[2010] 7 S.C.R. 962 A M/S. RASHTRIYA CHEMICALS & FERTILIZERS LTD. v. M/S. CHOWGULE BROTHERS & ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 5286 of 2006) JULY 7, 2010 B [AFTAB ALAM AND T.S. THAKUR, JJ.] Contract -Work contract - Initially granted for one year - Extendable on the same terms and conditions except the C statutory increase in the wages of dock labourers - Extension of contract - Contractor claiming enhanced amount on account of escalation by statutory increase in the wages of labourers during the extended period of contract - It also claimed an amount towards final payment due and payable D - Arbitrators by majority decision allowed the claim of contractor - Single Judge of High Court setting aside the award. - Division Bench upholding the award - Held: Contractor was not entitled to the claim on account of escalation due to statutory increase in wages of laboureres -E The relevant clause of the contract did not envisage escalation on the basis of the revision post commencement of the extended period - Arbitrators have no jurisdiction to make an award against the specific terms of the contract -However, contractor is entitled to the claim towards final F payment - Arbitration.

Appellant-Company invited tenders initially for a period of one year (from 15.1.1983 to 14.1.1984). As per Clause 2.03 of the Tender Notice, the contract was extendable at the option of the appellant for a further G period of one year on the same terms and conditions except statutory increases in the wages of Dock Labourers. Respondent's tender was accepted by appellant and H 962 RASHTRIYA CHEMICALS & FERTILIZERS LTD. v. 963 CHOWGULE BROTHERS & ORS. work was granted for the period ending on 14.1.1984. In A October, 1983, the appellant in' terms of Clause 2.03 extended the contract for a further period of one year ending on 14.1.1985. The extension was accepted by the respondent-company asking the appellant to consider the revised wages of the Dock Labourers, which came B about during the period of one year. Appellant replied that Clause 2.03 provided for considering increases on account of statutory revisions made upto 15.1.1984 and not the increase under negotiations or those granted at a later date with retrospective effect. It called upon the c respondent-company on such basis to furnish documentary evidence regarding i~crease in wages upto 15.1.1984.

The dispute was referred to a panel of three arbitrators. Two awards were passed by the arbitrators. D Majority award decided in favour of the respondent-company. Appellant filed arbitration petition. Single Judge of High Court allowed the petition, setting aside the award holding the same contrary to clause 2.03 of tender notice. The Court also held the claim barred by time. Division E Bench of High Court set aside the order of Single Judge restoring the majority award passed by the two arbitrators. Hence the present appeal. Partly allowing the appeal, the Court F HELD: 1.1 Single Judge of the High Court was correct in holding that the award made by the Arbitrators to the extent it directed payment of the additional amount was unsustainable. The Division Bench, however, fell in error in taking a contrary view and holding that the G interpretation placed by the Arbitrators was a plausible interpretation. [Para 15] [974-F-G] 1.2 The Note to clause 2.03 of NIT envisages that on H 964 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 7 S.C.R.

A the completion of the first year and at the beginning of the extended contract period, the rates applicable shall have to be determined by reference to the revisions that have already come into effect as on the date of the commencement of the extended period. It is manifest B from a reading of the Note that once an option is exercised, the rate applicable to the extended period shall stand revised taking into consideration the revision of wages if any. Any such revision must of necessity be made as on the date of the commencement of the C extended period. Once that is done, the said rate would remain firm till the end of the second year. The contract does not, envisage settlement or revision of the rate by reference to any stage post commencement of the extended period. Even otherwise a contract for the extended period could become effective only if rates0 applicable to that period are settled or are capable of being ascertained. Rates actually determined or determinable by reference to 15th January, 1984 i.e. the date when the extended period commenced, could include revision in wages made upto that date. Any E revision in the wages of the dock labourers which the M.O.L.B. may have ordered subsequent to 15th January, 1984 would have no relevance even if such revision was made retrospectively from the date of the commencement of the extended period. The Note makes F it abundantly clear that revision granted retrospectively would be of no consequence whatsoever. [Para 12] [973-A-F]

1.3 While accepting the extension of the contract, the G respondent-contractor had simply referred to the statutory revision in the wages by M.D.L.B. during the 'last year'. Since the letter of acceptance is of 7th December, 1983 the statutory revision which the contractor wanted tq be taken into consideration were revisions before 1983 H and not those made at any time after the extended period RASHTRIYA.CHEMICALS &'~FERTltlZE.Ffs t Ttf'v. 965 CHOWGULE BROTHERS & ORS. of contract. The appellant's letter'dated 127th ~ualluarY, A 1984 sent 'in reply t(fthe letter dated 7tti. DE!cember, 1983 made it clear to the respoilderit that'Clause•2!o3~of 'the NIT did' not envisage escalation on the basis·•ofithe revision subsequent to 15th ·:January,· 1984 everHf•such revisions Were already being discus·sed:or 'i1egotiated'by B the Dock Workers With the· M~D.LB.-- [Paras"131atia 'f4] [973·G-H; 974-A, C-D] · ':' ; ' " ••-.:' · '' '' ~ ~ t { • ~ '' t:'>:/ t' '' ('. _,.. \ -' .:· 2. An Arbitrator cannot make. an award· contraryJto the terms· of the-contract executed between the parties: While it is true that the courts-show)deference :to :the C findings of fact recorded by the Arbitrators: and :even opinions, if any, expressed on questions of1Jaw.referred to them for determination, yetit is,equaUyitrue:that the Arbitrators have no jurisdiction to make an award against the specific terms of the contract executed betweemthe D parties. r[Para 16] [974-H; 975-A~B] ·1 · • •:,, ':':'.~·'

• . :-: ",·'. lt~. · .... ~1-.f·l '·'.#-"i·-· : $/f!el Authority of ,[ndia . Lt9.; v .. J. p._J~u9.,haraja, Governr:nent andfv!ining 4r:;ontractRr ,(199,9) 1,8 1 5~~· 1.2~; • Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. v. - ' ... Anh.apurna-~ ---Con$truction-!-- ......(2003) E 8 SCC 154; MD, Army Welfare Housing Organisation. v. Asso'Ciated ·sumangal services 'rPJ Ltd. (2004) 9 :sec, 61'9; Engineering Co. v.' GovernmentJ I.of~ Aridhr~• .... , Prade$ftan.d, ~ ~ ' ·- • .~ ilo.<- .. • • ' Ani.' ; ' , AIR 1992 SC 232; Jivarajbhai Ujamshi Sh_eth ,and Or,s . .v: Chintamanrao Balaji and Ors. AIR 1965 SC 214; State of F Rajasthan v. Nav Bharat Construction Co. AIR 2005 SC 4430; Food Corpora~ion offndia v. Surendr~, t;Jev~ndra and Mahendra Transport Co. (2003) 4 SCC 80, relied 'on. r . · ~ ,1 _ : (·'I W B. State Warehousing, Corporation and Anr. v. Sushi/ Kumar Kayan and Ors.. (2002) 5 SCC 679-,ireferfed.to. G 3. Before the Arbitrators, the -res~p'ondent had quantified the claim at Rs.27,91,984.29 .on,,acc,o.unt of e'scalation of the· rates· consequent 'upo-n slatutory increases in the wages:of.M.D.l...B. durlng the extended H 966 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2010] 7 S.C.R.

A period of contract. A further sum of Rs.9,88,713.20 on account of escalation in the wages of other categories of workers was also made on the same basis. In addition, a claim for the recovery of Rs.8,63,953/· towards the final payment due and payable to the claimant with interest @ B 18% p.a. on the same was also made. The entitlement of the respondent to claim any amount on account of escalation consequent upon the increase in the wages of M.D.L.B. workers is not established. The first two claims on account of escalation could not, therefore, c have been allowed by the Arbitrators nor could the incidental claim for payment of interest on that claim be granted. However, there was no real justification for disallowing the claim made by the respondents representing the balance amount due to the claimant towards its final bill, especially when the counter-claim0 made by the appellant has been rejected and the said rejection was not questioned before the High Court. The valid part of the award can be saved by severance from the invalid part. The appeal is allowed in part and to the extent that the award made by the Arbitrators shall stand E set aside except to the extent of a sum of Rs.8,63,953/-wh ich amount shall be payable to the respondent-contractor with the interest@ 9% p.a. from 1st April, 1985 till the date of actual payment thereof. [Paras 22, 23 and 24] [977-C-H; 978-A-C] F Case Law Reference:

(1999) 8 sec 122 Relied on Para 16 (2002) 5 sec 679 Referred to Para 18 G (2003) 8 sec 154 Relied on Para 19 (2004) 9 sec 619 Relied on Para 20 AIR 1992 SC 232 Relied on Para 21 H AIR 1965 SC 214 Relied on Para 21 RASHTRIYA CHEMICALS & FERTILIZERS LTD. v. 967 CHOWGULE BROTHERS & ORS. AIR 2005 SC 4430 Relied on Para 21 A (2003) 4 sec ao Relied on Para 21 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 5286 of 2006. B From the Judgment & Order dated 05.04.2006 of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay in Appeal No. 884 of 1997 in Arbitration Petition No. 19of1993 in Award No. 127 of 1992. Shyam Divan, M.P. Savla, Jay Savla, Vasuman Khandelwal for the Appellant. C S. Ganesh, Atul Desai, Pratap Venugopal, Surekha Raman, Deepti, K. J. John & Co. for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by D T.S. THAKUR J. 1. This appeal by special leave is directed against an order dated 5th April 2006 passed by the High Court of Bombay whereby Appeal No.884 of 1997 has been allowed, the order passed by a learned Single Judge of that Court set aside and the majority award passed by the E arbitrators restored.

2. The appellant, a Government of India undertakin~ invited tenders for allotment of clearing, forwarding, handling and stevedoring jobs at Mormugao Port initially for a period of one F year commencing from 15th January 1983 upto 14th January 1984 but extendable at the option of the appellant for a further period of one year on the same terms and conditions except statutory increases in the wages of Dock labourers referred to in Clause 2.03 of tender notice. In response, the respondent G submitted a tender which was accepted culminating in the issue of a work order dated 10th January 1983 in its favour. It is common ground that the appellant by its communication dated 13th October 1983 exercised the option available to it in terms H 968 SUPREME eOURT REPORTS [2010) 7 S.C.R. A of Clause 2.03 of the NIT and extended the contract for a further period of one year ending 14th January 1985.

3. The extension aforementioned was accepted by the respondent in terms of its communication dated 7th December 1983 in which it was inter-alia pointed out that statutory revisions8 in the wages of Mormugao Dock Labour Board (for short M.D.L.B.) (hat had come fibout during the period of one year need be considered while extending the contractual period. In response, the company by its letter dated 27th January 1984 C pointed out that Clause 2.03 of Schedule II of N.l.T. provided for increases on account of statutory revisions made upto 15th January 1984 alone to be· considered for purposes of granting rate escalation. Increases in wages that may have been under negotiations or those granted on a later date with retrospective effect could not consequently be considered, said the appellant. D The respondent-Company was on that basis called upon to furnish documentary evidence regarding increase if any in wages allowed by the M.D.L.B. upto 15th January 1984 without waitin~ for issuance of any fresh circulars.

E 4. It is not the case of the respondents that any revision in wages effective as on 15th January, 1984 was demonstrated before the appellant at any time before the commencement of the extended contractual period. What was alleged by the respondent was that pursuant to a settlement between the F M.D.L.B. and the Dock workers the respondent had incurred an additional amount of Rs.24.74 lakhs towards the increase in the wages payable to such workers. A claim for reimbursement of the said amount was accordingly made by the respondent-company in terms of a legal notice served upon G the appellant on its behalf, which .claim was refuted by the appellant on the strength of Clause 2.03 of Schedule II to the notice inviting tenders forming part of the contract betWeen the parties. The appellant asserted that the rates at which the contract was initially awarded had to remain firm throughout the period of one year from the date of award and were not subject H . ~~a ·kAsl-lrRiYA'cHEM1cALs1&'. FERr1L.fzE'Rs1Cfi:f:y. · ::it:>~ CHOWGULE BROTHERS & ORS. [T.S. THAKUR, J.]

to any· esca1auon .wh.atsoever.'J~~·te~ t0f ttie)e>tten8~ci a~?i~8 iA were also similarly' to' rerrlain«'firrri throughhut\'.t~\~t~xtended period subjeet to any ·statutory revision··upto·1stW'Januai)t,'1e84 being taken into consideration. Any subsequent increase if{tfii~ "fiarJes; P'\IY,able. to ~he D~ck: l.~,~~~f~f~ 1~r~nt~~: r~t.r,~~pectively . ~ ~~corq;1ng app~llant,; was ·• !; __ 'f .fl' - ,tq~· .the••' · i' •· <' wholly,v .. ·,., •• 1 i::s by•· .the~·· M.D· i.• ..' L.B.0 . ·· i • , mc;;?nS~\:J~en.t1,al,. .. , , , .,.,.~crirq~·,_,·- .,·,,;; .. . ,, "·'~•£> ,, t 'HiJ ·· .. · ··5. Denial 'oftli'e'plai°m'·maae:byth~· respon'dent fhus·~aOJ rise'to a dispute' which was :in 'ief.ms of.the cont~aci.. reterred~tO' a''panel' of three Aroit(ator's f~r'adJu,dfoation .. B,efore,the' c Arb1trators,. the appellahtdlspute~ the'dahn Ori m~r\fa ~s. also on the ground that tl'le ~ame w~:;'.'tiarred"~y·:nmWation."'fhe1 Arbitrators examined 'rival con'ten(!oils urged.~"oefore them 1but failed•. -_ to arrive- : at a· unanimous• 1· • ' deeision', .. - .. J ,.J on~' the·true. . '·"'and•!""''c;:otrect. ,._ .. ~~-intetpretatiori.6fClause 2.03. Two kwar,ds, 'the'refor~.·cafn(flo n be· made', one by Shri-RP. B'~att' wh.o .dism,isse~ the ciaini aria D · ttie ·other by' Mis R.C. 'Co6pe~iand' N:A': Modi wt1b 'held 'the' respondents.entitled. to recover from tii'e appella'i1't alurnp1ifom atnount of Rs.61,73,667'.90. lfis notewoithyfuat whilelhe'awarcf made by Shr'i·R.P. Bhattwas'a 1reason'ecfAwarcfiflafri1a"de by' 1 the'other'tWo'Arbifrafors'.~a!n1oC. ,..,, . ~ ·:' ''.• .• :,., r;< E ~, t. 1·· :J ·-.j n:..1\f; ~ (Jl.i''•l • ~ ..,:;1H·,;.J· 1. ~-··('.; ~._ ... ~.~ )·''."1··':'...!i!3,-r!;·;.~J:'• :Je<,6. Aggrieved,by the majority Award·; the'appellant filed Arbitration Petition No .. 19 of 1993rbefore•.the•HigltrCdurt1of Bombay for setting aside the same. A Single0 Judge'of the; High C~urt of Bombay '(S.N.· Variava, J..as His LordshiR. then was) F allowedI that prayer and set aside the , award.. holdifig·thaUhe same was contrary t() clause 2.03 of the NIT fe>rming p~rt qf the contract executed between th'e ·'parties. 1Eveh· ttie· 1plea of limitation succeeded before' the 1earned·sihg1e'jiidge .~'·,~I ··'' · 1' , (-~- ;"'·.. ·,~,.,.'"'I~ '¥•l ·'i°f .,._Wtic(liei<f(';;. • 1! that'the claim made by the respqndents was barred by ~1me;· G Undeterred the respondents assailec.f the, said order beforte ai o·ivision Bench+ of the:·High'°Cbi.irt lri' App~af.Nci.884 of11997 which allowed the appealPset 'aside ttieio}der· pa~seCl"t:iy fl'ie' . Single-Judge ai:\d' restored· ttl'e niajority';t..w~r'd ffi~~~'by tM1~~tWo) Arbitrators:~rhe High court took tile \/ievhhat'ttle'iiiier'Phftation' · H

970 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010) 7 S.C.R. A placed upon Clause 2.03 of the contract between the parties by the majority of the arbitrators was a logical interpretation which could provide a sound basis for the Award made by them.

B 7. Appearing for the appellant, Shri Shyam Divan did not pursue the challenge to the validity of the Award on the ground that the claim made by the respondent was barred by limitation. The solitary point that was urged by the learned counsel was that the High Court had committed an error while interpreting C Clause 2.03 of the contract. Mr. Divan contended that a plain reading of Clause 2.03 made it amply clear that the rates stipulated under the contract were to remain firm for the first year notwithstanding any revision in the wages payable to the dock workers of M.D.L.B. For the second year also the rates were to remain firm, subject only to the condition that statutory D revisions, if any, of the wages would be taken into consideration. What was according to Mr. Divan evident from a plain reading of Clause 2.03 was that only such statutory revisions as were ordered upto the date of commencement of the contractual period were relevant for the purpose of such E consideration. Any revision made subsequent to the commencement of the contractual period even if retrospective in its application would have had no relevance for the extended period. Inasmuch as the Division Bench had taken a contrary view and set aside the order of the learned Single Judge, it had F not only committed a mistake that was evident but also ignored the principles governing the construction of documents.

8. Appearing for the respondents Mr. Ganesh, learned senior counsel on the other hand contended that the power of G this Court to interfere in an Arbitral Award under Sections 30 and 33 of the Arbitration Act, 1940 was very limited. He contended that just because an interpretation different from the one given by the Arbitrators in support of their award was equally plausible did not make out a case for interference by the Court. Arbitrators being Judges chosen by the parties the H RASHTRIYA CHEMICALS & FERTILIZERS LTD. v. 971 CHOWGULE BROTHERS & ORS. [T.S. THAKUR, J.] view expressed by them would bind the parties no matter the A same is found to be erroneous and no matter an alternative view was equally or even more plausible. He urged that Clause 2.03 of NIT was rightly interpreted by the Division Bench of the High Court which did not call for any interference by this Court. 9. The validity of the award made by the Arbitrators rests B entirely upon a true and correct reading of Clause 2.03 of the Contract. That clause is in the following words:

"2.03: It is hereby agreed that if the Company gives one · month's notice to extend the contract for a further period C of one year from the expiry or the period mentioned in Clause 2.01, the contractor shall be bound to continue to do the work and render services on the same terms and · conditions, as contained herein, during such extended period, except for the statutory increase in the wages of D Dock Labour allowed by the Mormugao Dock Labour Board, for which documentary evidence shall have to be furnished by the contractor ...... E Note: The rates indicated against first and 2nd year above have been taken from MOLE'S Circulars from time to time. But the rates at which the contact is initially awarded shall remain firm throughout the period of one year from he date of award and shall not be subject to any escalation F whatsoever. Similarly, the rates allowed for the extended period of one year, if any, after considering the statutory increase, if any, in the wages of Dock Labour will also remain firm throughout the extended period of one year and shall not be subject to any escalation whatsoever, G irrespective of any subsequent increase in the wages of Dock Labour allowed retrospectively by the Mormugao Dock Labour Board." 10. A careful reading of the above especially the Note H 972 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 7 S.C.R.

A appended to Clause 2.03 (supra) l~aves no manner of doubt that the rate at which the contract was initially awarded was to remain firm throughout the period of one year from the date of the award of the contract. What is significant is that for the first ye~r the said rate was unalterable regardless of any escalation, revision or other ~tatutory increases made during that period.8 Shri Ganesh·, learned counsel for the respondents als0 fairly conceded that insofar as the first year of the contract was concerned the rates were not subject to any revision and were to. remain firm. If that be so, the question is how far is that C principle altered by the later half of the Note which deals with the rates applicable during the extended period of the contract. There are tliree different aspects which stand out from a reading of that part of the Note to Clause 2.03. Firstly, the second part of the Note dealing with the rates applicable to the extended period starts with the word 'Similarly'. By using that 0 expression the Note draws an analogy between the firmness of the rates applicable during the first year and those applicable for the extended period of second year. The' sentiment underlying the Note is that the parties intend to keep the applicable rates firm not only for the first year but also for the E second year.

11. The second aspect which emerges froni a plain reading.· of the Note is that the rates for the second year had to l'Je fixed by taking into consideration the statutory increase£, if F any, in the wages payable to the Dock labourers whic.h rate once fixed was also to remain firm and impervious to any escal~tion. The only difference between the first and the second year rates thus is that the rates were firm even for the second year but the same had to be fixed taking into consideration the G statutory increases in the wages of the dock labourers. 12. The third aspect which in our opinion puts all doubts about the true intention of the parties to rest is that any subsequent increase in the wages of the dock labourers would not result in any escalation of the rates even when such revision H . RASHTRIYA CHEMICALS & FERT1Ll?:ER$ LTD.Jg. 9,7~ CHOWGULE BROTHERS & ORS. [T.S. THAKUR, J.] is "allowed retrospec~ively by the M.D.L.B. What.th.e N,ot~!lli9Wc:J t;.., _opinion envisages is that on the compl~tion of th~ first y~ar anqJ! at the beginning of the extended contract pe,rt9q,J~,~.rate.s1 applicable shall have to be determined by reference to the revisions that have already come into effect as.on the1date of . ttie commencement of the extended period.·lt is 1manife'st:from · 8: '-'

a reading of the Note that once an option is exercised'.ttie tat~ applicable to the extended period shall stand revised taking~irito , consideration the revision of wages if any. Any such revision must of necessity be made as· on· the dat~.::oJJ:the commencement of the extended period~ Once that is 'done the Q, said rate would remain firm till the end of the second year. The ' 1 contract does not, in our opinion, envisage settlement or're\/ision df the rate by reference to any stage post coinme'ri'ce'mehtcfofJ the extended period. Even otherwise' a· contd:tct''fo'f'tHe'·: extended period could become effective only if rates'appJica;ble"'' OJ to that'period are settled or are capable of being'ascert~fn'Eid~' 1 Rates actually determined or determinable by reference'fo 1stti.' January, 1984 the date when the extended period commehcec( , co.uld include revision in wages n;iade uptq that, d~te. Any revision in the wages of the dock laboure·rs which the fyLD.L.~. may have ordered subsequent to 15th Januacy, \9)34 \vould. EJ . have no relevance even if such revision. . . ' : .' . ;Ji-~'.).;.:-wa$ .. ·made~ • : retrospectively from the date of the commencement Qf, the ext~~ded period. The Not~ makes it abu_ridantly:;c}e~r:that rev1s1on granted retrospectively would be.. of no consequence whatsoever. · ' ' · ,,,, ' · F:.i · . · ·. ·· · .• •< "'·"'T 7'f 13. There is anothe· angle from which the.matter,c~n be , , • >- _, .• '·· d · H •!-' , i

• viewed. As to how the. parties- .understood•. - f Clause' ( ~ 2.03.is.I :0 ·-\ '"•!;=tlso• \I an important factor that needs to be kept)ri min,d){,'t?:\17,,, accepting the e.xtension of the contra~t., the r~,~~of!_P};nJ0 , 1 Cf:, contractor had simply referred to the statutory rev1s1qt;1 in the.... wages by M.D.L.B. during the 'last year'. ·Since t~~;;1e,t~~& 1 §f,;; acceptance is of 7th December, 1983 the statutory revision which the contractor wanted to be taken into consic:ter~tjon,_were revisions before 1983 <?nd not those made at any tir:ne·after the-:· Ii; 974 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010) 7 S.C.R. A extended period of contract. This position is clear from the following lines appearing in the letter of acceptance dated 7th December, 1983 : "However, we would like to inform you that there are lot of statutory revisions in the wages of Mormugao DockB Labour Board during last 1 year which you will have to consider while extending our contractual period. In this connection, the undersigned will call on your office to discuss the same personally in near future and we expect c your cooperation in this regard." 14. The appellant's letter dated 27th January, 1984 sent in reply to the above made it clear to the respondent that Clause

2.03 of the NIT did not envisage escalation on the basis of the revision subsequent to 15th January, 1984 even if such D revisions were already being discussed or negotiated by the Dock Workers with the M.D.l.B. The following passage from the said communication makes the position abundantly clear: "A copy of clause 2.03 of Schedule II of N.1.T. is enclosed. From this, it will be very clear that whatever increases thatE have been allowed by M.D.l.B. upto 15.1.84, can only be considered for the escalation purposes, and not those increases in wages which are under negotiations, for which M.D.l.B. circulars will be issued subsequently after 15.1.84, with retrospective effect." F 15. The learned Single Judge of the High Court was, in the light of the above, correct in holding that the award made by the Arbitrators to the extent it directed payment of the additional amount was unsustainable. The Division Bench, G however, fell in error in taking a contrary view and holding that the interpretation placed by the Arbitrators was a plausible interpretation. 16. That brings us to the question whether an Arbitrator can H make an award contrary to the terms of the contract executed RASHTRIYA CHEMICALS & FERTILIZERS LTD. v. 975 CHOWGULE BROTHERS & ORS. [T.S. THAKUR, J.]

between the parties. That question is no longer res integra A having been settled by a long line of decisions of this Court. While it is true that the Courts show deference to the findings of fact recorded by the ~rbitrators and even opinions, if any, expressed on questions of law referred to them for determination, yet it is equally true that the Arbitrators have no B jurisdiction to make an award against the specific terms of the contract executed between the parties. Reference may be made, in this regard, to the decision of this Court in Steel Authority of India Ltd. v. J.C. Budharaja, Government and Mining Contractor, (1999) 8 SCC 122 where this Court C observed : " ........ that it is settled law that the arbitrator derives authority from the cpntract and if he acts in manifest disregard of the contract, the award given by him would be an arbitrary one; that this deliberate departure from the D contract amounts not only to manifest disregard of the authority or misconduct on his part, but it may tantamount to mala fide action ...... "

...... It is true that interpretation of a particular condition in E the agreement would be within the jurisdiction of the arbitrator. However, in cases where there is no question of interpretation of any term of the contract, but of solely reading the same as it is and still the arbitrator ignores it and awards the amount despite the prohibition in the F agreement, the award would be arbitrary, capricious and without jurisdiction. Whether the arbitrator has acted beyond the terms of the contract or has travelled beyond his jurisdiction would depend upon facts, which however would be jurisdictional facts, and are required to be gone G into by the court. The arbitrator may have jurisdiction to entertain claim and yet he may not have jurisdiction to pass award for particular items in view of the prohibition contained in the contract and, in such cases, it would be a jurisdictional error. ... " H ' 976 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 7 S.C.R. A 17. It was further observed: '' ..... Further, the Arbitration Act does not give any power to the arbitrator to act arbitrarily or capriciously. His exisience depends upon the agreement and his function is to act within the limits of the said agreement ..... "B . 18. In W:B. State Warehousing Corporation & Anr. v. Sushi/ Kumar Kayan & Ors. (2002) 5 SCC 679, again this Court observed:

: " ...... , If there is a specific term in the contract or the lawc which does not permit the parties to raise a point before the arbitrator and if there is a specific bar in the contract to the raising of the point, then the award passed by the arbitrcitor in respect thereof would be in excess of his jurisdiction .... "D · ·19. In Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. v. Annapurna Construction (2003) 8 SCC 154, this Court reiterated the legal position in the .following words: E 'lThere lies a clear distinction between an error within the jurisdiction and error in excess of jurisdiction. Thus, the role of the arbitrator is to arbitrate within the terms of the , contract. He has no power apart from what the parties have given him under the contract:lf he has travelled beyond the contract, he would be acting without jurisdiction, whereasF · t, if he has remained inside the parameters of the contract, · · his award cannot be questioned on the ground that it contains an error apparent on the face of the record." , 20 .. In MD, Army Welfare Housing Organisation v. G Sumanga/ Services (P) Ltd. (2004) 9 SCC 619 also this . , Court took the similar view and observed: "An Arbifral Tribunal is not a court of law. Its orders are ' not judiciar orders. Its functions are not judicial functions. It H cannot exercise its power ex debito justitiae. The RASHTRIYA CHEMICALS & FERTILIZERS LTD. v. 977 CHOWGULE BROTHERS & ORS. [T.S. THAKUR, J.]

jurisdiction of the 'arbitrator being confined to the four A corners of the agreement, he can only pass such an order which may be the subject-matter of reference. 21. Reference may also be made to the decisions of this Court in Associated Engineering Co. v. Government of Andhra 8 Pradesh & Anr. (AIR 1992 SC 232), Jivarajbhai Ujamshi Sheth & Ors. v. Chintamanrao Balaji & Ors. (AIR 1965 SC 214), State of Rajasthan v. Nav Bharat Construction Co. (AIR 2005 SC 4430), Food Corporation of India v. Surendra, Devendra & Mahendra Transport Co. (2003) 4 SCC 80, which sufficiently C settle the law on the subject. 22. That leaves us with the question whether the valid part of the award can be saved by severance from the invalid part. Before the Arbitrators the respondent-Chairman had quantified the claim at Rs.27,91,984.29 on account of escalation of the D rates consequent upon statutory increases in the wages of M.D.L.B. during the extended period of contract. A further slim of Rs.9,88,713.20 on account of escalation in the wages of other categories of workers such as Tally Clerks, Stichers, Foreman, Asst. Foremen, Supervisors etc. was also made on E the same basis. In addition, a claim for the recovery of Rs.8,63,953/- towards the final payment due and payable to the claimant with interest@ 18% p.a. on the same was also made.

23. In the light of the discussions in the ear:Jier part of this order the entitlement of the respondent to claim,, any amount on F account of escalation consequent upon the increase in the wages of M.D.L.B. workers is not established. The first two claims mentioned above on account of escalation could not, therefore, have been allowed by the Arbitrators nor could the incidental claim for payment of interest on that claim be granted. G The question then is whether there is any lawful justification for disallowing the only other claim made by the respondents representing the balance amount due to the claimant towards its final bill. The only defence which the appellant had offered to that claim was based on the law of limitation. That defence H 97B SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 7 S.C.R. A having been withdrawn by Mr. Divan, we see no real justification for disallowing the said claim especially when the counter-claim made by the appellant has been rejected and the said rejection was not questioned before the High Court. In fairness to Mr. Divan we must record that he did not seriously oppose the B severance of the award made by the Arbitrators so as to separate the inadmissible part of the claim based on an interpretation of Clause 2.03 from the admissible part.

24. In the result we allow this appeal but only in part and to the extent that the award made by the Arbitrators shall stand C set aside except to the extent of a sum of Rs.8,63,953/- which amount shall be payable to the respondent-contractor with the interest@ 9% p.a. from 1st April, 1985 till the date of actual payment thereof. O 25. The parties to bear their own costs through out the proceedings. K.K.T. Appeal partly allowed.

[2010] 7 S.C.R. 962 A M/S. RASHTRIYA CHEMICALS & FERTILIZERS LTD. v. M/S. CHOWGULE BROTHERS & ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 5286 of 2006) JULY 7, 2010 B [AFTAB ALAM AND T.S. THAKUR, JJ.] Contract -Work contract - Initially granted for one year - Extendable on the same terms and conditions except the C statutory increase in the wages of dock labourers - Extension of contract - Contractor claiming enhanced amount on account of escalation by statutory increase in the wages of labourers during the extended period of contract - It also claimed an amount towards final payment due and payable D - Arbitrators by majority decision allowed the claim of contractor - Single Judge of High Court setting aside the award. - Division Bench upholding the award - Held: Contractor was not entitled to the claim on account of escalation due to statutory increase in wages of laboureres -E The relevant clause of the contract did not envisage escalation on the basis of the revision post commencement of the extended period - Arbitrators have no jurisdiction to make an award against the specific terms of the contract -However, contractor is entitled to the claim towards final F payment - Arbitration.

Appellant-Company invited tenders initially for a period of one year (from 15.1.1983 to 14.1.1984). As per Clause 2.03 of the Tender Notice, the contract was extendable at the option of the appellant for a further G period of one year on the same terms and conditions except statutory increases in the wages of Dock Labourers. Respondent's tender was accepted by appellant and H 962 RASHTRIYA CHEMICALS & FERTILIZERS LTD. v. 963 CHOWGULE BROTHERS & ORS. work was granted for the period ending on 14.1.1984. In A October, 1983, the appellant in' terms of Clause 2.03 extended the contract for a further period of one year ending on 14.1.1985. The extension was accepted by the respondent-company asking the appellant to consider the revised wages of the Dock Labourers, which came B about during the period of one year. Appellant replied that Clause 2.03 provided for considering increases on account of statutory revisions made upto 15.1.1984 and not the increase under negotiations or those granted at a later date with retrospective effect. It called upon the c respondent-company on such basis to furnish documentary evidence regarding i~crease in wages upto 15.1.1984.

The dispute was referred to a panel of three arbitrators. Two awards were passed by the arbitrators. D Majority award decided in favour of the respondent-company. Appellant filed arbitration petition. Single Judge of High Court allowed the petition, setting aside the award holding the same contrary to clause 2.03 of tender notice. The Court also held the claim barred by time. Division E Bench of High Court set aside the order of Single Judge restoring the majority award passed by the two arbitrators. Hence the present appeal. Partly allowing the appeal, the Court F HELD: 1.1 Single Judge of the High Court was correct in holding that the award made by the Arbitrators to the extent it directed payment of the additional amount was unsustainable. The Division Bench, however, fell in error in taking a contrary view and holding that the G interpretation placed by the Arbitrators was a plausible interpretation. [Para 15] [974-F-G] 1.2 The Note to clause 2.03 of NIT envisages that on H 964 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 7 S.C.R.

A the completion of the first year and at the beginning of the extended contract period, the rates applicable shall have to be determined by reference to the revisions that have already come into effect as on the date of the commencement of the extended period. It is manifest B from a reading of the Note that once an option is exercised, the rate applicable to the extended period shall stand revised taking into consideration the revision of wages if any. Any such revision must of necessity be made as on the date of the commencement of the C extended period. Once that is done, the said rate would remain firm till the end of the second year. The contract does not, envisage settlement or revision of the rate by reference to any stage post commencement of the extended period. Even otherwise a contract for the extended period could become effective only if rates0 applicable to that period are settled or are capable of being ascertained. Rates actually determined or determinable by reference to 15th January, 1984 i.e. the date when the extended period commenced, could include revision in wages made upto that date. Any E revision in the wages of the dock labourers which the M.O.L.B. may have ordered subsequent to 15th January, 1984 would have no relevance even if such revision was made retrospectively from the date of the commencement of the extended period. The Note makes F it abundantly clear that revision granted retrospectively would be of no consequence whatsoever. [Para 12] [973-A-F]

1.3 While accepting the extension of the contract, the G respondent-contractor had simply referred to the statutory revision in the wages by M.D.L.B. during the 'last year'. Since the letter of acceptance is of 7th December, 1983 the statutory revision which the contractor wanted tq be taken into consideration were revisions before 1983 H and not those made at any time after the extended period RASHTRIYA.CHEMICALS &'~FERTltlZE.Ffs t Ttf'v. 965 CHOWGULE BROTHERS & ORS. of contract. The appellant's letter'dated 127th ~ualluarY, A 1984 sent 'in reply t(fthe letter dated 7tti. DE!cember, 1983 made it clear to the respoilderit that'Clause•2!o3~of 'the NIT did' not envisage escalation on the basis·•ofithe revision subsequent to 15th ·:January,· 1984 everHf•such revisions Were already being discus·sed:or 'i1egotiated'by B the Dock Workers With the· M~D.LB.-- [Paras"131atia 'f4] [973·G-H; 974-A, C-D] · ':' ; ' " ••-.:' · '' '' ~ ~ t { • ~ '' t:'>:/ t' '' ('. _,.. \ -' .:· 2. An Arbitrator cannot make. an award· contraryJto the terms· of the-contract executed between the parties: While it is true that the courts-show)deference :to :the C findings of fact recorded by the Arbitrators: and :even opinions, if any, expressed on questions of1Jaw.referred to them for determination, yetit is,equaUyitrue:that the Arbitrators have no jurisdiction to make an award against the specific terms of the contract executed betweemthe D parties. r[Para 16] [974-H; 975-A~B] ·1 · • •:,, ':':'.~·'

• . :-: ",·'. lt~. · .... ~1-.f·l '·'.#-"i·-· : $/f!el Authority of ,[ndia . Lt9.; v .. J. p._J~u9.,haraja, Governr:nent andfv!ining 4r:;ontractRr ,(199,9) 1,8 1 5~~· 1.2~; • Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. v. - ' ... Anh.apurna-~ ---Con$truction-!-- ......(2003) E 8 SCC 154; MD, Army Welfare Housing Organisation. v. Asso'Ciated ·sumangal services 'rPJ Ltd. (2004) 9 :sec, 61'9; Engineering Co. v.' GovernmentJ I.of~ Aridhr~• .... , Prade$ftan.d, ~ ~ ' ·- • .~ ilo.<- .. • • ' Ani.' ; ' , AIR 1992 SC 232; Jivarajbhai Ujamshi Sh_eth ,and Or,s . .v: Chintamanrao Balaji and Ors. AIR 1965 SC 214; State of F Rajasthan v. Nav Bharat Construction Co. AIR 2005 SC 4430; Food Corpora~ion offndia v. Surendr~, t;Jev~ndra and Mahendra Transport Co. (2003) 4 SCC 80, relied 'on. r . · ~ ,1 _ : (·'I W B. State Warehousing, Corporation and Anr. v. Sushi/ Kumar Kayan and Ors.. (2002) 5 SCC 679-,ireferfed.to. G 3. Before the Arbitrators, the -res~p'ondent had quantified the claim at Rs.27,91,984.29 .on,,acc,o.unt of e'scalation of the· rates· consequent 'upo-n slatutory increases in the wages:of.M.D.l...B. durlng the extended H 966 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2010] 7 S.C.R.

A period of contract. A further sum of Rs.9,88,713.20 on account of escalation in the wages of other categories of workers was also made on the same basis. In addition, a claim for the recovery of Rs.8,63,953/· towards the final payment due and payable to the claimant with interest @ B 18% p.a. on the same was also made. The entitlement of the respondent to claim any amount on account of escalation consequent upon the increase in the wages of M.D.L.B. workers is not established. The first two claims on account of escalation could not, therefore, c have been allowed by the Arbitrators nor could the incidental claim for payment of interest on that claim be granted. However, there was no real justification for disallowing the claim made by the respondents representing the balance amount due to the claimant towards its final bill, especially when the counter-claim0 made by the appellant has been rejected and the said rejection was not questioned before the High Court. The valid part of the award can be saved by severance from the invalid part. The appeal is allowed in part and to the extent that the award made by the Arbitrators shall stand E set aside except to the extent of a sum of Rs.8,63,953/-wh ich amount shall be payable to the respondent-contractor with the interest@ 9% p.a. from 1st April, 1985 till the date of actual payment thereof. [Paras 22, 23 and 24] [977-C-H; 978-A-C] F Case Law Reference:

(1999) 8 sec 122 Relied on Para 16 (2002) 5 sec 679 Referred to Para 18 G (2003) 8 sec 154 Relied on Para 19 (2004) 9 sec 619 Relied on Para 20 AIR 1992 SC 232 Relied on Para 21 H AIR 1965 SC 214 Relied on Para 21 RASHTRIYA CHEMICALS & FERTILIZERS LTD. v. 967 CHOWGULE BROTHERS & ORS. AIR 2005 SC 4430 Relied on Para 21 A (2003) 4 sec ao Relied on Para 21 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 5286 of 2006. B From the Judgment & Order dated 05.04.2006 of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay in Appeal No. 884 of 1997 in Arbitration Petition No. 19of1993 in Award No. 127 of 1992. Shyam Divan, M.P. Savla, Jay Savla, Vasuman Khandelwal for the Appellant. C S. Ganesh, Atul Desai, Pratap Venugopal, Surekha Raman, Deepti, K. J. John & Co. for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by D T.S. THAKUR J. 1. This appeal by special leave is directed against an order dated 5th April 2006 passed by the High Court of Bombay whereby Appeal No.884 of 1997 has been allowed, the order passed by a learned Single Judge of that Court set aside and the majority award passed by the E arbitrators restored.

2. The appellant, a Government of India undertakin~ invited tenders for allotment of clearing, forwarding, handling and stevedoring jobs at Mormugao Port initially for a period of one F year commencing from 15th January 1983 upto 14th January 1984 but extendable at the option of the appellant for a further period of one year on the same terms and conditions except statutory increases in the wages of Dock labourers referred to in Clause 2.03 of tender notice. In response, the respondent G submitted a tender which was accepted culminating in the issue of a work order dated 10th January 1983 in its favour. It is common ground that the appellant by its communication dated 13th October 1983 exercised the option available to it in terms H 968 SUPREME eOURT REPORTS [2010) 7 S.C.R. A of Clause 2.03 of the NIT and extended the contract for a further period of one year ending 14th January 1985.

3. The extension aforementioned was accepted by the respondent in terms of its communication dated 7th December 1983 in which it was inter-alia pointed out that statutory revisions8 in the wages of Mormugao Dock Labour Board (for short M.D.L.B.) (hat had come fibout during the period of one year need be considered while extending the contractual period. In response, the company by its letter dated 27th January 1984 C pointed out that Clause 2.03 of Schedule II of N.l.T. provided for increases on account of statutory revisions made upto 15th January 1984 alone to be· considered for purposes of granting rate escalation. Increases in wages that may have been under negotiations or those granted on a later date with retrospective effect could not consequently be considered, said the appellant. D The respondent-Company was on that basis called upon to furnish documentary evidence regarding increase if any in wages allowed by the M.D.L.B. upto 15th January 1984 without waitin~ for issuance of any fresh circulars.

E 4. It is not the case of the respondents that any revision in wages effective as on 15th January, 1984 was demonstrated before the appellant at any time before the commencement of the extended contractual period. What was alleged by the respondent was that pursuant to a settlement between the F M.D.L.B. and the Dock workers the respondent had incurred an additional amount of Rs.24.74 lakhs towards the increase in the wages payable to such workers. A claim for reimbursement of the said amount was accordingly made by the respondent-company in terms of a legal notice served upon G the appellant on its behalf, which .claim was refuted by the appellant on the strength of Clause 2.03 of Schedule II to the notice inviting tenders forming part of the contract betWeen the parties. The appellant asserted that the rates at which the contract was initially awarded had to remain firm throughout the period of one year from the date of award and were not subject H . ~~a ·kAsl-lrRiYA'cHEM1cALs1&'. FERr1L.fzE'Rs1Cfi:f:y. · ::it:>~ CHOWGULE BROTHERS & ORS. [T.S. THAKUR, J.]

to any· esca1auon .wh.atsoever.'J~~·te~ t0f ttie)e>tten8~ci a~?i~8 iA were also similarly' to' rerrlain«'firrri throughhut\'.t~\~t~xtended period subjeet to any ·statutory revision··upto·1stW'Januai)t,'1e84 being taken into consideration. Any subsequent increase if{tfii~ "fiarJes; P'\IY,able. to ~he D~ck: l.~,~~~f~f~ 1~r~nt~~: r~t.r,~~pectively . ~ ~~corq;1ng app~llant,; was ·• !; __ 'f .fl' - ,tq~· .the••' · i' •· <' wholly,v .. ·,., •• 1 i::s by•· .the~·· M.D· i.• ..' L.B.0 . ·· i • , mc;;?nS~\:J~en.t1,al,. .. , , , .,.,.~crirq~·,_,·- .,·,,;; .. . ,, "·'~•£> ,, t 'HiJ ·· .. · ··5. Denial 'oftli'e'plai°m'·maae:byth~· respon'dent fhus·~aOJ rise'to a dispute' which was :in 'ief.ms of.the cont~aci.. reterred~tO' a''panel' of three Aroit(ator's f~r'adJu,dfoation .. B,efore,the' c Arb1trators,. the appellahtdlspute~ the'dahn Ori m~r\fa ~s. also on the ground that tl'le ~ame w~:;'.'tiarred"~y·:nmWation."'fhe1 Arbitrators examined 'rival con'ten(!oils urged.~"oefore them 1but failed•. -_ to arrive- : at a· unanimous• 1· • ' deeision', .. - .. J ,.J on~' the·true. . '·"'and•!""''c;:otrect. ,._ .. ~~-intetpretatiori.6fClause 2.03. Two kwar,ds, 'the'refor~.·cafn(flo n be· made', one by Shri-RP. B'~att' wh.o .dism,isse~ the ciaini aria D · ttie ·other by' Mis R.C. 'Co6pe~iand' N:A': Modi wt1b 'held 'the' respondents.entitled. to recover from tii'e appella'i1't alurnp1ifom atnount of Rs.61,73,667'.90. lfis notewoithyfuat whilelhe'awarcf made by Shr'i·R.P. Bhattwas'a 1reason'ecfAwarcfiflafri1a"de by' 1 the'other'tWo'Arbifrafors'.~a!n1oC. ,..,, . ~ ·:' ''.• .• :,., r;< E ~, t. 1·· :J ·-.j n:..1\f; ~ (Jl.i''•l • ~ ..,:;1H·,;.J· 1. ~-··('.; ~._ ... ~.~ )·''."1··':'...!i!3,-r!;·;.~J:'• :Je<,6. Aggrieved,by the majority Award·; the'appellant filed Arbitration Petition No .. 19 of 1993rbefore•.the•HigltrCdurt1of Bombay for setting aside the same. A Single0 Judge'of the; High C~urt of Bombay '(S.N.· Variava, J..as His LordshiR. then was) F allowedI that prayer and set aside the , award.. holdifig·thaUhe same was contrary t() clause 2.03 of the NIT fe>rming p~rt qf the contract executed between th'e ·'parties. 1Eveh· ttie· 1plea of limitation succeeded before' the 1earned·sihg1e'jiidge .~'·,~I ··'' · 1' , (-~- ;"'·.. ·,~,.,.'"'I~ '¥•l ·'i°f .,._Wtic(liei<f(';;. • 1! that'the claim made by the respqndents was barred by ~1me;· G Undeterred the respondents assailec.f the, said order beforte ai o·ivision Bench+ of the:·High'°Cbi.irt lri' App~af.Nci.884 of11997 which allowed the appealPset 'aside ttieio}der· pa~seCl"t:iy fl'ie' . Single-Judge ai:\d' restored· ttl'e niajority';t..w~r'd ffi~~~'by tM1~~tWo) Arbitrators:~rhe High court took tile \/ievhhat'ttle'iiiier'Phftation' · H

970 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010) 7 S.C.R. A placed upon Clause 2.03 of the contract between the parties by the majority of the arbitrators was a logical interpretation which could provide a sound basis for the Award made by them.

B 7. Appearing for the appellant, Shri Shyam Divan did not pursue the challenge to the validity of the Award on the ground that the claim made by the respondent was barred by limitation. The solitary point that was urged by the learned counsel was that the High Court had committed an error while interpreting C Clause 2.03 of the contract. Mr. Divan contended that a plain reading of Clause 2.03 made it amply clear that the rates stipulated under the contract were to remain firm for the first year notwithstanding any revision in the wages payable to the dock workers of M.D.L.B. For the second year also the rates were to remain firm, subject only to the condition that statutory D revisions, if any, of the wages would be taken into consideration. What was according to Mr. Divan evident from a plain reading of Clause 2.03 was that only such statutory revisions as were ordered upto the date of commencement of the contractual period were relevant for the purpose of such E consideration. Any revision made subsequent to the commencement of the contractual period even if retrospective in its application would have had no relevance for the extended period. Inasmuch as the Division Bench had taken a contrary view and set aside the order of the learned Single Judge, it had F not only committed a mistake that was evident but also ignored the principles governing the construction of documents.

8. Appearing for the respondents Mr. Ganesh, learned senior counsel on the other hand contended that the power of G this Court to interfere in an Arbitral Award under Sections 30 and 33 of the Arbitration Act, 1940 was very limited. He contended that just because an interpretation different from the one given by the Arbitrators in support of their award was equally plausible did not make out a case for interference by the Court. Arbitrators being Judges chosen by the parties the H RASHTRIYA CHEMICALS & FERTILIZERS LTD. v. 971 CHOWGULE BROTHERS & ORS. [T.S. THAKUR, J.] view expressed by them would bind the parties no matter the A same is found to be erroneous and no matter an alternative view was equally or even more plausible. He urged that Clause 2.03 of NIT was rightly interpreted by the Division Bench of the High Court which did not call for any interference by this Court. 9. The validity of the award made by the Arbitrators rests B entirely upon a true and correct reading of Clause 2.03 of the Contract. That clause is in the following words:

"2.03: It is hereby agreed that if the Company gives one · month's notice to extend the contract for a further period C of one year from the expiry or the period mentioned in Clause 2.01, the contractor shall be bound to continue to do the work and render services on the same terms and · conditions, as contained herein, during such extended period, except for the statutory increase in the wages of D Dock Labour allowed by the Mormugao Dock Labour Board, for which documentary evidence shall have to be furnished by the contractor ...... E Note: The rates indicated against first and 2nd year above have been taken from MOLE'S Circulars from time to time. But the rates at which the contact is initially awarded shall remain firm throughout the period of one year from he date of award and shall not be subject to any escalation F whatsoever. Similarly, the rates allowed for the extended period of one year, if any, after considering the statutory increase, if any, in the wages of Dock Labour will also remain firm throughout the extended period of one year and shall not be subject to any escalation whatsoever, G irrespective of any subsequent increase in the wages of Dock Labour allowed retrospectively by the Mormugao Dock Labour Board." 10. A careful reading of the above especially the Note H 972 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 7 S.C.R.

A appended to Clause 2.03 (supra) l~aves no manner of doubt that the rate at which the contract was initially awarded was to remain firm throughout the period of one year from the date of the award of the contract. What is significant is that for the first ye~r the said rate was unalterable regardless of any escalation, revision or other ~tatutory increases made during that period.8 Shri Ganesh·, learned counsel for the respondents als0 fairly conceded that insofar as the first year of the contract was concerned the rates were not subject to any revision and were to. remain firm. If that be so, the question is how far is that C principle altered by the later half of the Note which deals with the rates applicable during the extended period of the contract. There are tliree different aspects which stand out from a reading of that part of the Note to Clause 2.03. Firstly, the second part of the Note dealing with the rates applicable to the extended period starts with the word 'Similarly'. By using that 0 expression the Note draws an analogy between the firmness of the rates applicable during the first year and those applicable for the extended period of second year. The' sentiment underlying the Note is that the parties intend to keep the applicable rates firm not only for the first year but also for the E second year.

11. The second aspect which emerges froni a plain reading.· of the Note is that the rates for the second year had to l'Je fixed by taking into consideration the statutory increase£, if F any, in the wages payable to the Dock labourers whic.h rate once fixed was also to remain firm and impervious to any escal~tion. The only difference between the first and the second year rates thus is that the rates were firm even for the second year but the same had to be fixed taking into consideration the G statutory increases in the wages of the dock labourers. 12. The third aspect which in our opinion puts all doubts about the true intention of the parties to rest is that any subsequent increase in the wages of the dock labourers would not result in any escalation of the rates even when such revision H . RASHTRIYA CHEMICALS & FERT1Ll?:ER$ LTD.Jg. 9,7~ CHOWGULE BROTHERS & ORS. [T.S. THAKUR, J.] is "allowed retrospec~ively by the M.D.L.B. What.th.e N,ot~!lli9Wc:J t;.., _opinion envisages is that on the compl~tion of th~ first y~ar anqJ! at the beginning of the extended contract pe,rt9q,J~,~.rate.s1 applicable shall have to be determined by reference to the revisions that have already come into effect as.on the1date of . ttie commencement of the extended period.·lt is 1manife'st:from · 8: '-'

a reading of the Note that once an option is exercised'.ttie tat~ applicable to the extended period shall stand revised taking~irito , consideration the revision of wages if any. Any such revision must of necessity be made as· on· the dat~.::oJJ:the commencement of the extended period~ Once that is 'done the Q, said rate would remain firm till the end of the second year. The ' 1 contract does not, in our opinion, envisage settlement or're\/ision df the rate by reference to any stage post coinme'ri'ce'mehtcfofJ the extended period. Even otherwise' a· contd:tct''fo'f'tHe'·: extended period could become effective only if rates'appJica;ble"'' OJ to that'period are settled or are capable of being'ascert~fn'Eid~' 1 Rates actually determined or determinable by reference'fo 1stti.' January, 1984 the date when the extended period commehcec( , co.uld include revision in wages n;iade uptq that, d~te. Any revision in the wages of the dock laboure·rs which the fyLD.L.~. may have ordered subsequent to 15th Januacy, \9)34 \vould. EJ . have no relevance even if such revision. . . ' : .' . ;Ji-~'.).;.:-wa$ .. ·made~ • : retrospectively from the date of the commencement Qf, the ext~~ded period. The Not~ makes it abu_ridantly:;c}e~r:that rev1s1on granted retrospectively would be.. of no consequence whatsoever. · ' ' · ,,,, ' · F:.i · . · ·. ·· · .• •< "'·"'T 7'f 13. There is anothe· angle from which the.matter,c~n be , , • >- _, .• '·· d · H •!-' , i

• viewed. As to how the. parties- .understood•. - f Clause' ( ~ 2.03.is.I :0 ·-\ '"•!;=tlso• \I an important factor that needs to be kept)ri min,d){,'t?:\17,,, accepting the e.xtension of the contra~t., the r~,~~of!_P};nJ0 , 1 Cf:, contractor had simply referred to the statutory rev1s1qt;1 in the.... wages by M.D.L.B. during the 'last year'. ·Since t~~;;1e,t~~& 1 §f,;; acceptance is of 7th December, 1983 the statutory revision which the contractor wanted to be taken into consic:ter~tjon,_were revisions before 1983 <?nd not those made at any tir:ne·after the-:· Ii; 974 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010) 7 S.C.R. A extended period of contract. This position is clear from the following lines appearing in the letter of acceptance dated 7th December, 1983 : "However, we would like to inform you that there are lot of statutory revisions in the wages of Mormugao DockB Labour Board during last 1 year which you will have to consider while extending our contractual period. In this connection, the undersigned will call on your office to discuss the same personally in near future and we expect c your cooperation in this regard." 14. The appellant's letter dated 27th January, 1984 sent in reply to the above made it clear to the respondent that Clause

2.03 of the NIT did not envisage escalation on the basis of the revision subsequent to 15th January, 1984 even if such D revisions were already being discussed or negotiated by the Dock Workers with the M.D.l.B. The following passage from the said communication makes the position abundantly clear: "A copy of clause 2.03 of Schedule II of N.1.T. is enclosed. From this, it will be very clear that whatever increases thatE have been allowed by M.D.l.B. upto 15.1.84, can only be considered for the escalation purposes, and not those increases in wages which are under negotiations, for which M.D.l.B. circulars will be issued subsequently after 15.1.84, with retrospective effect." F 15. The learned Single Judge of the High Court was, in the light of the above, correct in holding that the award made by the Arbitrators to the extent it directed payment of the additional amount was unsustainable. The Division Bench, G however, fell in error in taking a contrary view and holding that the interpretation placed by the Arbitrators was a plausible interpretation. 16. That brings us to the question whether an Arbitrator can H make an award contrary to the terms of the contract executed RASHTRIYA CHEMICALS & FERTILIZERS LTD. v. 975 CHOWGULE BROTHERS & ORS. [T.S. THAKUR, J.]

between the parties. That question is no longer res integra A having been settled by a long line of decisions of this Court. While it is true that the Courts show deference to the findings of fact recorded by the ~rbitrators and even opinions, if any, expressed on questions of law referred to them for determination, yet it is equally true that the Arbitrators have no B jurisdiction to make an award against the specific terms of the contract executed between the parties. Reference may be made, in this regard, to the decision of this Court in Steel Authority of India Ltd. v. J.C. Budharaja, Government and Mining Contractor, (1999) 8 SCC 122 where this Court C observed : " ........ that it is settled law that the arbitrator derives authority from the cpntract and if he acts in manifest disregard of the contract, the award given by him would be an arbitrary one; that this deliberate departure from the D contract amounts not only to manifest disregard of the authority or misconduct on his part, but it may tantamount to mala fide action ...... "

...... It is true that interpretation of a particular condition in E the agreement would be within the jurisdiction of the arbitrator. However, in cases where there is no question of interpretation of any term of the contract, but of solely reading the same as it is and still the arbitrator ignores it and awards the amount despite the prohibition in the F agreement, the award would be arbitrary, capricious and without jurisdiction. Whether the arbitrator has acted beyond the terms of the contract or has travelled beyond his jurisdiction would depend upon facts, which however would be jurisdictional facts, and are required to be gone G into by the court. The arbitrator may have jurisdiction to entertain claim and yet he may not have jurisdiction to pass award for particular items in view of the prohibition contained in the contract and, in such cases, it would be a jurisdictional error. ... " H ' 976 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 7 S.C.R. A 17. It was further observed: '' ..... Further, the Arbitration Act does not give any power to the arbitrator to act arbitrarily or capriciously. His exisience depends upon the agreement and his function is to act within the limits of the said agreement ..... "B . 18. In W:B. State Warehousing Corporation & Anr. v. Sushi/ Kumar Kayan & Ors. (2002) 5 SCC 679, again this Court observed:

: " ...... , If there is a specific term in the contract or the lawc which does not permit the parties to raise a point before the arbitrator and if there is a specific bar in the contract to the raising of the point, then the award passed by the arbitrcitor in respect thereof would be in excess of his jurisdiction .... "D · ·19. In Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. v. Annapurna Construction (2003) 8 SCC 154, this Court reiterated the legal position in the .following words: E 'lThere lies a clear distinction between an error within the jurisdiction and error in excess of jurisdiction. Thus, the role of the arbitrator is to arbitrate within the terms of the , contract. He has no power apart from what the parties have given him under the contract:lf he has travelled beyond the contract, he would be acting without jurisdiction, whereasF · t, if he has remained inside the parameters of the contract, · · his award cannot be questioned on the ground that it contains an error apparent on the face of the record." , 20 .. In MD, Army Welfare Housing Organisation v. G Sumanga/ Services (P) Ltd. (2004) 9 SCC 619 also this . , Court took the similar view and observed: "An Arbifral Tribunal is not a court of law. Its orders are ' not judiciar orders. Its functions are not judicial functions. It H cannot exercise its power ex debito justitiae. The RASHTRIYA CHEMICALS & FERTILIZERS LTD. v. 977 CHOWGULE BROTHERS & ORS. [T.S. THAKUR, J.]

jurisdiction of the 'arbitrator being confined to the four A corners of the agreement, he can only pass such an order which may be the subject-matter of reference. 21. Reference may also be made to the decisions of this Court in Associated Engineering Co. v. Government of Andhra 8 Pradesh & Anr. (AIR 1992 SC 232), Jivarajbhai Ujamshi Sheth & Ors. v. Chintamanrao Balaji & Ors. (AIR 1965 SC 214), State of Rajasthan v. Nav Bharat Construction Co. (AIR 2005 SC 4430), Food Corporation of India v. Surendra, Devendra & Mahendra Transport Co. (2003) 4 SCC 80, which sufficiently C settle the law on the subject. 22. That leaves us with the question whether the valid part of the award can be saved by severance from the invalid part. Before the Arbitrators the respondent-Chairman had quantified the claim at Rs.27,91,984.29 on account of escalation of the D rates consequent upon statutory increases in the wages of M.D.L.B. during the extended period of contract. A further slim of Rs.9,88,713.20 on account of escalation in the wages of other categories of workers such as Tally Clerks, Stichers, Foreman, Asst. Foremen, Supervisors etc. was also made on E the same basis. In addition, a claim for the recovery of Rs.8,63,953/- towards the final payment due and payable to the claimant with interest@ 18% p.a. on the same was also made.

23. In the light of the discussions in the ear:Jier part of this order the entitlement of the respondent to claim,, any amount on F account of escalation consequent upon the increase in the wages of M.D.L.B. workers is not established. The first two claims mentioned above on account of escalation could not, therefore, have been allowed by the Arbitrators nor could the incidental claim for payment of interest on that claim be granted. G The question then is whether there is any lawful justification for disallowing the only other claim made by the respondents representing the balance amount due to the claimant towards its final bill. The only defence which the appellant had offered to that claim was based on the law of limitation. That defence H 97B SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 7 S.C.R. A having been withdrawn by Mr. Divan, we see no real justification for disallowing the said claim especially when the counter-claim made by the appellant has been rejected and the said rejection was not questioned before the High Court. In fairness to Mr. Divan we must record that he did not seriously oppose the B severance of the award made by the Arbitrators so as to separate the inadmissible part of the claim based on an interpretation of Clause 2.03 from the admissible part.

24. In the result we allow this appeal but only in part and to the extent that the award made by the Arbitrators shall stand C set aside except to the extent of a sum of Rs.8,63,953/- which amount shall be payable to the respondent-contractor with the interest@ 9% p.a. from 1st April, 1985 till the date of actual payment thereof. O 25. The parties to bear their own costs through out the proceedings. K.K.T. Appeal partly allowed.