[2010] 3 S.C.R. 1059 RAMOAS ATHAWALE A v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS. (Writ Petition (Civil) No. 86 of 2004) MARCH 29, 2010 8 [K.G. BALAKRISHNAN, CJI., S.H. KAPADIA, R.V. RAVEENDRAN, B. SUDERSHAN REDO~ P. SATHASIVAM, JJ.] Constitution of India, 1950: c Articles 87, 118, 122 - President's special address at the commencement of session - Requirement of, when the House resumed after it was adjourned sine die - Held: Resumption of House for the purpose of continuing its 0 business would not amount to commencement of new session

- No special address by President required - Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Busines.3 in Lok Sabha - Rule 15. Articles 122, 32 - Speaker's decision directing resumption of House which was adjourned sine die - Writ E petition questioning the propriety of Speaker's decision -Maintainability of - Held: Courts are precluded from making inquiry into proceedings of Parliament on the ground of any irregularity of procedure - Question whether the resumed sitting was to be treated as the second part of the session was F essentially a matter relating purely to the procedure of Parliament and cannot be tested and gone into in a proceeding under Article 32 - Judicial review - Scope of. Article 122 - Speaker - Powers and duties - Held: G Speaker is the guardian of the privileges of the House and its spokesman and representative upon all occasions - He is the interpreter of its rules and procedure, and is invested with the power to control and regulate the course of debate 1059 H 1 060 SUPR~ME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R. A and to maintain order- Under' Article 122 (2), the decision of the Speaker in whom powers are vested to regulate the procedure and the Conduct of Business is final and binding on every Member of the House. · Article 32 - Scope of - Held: Petition under Article 328 not entertainable unless it is shown that the petitioner had some fundamental right. Article 85 - Prorogation and adjournment - Distinction between. c

The Fourteenth Session of the Thirteenth Lok Sabha commenced on 2nd December, 2003 and was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003. Thereafter on 20th January, 2004, the Secretary General of the Lok Sabha, by way of a Notice informed all the Members of the0 Thirteenth Lok Sabha, duly stating that under Rule 15 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha, the Speaker has directed that the Lok Sabha, which was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003 E would resume its sittings on 29th January, 2004. In a w rit petition filed under Article 32 of the Constitution of India, a member of Lok Sabha challenged the constitutional validity of the proceedings in the Lok Sabha commencing from 29th January, 2004 on t he F ground that the Session commenced on 29th January, 2004 was the first Session of the Lok Sabha in the year 2004, and there was no address by the President informing the Parliament, the cause of its summons as provided for and required under Article 87 (1) of the G Constitution of India. Dismissing the writ petition, the Court HELD: 1.1. The scheme of the Constitution, from the compendium of Articles 79, 83, 85 and 86 reveals that H

RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.1061 Union Parliament consists of the President and the A Council of States and the House of the People unless dissolved earlier, the House of the People continues for five years from the date of its first meeting, and the expiration of five years operates as a dissolution of the House except that during proclamation of Emergency, B the period of five years may be extended at a time not exceeding one year and not extending in any case beyond six months after such proclamation has ceased to operate. The President is unde·r constitutional mandate to summon each House of the Parliament from time to c time to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit. The President alone is vested with the power to summon the House from time to time and prorogue the House or either House; and to dissolve the House of the People. The President has a right to address either House or both the 0Houses together _and for that purpose requ;re the attendance of ~embers . He may send messages to either House of Parliament, whether with respect to a Bill then pending in Parliament or otherwise, and the House to which message is sent is required to take the same into E consideration. [Para 10] (1071MA-E] 1.2. A plain reading of Article 87 clearly suggests that

(a) the President shall address at the commencement of the first session after each general election to the House of the People; and (b) at the commencement of the first F session of each year. In the present case, the Winter session of the House of the People commenced on 2nd December, 2003 and was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003. The resumption of its sittings on 29th January, 2004, by no stretch of imagination, could be G characterized as commencement of a new session. The House merely resumed its sittings and contin.ued·the Session which actually commenced on 2nd December-l 2003. As the House was adjourned sine die on 23rd H 1062 SUPREME ·COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R A December, 2003, the resumption of its sittings is nothing but reconvening of the same Session after its adjournment sine die. It is the second part of the same session. [Paras 12 and 14] [1071-H; 1072-A, C, D) 1.3. The words "first session of the year" employed8 in Article 87 (1) has no reference to resumption of the adjourned session. The session commences with the President's. summoning. the House to meet. It is Article 85 which deals with the summoning of Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution of the House of C People. The constitutional provision does ri.ot require summoning of every Session of Parliament wl1ich was adjourned for its own reasons after commencement of its Session pursuant to the summons of the President. It is only when a Hou~e is prorogued and a new Session :

D thereafter summoned under Article 85(2) of the Constitution, the special address by the President as provided for under Article 87(1) is required with reference to the new Session so as t9 il)form the Parliament of the cause of its summons .. ~o such special addre.ss is E needed, if a Sessions · ~s · adjourned sine die in the previous year and the sittings of the same Session is re~umed in the next year. [Para 15] [1072-E-H] 1.4. Articles 85 and 87 were amended so ..as to do F away with the summoning of Parliament twice a year and the constitutional requirement of the President's special address at the commencement of each Session. The present constitutional position is that not more thanI six months are to elapse between the last Session and the G first day of the following Session. The House is now prorogued only once a year and the President addresses both Houses of Parliament only at the ~ommencement of the first Session of each year. Article 87, as it originally stood, provided for the President's address in 'every Session of the year'. The first amendment in 1951 H RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.1063 substituted the words "every Session" by "first Session A of each year". By the first amendment, Articles 85 and 174 were also amended. [Paras 16 and 17] [1073-A-D] Special Reference No. 1 of 2002 (2002) 8 SCC 237, relied on. 8 Kau/ & Shakdher's Practice and Procedure of Parliament Fifth Edition; May's Parliamentary Practic.e, referred to.

1.5. An adjournment is an interruption in the course of one and the same session, whereas a prorogation c terminates a Session. The effect of prorogation is to put an end with certain exceptions to all proceedings in Parliament then current. A Session commenced in terms of the order of the President summoning the House can come to an end only with the day on which the President 0 prorogue the House or dissolves Lok Sabha. It is thus clear that whenever the House resumes after it is adjourned sine die, its resumption for the purpose of continuing its business does not amount to commencement of the session. The resumed sitting of E the House, in this case, on 29th January, 2004, does not amount to commencement of the first Session in the year 2004. [Paras 20, 22, 23] [1073-B, G; 1076-D] 2. Under Article 122 of the Constitution, the Courts are precluded from making inquiry into proceedings of F Parliament. A plain reading of Article 122 makes it abundantly clear that the validity of any proceeding in the Parliament shall not be called in question on the ground of any irregularity of procedure. The prayer in the writ petition was to declare the proceedings in the lok Sabha G pursuant to the Notice dated 20th January, 2004 issued under the directions of the Speaker as unconstitutional. The petitioner essentially raised a dispute as to the regularity and legality of the proceedings in the House of the People and propriety of the Speaker's direction to H

1064 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R. A resume sittings of the Lok Sabha which was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003. The Speaker is the guardian of the priv.ileges of the House and its spokesman and representative upon all occasions. He is the interpreter of its rules and procedure, and is invested B with the power to control and regulate the course of debate and to maintain order. The powers to regulate Procedure and Conduct of Business of the House of the People vests in the Speaker of the House. By virtue of the powers vested in him, the Speaker, in purported c exercise of his power under Rule 15 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha got issued notice dated 20th January, 2004 through the Secretary General of the Lok Sabha directing resumption of sittings of the Lok Sabha which was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003. Whether the resumed sittings0 on 29th January, 2004 was to be treated as the second part of the 14th session as directed by the Speaker is essentially a matter relating ~purely to the procedure of Parliament. The validity of the proceedings and business transacted in the House after resumption of its sittings E cannot be tested and gone into by this Court in a proceeding under Article 32 of the Constitution of India. [Paras 25, 26] [1~79-0; G-H; 1080-A-F] '

3. Article 118(1) provides that each House of F Parliament may make rules for regulating, subject to the provisions of the Constitution, its procedure and conduct of its business. The rules, in fact, are made and known as Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha. Article 118(1) makes it perfectly clear that when G the House is to make any rules as prescribed by it, those rules are subject to the provisions of the Constitution which obviously include Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Part Ill of the Constitution. Article 122(2) confers immunity ·on the. officers and membe~s of Parliament in H whom powers are vested ~~ or under the Constitution for RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.1065 regulating procedure or conduct of the business or for A maintaining order in Parliament from being subject to the jurisdiction of any Court in respect of the exercise by him of those powers. [Paras 27-29] [1080-G; 1081-C-H]

4. The Notice dated January 20, 2004 is self- 8 explanatory and reveals that the House was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003 by the Speaker. It is the Speaker's direction to resume its sittings from 29th January, 2004 onwards. The Notice clearly says that i~ was the second part of the fourteenth session and was likely to conclude on 5th February, 2004. The Speaker's C decision adjourning the House sine die on 23rd December, 2003 and direction to resume its sittings relates to proceedings in Parliament and is of procedural in nature. Th~ Business transacted and the validity of 0 proceedings after the resumption of i\5 ~ittings pursuant to the directions of the· Speaker cannot'be inquired into by the Courts. [Para 30] [1082-B-D]

5. Under Article 122 (2), the decision of the Speaker in whom powers are vested to regulate the procedure E and the Conduct of Business is final and bi(tding on every Member of the Hous~. The validity of the S~eaker's decision adjournir.g ·the House sine die on 23rd December,,2003 and latter direction to resume its sittings cannot be inquired into on the ground of any irregularity F of procedure. The business transacted and the validity of proceedings after the resumption of sittings of the ·House pursuant to the directions of the Speaker 1cannot be inquired into by the Courts. No decision jot the Speaker can be challenged by a member of the House G complaining of mere irregularity in procedure in the conduct of the business. Such decisions are not subject to the jurisdiction of any Court and they are immune from challenge. [Para 31] [1082-E-G] In re, Under Article 143, Constitution of India (1965) 1 H -1 066 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [~010] 3 S.C.R. A SCR 413; Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain & Anr. 1975 (Supp.) SCC 1, explained.

6. It is a right of each House of Parliament to be the sole judge of the lawfulness of its own proceedings. The Courts cannot go into the lawfulness of the proceedings 8 of the Houses of Parliament. The Constitution aims at maintaining a fine balance between the Legislature, Executive ·and_J1,1diciary. The object of the constitutional scheme is. to ensure that each of the constitutional organs function within their respective assigned sphere. C Precisely, that is the constitutional philosophy inbuilt into Article 122 of the Constitution of India. [Para 31] [1082-H; 1083-A-B] M.S.M Sharma v. Dr. Shree Krishna Sinha AIR 1960 SC 0 1186, referred to. 7. One more aspect of the matter is that the petition has become infructuous, since the Lok Sabha was dissolved and thereafter two elections have been held. E The issue raised in the petition was purely a hypothetical question. There is no existing lis between the parties. It is settled practice that this Court does not decide matters which are only of academic interest on the facts of a particular case. [Para 34] [1 084-E-F] F R.S. Nayak v. A.R. Antu/ay (1984) 2 SCC 183, referred to.

8. It is equally well settled that Article 32 of the Constitution guarantees the right to a Constitutional G remedy and relates only to the enforcement of the right conferred by Part Ill of the Constitution and unless a question of enforcement of a fundamental right arises, Article 32 does not apply. It is well settled that no petition under Article 32 is maintainable, unless it is shown that H the petitioner has some fundamental right. There is not ,· RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INOlA AND ORS.1067 even a whisper of any infringement of any fundamental A right guaranteed by Part Ill of the Constitution in the writ petition. Whenever a person complains and claims that there is a violation of any provision of law or a Constitutional provision, it does not automatically involve breach of fundamental right for the enforcement of which B alone Article 32 of the Constitution is attracted. It is not possible to accept that an allegation of breach of law or a Constitutional provision is an action in breach of fundamental right. The writ petition deserves dismissal only on this ground. [Paras 37 and 38] [1085-B-F] c Northern Corporation v. Union of India (1990) 4 SCC 239, relied on. Case Law Reference:

D (2002) 8 sec 237 relied on Para 19 (1965) 1 SCR 413 explained Para 29 1975 (Supp.) sec 1 explained Para 31 AIR 1960 SC 1186 referred to Para 32 E (1984) 2 sec 183 referred to Para 35 (1990) 4 sec 239 relied on Para 37 CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition {Civil) No. F 86 of 2004. Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India H.K. Puri for the Appellant. G G.E. Vahanvati, Indira Jaisingh, ASG, A. Mariaputham, Devdatt Kamat, T.A. Vimal Dubey, Chinmoy Pradip Sharma Anil Katiyar, P. Parmeswaran for the Respondents. The ~udgment of the Court was delivered by ······· H 1068 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R. A B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J . 1. This writ application under Article 32 of the Constitution of India has been filed by a Member of Lok Sabha, challenging the validity of the proceedings in the Lok Sakha commencing from 29th January, 2004 on the ground that the President has not addressed both B Houses of Parliament as envisaged under Article 87 of the Constitution. The prayer in the writ petition is to issue appropriate Writ or direction or order declaring that the Session of the,Lok Sabha called by the Notice dated January 20, 2004 is the first Session in the year 2004; and the proceedings of c the Lok Sabha pursuant to the Notice dated 20th January, 2004 are unconstitutional, illegal, null and void.

2. The case set up by the petitioner is that the Session commenced on 29th January, 2004 ~as the first Session of the Lok Sabha in the year 2004, and there was no address by the D President informing the Parliament, the cause of its summons as provided for and required under Article 87 (1) of the Constitution of India. The contention of the petitioner was that the "first Session" means, the Session, which is held first in point of time in a given year. According to him, the Session, which E commenced on 29th January, 2004 was the first Session of the House of the year 2004. The sittings thereafter continued up to 5th February, 2004. 3. There is no dispute before us that the Fourteenth F Session of the Thirteenth Lok Sabha commenced on 2nd December, 2003 and was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003. Thereafter on 20th January, 2004, the Secretary General of the Lok Sabha, by way of a Notice informed all the Members of the Thirteenth Lok Sabha, duly stating that under Rule 15 of the Rules of Procedure and G Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha, the Speaker has directed that the Lok Sabha, which was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003 will resume its sittings on 29th January, 2004. 4. Learned counsel for the petitioner submitted that in H terms of mandatory requirement as provided for in Article 87 RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS. 1069 [B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J.]

(1) of the Constitution of India, the President has to address A both Houses of Parliament at the commencement of the Session every year and inform the Parliament of the causes of its summons. It was submitted that the commencement of the first Session of each year has to be with reference to the first Session of each year and year shall mean a year reckoned B according to British calendar. The contention was that the sittings of the Lok Sabha from 29th January, 2004 were unconstitutional or it could not have been assembled at all in the absence of special address of both the Houses of Parliament by the President. The House of People could have c assembled only after the special address by the President.

5. The learned Attorney General submitted that in the instant case the Winter Session of Parliament had commenced on 2nd December, 2003 and was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003. The House resumed sitting of that adjourned D Session in pursuance of the Notice of the Secretary General dated 20th January, 2004 under Rule 15 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha. It was submitted that the sitting commenced on 29th January, 2004 was not the commencement of a new Session, but was a E continuation of Winter Session, which was adjourned on 23rd December, 2003. The learned Attorney General further submitted that the word "first Session" of the year in Article 87 cannot refer to the resumption of the 'adjourned Session. It must refer to a new Session. It was submitted that the distinction in F procedure between the resumption of an adjourned Session · and summoning of a new Session may have to be borne in mind for the purpose of interpretation of Article 87 (1) of the Constitution of India. The submission was that, for the resumption of an adjourned Session, the Speaker, under Rule G 15 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha, directs issuance of a notice informing the Members of the next sitting of the Session. But if the House is prorogued, it is only the President who can summon the next Session of the Parliament. It was submitted that in the present case, Article H 1070 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R.

A 87 (1 ) has no application, as the Winter Session was only resumed on 29th January, 2004 and no new Session was summoned. · 6. In dealing with these contentions, we sh~ll follow the B sequence of events and examine th~ constitutionality of each happening that would clearly demonstrate that the matter lies in a narrow compass than what has been made to appear. 7. In the United Kingdom the Queen and two Houses of Parliament constitutes the Legislature so that the Queen is an C integral part of the Legislature.

8. In India tt)e same model has been adopted. Article 79 of the Constitution provides that there shall be a Parliament for the Union, which consists of the President and the two Houses o to be known respectively as the Council of the SJate and the House of the People. Article 83 (2) provides that the House of the People. unless sooner dissolved, shall continue to_r''five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer.. and the expiration of the said period of five years shall oper~te E as a dissolution of the House, except during a proclamation of Emergency, the period of five years may be extended for a period not extending one year at a time, and not extendingiry any case beyond six months after such proclamation cease tO operate. Under Article 85 (1 }, the President has to summon each House of the Legislature at such time and place as he F thinks fit. sp that six months do not intervene between its last sitting in one Session and its first sitting in the next. Article 85 (2) provides as follows: ·' "The President may from time to time-G (a) prorogue the Houses or either House; and (b) dissolve the House of the People." 9. Article 86 speaks about Right of the President to H address and send messages to Houses. RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.1071 [B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J.]

10. The scheme of the Constitution, as is evident from the A compendium of Articles referred to hereinabove, reveals that Union Parliament consists of the President and the Council of States and the House of the People unless dissolved earlier, the House of the People continues for five years from the date of its firs.t meeting, and the expiration of five years operates as B a dissolution of the. House except that during proclamation of Emergency, the period of five years may be extended at a time not exceeding one year and not extending in any case beyond six months after such proclamation has ceased to operate. The President is under constitutional mandate to summon each c House of the Parliament from time to time to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit. The President alone is vested with the power to summon the House from time to time and prorogue the House or either House; and to dissolve the House of the People. The President has a right to address either. D House or both the Houses together and for that purpose require the attendance of Members. He may send messages to either House of Parliament, whether with respect to a Bill then pending in Parliament or otherwise, and the House to which message is sent is required to take the same into consideration. E 11 . Article 87 is an important Article for our present purpose and it reads as follows:

"87. Special address by the President:~ (1) At the commencement of the first session after each general F election to the House of the People and at the commencement of the first session of each year the · President shall address both Houses of Parliament ·assembled together and inform Parliament of the causes of its summons. G (2) Provision shall be made by the rules regulating the procedure of either House for the allotment of time for discussion of the matters referred to in such address." . 12. A plain reading of Article 87 clearly suggests that (a) H 1072 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010]..3 S.C.R. A the President shall address at the commencement of the first session after each general election to the House of the People; and (b) at the commencement of the first session of each year. 13. The question is whether in this case was there any failure in complying with the requirement as provided for under8 Article 87 (1) of the Constitution?

14. In the present case, the Winter session of the House of the People commenced on 2nd December, 2003 and was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003. The resumption C of its sittings on 29th January, 2004, by no stretch of imagination, could be characterized as commencement of a new session. The House merely resumed its sittings and continued the Session which actually commenced on 2nd December, 2003. As it is evident from the record, the House D 'Was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003, the resumption of its sittings is nothing but reconvening of the same Session after its adjournment sine die. It is the second part of the same session. ·

E 15. The words "first session of the year" employed in Article 87 (1) has no reference to resumption of the adjourned session. The session commences with the President's summoning the House to meet. It is Article 85 which deals with the summoning of Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution of the House of People. The constitutional provision does not require F summoning of every Session of Parliament which was adjourned for its own reasons after commencement of its Session pursuant to the summons of the President. It is only when a House is prorogued and a new Session thereafter summoned under Article 85 (2) of the Constitution, the special G address by the President as provided for under Article 87 (1) is required with reference to the new Session so as to inform the Parliament of the cause of its summons. No such special address is needed, if a Sessions is adjourned sine die in the previous year and the sittings of the same Session is resumed H in the next year. RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.1073 . [B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J.]

·16. Articles 85 and 87 were amended so as to do away A with the summoning of Parliament twice a year and the constitutional requirement of the President's special address at the commencement of each Session. The present constitutional position is ·that not more than six months are to elapse between the last Session and the first day of the B following Session. The House is now prorogued only once a year and the President addresses both Houses of Parliament only at the commencement of the first Session of each year. 17. Article 87, as it originally stood, provided for the President's address in 'every Session of the year'. The first C amendment in 1951 substituted the words "every Session" by "first Session of each year". By the first amendment, Articles 85 and 174 were also amended. While intervening in the debate Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, with reference to amendment to Article 85, stated: D " ... due to the word summon, the result is that although Parliament may sit for the whole year adjourning from time to time, it is still capable of being said that Parliament has been summoned only once and not twice. There must be E prorogation in order that there may be a new session. It is felt that this difficulty should be removed and consequently the first part of it has been deleted. The provision that whenever there is a prorogation of Parliament, the new session shall be called within six F months is retained." (emphasis supplied)

18. Kaul & Shakdher's Practice and Procedure of Parliament (Fifth Edition, at page 180) gives the background G to the aforesaid amendment and observed: UBefore article 87(1) was amended in its present form by the Constitution (First Arl)endment Act, 1951, the article required the President to address both the Houses H 1074 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [201 0] 3 S.C.R. A assembled together at the commencement of each session. Accordingly, the President addressed each of the three sessions held in 1950 of the Provisional Parliament. During the Third Session, a question arose whether the next sessi~n might commence with the President's B Address or would the session be merely adjourned to meet again on 5 February, 1951, which would obviate the necessity of the President's Address. Speaker Mavalankar, in this connection, suggested that instead of c the President addressing each session, it might be provided that he would give his Address at the commencement of the first session (First Amendment) Bill, 1951, as reported by the.Select Committee, observed: · "The real difficulty of course is that this (Address) involves a certain preparation outside this House which is often D· troublesome. Members are aware that when a coach and six horses come, all kinds of things have to be done for that purpose. Anyhow, that trouble does not fall on the House or members thereof, but on the administration of Delhi"." E Distinction between Prorogation and AdJournment:

19. In the matter of Special Reference No: 1 of 20021, a Constitution Bench of this Court while interpreting Article 85 (2) of the Constitution observed:.F "When the House is prorogued, ·all the pending proceedings of the House are not quashed and pending Bills do not lapse. The prorogation of the House may take place at any time either after the adjournment of the House G or even while the House is sitting. An adjournment of the House contemplates postponement of the sitting or proceedings of either House to reassemble on another specified date. During currency of a session the House may be adjourned for a day or more than a day. I H 1. (2002) a sec 237. · RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.1075 [B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J.] ·Adjournment of the House is also sine die. When a House A is adjourned, pending proceedings or Bills do not lapse." _(emphasis suppl\ed) 20. An adjournment is an interruption in the course of one and the same Session, whe-reas a prorogation terminates a B Session: The effect of prorogation is to put an end with certain exceptions ,t? a·u pr?ceedings in Parliament then current. 21. In May's-P-arliamentary Practice, which has assumed the status of a classic on the subject and is usually regarded c as an authoritative exposition of Parliamentary practice; it is stated: ,.

- "A session is the period of time between the meeting of a Parliament, whether after the prorogation or dissolution, . . · . and·its prorogation ..... During the course of a session,·· .D : . either House may adjourn itself of its own motion to such · ·as it pleases. The period between the prorogation of Parliament and its reassembly in a new session is termed as 'recess'; while the period between the adjournment of · . either House and the resumption of !ts sitting is generally . E called an 'adjournment'." 22. Kaul & · Shakdher's Practice and Procedure of Parliament further explains the constitutional position sucCinctly stating "the session of Lok Sabha C'omprises the period F commencing from tne date and time mentioned in the order of · the Pr.esident summoning lok Sabha and ending with the day on which the President prorogue or dissolves the Lok Sabha. It is thus (flear that Session commenced in terms of the order a of the Pr~sident summoning the House can come to an end onJy with the day on which the President ·prorogue the House or dissolves~lok Sabha. The ParliamentarY Practice prevalent till then has been noticed in the same treatise which is to· the following effect: "The Eighth Session of the Eighth Lok Sabha commenced H 1076' · SUPREME COURT REPORTS · [2010] 3 S.C.R.

A \ __on 23 February, 1987 and ~as adjourned sine die on 12 May, 1987. The Lok Sabha, however, was not prorogued. ·_On a proposal from the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, the Speaker, exercising his powers under proviso to Rule 15 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lo~ Sabha~ agreed to--reconvene the sittings of Lok Sabha 8 . from 27 July to 28 August, 1987. The two parts, preceding ( and-following the period of adjournment of Lok Sabha sine die -on 12 May: 1987, were treated as constituting one session divided into tWo parts namely, Part I and Part 11. I second part of the Eighth Session; c · Ori conciusion of the Lok Sabha adjourned sine die on 28 August, 1987 and ,was prorogued on 3 September, 1987." \

-23. It is thus clear that whenever the House resumes after it is adjourned sine die, its resumption for the purpose of D continuing its business does not amount to commencement of the session. The resumed sitting of the House, in this case, on ' ", 29th January, 2004; does not amount to commencement of the ·._· first Session in the year 2004. ··--.., \ ·E·- Speaker'sl -..., Ruling: · : · / . 24. The veiY issue reg-arding propriety of convening of the . first session of the House on 29th January, 2004 without the ........ ___ · Presidential, . · . .. I address· was· raised• in the House. The· Speaker . gave. a ruling declaring that as per the provisions of the F Constituti~n. a ~essi~n of the House comes to an end when the _House is prorogued. As the House was f!Ol prorogued after its adjournment sine die on 23rd December, 2003, the session can, at best be treate-d as a second part of the 14th session of· the 13th Lok Sabha ~notwithstanding the fact that the calendar , G year has since ·changed• ~ The session convened. from 29th January~ 2004 was held to be second part of the winter session. The.ruling of the Speaker is reproduced hereunder: · 'Tuesday, February 3, 2004/Magha 14, 1925 (Saka) H RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.1077 [B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J.]

Ruling by the Speaker- Regarding propriety of (i) terming A 'Vote on Account' as the 'Interim Budget' -in the Order Paper of the day;-and (ii) convening of the first session of the year on 29 January, 2004-~lthout the Presidential Address. · B .. ;. ·: T~~ Speaker, after hearing u~ ......... gave the _following . ruling:- _ -Let me at the outset make it_ciear that tb_e rulings of the Speaker are generally. in accordance. with- the. rules, the rule book-and also the Constitution of lrtdia. At times, it so C · · happens that the issue requires ruling of Chair and in such circumstances the precedents are seen. If the precedents are not available, then the presiding _officer_has to make - up his own mir.d and give a ruling on the issues which are raised. In this particular case, fortunately, there are rules D of procedure as well as definitions to guide us. I have gone -through Erskine May's Parliamentary Practice._I would like _ the House to listen carefully to the ruling \f!hich·J am now ' -: going to give. ' I. _- . E Firstly, let me refer to Erskine May who has given, fortunately,-a- definition of the term 'prorogation'. He has said: 'A prorogation terminates a session; an adjournment is an . interruption in the course of one and the same session'. F Therefore, the point which was raised here about prorogation has been made clear by this definition.· . / ~ .. .... -. G

'' But that was not the main point which was raised -· today. The main point which was raised by Shri Somnatti Chatterjee was about the very holding of this Session and this point was also raised in the House by Shri Varkala Radhakrishnan and some other Members on 30th January, H 1078 ___ SUPREME COURT-REPORTS {i010] 3 S.C.R. A 2004 and the Hon'ble Minister of Parliamentary Affairs had responded to the points raised by the Members on that --day. Shri Somnath Chattef-jee has contended that was commenced on 29th January, 2004 was the first Session , of the year. I would like to-clarify thac there is no mention 8 f of a_djournment sine die of the House in the Constitution. As per the provisions of the Constitution, a Se-ssion of the House comes to an end when the House is prorogued. As th-e House was not_. prorogued after its adjournment sine die on 23rd Decembe'r; 2003 this Session can, at-best, .c be treated as the second part of the Fourteenth Session of the Thirteenth Lok Sabha notwithstanding the fact that the ~aiEmdar year has' sine~ changed. ·-. , ; . ,- _ I am giving an illustration;· I am ·giving a precedent \ -regarding the Third Lok Sabha. On 11. th December, 1962 "' -0 -- .. \the House adjourned to meet on 21st January, 1963. ~. \ - .

. This was treated as Part-11 of the same Session. I -·:may inform the House that in the past also there have been occasions when after adjournment sine die of the House, E · the Lok Sabha.. ·r ; was re-convened'J before• prorogation. ( ....For exa~ple, the.-Eighth Session of the Eighth Lok Sabha was adjourned sine die on 12th May, 1987, but tne ' House was not prorogued ... and was reconvened after a gap of 75 days on 27th July, 1987 as the second part of F _the Session. Similarly, the 14th Session of the Eighth Lok Sabha was adjourned sine die on18thAugust, 1989, but · '- · the House v-Jas not prorogued and 'was re-convened on 11th October, 1989 after a gap of 53 ·days as second part of the 14th Session. G _....There are several other similar instances also. I have- already made a reference to the case when the House was adjourned and thereafter, though it was reconvened in the next year, it was not treated as the fresh H Session. Therefore I. must make it clear that in this 1080 ··~ SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R.

A 20th January, 2004 issued under the directions of the Speaker as unconstitutional. The petitioner is essentially raising a dispute ·as to the regularity and legality of the proceedings in the House of the People. The dispute raised essentially centers around the question as to whether the Speaker's direction to B resume sittings of the Lo~ Sabha which was adjourned sine die on 23rd December;· 2003 is proper? The Speaker is the guardian of. the privilegesI of• the. House. and its spokesman•. and representative upon all occasions. He is the interpreter of its rules and procedure, and is invested with the power to control c and regulate the course of debate and to maintain a·rder. The _powers !o regulate Procedure and Conduct of Business of the Hous·e:of the People vests in the Speaker of the House. By virtue of the powers vested in him, the Spe-aker, in purp.orted '', exercise of his power under Rule 15 of the Rules of Procedure "· -0 ,_and_.Gonduct of Business in Lok Sabha got issued notice <:fated · 2at~ · ~anuary, 2004 throl!gh the Secretary General of the Lok .__-~ Sabha directing resumption of sittings of the Lok Sabha which was adjourned sine die·on 23rd December, 2003.' Whether the resumed sittings on 29th JanuarY. 2004 was to be treated as th~ second part of the 14th session as directed by the Speaker E · is essentially a matter relating purely to the procedure of -- --- . Parliament. The validity of the proceedings and busine$s transacted in· the House after resumption of its sittings cannot be tested-and gone into by this ·court in a proce_eding under Article 32 of the Constitution of India. · F ---.

27. There are, two Articles to which reference must be made. Article 118(1) provides that each House of Parliament maymake rules for regulating, subject to the provisions of the Constitution, its. procedure and conduct of its· business. The G rules, in fact •. are made and known as Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha. Rule 15 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha provides · that:··· . · _"(1) The Speaker shall determine the time when a sitting .. .. ..., H RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.1081 • [B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J.] · of the House shall be adjourned sine die or to a particular A· day, or to an hour or part of the same day: Provided that the Speaker may, if he thinks fit, call a sitting of the House before the date or time to which it has been adjourned or at any time after_the House has been B adjourned sine die. · _ --- ----~ · . . (2) In case the House, after being adjourned is reconvened under the proviso to sub-rule (1), the Secretary General shall communicate to each member the date, time, place and duration of the next part of the session; C . --... · 28. Article 118(1) makes it perfectly clear that·when the House is to make any rules as prescribed by it. those rules are subject· to the provisions of the Constitution' which· obviously include Fundamental Rights gliarant'eed by PC:ut Ill of the o Constitution. -

, 29.'Similarly, Article 122(1} makes a pro~isi~n which is relevant: It _Jays down that the validity of any proceedings in Parliament shall not be called in question on the ground of any alleged irreg.ularity of procedure. Article 122(2} confers . E · immunity on the officers and members of Parliament in whom· powers are vested by or under the Constitution for regulating 'procedure or conduct of the business or for maintaining order in Parliament from being subject to the jurisdiction of any Court in respect of the exercise by him of those po'wYer~~ Jpis Court F In re, Under Article 143, Constitution of lndia2 (also known as Keshav Singh's case) while construing Article 212(1) observed · that it may be possible for a. Citizen to call in question in the appropriate Court of law, the validity of any proceedings inside G _,. ·the Legislature if his case· is that the said proceedings suffer not from mere irregularity of procedure, 'but from an illegality. l_f the impugned procedure is illegal and unconstitutional, it would be open to be scrutinized in a Court of law, though such scrutiny is prohibited if the complaint against the procedure is no more 2.• _ 1965> (1) SCR 413. H 1082 , SUPREME COURT REPORTS·- . [2010] 3 S.C.R. . ' ; . .

A than this that the procedure was irregular. The same principle would equally be applicable in the matter of interpretation of ,Art~~e 122 of the_Constitution ..··--~- . " . -.. .. ~-. / · ·.. :•,.- 30. The Notice dated January 20. 2004 is self-explanatory . .~. ~nd . reveals that the House was: adjourned sine die on 23rd 8 .. December, 2003 by the Speaker. It is the Speaker's direction ·· to resume its sittings from 29th January, 2004 onwards. The Notice clearly says that it was the'second part of the fourteenth session and was likely to conclude on 5th February, 2004. The · . - ·'_ · Speaker's decision· adjourning the House ·sine die on 23rd . C . December.- 2003 and direction to resume its sittings e in part . two ssentially relates· to· proceedings in Parliament and is of. ·procedural in nature. The. Business transacted and the validity ·... of proceedings. after the resumption of its sittings pursuanf to the. directions of the· Speaker cannot be inquired into by the· ' , _D courts. . · ,, · -~ ' - · · · :,\31. Under Article 122 (2), the decision of the Speaker in whom powers are vested to. regulate the procedure and the Conduct of Business is final and binding on every Member of E _,.the House. The validity of the Speaker's decision ·adjourning the House sine die on 23rd December, 2003 and latter direction "·-. · to res~me its sittings cannot be inquired into on the grourid of any irregularity of procedure. The business transacted ~mq the. validity of_ proceedings after the re-sumption of sittings of.the· F House. pursuant t6 the directions of the Speaker cannot be ' inquired into by the Courts. -No decision of the Speaker can be challenged by a member of the House complaining of mere ·irregularitY in procedure in the con-duct of the business. Such decisions are not subject to the jurisdiction.of any Court and they are immune from challenge as 'understood and explained G in Kesfiav.Singh's case and further explained in Indira ·Nehru Gandhf Vs. 'Raj Narain & Anr.3 whe-rein it was ·obser\ted that "the. House is not subject to the control of the courts in the administration• • of' the internal• ; proceedings of the House."' It is a·'o-H 3. 1975 (Supp.) sec 1.

RAMDAS ATHAWALE·v. UNION OF INDIAAND ORS.1083 [8. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J.] right of each House of Parliament to be the sole judge of the A _. _laWfulness of its own ·proceedings. The Courts cannot go into the fa!Nfulness of the proceedings of the Houses of Parliament. The Constitution aims at maintaining a fine balance between the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. The object of the constitutional scheme is to ensure that each of the constitutional B organs function within their respective assigned sphere. Precisely, that is the constitutional philosophy inbuilt into Article · 122 of the Constitution of India. ·- · 32. In M.S. M Sharma Vs. Or.-Shree Krishna Sinha\ a Constitution Bench of this Court held that the validity of the C proceedings inside the Legislature of the· State cannot be called in question on the allegation that the proced_ure laid down by the law had not been strictly followed. Sinha, C:J. speaking for the Court observed: D "It was contended that the procedure adopted inside the House of the Legislature was not regular and not strictly in accordance with law. There are two answe'rs to this contention, firstly, that according to the previous decision of. this Court, the petitioner has not the fundamental right E claimed by him. He is, therefore, out of Court. Secondly,. the validity of the proceedings inside the Legislature of a· State cannot be called in question on the allegation that the procedure laid down by the law had ·not been stri~tly

• followed. Article 212 of the Constitution is a complete F answer to this part of the contention raised on behalf of the petitioner. No Court can go into those questions which are within the special jurisdiction of the Legislature~.-.,. •-..- itself, . which has the power to conduct its mvn business. Possibly, · . a third answer to this part of the contention raised on behalf the petitioner is that it yet premature to G of is consider the question of procedure as the Committee is yet to conclude its proceedings. It must also be observed that once it has been held that the Legislature has the 4. air 1960 sc 1186. H 1084 - SUPREME. COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R. A jurisdiction to control the publication of its proceedings and to go into the question whether there has been any breach of its privileges: the Legislature is vested with complete jurisdiction to carry on its proceedings in accordance with its rules of business. Even though it may not have strictly s ( .complied with th~ re~uirem~nts of the procedural law laid · ·· down tor conductmg 1ts bus mess, that cannot be a ground for interference· by-this Court under Article 32 of the Constitution." I

33. In the present case, there fs no complaint of C infringement of any guaranteed fundamental rights anq. therefore it may not be necessary to dilate on the question as to .parameters a.nd extent of judicial review that may be.. l available in. case of infringement of any guaranteed] ·fundamental rights of a member of the House. · , - D , -· ' , ._ 34. One more aspect of the matter. The petitioner in this writ p'etition under Article 32 of the CCJnstitution has challenged -----the validity of proceedings in the Lok Sabha commencing from . 29ttiJanuary, 2004 on the grounds stated hereinabove, with . E which we have dealt with in the preceding paragraphs. The petition has become infructuous, since the Lok Sabha was dissolved-and thereafter two elections have been held. The issue--- raised in the petition is purely a hypothetical question. There is no ·existing lis between the parties. It is settled practice that F this Court does not decide mattern which are only of academic interest on the facts of a particular case. . - . . ' . -.. 35. In R.S. Nayak Vs. A.R. Antu/ay, a Constitution Bench of this Court observed: · G ·, · "We· propose to adhere to the accumulated wisdom which- has reopened into a settled practice. of this Court not to; decide academic questions." . 36. Though the writ petition has become infructuous, having H s. (1984) 2 sec 183. RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.1085 [B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J.]

regard to the constitutional' issues raised, we have considered A the question as to the interpreta_tion of Articles85 and 87 of the Constitution of India.I 37. It is eq~ally well settled that Article 32 of the Constitution guarantees the right to a Constitutional remedy and relates only 9 to the enforcement of the right conferred by Part Ill of the Constitution an·d unless a questior1--of -enforcement of a - ~ . --------- . fundamental right arises, Article 32 does not apply. It is well settled that no petition under Article_32 is maintainable, unless it is shown that the petitioner tias'some fundamental right. In C Northern Corporation Vs. Union of lndia5, this Court has made a pertinent observation that whe~ a person complains_and claims that there is a violation of law, it does not automatically involves breach of fundamental right, for the enforcement of which alone, -Article '32 is attracted: - · I D

38. We have carefully scanned through the averments and allegations made in the writ petition and found that there is not even a whisper of any infringement o~ any fundarpental right guaranteed by Part Ill of the Constitution. We reiterate the principle' that 'wheneve'r a person compiains and claims that E. there is a violation of any provision of law or a Constitutional provision, it does not automatically involve breach -of fundamental 'right for the enforcement of which alone Article 32 of the Constitution is attracted. It is not possible to accept that an allegation of breach of law or a Constitutional provision is F an action in breach of fundamental right. The writ petition-deserves dismissal only on this ground. .. ,_._ 39. We accordingly find no merit in this writ petition and is accordingly dismissed without any order as to costs. G D. G .. Writ Petition dismissed. -a_ (1990) 4 sec 239. H

[2010] 3 S.C.R. 1059 RAMOAS ATHAWALE A v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS. (Writ Petition (Civil) No. 86 of 2004) MARCH 29, 2010 8 [K.G. BALAKRISHNAN, CJI., S.H. KAPADIA, R.V. RAVEENDRAN, B. SUDERSHAN REDO~ P. SATHASIVAM, JJ.] Constitution of India, 1950: c Articles 87, 118, 122 - President's special address at the commencement of session - Requirement of, when the House resumed after it was adjourned sine die - Held: Resumption of House for the purpose of continuing its 0 business would not amount to commencement of new session

- No special address by President required - Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Busines.3 in Lok Sabha - Rule 15. Articles 122, 32 - Speaker's decision directing resumption of House which was adjourned sine die - Writ E petition questioning the propriety of Speaker's decision -Maintainability of - Held: Courts are precluded from making inquiry into proceedings of Parliament on the ground of any irregularity of procedure - Question whether the resumed sitting was to be treated as the second part of the session was F essentially a matter relating purely to the procedure of Parliament and cannot be tested and gone into in a proceeding under Article 32 - Judicial review - Scope of. Article 122 - Speaker - Powers and duties - Held: G Speaker is the guardian of the privileges of the House and its spokesman and representative upon all occasions - He is the interpreter of its rules and procedure, and is invested with the power to control and regulate the course of debate 1059 H 1 060 SUPR~ME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R. A and to maintain order- Under' Article 122 (2), the decision of the Speaker in whom powers are vested to regulate the procedure and the Conduct of Business is final and binding on every Member of the House. · Article 32 - Scope of - Held: Petition under Article 328 not entertainable unless it is shown that the petitioner had some fundamental right. Article 85 - Prorogation and adjournment - Distinction between. c

The Fourteenth Session of the Thirteenth Lok Sabha commenced on 2nd December, 2003 and was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003. Thereafter on 20th January, 2004, the Secretary General of the Lok Sabha, by way of a Notice informed all the Members of the0 Thirteenth Lok Sabha, duly stating that under Rule 15 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha, the Speaker has directed that the Lok Sabha, which was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003 E would resume its sittings on 29th January, 2004. In a w rit petition filed under Article 32 of the Constitution of India, a member of Lok Sabha challenged the constitutional validity of the proceedings in the Lok Sabha commencing from 29th January, 2004 on t he F ground that the Session commenced on 29th January, 2004 was the first Session of the Lok Sabha in the year 2004, and there was no address by the President informing the Parliament, the cause of its summons as provided for and required under Article 87 (1) of the G Constitution of India. Dismissing the writ petition, the Court HELD: 1.1. The scheme of the Constitution, from the compendium of Articles 79, 83, 85 and 86 reveals that H

RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.1061 Union Parliament consists of the President and the A Council of States and the House of the People unless dissolved earlier, the House of the People continues for five years from the date of its first meeting, and the expiration of five years operates as a dissolution of the House except that during proclamation of Emergency, B the period of five years may be extended at a time not exceeding one year and not extending in any case beyond six months after such proclamation has ceased to operate. The President is unde·r constitutional mandate to summon each House of the Parliament from time to c time to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit. The President alone is vested with the power to summon the House from time to time and prorogue the House or either House; and to dissolve the House of the People. The President has a right to address either House or both the 0Houses together _and for that purpose requ;re the attendance of ~embers . He may send messages to either House of Parliament, whether with respect to a Bill then pending in Parliament or otherwise, and the House to which message is sent is required to take the same into E consideration. [Para 10] (1071MA-E] 1.2. A plain reading of Article 87 clearly suggests that

(a) the President shall address at the commencement of the first session after each general election to the House of the People; and (b) at the commencement of the first F session of each year. In the present case, the Winter session of the House of the People commenced on 2nd December, 2003 and was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003. The resumption of its sittings on 29th January, 2004, by no stretch of imagination, could be G characterized as commencement of a new session. The House merely resumed its sittings and contin.ued·the Session which actually commenced on 2nd December-l 2003. As the House was adjourned sine die on 23rd H 1062 SUPREME ·COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R A December, 2003, the resumption of its sittings is nothing but reconvening of the same Session after its adjournment sine die. It is the second part of the same session. [Paras 12 and 14] [1071-H; 1072-A, C, D) 1.3. The words "first session of the year" employed8 in Article 87 (1) has no reference to resumption of the adjourned session. The session commences with the President's. summoning. the House to meet. It is Article 85 which deals with the summoning of Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution of the House of C People. The constitutional provision does ri.ot require summoning of every Session of Parliament wl1ich was adjourned for its own reasons after commencement of its Session pursuant to the summons of the President. It is only when a Hou~e is prorogued and a new Session :

D thereafter summoned under Article 85(2) of the Constitution, the special address by the President as provided for under Article 87(1) is required with reference to the new Session so as t9 il)form the Parliament of the cause of its summons .. ~o such special addre.ss is E needed, if a Sessions · ~s · adjourned sine die in the previous year and the sittings of the same Session is re~umed in the next year. [Para 15] [1072-E-H] 1.4. Articles 85 and 87 were amended so ..as to do F away with the summoning of Parliament twice a year and the constitutional requirement of the President's special address at the commencement of each Session. The present constitutional position is that not more thanI six months are to elapse between the last Session and the G first day of the following Session. The House is now prorogued only once a year and the President addresses both Houses of Parliament only at the ~ommencement of the first Session of each year. Article 87, as it originally stood, provided for the President's address in 'every Session of the year'. The first amendment in 1951 H RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.1063 substituted the words "every Session" by "first Session A of each year". By the first amendment, Articles 85 and 174 were also amended. [Paras 16 and 17] [1073-A-D] Special Reference No. 1 of 2002 (2002) 8 SCC 237, relied on. 8 Kau/ & Shakdher's Practice and Procedure of Parliament Fifth Edition; May's Parliamentary Practic.e, referred to.

1.5. An adjournment is an interruption in the course of one and the same session, whereas a prorogation c terminates a Session. The effect of prorogation is to put an end with certain exceptions to all proceedings in Parliament then current. A Session commenced in terms of the order of the President summoning the House can come to an end only with the day on which the President 0 prorogue the House or dissolves Lok Sabha. It is thus clear that whenever the House resumes after it is adjourned sine die, its resumption for the purpose of continuing its business does not amount to commencement of the session. The resumed sitting of E the House, in this case, on 29th January, 2004, does not amount to commencement of the first Session in the year 2004. [Paras 20, 22, 23] [1073-B, G; 1076-D] 2. Under Article 122 of the Constitution, the Courts are precluded from making inquiry into proceedings of F Parliament. A plain reading of Article 122 makes it abundantly clear that the validity of any proceeding in the Parliament shall not be called in question on the ground of any irregularity of procedure. The prayer in the writ petition was to declare the proceedings in the lok Sabha G pursuant to the Notice dated 20th January, 2004 issued under the directions of the Speaker as unconstitutional. The petitioner essentially raised a dispute as to the regularity and legality of the proceedings in the House of the People and propriety of the Speaker's direction to H

1064 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R. A resume sittings of the Lok Sabha which was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003. The Speaker is the guardian of the priv.ileges of the House and its spokesman and representative upon all occasions. He is the interpreter of its rules and procedure, and is invested B with the power to control and regulate the course of debate and to maintain order. The powers to regulate Procedure and Conduct of Business of the House of the People vests in the Speaker of the House. By virtue of the powers vested in him, the Speaker, in purported c exercise of his power under Rule 15 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha got issued notice dated 20th January, 2004 through the Secretary General of the Lok Sabha directing resumption of sittings of the Lok Sabha which was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003. Whether the resumed sittings0 on 29th January, 2004 was to be treated as the second part of the 14th session as directed by the Speaker is essentially a matter relating ~purely to the procedure of Parliament. The validity of the proceedings and business transacted in the House after resumption of its sittings E cannot be tested and gone into by this Court in a proceeding under Article 32 of the Constitution of India. [Paras 25, 26] [1~79-0; G-H; 1080-A-F] '

3. Article 118(1) provides that each House of F Parliament may make rules for regulating, subject to the provisions of the Constitution, its procedure and conduct of its business. The rules, in fact, are made and known as Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha. Article 118(1) makes it perfectly clear that when G the House is to make any rules as prescribed by it, those rules are subject to the provisions of the Constitution which obviously include Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Part Ill of the Constitution. Article 122(2) confers immunity ·on the. officers and membe~s of Parliament in H whom powers are vested ~~ or under the Constitution for RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.1065 regulating procedure or conduct of the business or for A maintaining order in Parliament from being subject to the jurisdiction of any Court in respect of the exercise by him of those powers. [Paras 27-29] [1080-G; 1081-C-H]

4. The Notice dated January 20, 2004 is self- 8 explanatory and reveals that the House was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003 by the Speaker. It is the Speaker's direction to resume its sittings from 29th January, 2004 onwards. The Notice clearly says that i~ was the second part of the fourteenth session and was likely to conclude on 5th February, 2004. The Speaker's C decision adjourning the House sine die on 23rd December, 2003 and direction to resume its sittings relates to proceedings in Parliament and is of procedural in nature. Th~ Business transacted and the validity of 0 proceedings after the resumption of i\5 ~ittings pursuant to the directions of the· Speaker cannot'be inquired into by the Courts. [Para 30] [1082-B-D]

5. Under Article 122 (2), the decision of the Speaker in whom powers are vested to regulate the procedure E and the Conduct of Business is final and bi(tding on every Member of the Hous~. The validity of the S~eaker's decision adjournir.g ·the House sine die on 23rd December,,2003 and latter direction to resume its sittings cannot be inquired into on the ground of any irregularity F of procedure. The business transacted and the validity of proceedings after the resumption of sittings of the ·House pursuant to the directions of the Speaker 1cannot be inquired into by the Courts. No decision jot the Speaker can be challenged by a member of the House G complaining of mere irregularity in procedure in the conduct of the business. Such decisions are not subject to the jurisdiction of any Court and they are immune from challenge. [Para 31] [1082-E-G] In re, Under Article 143, Constitution of India (1965) 1 H -1 066 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [~010] 3 S.C.R. A SCR 413; Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain & Anr. 1975 (Supp.) SCC 1, explained.

6. It is a right of each House of Parliament to be the sole judge of the lawfulness of its own proceedings. The Courts cannot go into the lawfulness of the proceedings 8 of the Houses of Parliament. The Constitution aims at maintaining a fine balance between the Legislature, Executive ·and_J1,1diciary. The object of the constitutional scheme is. to ensure that each of the constitutional organs function within their respective assigned sphere. C Precisely, that is the constitutional philosophy inbuilt into Article 122 of the Constitution of India. [Para 31] [1082-H; 1083-A-B] M.S.M Sharma v. Dr. Shree Krishna Sinha AIR 1960 SC 0 1186, referred to. 7. One more aspect of the matter is that the petition has become infructuous, since the Lok Sabha was dissolved and thereafter two elections have been held. E The issue raised in the petition was purely a hypothetical question. There is no existing lis between the parties. It is settled practice that this Court does not decide matters which are only of academic interest on the facts of a particular case. [Para 34] [1 084-E-F] F R.S. Nayak v. A.R. Antu/ay (1984) 2 SCC 183, referred to.

8. It is equally well settled that Article 32 of the Constitution guarantees the right to a Constitutional G remedy and relates only to the enforcement of the right conferred by Part Ill of the Constitution and unless a question of enforcement of a fundamental right arises, Article 32 does not apply. It is well settled that no petition under Article 32 is maintainable, unless it is shown that H the petitioner has some fundamental right. There is not ,· RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INOlA AND ORS.1067 even a whisper of any infringement of any fundamental A right guaranteed by Part Ill of the Constitution in the writ petition. Whenever a person complains and claims that there is a violation of any provision of law or a Constitutional provision, it does not automatically involve breach of fundamental right for the enforcement of which B alone Article 32 of the Constitution is attracted. It is not possible to accept that an allegation of breach of law or a Constitutional provision is an action in breach of fundamental right. The writ petition deserves dismissal only on this ground. [Paras 37 and 38] [1085-B-F] c Northern Corporation v. Union of India (1990) 4 SCC 239, relied on. Case Law Reference:

D (2002) 8 sec 237 relied on Para 19 (1965) 1 SCR 413 explained Para 29 1975 (Supp.) sec 1 explained Para 31 AIR 1960 SC 1186 referred to Para 32 E (1984) 2 sec 183 referred to Para 35 (1990) 4 sec 239 relied on Para 37 CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition {Civil) No. F 86 of 2004. Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India H.K. Puri for the Appellant. G G.E. Vahanvati, Indira Jaisingh, ASG, A. Mariaputham, Devdatt Kamat, T.A. Vimal Dubey, Chinmoy Pradip Sharma Anil Katiyar, P. Parmeswaran for the Respondents. The ~udgment of the Court was delivered by ······· H 1068 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R. A B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J . 1. This writ application under Article 32 of the Constitution of India has been filed by a Member of Lok Sabha, challenging the validity of the proceedings in the Lok Sakha commencing from 29th January, 2004 on the ground that the President has not addressed both B Houses of Parliament as envisaged under Article 87 of the Constitution. The prayer in the writ petition is to issue appropriate Writ or direction or order declaring that the Session of the,Lok Sabha called by the Notice dated January 20, 2004 is the first Session in the year 2004; and the proceedings of c the Lok Sabha pursuant to the Notice dated 20th January, 2004 are unconstitutional, illegal, null and void.

2. The case set up by the petitioner is that the Session commenced on 29th January, 2004 ~as the first Session of the Lok Sabha in the year 2004, and there was no address by the D President informing the Parliament, the cause of its summons as provided for and required under Article 87 (1) of the Constitution of India. The contention of the petitioner was that the "first Session" means, the Session, which is held first in point of time in a given year. According to him, the Session, which E commenced on 29th January, 2004 was the first Session of the House of the year 2004. The sittings thereafter continued up to 5th February, 2004. 3. There is no dispute before us that the Fourteenth F Session of the Thirteenth Lok Sabha commenced on 2nd December, 2003 and was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003. Thereafter on 20th January, 2004, the Secretary General of the Lok Sabha, by way of a Notice informed all the Members of the Thirteenth Lok Sabha, duly stating that under Rule 15 of the Rules of Procedure and G Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha, the Speaker has directed that the Lok Sabha, which was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003 will resume its sittings on 29th January, 2004. 4. Learned counsel for the petitioner submitted that in H terms of mandatory requirement as provided for in Article 87 RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS. 1069 [B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J.]

(1) of the Constitution of India, the President has to address A both Houses of Parliament at the commencement of the Session every year and inform the Parliament of the causes of its summons. It was submitted that the commencement of the first Session of each year has to be with reference to the first Session of each year and year shall mean a year reckoned B according to British calendar. The contention was that the sittings of the Lok Sabha from 29th January, 2004 were unconstitutional or it could not have been assembled at all in the absence of special address of both the Houses of Parliament by the President. The House of People could have c assembled only after the special address by the President.

5. The learned Attorney General submitted that in the instant case the Winter Session of Parliament had commenced on 2nd December, 2003 and was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003. The House resumed sitting of that adjourned D Session in pursuance of the Notice of the Secretary General dated 20th January, 2004 under Rule 15 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha. It was submitted that the sitting commenced on 29th January, 2004 was not the commencement of a new Session, but was a E continuation of Winter Session, which was adjourned on 23rd December, 2003. The learned Attorney General further submitted that the word "first Session" of the year in Article 87 cannot refer to the resumption of the 'adjourned Session. It must refer to a new Session. It was submitted that the distinction in F procedure between the resumption of an adjourned Session · and summoning of a new Session may have to be borne in mind for the purpose of interpretation of Article 87 (1) of the Constitution of India. The submission was that, for the resumption of an adjourned Session, the Speaker, under Rule G 15 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha, directs issuance of a notice informing the Members of the next sitting of the Session. But if the House is prorogued, it is only the President who can summon the next Session of the Parliament. It was submitted that in the present case, Article H 1070 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R.

A 87 (1 ) has no application, as the Winter Session was only resumed on 29th January, 2004 and no new Session was summoned. · 6. In dealing with these contentions, we sh~ll follow the B sequence of events and examine th~ constitutionality of each happening that would clearly demonstrate that the matter lies in a narrow compass than what has been made to appear. 7. In the United Kingdom the Queen and two Houses of Parliament constitutes the Legislature so that the Queen is an C integral part of the Legislature.

8. In India tt)e same model has been adopted. Article 79 of the Constitution provides that there shall be a Parliament for the Union, which consists of the President and the two Houses o to be known respectively as the Council of the SJate and the House of the People. Article 83 (2) provides that the House of the People. unless sooner dissolved, shall continue to_r''five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer.. and the expiration of the said period of five years shall oper~te E as a dissolution of the House, except during a proclamation of Emergency, the period of five years may be extended for a period not extending one year at a time, and not extendingiry any case beyond six months after such proclamation cease tO operate. Under Article 85 (1 }, the President has to summon each House of the Legislature at such time and place as he F thinks fit. sp that six months do not intervene between its last sitting in one Session and its first sitting in the next. Article 85 (2) provides as follows: ·' "The President may from time to time-G (a) prorogue the Houses or either House; and (b) dissolve the House of the People." 9. Article 86 speaks about Right of the President to H address and send messages to Houses. RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.1071 [B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J.]

10. The scheme of the Constitution, as is evident from the A compendium of Articles referred to hereinabove, reveals that Union Parliament consists of the President and the Council of States and the House of the People unless dissolved earlier, the House of the People continues for five years from the date of its firs.t meeting, and the expiration of five years operates as B a dissolution of the. House except that during proclamation of Emergency, the period of five years may be extended at a time not exceeding one year and not extending in any case beyond six months after such proclamation has ceased to operate. The President is under constitutional mandate to summon each c House of the Parliament from time to time to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit. The President alone is vested with the power to summon the House from time to time and prorogue the House or either House; and to dissolve the House of the People. The President has a right to address either. D House or both the Houses together and for that purpose require the attendance of Members. He may send messages to either House of Parliament, whether with respect to a Bill then pending in Parliament or otherwise, and the House to which message is sent is required to take the same into consideration. E 11 . Article 87 is an important Article for our present purpose and it reads as follows:

"87. Special address by the President:~ (1) At the commencement of the first session after each general F election to the House of the People and at the commencement of the first session of each year the · President shall address both Houses of Parliament ·assembled together and inform Parliament of the causes of its summons. G (2) Provision shall be made by the rules regulating the procedure of either House for the allotment of time for discussion of the matters referred to in such address." . 12. A plain reading of Article 87 clearly suggests that (a) H 1072 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010]..3 S.C.R. A the President shall address at the commencement of the first session after each general election to the House of the People; and (b) at the commencement of the first session of each year. 13. The question is whether in this case was there any failure in complying with the requirement as provided for under8 Article 87 (1) of the Constitution?

14. In the present case, the Winter session of the House of the People commenced on 2nd December, 2003 and was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003. The resumption C of its sittings on 29th January, 2004, by no stretch of imagination, could be characterized as commencement of a new session. The House merely resumed its sittings and continued the Session which actually commenced on 2nd December, 2003. As it is evident from the record, the House D 'Was adjourned sine die on 23rd December, 2003, the resumption of its sittings is nothing but reconvening of the same Session after its adjournment sine die. It is the second part of the same session. ·

E 15. The words "first session of the year" employed in Article 87 (1) has no reference to resumption of the adjourned session. The session commences with the President's summoning the House to meet. It is Article 85 which deals with the summoning of Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution of the House of People. The constitutional provision does not require F summoning of every Session of Parliament which was adjourned for its own reasons after commencement of its Session pursuant to the summons of the President. It is only when a House is prorogued and a new Session thereafter summoned under Article 85 (2) of the Constitution, the special G address by the President as provided for under Article 87 (1) is required with reference to the new Session so as to inform the Parliament of the cause of its summons. No such special address is needed, if a Sessions is adjourned sine die in the previous year and the sittings of the same Session is resumed H in the next year. RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.1073 . [B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J.]

·16. Articles 85 and 87 were amended so as to do away A with the summoning of Parliament twice a year and the constitutional requirement of the President's special address at the commencement of each Session. The present constitutional position is ·that not more than six months are to elapse between the last Session and the first day of the B following Session. The House is now prorogued only once a year and the President addresses both Houses of Parliament only at the commencement of the first Session of each year. 17. Article 87, as it originally stood, provided for the President's address in 'every Session of the year'. The first C amendment in 1951 substituted the words "every Session" by "first Session of each year". By the first amendment, Articles 85 and 174 were also amended. While intervening in the debate Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, with reference to amendment to Article 85, stated: D " ... due to the word summon, the result is that although Parliament may sit for the whole year adjourning from time to time, it is still capable of being said that Parliament has been summoned only once and not twice. There must be E prorogation in order that there may be a new session. It is felt that this difficulty should be removed and consequently the first part of it has been deleted. The provision that whenever there is a prorogation of Parliament, the new session shall be called within six F months is retained." (emphasis supplied)

18. Kaul & Shakdher's Practice and Procedure of Parliament (Fifth Edition, at page 180) gives the background G to the aforesaid amendment and observed: UBefore article 87(1) was amended in its present form by the Constitution (First Arl)endment Act, 1951, the article required the President to address both the Houses H 1074 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [201 0] 3 S.C.R. A assembled together at the commencement of each session. Accordingly, the President addressed each of the three sessions held in 1950 of the Provisional Parliament. During the Third Session, a question arose whether the next sessi~n might commence with the President's B Address or would the session be merely adjourned to meet again on 5 February, 1951, which would obviate the necessity of the President's Address. Speaker Mavalankar, in this connection, suggested that instead of c the President addressing each session, it might be provided that he would give his Address at the commencement of the first session (First Amendment) Bill, 1951, as reported by the.Select Committee, observed: · "The real difficulty of course is that this (Address) involves a certain preparation outside this House which is often D· troublesome. Members are aware that when a coach and six horses come, all kinds of things have to be done for that purpose. Anyhow, that trouble does not fall on the House or members thereof, but on the administration of Delhi"." E Distinction between Prorogation and AdJournment:

19. In the matter of Special Reference No: 1 of 20021, a Constitution Bench of this Court while interpreting Article 85 (2) of the Constitution observed:.F "When the House is prorogued, ·all the pending proceedings of the House are not quashed and pending Bills do not lapse. The prorogation of the House may take place at any time either after the adjournment of the House G or even while the House is sitting. An adjournment of the House contemplates postponement of the sitting or proceedings of either House to reassemble on another specified date. During currency of a session the House may be adjourned for a day or more than a day. I H 1. (2002) a sec 237. · RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.1075 [B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J.] ·Adjournment of the House is also sine die. When a House A is adjourned, pending proceedings or Bills do not lapse." _(emphasis suppl\ed) 20. An adjournment is an interruption in the course of one and the same Session, whe-reas a prorogation terminates a B Session: The effect of prorogation is to put an end with certain exceptions ,t? a·u pr?ceedings in Parliament then current. 21. In May's-P-arliamentary Practice, which has assumed the status of a classic on the subject and is usually regarded c as an authoritative exposition of Parliamentary practice; it is stated: ,.

- "A session is the period of time between the meeting of a Parliament, whether after the prorogation or dissolution, . . · . and·its prorogation ..... During the course of a session,·· .D : . either House may adjourn itself of its own motion to such · ·as it pleases. The period between the prorogation of Parliament and its reassembly in a new session is termed as 'recess'; while the period between the adjournment of · . either House and the resumption of !ts sitting is generally . E called an 'adjournment'." 22. Kaul & · Shakdher's Practice and Procedure of Parliament further explains the constitutional position sucCinctly stating "the session of Lok Sabha C'omprises the period F commencing from tne date and time mentioned in the order of · the Pr.esident summoning lok Sabha and ending with the day on which the President prorogue or dissolves the Lok Sabha. It is thus (flear that Session commenced in terms of the order a of the Pr~sident summoning the House can come to an end onJy with the day on which the President ·prorogue the House or dissolves~lok Sabha. The ParliamentarY Practice prevalent till then has been noticed in the same treatise which is to· the following effect: "The Eighth Session of the Eighth Lok Sabha commenced H 1076' · SUPREME COURT REPORTS · [2010] 3 S.C.R.

A \ __on 23 February, 1987 and ~as adjourned sine die on 12 May, 1987. The Lok Sabha, however, was not prorogued. ·_On a proposal from the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, the Speaker, exercising his powers under proviso to Rule 15 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lo~ Sabha~ agreed to--reconvene the sittings of Lok Sabha 8 . from 27 July to 28 August, 1987. The two parts, preceding ( and-following the period of adjournment of Lok Sabha sine die -on 12 May: 1987, were treated as constituting one session divided into tWo parts namely, Part I and Part 11. I second part of the Eighth Session; c · Ori conciusion of the Lok Sabha adjourned sine die on 28 August, 1987 and ,was prorogued on 3 September, 1987." \

-23. It is thus clear that whenever the House resumes after it is adjourned sine die, its resumption for the purpose of D continuing its business does not amount to commencement of the session. The resumed sitting of the House, in this case, on ' ", 29th January, 2004; does not amount to commencement of the ·._· first Session in the year 2004. ··--.., \ ·E·- Speaker'sl -..., Ruling: · : · / . 24. The veiY issue reg-arding propriety of convening of the . first session of the House on 29th January, 2004 without the ........ ___ · Presidential, . · . .. I address· was· raised• in the House. The· Speaker . gave. a ruling declaring that as per the provisions of the F Constituti~n. a ~essi~n of the House comes to an end when the _House is prorogued. As the House was f!Ol prorogued after its adjournment sine die on 23rd December, 2003, the session can, at best be treate-d as a second part of the 14th session of· the 13th Lok Sabha ~notwithstanding the fact that the calendar , G year has since ·changed• ~ The session convened. from 29th January~ 2004 was held to be second part of the winter session. The.ruling of the Speaker is reproduced hereunder: · 'Tuesday, February 3, 2004/Magha 14, 1925 (Saka) H RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.1077 [B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J.]

Ruling by the Speaker- Regarding propriety of (i) terming A 'Vote on Account' as the 'Interim Budget' -in the Order Paper of the day;-and (ii) convening of the first session of the year on 29 January, 2004-~lthout the Presidential Address. · B .. ;. ·: T~~ Speaker, after hearing u~ ......... gave the _following . ruling:- _ -Let me at the outset make it_ciear that tb_e rulings of the Speaker are generally. in accordance. with- the. rules, the rule book-and also the Constitution of lrtdia. At times, it so C · · happens that the issue requires ruling of Chair and in such circumstances the precedents are seen. If the precedents are not available, then the presiding _officer_has to make - up his own mir.d and give a ruling on the issues which are raised. In this particular case, fortunately, there are rules D of procedure as well as definitions to guide us. I have gone -through Erskine May's Parliamentary Practice._I would like _ the House to listen carefully to the ruling \f!hich·J am now ' -: going to give. ' I. _- . E Firstly, let me refer to Erskine May who has given, fortunately,-a- definition of the term 'prorogation'. He has said: 'A prorogation terminates a session; an adjournment is an . interruption in the course of one and the same session'. F Therefore, the point which was raised here about prorogation has been made clear by this definition.· . / ~ .. .... -. G

'' But that was not the main point which was raised -· today. The main point which was raised by Shri Somnatti Chatterjee was about the very holding of this Session and this point was also raised in the House by Shri Varkala Radhakrishnan and some other Members on 30th January, H 1078 ___ SUPREME COURT-REPORTS {i010] 3 S.C.R. A 2004 and the Hon'ble Minister of Parliamentary Affairs had responded to the points raised by the Members on that --day. Shri Somnath Chattef-jee has contended that was commenced on 29th January, 2004 was the first Session , of the year. I would like to-clarify thac there is no mention 8 f of a_djournment sine die of the House in the Constitution. As per the provisions of the Constitution, a Se-ssion of the House comes to an end when the House is prorogued. As th-e House was not_. prorogued after its adjournment sine die on 23rd Decembe'r; 2003 this Session can, at-best, .c be treated as the second part of the Fourteenth Session of the Thirteenth Lok Sabha notwithstanding the fact that the ~aiEmdar year has' sine~ changed. ·-. , ; . ,- _ I am giving an illustration;· I am ·giving a precedent \ -regarding the Third Lok Sabha. On 11. th December, 1962 "' -0 -- .. \the House adjourned to meet on 21st January, 1963. ~. \ - .

. This was treated as Part-11 of the same Session. I -·:may inform the House that in the past also there have been occasions when after adjournment sine die of the House, E · the Lok Sabha.. ·r ; was re-convened'J before• prorogation. ( ....For exa~ple, the.-Eighth Session of the Eighth Lok Sabha was adjourned sine die on 12th May, 1987, but tne ' House was not prorogued ... and was reconvened after a gap of 75 days on 27th July, 1987 as the second part of F _the Session. Similarly, the 14th Session of the Eighth Lok Sabha was adjourned sine die on18thAugust, 1989, but · '- · the House v-Jas not prorogued and 'was re-convened on 11th October, 1989 after a gap of 53 ·days as second part of the 14th Session. G _....There are several other similar instances also. I have- already made a reference to the case when the House was adjourned and thereafter, though it was reconvened in the next year, it was not treated as the fresh H Session. Therefore I. must make it clear that in this 1080 ··~ SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R.

A 20th January, 2004 issued under the directions of the Speaker as unconstitutional. The petitioner is essentially raising a dispute ·as to the regularity and legality of the proceedings in the House of the People. The dispute raised essentially centers around the question as to whether the Speaker's direction to B resume sittings of the Lo~ Sabha which was adjourned sine die on 23rd December;· 2003 is proper? The Speaker is the guardian of. the privilegesI of• the. House. and its spokesman•. and representative upon all occasions. He is the interpreter of its rules and procedure, and is invested with the power to control c and regulate the course of debate and to maintain a·rder. The _powers !o regulate Procedure and Conduct of Business of the Hous·e:of the People vests in the Speaker of the House. By virtue of the powers vested in him, the Spe-aker, in purp.orted '', exercise of his power under Rule 15 of the Rules of Procedure "· -0 ,_and_.Gonduct of Business in Lok Sabha got issued notice <:fated · 2at~ · ~anuary, 2004 throl!gh the Secretary General of the Lok .__-~ Sabha directing resumption of sittings of the Lok Sabha which was adjourned sine die·on 23rd December, 2003.' Whether the resumed sittings on 29th JanuarY. 2004 was to be treated as th~ second part of the 14th session as directed by the Speaker E · is essentially a matter relating purely to the procedure of -- --- . Parliament. The validity of the proceedings and busine$s transacted in· the House after resumption of its sittings cannot be tested-and gone into by this ·court in a proce_eding under Article 32 of the Constitution of India. · F ---.

27. There are, two Articles to which reference must be made. Article 118(1) provides that each House of Parliament maymake rules for regulating, subject to the provisions of the Constitution, its. procedure and conduct of its· business. The G rules, in fact •. are made and known as Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha. Rule 15 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha provides · that:··· . · _"(1) The Speaker shall determine the time when a sitting .. .. ..., H RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.1081 • [B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J.] · of the House shall be adjourned sine die or to a particular A· day, or to an hour or part of the same day: Provided that the Speaker may, if he thinks fit, call a sitting of the House before the date or time to which it has been adjourned or at any time after_the House has been B adjourned sine die. · _ --- ----~ · . . (2) In case the House, after being adjourned is reconvened under the proviso to sub-rule (1), the Secretary General shall communicate to each member the date, time, place and duration of the next part of the session; C . --... · 28. Article 118(1) makes it perfectly clear that·when the House is to make any rules as prescribed by it. those rules are subject· to the provisions of the Constitution' which· obviously include Fundamental Rights gliarant'eed by PC:ut Ill of the o Constitution. -

, 29.'Similarly, Article 122(1} makes a pro~isi~n which is relevant: It _Jays down that the validity of any proceedings in Parliament shall not be called in question on the ground of any alleged irreg.ularity of procedure. Article 122(2} confers . E · immunity on the officers and members of Parliament in whom· powers are vested by or under the Constitution for regulating 'procedure or conduct of the business or for maintaining order in Parliament from being subject to the jurisdiction of any Court in respect of the exercise by him of those po'wYer~~ Jpis Court F In re, Under Article 143, Constitution of lndia2 (also known as Keshav Singh's case) while construing Article 212(1) observed · that it may be possible for a. Citizen to call in question in the appropriate Court of law, the validity of any proceedings inside G _,. ·the Legislature if his case· is that the said proceedings suffer not from mere irregularity of procedure, 'but from an illegality. l_f the impugned procedure is illegal and unconstitutional, it would be open to be scrutinized in a Court of law, though such scrutiny is prohibited if the complaint against the procedure is no more 2.• _ 1965> (1) SCR 413. H 1082 , SUPREME COURT REPORTS·- . [2010] 3 S.C.R. . ' ; . .

A than this that the procedure was irregular. The same principle would equally be applicable in the matter of interpretation of ,Art~~e 122 of the_Constitution ..··--~- . " . -.. .. ~-. / · ·.. :•,.- 30. The Notice dated January 20. 2004 is self-explanatory . .~. ~nd . reveals that the House was: adjourned sine die on 23rd 8 .. December, 2003 by the Speaker. It is the Speaker's direction ·· to resume its sittings from 29th January, 2004 onwards. The Notice clearly says that it was the'second part of the fourteenth session and was likely to conclude on 5th February, 2004. The · . - ·'_ · Speaker's decision· adjourning the House ·sine die on 23rd . C . December.- 2003 and direction to resume its sittings e in part . two ssentially relates· to· proceedings in Parliament and is of. ·procedural in nature. The. Business transacted and the validity ·... of proceedings. after the resumption of its sittings pursuanf to the. directions of the· Speaker cannot be inquired into by the· ' , _D courts. . · ,, · -~ ' - · · · :,\31. Under Article 122 (2), the decision of the Speaker in whom powers are vested to. regulate the procedure and the Conduct of Business is final and binding on every Member of E _,.the House. The validity of the Speaker's decision ·adjourning the House sine die on 23rd December, 2003 and latter direction "·-. · to res~me its sittings cannot be inquired into on the grourid of any irregularity of procedure. The business transacted ~mq the. validity of_ proceedings after the re-sumption of sittings of.the· F House. pursuant t6 the directions of the Speaker cannot be ' inquired into by the Courts. -No decision of the Speaker can be challenged by a member of the House complaining of mere ·irregularitY in procedure in the con-duct of the business. Such decisions are not subject to the jurisdiction.of any Court and they are immune from challenge as 'understood and explained G in Kesfiav.Singh's case and further explained in Indira ·Nehru Gandhf Vs. 'Raj Narain & Anr.3 whe-rein it was ·obser\ted that "the. House is not subject to the control of the courts in the administration• • of' the internal• ; proceedings of the House."' It is a·'o-H 3. 1975 (Supp.) sec 1.

RAMDAS ATHAWALE·v. UNION OF INDIAAND ORS.1083 [8. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J.] right of each House of Parliament to be the sole judge of the A _. _laWfulness of its own ·proceedings. The Courts cannot go into the fa!Nfulness of the proceedings of the Houses of Parliament. The Constitution aims at maintaining a fine balance between the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. The object of the constitutional scheme is to ensure that each of the constitutional B organs function within their respective assigned sphere. Precisely, that is the constitutional philosophy inbuilt into Article · 122 of the Constitution of India. ·- · 32. In M.S. M Sharma Vs. Or.-Shree Krishna Sinha\ a Constitution Bench of this Court held that the validity of the C proceedings inside the Legislature of the· State cannot be called in question on the allegation that the proced_ure laid down by the law had not been strictly followed. Sinha, C:J. speaking for the Court observed: D "It was contended that the procedure adopted inside the House of the Legislature was not regular and not strictly in accordance with law. There are two answe'rs to this contention, firstly, that according to the previous decision of. this Court, the petitioner has not the fundamental right E claimed by him. He is, therefore, out of Court. Secondly,. the validity of the proceedings inside the Legislature of a· State cannot be called in question on the allegation that the procedure laid down by the law had ·not been stri~tly

• followed. Article 212 of the Constitution is a complete F answer to this part of the contention raised on behalf of the petitioner. No Court can go into those questions which are within the special jurisdiction of the Legislature~.-.,. •-..- itself, . which has the power to conduct its mvn business. Possibly, · . a third answer to this part of the contention raised on behalf the petitioner is that it yet premature to G of is consider the question of procedure as the Committee is yet to conclude its proceedings. It must also be observed that once it has been held that the Legislature has the 4. air 1960 sc 1186. H 1084 - SUPREME. COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R. A jurisdiction to control the publication of its proceedings and to go into the question whether there has been any breach of its privileges: the Legislature is vested with complete jurisdiction to carry on its proceedings in accordance with its rules of business. Even though it may not have strictly s ( .complied with th~ re~uirem~nts of the procedural law laid · ·· down tor conductmg 1ts bus mess, that cannot be a ground for interference· by-this Court under Article 32 of the Constitution." I

33. In the present case, there fs no complaint of C infringement of any guaranteed fundamental rights anq. therefore it may not be necessary to dilate on the question as to .parameters a.nd extent of judicial review that may be.. l available in. case of infringement of any guaranteed] ·fundamental rights of a member of the House. · , - D , -· ' , ._ 34. One more aspect of the matter. The petitioner in this writ p'etition under Article 32 of the CCJnstitution has challenged -----the validity of proceedings in the Lok Sabha commencing from . 29ttiJanuary, 2004 on the grounds stated hereinabove, with . E which we have dealt with in the preceding paragraphs. The petition has become infructuous, since the Lok Sabha was dissolved-and thereafter two elections have been held. The issue--- raised in the petition is purely a hypothetical question. There is no ·existing lis between the parties. It is settled practice that F this Court does not decide mattern which are only of academic interest on the facts of a particular case. . - . . ' . -.. 35. In R.S. Nayak Vs. A.R. Antu/ay, a Constitution Bench of this Court observed: · G ·, · "We· propose to adhere to the accumulated wisdom which- has reopened into a settled practice. of this Court not to; decide academic questions." . 36. Though the writ petition has become infructuous, having H s. (1984) 2 sec 183. RAMDAS ATHAWALE v. UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.1085 [B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J.]

regard to the constitutional' issues raised, we have considered A the question as to the interpreta_tion of Articles85 and 87 of the Constitution of India.I 37. It is eq~ally well settled that Article 32 of the Constitution guarantees the right to a Constitutional remedy and relates only 9 to the enforcement of the right conferred by Part Ill of the Constitution an·d unless a questior1--of -enforcement of a - ~ . --------- . fundamental right arises, Article 32 does not apply. It is well settled that no petition under Article_32 is maintainable, unless it is shown that the petitioner tias'some fundamental right. In C Northern Corporation Vs. Union of lndia5, this Court has made a pertinent observation that whe~ a person complains_and claims that there is a violation of law, it does not automatically involves breach of fundamental right, for the enforcement of which alone, -Article '32 is attracted: - · I D

38. We have carefully scanned through the averments and allegations made in the writ petition and found that there is not even a whisper of any infringement o~ any fundarpental right guaranteed by Part Ill of the Constitution. We reiterate the principle' that 'wheneve'r a person compiains and claims that E. there is a violation of any provision of law or a Constitutional provision, it does not automatically involve breach -of fundamental 'right for the enforcement of which alone Article 32 of the Constitution is attracted. It is not possible to accept that an allegation of breach of law or a Constitutional provision is F an action in breach of fundamental right. The writ petition-deserves dismissal only on this ground. .. ,_._ 39. We accordingly find no merit in this writ petition and is accordingly dismissed without any order as to costs. G D. G .. Writ Petition dismissed. -a_ (1990) 4 sec 239. H