, is not open to interfere. The Division bench was clearly in error when it observed that the view of the umpire on clause 17.3 is by no stretch of imagination a plausible or a possible view. Perhaps, it can be said to be a situation where two views are possible, out of which the umpire B has legitimately taken one. As recently reiterated by this Court in Steel Authority of India Limited versus Gupta Brothers Steel Tubes Limited reported in (2009) 10 SCC 63 if the conclusion of the arbitrator is based on a possible view of the matter, the court is not expected to interfere with the award. The High Court c has erred in so interfering.

36. Can the findings and the award in the present case be described as perverse? This Court has already laid down as to which finding would be called perverse. It is a finding which is not only against the weight of evidence but altogether against D the evidence. This court has held in Triveni Rubber & Plastics vs. CCE AIR 1994 SC 1341 that a perverse finding is one which is based on no evidence or one that no reasonable person would have arrived at. Unless it is found that some relevant evidence has not been considered or that certain inadmissible E material has been taken into consideration the finding cannot be said to be perverse. The legal position in this behalf has been recently reiterated in Arulvelu and Another vs. State Represented by the Public Prosecutor and Another (2009) 10 sec 206. In the present case, the findings and award of the F umpire are rendered after considering the material on record and giving due weightage to all the terms of the contract. Calling the same to be perverse is highly unfair to the umpire. The umpire has considered the fact situation and placed a construction on the clauses of the agreement which according G to him was the correct one. One may at the highest say that one would have preferred another construction of clause 17.3 but that cannot make the award in any way perverse. Nor can one substitute one's own view in such a situation, in place of the one taken by the umpire, which would amount to sitting in H appeal. As held by this Court in Kwality Manufacturing SUMITOMO HEAVY INDUSTRIES LIMITED v. OIL & 203

NATURAL GAS COMPANY [H.L. GOKHALE, J.] Corporation versus Central Warehousing Corporation A reported in (2009) 5 sec 142, the court while considering challenge to arbitral award does not sit in appeal over the findings and decision of the arbitrator, which is what the High Court has practically done in this matter. The umpire is legitimately entitled to take the view which he holds to be the p correct one after considering the material before him and after interpreting the provisions of the agreement. If he does so, the decision of the umpire has to be accepted as final and binding.

37. It is an obligation of the parties to a contract that they must perform their respective promises, and if a party does not C so perform, the arbitrator or the umpire has to give the necessary direction if sought. In that process, they have to give a meaningful interpretation to all the relevant clauses of the contract to make them effective and not redundant. The intention of the parties in providing a clause like clause 17.3 could not D be ignored. It had to be given a due weightage. This is what the umpire has done and has given the direction to the respondent to compensate the appellant for the amount of the necessary and reasonable extra cost caused by change in law. We have no hesitation in holding that the award of the umpire E is a well reasoned award and one within his jurisdiction, and which gives a meaningful interpretation to all the clauses of the contract including clause 17.3. In the circumstances in our view the High Court has clearly erred in interfering with the award rendered by the umpire. F

38. There is one more submission which has to be referred to. It was canvassed on behalf of the appellant in the High Court and before us also that the award rendered by the umpire was one on a question of law and on that ground also the Court was G not expected to interfere with the award. Mr. Dave took us through the notice of intention to appoint the arbitrator, the request for arbitration, the summary of issues submitted by the appellant and the draft issues submitted by the respondent. He then contended that appellant's claim essentially depended on H 204 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 9 S.C.R.

A the interpretation of the clauses of contract which plea was specifically raised through these draft issues and this stood on the same footing, as a reference of an issue of law for arbitration. Amongst others, the judgment in Mis Kapoor Nilokheri Co-op Diary Farm Society Ltd. vs. Union of India B and Others in (1973) 1 sec 708 was relied upon in support of this proposition. As against that, Mr. Tankha submitted that in paragraph 23 of Mis Tarapore & Co. v. Cochin Shipyard Ltd. AIR 1984 SC 1072, the judgment in Kapoor Nilokheri has been read as one in the facts of that case. He further relied c upon the judgment in Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Ltd. vs. Eastern Engineering Enterprises & Anr JT 1999 (7) SC 379 to submit that the award of the arbitrator on a question of law is immune from a challenge in a Court only when it is rendered on a specific question of law referred to him and that the same was not the situation in the present matter. The0 Division Bench has accepted this submission of the respondent and held that in the present case there was no specific question of law referred to the arbitrators or the umpire. It held that what was referred for arbitration was the determination of the claim of the appellant against the respondent, and that an incidental E question involving interpretation cannot be said to be a specific question of law.

39. However, we are not required to go into that issue since we are otherwise holding that the award was not only a F plausible one but a well-reasoned award. In the circumstance the interference by the High Court was not called for. In that view of the matter we allow this appeal and set aside the judgment of the learned single Judge, as well as that of the Division Bench. The award made by the Umpire is upheld and there shall G be a decree in terms of the award. The arbitration petition filed by the respondent for setting aside the award shall stand dismissed with cost. D.G. Appeal allowed.