[2010] 4 S.C.R. 313 RAVICHANDRAN A v. STATE BY DY. SUPERIN. OF POLICE, MADRAS (Criminal Appeal Nos. 909-910 of 2003) MARCH 25, 2010 B [DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA AND H.L. DATTU, JJ.] Penal Code, 1860:

ss. 120-8, 4201120-8, 477A/120-8 and s.5(1)(d)/5(2) of c Prevention of Corruption Act - Interpolation and forgery in permit for palmolein oil - Conviction by trial court, affirmed by High Court - HELD: There is no evidence on record to indicate any link to prove and establish that the interpolation and forgery was done by any of the accused persons.namely, D A 1, A2 or A4 - Only because A4 is the brother of A3, it does not in any manner prove and establish that he had knowledge that the permit was interpolated when he had presented it before the office of the Federation - In the considered opinion of the Court, the interpolation as· also the initials appended E thereto have not been proved and established to be in the hand of A2 and A 1 - The prosecution has miserably failed to prove and establish that the alleged interpolation and forgery was done by either A 1, A2 or A4 - Since A-3 died pending appeal, ·Criminal Appeal Nos. 805-806 of 2003 stand abated - All the other appeals are allowed, the orders of F conviction and sentences passed against each of the accused persons set aside - Abatement of appeal - Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - s.394(2), proviso - Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 - ss.5(1)(d)/5(2) - Pondicherry Essential Commodities (Display of Stocks, Price and G Maintenance of Accounts) Order, 1975 - Clause 4(9) -Essential Commodities Act, 1955 - s.7(1)(a)(ii). {para 13, 15-17] 313 H 314 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 4 S.C.R.

A Rahim Khan vs. Khurshid Ahmed and Others (1974) 2 SCC 660; and .Murari Lal vs. State of Madhya Pradesh AIR 1980 SC 531, referred to. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973: B s. 394(2), proviso - Application by legal representatives for leave to continue the appeal on death of accused-appe/lant - Allowed. Case Law Reference: c (1974) 2 sec 660 referred to para 14 AIR 1980 SC 531 referred to para 14 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 909-910 of 2003. 0 From the Judgment & Order dated 31.12.2002 of the High Court of Judicature at Madra~ in Crl Appeal No. 220 of 1994 & 222 of 1994. WITHE Crl. A. No. 1515-1516, 1527-1528, 805-806, 807-808 & 911-912 of 2003. R. Venkatarmani, C.K.R. Lenin Sekar, Aljo, R. Nedumaran, F Shivaji M. Jadhav, Arvind Kumar, Senthil Jagadeesan, V. Ramasubramanian for the Appellant. P.P. Malhotra, ASG, M. Chatterjee, P.K. Dey, A. Deb Kumar, Arvind Kumar Sharma for the Respondent. G The following Order of the Court was delivered ORDER 1. All these appeals involve similar and connected facts. H Since, the legal issues that arise for our consideration are also RAVICHANDRAN v. STATE BY DY. SUPERIN. OF 315 POLICE, MADRAS similar, we proceed to dispose of all these appeals by this A common judgment and order.

2. Before we delve into the facts of the case, it would be appropriate for us to deal with the miscellaneous applications that have been filed in this Court and also the statement of the B learned counsel for the appellant in Criminal Appeal Nos. 805-806 of 2003. 3. Criminal Miscellaneous Petition Nos. 6391 to 6394 of 2010 in Criminal Appeal Nos. 1515-1516 of2003 and Criminal Miscellaneous Petition Nos. 6396-6399 of 2010 in Criminal C Appeal Nos. 1527-1528 of 2003 are applications filed by the legal representatives of the accused No. 1 namely, Kumaraguru seeking for substitution of their names in place of the deceased appellant-accused No. 1. During the pendency of the appeals in this Court, appellant-accused No. 1 died on 9th April, 2007. D The present applications have therefore been filed by his legal representatives seeking for substitution of their names in place of the deceased appellant accused No. 1. In support of the aforesaid prayer, the legal representatives of the deceased appellant-accused No. 1 have relied upon the provisions of E Section 394 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973. For the reasons stated in the said applications, the applications are allowed. The names of the applicants who are the legal representatives of the deceased-appellant accused No. 1 are, thus, allowed to be brought on record. The said applications F stand disposed of in terms of the aforesaid order.

4. It is pointed out that during the pendency of the appeals in this Court, accused No. 3 namely, Tamizhselvan who was the owner of shop No. 18 had died. In that view of the matter, so far as the appeals against accused No. 3 are concerned, i.e. G Criminal Appeal Nos. 805-806 of 2003, they stand abated. The same are dismissed, accordingly. The owner of shop No. 30, Kandasamy, accused No. 3 in the first appeal has not filed any appeal in this Court against the order of conviction and H 316 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 4 S.C.R. A sentence passed against him. It has been stated that he has served out the sentence awarded to him.

5. Brief facts, which are necessary to dispose of the present appeals, are that the appellants herein were charged B·· under the provisions of Section 120-8, Section 420 read with Section 1208, Section 477A read with Section 1208 IPC and under Section 5(1) (d) and 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 in SLP. C.C. No. 1 of 1985. In C.C. No. 3 of 1985, charges were framed against the appellants herein under C clause 4(a) of the Pondicherry Essential Commodities (Display of Stocks, Price and Maintenance of Accounts) Order, 1975 read with Section 7(1)(a)(ii) of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955. The case of the prosecution is that the appellants herein, i.e., accused Nos. 1 and 2 prepared the permit for issuance of palmolein oil and the counter foil thereof was retained in the D office. Both the aforesaid permits and the counter foil were In the handwriting of accused No. 2 which are also initialed and signed by A 1 and A2. Subsequently, however, in the permit it was detected that there was intflrpolation and forgery in respect of shop No. 30. One of such permits indicates that the E palmolein oil was meant to be issued in favour of Shop No. 38. The counter foil retained in the office indicates that it was meant to be issued and was in fact issued in favour of shop No. 38 but in the permit, it was detected later on that the same was converted and interpolated as shop No. 30. Delivery of the F palmolein oil was also taken on behalf of shop No. 30.

6. In view of the aforesaid interpolation and forgery in the said documents, two separate cases were registered under the aforesaid provisions. After submission of the charge-sheet, trial G was conducted and a number of witnesses i.e. P.W.1 to P.W. 19 were examined and several documents were also placed on record which were marked as Exhibits P1 to P57. 7. All the accused were examined under Section 313 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and on conclusion of the trial, H the trial Court, in Spl. C.C. No. 1 of 1985, convicted all the RAVICHANDRAN v. STATE BY DY. SUPERIN. OF 317 POLICE, MADRAS accused persons namely A1-A3 for an offence under Section A 1208 IPC and sentenced each to undergo three years rigorous imprisonment and also convicted them under Section 420 read with Section 1208 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo three years rigorous imprisonment and alsb to pay a fine of Rs. 500/- each, in default to undergo one month simple B imprisonment. The accused persons were further also convicted under Section 477A read with Section 1208 IPC and sentenced each to undergo three years rigorous imprisonment.

Ravichandran, A2 and A 1 were also convicted under Section 5( 1)( d) read with Section 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption c Act, 1947 read with Section 1208 IPC and sentenced each to undergo rigorous imprisonment for three years and to pay a fine of Rs. 500/- each, in default to undergo simple imprisonment for one month. Kandasamy A3 was convicted under Section 5( 1)( d) read with Section 5(2). of the Prevention- of Corruption D Act, 1947 read with Section 109 IPC and sentenced to undergo three years rigorous imprisonment and to pay a fine of Rs. 500/ " -, in default to undergo simple imprisonment for one month. All the sentences were directed to run concurrently. 8. With respect to Spl. C.C. No. 3 of 1985, accused Nos. E 1 and 2 were convicted under clause 4(a) of the Pondicherry Essential Commodities (Display of Stock, Prices and Maintenance of Accounts) Order 1975 read with Section 7(1)(a)(ii) of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 read with Section 109 of l.P.C. and sentenced each to undergo R.I. for 6 F months. Accused No. 3 was convicted under clause 4(a) of the Pondicherry Essential Commodities (Display of Stocks, Prices and Maintenance of Accounts) Order 1975 read with Section 7(1)(a)(ii) of Essential Commodities Act, 1955 and he was sentenced to undergo R.I. for 6 months. G

9. Aggrieved by the aforesaid judgment and order passed by the trial Court, the appellants preferred four separate appeals. Two appeals being C.A. Nos. 181 and 184 of 1994 were filed by accused No. 1. The other two appeals being C.A. H 318 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 4 S.C.R. A Nos. 220 and 222 of 1994 were filed by accused Nos. 2 and 3 jointly. The High Court by its judgment and order dated 31.12.2003 dismissed all the appeals. 10. Aggrieved by the aforesaid judgment and order of conviction and sentences, the appellants before us filed the8 appeals which were entertained. All the appeals have been listed for hearing and we have heard the learned counsel appearing for the parties.

11. Counsel for the appellants have submitted before us C that the judgments are required to be set aside as none of the accused persons could be said to be guilty of the offences alleged against them. It is pointed out that although the aforesaid permit as also the counter foil were prepared by accused No. 2 and were signed by both the accused no. 2 and D accused No. 1, yet there is no conclusive proof that the interpolation and forgery was done by both the accused persons. It was also pointed out during the course of arguments by the learned counsel appearing for the appellants that so far as accused No. 3 is concerned, he died during the pendency E of the present appeals and he did not file any appeal himself before the Court. So far as accused No. 4 is concerned, counsel appearing on his behalf has drawn our attention to the fact that although he is the brother of A3 there is no evidence to show that he in fact knew that the aforesaid permit which was F delivered by him in the office of the Federation was in any manner interpolated or forged.

12. Mr. P.P. Malhotra, the Additional Solicitor General of India appearing for the respondent-CBI tried to contend that it is the concurrent finding of facts of the two Courts below and G therefore, the findings should not and cannot be interfered with by this Court. He also submitted that the findings on record fully prove and establish the guilt of the two accused persons and that there is enough material on record to show that the documents in question were forged at least with the knowledge H and consent of the accused persons and therefore, the RAVICHANDRAN v. STATE BY DY. SUPERIN. OF 319 POLICE, MADRAS conviction and sentences passed against them are legal and A valid. 13. In the light of the aforesaid submissions, we have considered the entire record of the case. We have carefully scrutinised the evidence adduced in the present cases. After B going through the same, we are of the considered opinion that there is no evidence on record to indicate any link to prove and establish that the interpolation and forgery was done by any of the accused persons namely, A1, A2 or A4. Only because A4 is the brother of A3 does not in any manner prove and establish C that he had knowledge that the permit was interpolated when he had presented it before ihe office of the Federation.

14. In order to prove that the interpolation and the forgery was done by A 1 and A2, the prosecution has led evidence of P.W. 3 and P.W. 6 who have stated that they knew the D handwriting, signatures, initials and mode of writing the figures of A1 and A2. Before we deal with the testimony of P.W. 3 and P.W. 6 on the point of handwriting, signatures, initials of the accused persons, we wish to refer to two judgments of this Court. In Rahim Khan vs. Khurshid Ahmed and Others [(1974) E 2 SCC 660], this Court held as follows: "39. There is also oral evidence identifying the signature of the returned candidate on Exhibits· P3 and PW 11/1, particularly in the deposition of Habib, PW 23. He has not spoken to his familiarity with the handwriting of the· F appellant. Opinion evidence is hearsay and becomes relevant only if the condition laid down in Section 47 of the Evidence Act is first proved. There is some conflict of judicial opinion on this matter, but we need not resolve it here, because, although there is close resemblance G between the signature of Rahim Khan on admitted documents and that in Exhibits P3 and PW 11/1, we do not wish to hazard a conclusion based on dubious evidence or lay comparison of signatures by Courts. In these circumstances, we have to search for other evidence, if H 320 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 4 S.C.R. A any, in proof of circulation of the printed handbills by the returned candidate, or with his consent."

In Murari Lal vs. State of Madhya Pradesh [AIR 1980 SC 531], this Court held as under:-B "11. We are firmly of the opinion that there is no rule of law, nor any rule of prudence which has crystallised into a rule of law, that opinion-evidence of a handwriting expert must never be acted upon, unless substantially corroborated. But, having due regard to the imperfect c nature of the science of identification of handwriting, the approach, as we indicated earlier, should be one of caution. Reasons for the opinion must be carefully probed and examined. All other relevant evidence must be considered. In appropriate cases, corroboration may be D sought. In cases where the reasons for the opinion are convincing and there is no reliable evidence throwing a doubt, the ·uncorroborated testimony of an handwriting expert may be accepted. There cannot be any inflexible rule on a matter which, in the ultimate analysis, is no more E than a question of testimonial weight. We have said so much because this is an argument frequently met with in subordinate courts and sentences torn out of context from the judgments of this Court are often flaunted."

15. P .W. 6 stated in his examination-in-chief that he knew F the accused persons, viz., A1 to A3 and that A2 was working in Civil Supplies Inspector's Office in the rank of UDC and that he had earlier worked with him in the Finance Department. P.W. 6 has however, nowhere stated in the examination-in-chief that the present instance of interpolation or forgery was G in· the hand of A2. In the cross-examination, P.W. 6 stated that although he had worked along with A2 in the Finance Department, but he was working in a different Section of the Department. He has clearly stated that he was working in the Budget Section called F1 whereas A2 was working in the H Motor Conveyance Section called F2 Section. It has also been RAVICHANDRAN v. STATE BY DY. SUPERIN. OF 321 POLICE, MADRAS brought to our notice that in the cross"examination, it was said A that the files dealt by A2 and F2 Section in the Finance Department never came to the F1 Section where P.W. 6 was working. Therefore, in our considered opinion the interpolation as also the initials appended thereto have not been proved and established to be in the hand of A2 and A 1. B 16. In that view of the matter, we are of the considered opinion that the prosecution has miserably failed to prove and establish that the alleged interpolation and forgery was done by either A 1, A2 or A4. c

17. As earlier noted by us, Criminal Appeal Nos. 805-806 of 2003 stand abated. We allow all the other appeals and set aside the orders of conviction and sentences passed against each of the accused persons. ·D 18. The bail bonds stand discharged. R.P. Appeals allowed.

[2010] 4 S.C.R. 313 RAVICHANDRAN A v. STATE BY DY. SUPERIN. OF POLICE, MADRAS (Criminal Appeal Nos. 909-910 of 2003) MARCH 25, 2010 B [DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA AND H.L. DATTU, JJ.] Penal Code, 1860:

ss. 120-8, 4201120-8, 477A/120-8 and s.5(1)(d)/5(2) of c Prevention of Corruption Act - Interpolation and forgery in permit for palmolein oil - Conviction by trial court, affirmed by High Court - HELD: There is no evidence on record to indicate any link to prove and establish that the interpolation and forgery was done by any of the accused persons.namely, D A 1, A2 or A4 - Only because A4 is the brother of A3, it does not in any manner prove and establish that he had knowledge that the permit was interpolated when he had presented it before the office of the Federation - In the considered opinion of the Court, the interpolation as· also the initials appended E thereto have not been proved and established to be in the hand of A2 and A 1 - The prosecution has miserably failed to prove and establish that the alleged interpolation and forgery was done by either A 1, A2 or A4 - Since A-3 died pending appeal, ·Criminal Appeal Nos. 805-806 of 2003 stand abated - All the other appeals are allowed, the orders of F conviction and sentences passed against each of the accused persons set aside - Abatement of appeal - Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - s.394(2), proviso - Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 - ss.5(1)(d)/5(2) - Pondicherry Essential Commodities (Display of Stocks, Price and G Maintenance of Accounts) Order, 1975 - Clause 4(9) -Essential Commodities Act, 1955 - s.7(1)(a)(ii). {para 13, 15-17] 313 H 314 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 4 S.C.R.

A Rahim Khan vs. Khurshid Ahmed and Others (1974) 2 SCC 660; and .Murari Lal vs. State of Madhya Pradesh AIR 1980 SC 531, referred to. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973: B s. 394(2), proviso - Application by legal representatives for leave to continue the appeal on death of accused-appe/lant - Allowed. Case Law Reference: c (1974) 2 sec 660 referred to para 14 AIR 1980 SC 531 referred to para 14 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 909-910 of 2003. 0 From the Judgment & Order dated 31.12.2002 of the High Court of Judicature at Madra~ in Crl Appeal No. 220 of 1994 & 222 of 1994. WITHE Crl. A. No. 1515-1516, 1527-1528, 805-806, 807-808 & 911-912 of 2003. R. Venkatarmani, C.K.R. Lenin Sekar, Aljo, R. Nedumaran, F Shivaji M. Jadhav, Arvind Kumar, Senthil Jagadeesan, V. Ramasubramanian for the Appellant. P.P. Malhotra, ASG, M. Chatterjee, P.K. Dey, A. Deb Kumar, Arvind Kumar Sharma for the Respondent. G The following Order of the Court was delivered ORDER 1. All these appeals involve similar and connected facts. H Since, the legal issues that arise for our consideration are also RAVICHANDRAN v. STATE BY DY. SUPERIN. OF 315 POLICE, MADRAS similar, we proceed to dispose of all these appeals by this A common judgment and order.

2. Before we delve into the facts of the case, it would be appropriate for us to deal with the miscellaneous applications that have been filed in this Court and also the statement of the B learned counsel for the appellant in Criminal Appeal Nos. 805-806 of 2003. 3. Criminal Miscellaneous Petition Nos. 6391 to 6394 of 2010 in Criminal Appeal Nos. 1515-1516 of2003 and Criminal Miscellaneous Petition Nos. 6396-6399 of 2010 in Criminal C Appeal Nos. 1527-1528 of 2003 are applications filed by the legal representatives of the accused No. 1 namely, Kumaraguru seeking for substitution of their names in place of the deceased appellant-accused No. 1. During the pendency of the appeals in this Court, appellant-accused No. 1 died on 9th April, 2007. D The present applications have therefore been filed by his legal representatives seeking for substitution of their names in place of the deceased appellant accused No. 1. In support of the aforesaid prayer, the legal representatives of the deceased appellant-accused No. 1 have relied upon the provisions of E Section 394 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973. For the reasons stated in the said applications, the applications are allowed. The names of the applicants who are the legal representatives of the deceased-appellant accused No. 1 are, thus, allowed to be brought on record. The said applications F stand disposed of in terms of the aforesaid order.

4. It is pointed out that during the pendency of the appeals in this Court, accused No. 3 namely, Tamizhselvan who was the owner of shop No. 18 had died. In that view of the matter, so far as the appeals against accused No. 3 are concerned, i.e. G Criminal Appeal Nos. 805-806 of 2003, they stand abated. The same are dismissed, accordingly. The owner of shop No. 30, Kandasamy, accused No. 3 in the first appeal has not filed any appeal in this Court against the order of conviction and H 316 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 4 S.C.R. A sentence passed against him. It has been stated that he has served out the sentence awarded to him.

5. Brief facts, which are necessary to dispose of the present appeals, are that the appellants herein were charged B·· under the provisions of Section 120-8, Section 420 read with Section 1208, Section 477A read with Section 1208 IPC and under Section 5(1) (d) and 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 in SLP. C.C. No. 1 of 1985. In C.C. No. 3 of 1985, charges were framed against the appellants herein under C clause 4(a) of the Pondicherry Essential Commodities (Display of Stocks, Price and Maintenance of Accounts) Order, 1975 read with Section 7(1)(a)(ii) of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955. The case of the prosecution is that the appellants herein, i.e., accused Nos. 1 and 2 prepared the permit for issuance of palmolein oil and the counter foil thereof was retained in the D office. Both the aforesaid permits and the counter foil were In the handwriting of accused No. 2 which are also initialed and signed by A 1 and A2. Subsequently, however, in the permit it was detected that there was intflrpolation and forgery in respect of shop No. 30. One of such permits indicates that the E palmolein oil was meant to be issued in favour of Shop No. 38. The counter foil retained in the office indicates that it was meant to be issued and was in fact issued in favour of shop No. 38 but in the permit, it was detected later on that the same was converted and interpolated as shop No. 30. Delivery of the F palmolein oil was also taken on behalf of shop No. 30.

6. In view of the aforesaid interpolation and forgery in the said documents, two separate cases were registered under the aforesaid provisions. After submission of the charge-sheet, trial G was conducted and a number of witnesses i.e. P.W.1 to P.W. 19 were examined and several documents were also placed on record which were marked as Exhibits P1 to P57. 7. All the accused were examined under Section 313 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and on conclusion of the trial, H the trial Court, in Spl. C.C. No. 1 of 1985, convicted all the RAVICHANDRAN v. STATE BY DY. SUPERIN. OF 317 POLICE, MADRAS accused persons namely A1-A3 for an offence under Section A 1208 IPC and sentenced each to undergo three years rigorous imprisonment and also convicted them under Section 420 read with Section 1208 IPC and sentenced each of them to undergo three years rigorous imprisonment and alsb to pay a fine of Rs. 500/- each, in default to undergo one month simple B imprisonment. The accused persons were further also convicted under Section 477A read with Section 1208 IPC and sentenced each to undergo three years rigorous imprisonment.

Ravichandran, A2 and A 1 were also convicted under Section 5( 1)( d) read with Section 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption c Act, 1947 read with Section 1208 IPC and sentenced each to undergo rigorous imprisonment for three years and to pay a fine of Rs. 500/- each, in default to undergo simple imprisonment for one month. Kandasamy A3 was convicted under Section 5( 1)( d) read with Section 5(2). of the Prevention- of Corruption D Act, 1947 read with Section 109 IPC and sentenced to undergo three years rigorous imprisonment and to pay a fine of Rs. 500/ " -, in default to undergo simple imprisonment for one month. All the sentences were directed to run concurrently. 8. With respect to Spl. C.C. No. 3 of 1985, accused Nos. E 1 and 2 were convicted under clause 4(a) of the Pondicherry Essential Commodities (Display of Stock, Prices and Maintenance of Accounts) Order 1975 read with Section 7(1)(a)(ii) of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 read with Section 109 of l.P.C. and sentenced each to undergo R.I. for 6 F months. Accused No. 3 was convicted under clause 4(a) of the Pondicherry Essential Commodities (Display of Stocks, Prices and Maintenance of Accounts) Order 1975 read with Section 7(1)(a)(ii) of Essential Commodities Act, 1955 and he was sentenced to undergo R.I. for 6 months. G

9. Aggrieved by the aforesaid judgment and order passed by the trial Court, the appellants preferred four separate appeals. Two appeals being C.A. Nos. 181 and 184 of 1994 were filed by accused No. 1. The other two appeals being C.A. H 318 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 4 S.C.R. A Nos. 220 and 222 of 1994 were filed by accused Nos. 2 and 3 jointly. The High Court by its judgment and order dated 31.12.2003 dismissed all the appeals. 10. Aggrieved by the aforesaid judgment and order of conviction and sentences, the appellants before us filed the8 appeals which were entertained. All the appeals have been listed for hearing and we have heard the learned counsel appearing for the parties.

11. Counsel for the appellants have submitted before us C that the judgments are required to be set aside as none of the accused persons could be said to be guilty of the offences alleged against them. It is pointed out that although the aforesaid permit as also the counter foil were prepared by accused No. 2 and were signed by both the accused no. 2 and D accused No. 1, yet there is no conclusive proof that the interpolation and forgery was done by both the accused persons. It was also pointed out during the course of arguments by the learned counsel appearing for the appellants that so far as accused No. 3 is concerned, he died during the pendency E of the present appeals and he did not file any appeal himself before the Court. So far as accused No. 4 is concerned, counsel appearing on his behalf has drawn our attention to the fact that although he is the brother of A3 there is no evidence to show that he in fact knew that the aforesaid permit which was F delivered by him in the office of the Federation was in any manner interpolated or forged.

12. Mr. P.P. Malhotra, the Additional Solicitor General of India appearing for the respondent-CBI tried to contend that it is the concurrent finding of facts of the two Courts below and G therefore, the findings should not and cannot be interfered with by this Court. He also submitted that the findings on record fully prove and establish the guilt of the two accused persons and that there is enough material on record to show that the documents in question were forged at least with the knowledge H and consent of the accused persons and therefore, the RAVICHANDRAN v. STATE BY DY. SUPERIN. OF 319 POLICE, MADRAS conviction and sentences passed against them are legal and A valid. 13. In the light of the aforesaid submissions, we have considered the entire record of the case. We have carefully scrutinised the evidence adduced in the present cases. After B going through the same, we are of the considered opinion that there is no evidence on record to indicate any link to prove and establish that the interpolation and forgery was done by any of the accused persons namely, A1, A2 or A4. Only because A4 is the brother of A3 does not in any manner prove and establish C that he had knowledge that the permit was interpolated when he had presented it before ihe office of the Federation.

14. In order to prove that the interpolation and the forgery was done by A 1 and A2, the prosecution has led evidence of P.W. 3 and P.W. 6 who have stated that they knew the D handwriting, signatures, initials and mode of writing the figures of A1 and A2. Before we deal with the testimony of P.W. 3 and P.W. 6 on the point of handwriting, signatures, initials of the accused persons, we wish to refer to two judgments of this Court. In Rahim Khan vs. Khurshid Ahmed and Others [(1974) E 2 SCC 660], this Court held as follows: "39. There is also oral evidence identifying the signature of the returned candidate on Exhibits· P3 and PW 11/1, particularly in the deposition of Habib, PW 23. He has not spoken to his familiarity with the handwriting of the· F appellant. Opinion evidence is hearsay and becomes relevant only if the condition laid down in Section 47 of the Evidence Act is first proved. There is some conflict of judicial opinion on this matter, but we need not resolve it here, because, although there is close resemblance G between the signature of Rahim Khan on admitted documents and that in Exhibits P3 and PW 11/1, we do not wish to hazard a conclusion based on dubious evidence or lay comparison of signatures by Courts. In these circumstances, we have to search for other evidence, if H 320 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 4 S.C.R. A any, in proof of circulation of the printed handbills by the returned candidate, or with his consent."

In Murari Lal vs. State of Madhya Pradesh [AIR 1980 SC 531], this Court held as under:-B "11. We are firmly of the opinion that there is no rule of law, nor any rule of prudence which has crystallised into a rule of law, that opinion-evidence of a handwriting expert must never be acted upon, unless substantially corroborated. But, having due regard to the imperfect c nature of the science of identification of handwriting, the approach, as we indicated earlier, should be one of caution. Reasons for the opinion must be carefully probed and examined. All other relevant evidence must be considered. In appropriate cases, corroboration may be D sought. In cases where the reasons for the opinion are convincing and there is no reliable evidence throwing a doubt, the ·uncorroborated testimony of an handwriting expert may be accepted. There cannot be any inflexible rule on a matter which, in the ultimate analysis, is no more E than a question of testimonial weight. We have said so much because this is an argument frequently met with in subordinate courts and sentences torn out of context from the judgments of this Court are often flaunted."

15. P .W. 6 stated in his examination-in-chief that he knew F the accused persons, viz., A1 to A3 and that A2 was working in Civil Supplies Inspector's Office in the rank of UDC and that he had earlier worked with him in the Finance Department. P.W. 6 has however, nowhere stated in the examination-in-chief that the present instance of interpolation or forgery was G in· the hand of A2. In the cross-examination, P.W. 6 stated that although he had worked along with A2 in the Finance Department, but he was working in a different Section of the Department. He has clearly stated that he was working in the Budget Section called F1 whereas A2 was working in the H Motor Conveyance Section called F2 Section. It has also been RAVICHANDRAN v. STATE BY DY. SUPERIN. OF 321 POLICE, MADRAS brought to our notice that in the cross"examination, it was said A that the files dealt by A2 and F2 Section in the Finance Department never came to the F1 Section where P.W. 6 was working. Therefore, in our considered opinion the interpolation as also the initials appended thereto have not been proved and established to be in the hand of A2 and A 1. B 16. In that view of the matter, we are of the considered opinion that the prosecution has miserably failed to prove and establish that the alleged interpolation and forgery was done by either A 1, A2 or A4. c

17. As earlier noted by us, Criminal Appeal Nos. 805-806 of 2003 stand abated. We allow all the other appeals and set aside the orders of conviction and sentences passed against each of the accused persons. ·D 18. The bail bonds stand discharged. R.P. Appeals allowed.