[2010] 3 S.C.R. 190 A THE SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY AND ORS. (Civil appeal No. 2225 of 2010) B MARCH 09, 2010 (K.G. BALAKRISHNAN, CJ., DEEPAK VERMA AND DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, JJ.] C Heritage - Monuments - Historic Museum - Writ petition filed alleging mismanagement, misuse and various types of abuses of the Victoria Memorial Hall (VMH) - High Court constituted Expert Committee for improving the environment of VMH - Recommendation made by Expert Committee D regarding further construction within VMH area, rejected by High Court while disposing of the writ petition - Application for modification of the order, also rejected - On appeal, held: High Court did not give any specific/good or relevant reason for rejecting the recommendation made by the Expert E Committee or while rejecting the application for modification - Special facts and circumstances of the case warrant review - Application for modification of the earlier order passed in the writ petition allowed, albeit with clarifications - Victoria Memorial Act, 1903 - Public Interest Litigation. F Administrative Law - Expert Body/Committee - Decision of- Scope for judicial review - Held: It would normally be wise and safe for the Courts to leave the decision to experts who are more familiar with the problems they face than the Courts generally can be. G

Judgment/Order - Duty and obligation of the Court to record reasons while disposing of the case - To show proper and due application of mind to the issue before the Court -H 190 SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 191 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY Administration of Justice - Justice Delivery system - A Principles of natural justice Victoria Memorial Hall (YMH) is a historic museum situated in Kolkata, administered and managed by an autonomous Board of Trustees constituted under the 8 Victoria Memorial Act, 1903. Respondent no.1 filed writ petition in the High Court (as a Public Interest Litigation) alleging mismanagement, misuse and various types of abuses of the VMH. The High Court constituted an Expert Committee for C improving the environment of VMH. The Expert Committee recommended for having a centre and exhibition area in a separate building within the VMH compound. The High Court rejected the recommendation made by the Expert Committee regarding further D construction within the VMH area and disposed of the writ petition. Appellant thereafter filed an application for modification of the said order passed by the High Court E in the writ petition, seeking permission to raise construction upto height of 30 ft after demolition of the existent non-residential staff quarters. The application for modification was rejected by the High Court. Hence the present appeal. F Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1.1. The conclusion of the High Court, that if construction is permitted, it would not only adversely affect the ambience of the monument but would be G detrimental to the present structure, has been reached without giving any plausible reason whatsoever. [Para 18] [205-B} 1.2. The Expert Committee was appointed by the High Court itself. It consisted of experts of various H 192 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R. A subjects, rendering services in different fields. Therefore, it is unfortunate that the High Court not only brushed aside its report, so far as the instant issue is concerned, rather labelled it as a "so-called Expert Committee". The High Court failed to appreciate that the application was B filed by the appellant as it was not possible for VMH to get appropriate space nearby the monument in Kolkata. More so, neither the Pollution Control Board, nor Kolkata Municipal Corporation, nor the Suptd. Archeologist of Archeological Survey of India of Kolkata Circle, raised any c objection in respect of the construction ~fa new building. The building was proposed to be constructed by replacing the old existing constructions at a distance of at least 160 mtrs. from the monument. The Court failed to consider that museum ~ctiyities were to be expanded by the appellant, which would not adversely affect the0 monument at all, particularly when there is no prohibition under the Victoria Memorial Act, 1903 to carry out such activities. [Para 19) [205-C-F]

1.3. The High Court failed ·to appreciate that the E proposed building would be designed with great care, ensuring that the new construction would not, by any means, disturb the ·existing landscape and would be in consonance with the existing ambience and compatible with the architecture and facade of the existing F monument. The height of the proposed building would not be more than 10 mtrs. while the height of the monument is more than 50 mtrs. Thus, it would not prevent the view of the monument by any means. The High Court was not justified to impose a total prohibition G of construction of the Annexe in place of the existing cluster of buildings, which are in a dilapidated condition. The High Court ought to have given reasons for not accepting the report of the Expert Committee. [Para 20) [205-G-H; 206-A-B] H SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 193 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY 1.4. The High Court had directed to shift the A administrative office outside the monument on wrong premises. The material on record suggests that all museums have this kind of accommodation within its campus. [Para 21] [206-B-C] B'

1.5. The High Court failed to appreciate that in case a historical monument contains such a centre, it cannot be a danger for its protection. More so, most of such museums have such activities throughout the world. The ground of preserving the greenery is totally misplaced c and mis-conceived for the reason that building is to be constructed by demolishing the servant quarters etc. which are in a dilapidated condition. As the greenery does not exist at this place the reason given by the High Court is untenable. The other ground that campus should not be used for brisk activities is unsustainable because D having the activities in such centre and exhibition area cannot be termed as 'brisk activities'. More so, the High Court had never passed any interim order during the pendency of the Writ Petition for removal of the cluster of buildings which in fact is in dilapidated condition. E Therefore, the ground taken that the entire effort of the High Court to protect the monument would be frustrated was not tenable. Indisputably, the respondents have not been able even to allege that factual avermenlscmade in the application for modification were notcorrect. [Para F 25] (209-C-F] 2.1.The High Court did not give any specific/good or relevant reason for not accepting the recommendation made by Expert Committee at initial stage or while G rejecting the application for modification vide the impugned order. [Para 26] (209-G-H]

2.2. It would normally be wise and safe for the Courts to leave the decision to experts who are more familiar H 194 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R. A with the problems they face than the Courts generally can be. [Para 27] [210-A-B] 2.3.ln the instant case, the Expert Committee was appointed by the High Court itself. No aHegation of malafide or disqualification against any Member of that8 Committee had ever been made/raised. Thus, one fails to understand as on what basis, its recommendation on the issue involved herein, has been brushed aside by the High Court without giving any reason whatsoever, particularly, when the Act governing VMH does not C prohibit the use of the part of the compound for the 'purpose other than connected with Queen Victoria. [Para 30] [210-E-GJ The University of Mysore v. C.D. Govinda Rao and Anr. D AIR 1965 SC 491; The State of Bihar & Anr. v. A.K. Mukherjee & Ors. AIR 1975 SC 192; Dalpat Abasaheb Solunke etc.etc. v. Dr. B.S. Mahajan etc.etc. AIR 1990 SC 434; Central Areca Nut & Cocoa Marketing & Processing Co-operative Ltd. v. State of Karnataka & Ors. (1997) 8 SCC 31 and Dental E Council of India v. Subharti K.K.B. Charitable Trust & Anr. (2001) 5 sec 486, relied on. P.M. Bhargava & Ors. v. University Grants Commission & Anr. AIR 2004 SC 3478 and Rajbir Singh Dalal (Dr.) v. F Chaudhari Devi Lal University, Sirsa & Anr. (2008) 9 SCC 284, referred to.

3.1. It is a settled legal proposition that not only administrative but also judicial order must be supported by reasons, recorded in it. Thus, while deciding an issue, G the Court is bound to give reasons for its conclusion. It is the duty and obligation on the part of the Court to record reasons while disposing of the case. The hallmark of an order and exercise of judicial power by a judicial forum is to disclose its reasons· by itself and giving of H reasons has always been insisted upon as one of the SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 195 GANATANTR.IK NAGRIK SAMITY fundamentals of sound administration justice - delivery A system, to make known that there had been proper and due application of mind to the issue before the Court and also as an essential requisite of principles of natural justice. [Para 31] [210-G-H; 211-A-B] B 3.2. Reason is the heartbeat of every conclusion. It introduces clarity in an order and without the same, it becomes lifeless. Reasons substitute subjectivity by objectivity. Absence of reas.ons renders the order indefensible/unsustainable particularly when the order is c subject to further challenge before a higher forum. [Para 32] (211-D-E]

3.3. The recording of reasons is principle of natural justice and every judicial order must be supported by reasons recorded in writing. It ensures transparency and D fairness in decision making. The person who is adversely affected may know, as why his application has been rejected. [Para 33] [211-G-H] 3.4. In the instant case, the High Court did not assign Evalid and good reasons for rejecting the recommendation made by the Expert Committee for allowing the construction in question in its earlier order passed in the writ petition nor reasons were recorded in the impugned judgment rejecting the application for modification of the Fsaid earlier order. Thus, in view of the above, the orders, so far as this particular issue is concerned, remain unsustainable. [Para 34] (212-A-B] 3.5. The special facts and circumstances of the case warrant review of the impugned on.: :?r passed by the High G Court. Application filed by the appellant for modification of the earlier order stands allowed. However, it is clarified that in case the proposed construction is raised it would be in consonance with the existing ambience and compatible with the architecture of the monument. The H • .. 196 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2Q10] 3 S.C.R. A appellant shall ensure that landscape of the monument would also not be disturbed by any means. [Para 35] [212-C; 212-D-E] State of Orissa v. Dhaniram Luhar AIR 2004 SC 1794;

State of Rajasthan v. Sohan Lal & Ors. (2004) 5 SCC 573;B Raj Kishore Jha v. State of Bihar & Ors. AIR 2003 SC 4664; Vishnu Dev Sharma v. State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors. (2008) 3 SCC 172; Steel Authority of India Ltd. v. Sales Tax Officer, Rourke/a I Circle & Ors. (2008) 9 SCC 407; State of c Uttaranchal & Anr. v. Sunil Kumar Singh Negi AIR 2008 SC 2026; U.P.S.R. T.C. v. Jagdish Prasad Gupta AIR 2009 SC 2328; Ram Pha/ v. State~of Haryana & Ors. (2009) 3 SCC 258; Mohammed Yusuf v. Faij Mohammad & Ors. (2009) 3 SCC 513 and State of Himachal Pradesh v. Sada Ram & Anr. (2009) 4 sec 422, relied on. D Case Law Reference: AIR 1965 SC 491 relied on Para 27 AIR 1975 SC 192 relied on Para 28 E AIR 1990 SC 434 relied on Para 28 (1997) 8 sec 31 relied on Para 28 (2001 > 5 sec 486 relied on Para 28 F AIR 2004 SC 3478 referred to Para 29 (2008) 9 sec 284 referred to Para 29 AIR 2Q04 SC 1794 relied on Para 31 (2004) 5 sec 573 relied on Para 31G AIR 2003 SC 4664 relied on Para 32 (2008) 3 sec 112 relied on Para 32 (200S) 9 sec 407 relied on Para 32 H SECRETARY & CU,RATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 197 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY AIR 2008 SC 2026 relied on Para 32 A AIR 2009 SC 2328 relied on Para 32 (2009) 3 sec 258 relied on Para 32 (2009) 3 sec 513 relied on Para 32 B (2009) 4 sec 422 relied on Para 32 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2225 of 2010. From the Judgment & Order dated 21.8.2009 of the High C ..Court at Calcutta in W.P. No. 79870/1/) of 2002.

Harish N~ Salve, Ahin Chawdhary, Sangeeta Manda!, Jayasree Singh, Swati Sinha, Utam Manda! (for Fox Mandal & Co,) for the Appellant. D Subhas Datta (Respondent No. 2-in-person), Soumya Chakraborty and Rajendra Banerjee (for D.B. Vohra) for the Respondent. E The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. The appellant has preferred this appeal against the judgment and order of the High Court of Calcutta dated F 21.8.2009 by which the application filed by the appellant for modification of order dated 28.9.2007 passed in Writ Petition No.7987(\1\f). of 2002, stood rejected. 3. Th~ facts and circumstances giving rise to this appeal are as under: G A foundation stone of Victoria Memorial Hall (hereinafter called 'VMH') was laid by the king George the Vth (the then Prince of Wales) on January 4, 1906. Between years 1908 and 1921 various objects of arts, manuscripts, medals, arms and H 198 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R.

A armours were collected and preserved for being transferred and displayed at VMH upon construction and on December 28, 1921 its construction was mostly completed. It was inaugurated by the Edward, the VII Ith (the then Prince of Wales) and was opened for public viewing. Afterwards, the Museum attained the B status of National Museum of modem Indian history starting from 18th century. In the year 1925, illustrated catalogue of exhibits in VMH was published. Between years 1934 and 1935 cupolas were added to the main monument. The memorial is the repository of a largest number of Daniells' paintings in the world. c It possesses the third largest painting in the world-Vassili Verestchagin's "The State Procession of the Prince of Wales into Jaipur in 1876". The memorial's·philatelic collection on Indian postal history is equally large. Among other important collections, one may refer tb Mughal emperor Aurangzeb's D hand-written Quran or Dara Sikoh's translation of the Upanishads. Equally important and fascinating are the works of Johann Zoffany, Tilly Kettle, Hodges, Samuel Davis, Robert Home, Reynolds, Charles D'oyly, Emily Eden, George Stubbs' painting of Hastings, and· Qazar, painting of Fatah Ali Shah, E Tipu Sultan's personal war-diary, and the Cannon-balls of the battle of Plassey.

Other than the Curzonian scheme of collection and arrangement of the exhibits, the post-independence collections include National Leaders' Gallery as well as collections of other F artifacts-Bankim Chandra's writing desk, Mahatma Gandhi's ashes, paintings of Abanindranath, Atul Bose and Jamini Roy, etc. A total of about 27,000 artifacts (e.g. painting, watercolours, stamps, coins, arms and armour) exists in the VMH. G VMH monument has a covered area of 1. 7632 acres and is situated in a p9rtion of a large campus having an area of about 57 acres. There have all along been within the Campus annexe buildings having total covered area of around 5000 Sq. meters. These annexe buildings were built for being used a~ non family duty quarters, garage for tractors and cars, stores H SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 199 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] of garden equipment, dormitory, staff canteen, recreation room, A union room and a block of toilets. The old annexe buildings have become dilapidated through passage of time. In December, 2000, the Government of India advised VMH to take steps for modernisation of VMH with the help of National B Institute of Design.

VMH is administered and managed by an autonomous Board of Trustees constituted under Victoria Memorial Act, 1903 (hereinafter called 'Act'). The Chairman of the Board of Trustees is the Governor of the State of West Bei;igal. Other C members include the Chief Justice, Kolkata High Court, Mayor, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, Principal Secretaries of the Departments of Culture, Finance, Tourism, Higher Education, Accountant General of West Bengal and various other prominent citizens. For better preservation and maintenance of D VMH, National ~nvironmental Engineering Research Institute (hereinafter called as 'NEERI') had given various suggestions in April 1992 but the same remained unattended. In February, 2002 West Bengal Pollution Control Board submitted a report on air quality around the VMH in whjch it was suggested to E make a further study into the matter by Expert Organization like NEERI.

4. Alleging mismanagement, misuse and various types of abuses of the historic museum and contending that the very F existence of VMH was at stake, Writ Petition No. 7987(W) of 2002 was filed as a Public Interest Litigation by the Howrah Ganafantrik Nagrik Samity, Respondent No. 1, which sought ,large number of reliefs, particularly, directing the respondents therein to preserve, protect and maintain the historical monument, to review present status and applicability of G recommendations made by NEERI in April, 1992 for protection of the museum and to start action thereon forthwith, to stop leaking of rain water through the rooftop, to repair the structure of the museum, to prepare a complete inventory/catalogue of all the objects of the museum based on record, to remove all H 200 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R.

A sorts of office accommodations and other occupancies not related to preservation and maintenance of the museum from inside the museum, to make arrangements for more and more display of all objects of the museum to visitors through rotational process, to make_ complete census and numbering of trees and B to prevent falling thereof, to arrange for the supply of potable water, to arrange the vehicular traffic in a manner not creating any kind of pollution and to take measures to prevent any kind of air pollution etc. etc. The High Court dealt with all the issues one by one and passed interim orders from time to time. c 5. At the time of initial hearing of the Writ Petition, the High Court, vide its order dated 27.11.2003, constituted an Expert Committee for improving the environment of VMH, the appellant herein. It consisted of 14 Members viz. Member of Heritage, Conservation Committee, Kolkata; Managing Director, Ghosh D Bose & Associates (P) Ltd., Kolkata; Scientist & Head, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Kolkata Zonal Laboratory; Suptd. Archeologist, Archeological Survey of India, Kolkata Zonal Office; Addi. Commissioner of Police, Kolkata; Chief Environmental Officer, Department of E Environment, Govt. of West Bengal; Secretary and Curator, Victoria Memorial Hall; Exe. Engineer, Calcutta Central Division, Central Public Works Department (Civil Wing), Govt. of India; Chief Traffic and Transportation Engineer, Govt. of West Bengal; Senior Environmental Engineer & lncharge, F Eastern Zon~I Office, Central Pollution Control Board; Exe. Engineer, Presidency Circle 1, Public Works Department, Govt. of West Bengal; Deputy Chief Municipal Architect and Town Pfanner, Kolkata Municipal Corporation; Senior Environmental Engineer, West Bengal Pollution Control Board; and Member d Secretary, West Bengal Pollution Control Board.

6. The Expert Committee made various recommendations including that the appellant should enhance its existing facilities so as to make it an eminent centre for art and culture of international standard and to find out possibility of erection of H SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 201 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] a new building within the same campus to provide facilities for A that purpose. 7. The Board of Trustees explored the means for implementation of the suggestions of the Expert Committee and held various meetings. After considering the views of the B Expert Committee, the Board of Trustees after due deiiberation accepted the proposal for construction of an annexe building replacing the existing cluster of annexe buildings which had become dilapidated. For this purpose, a Memorandum of Understanding with the approval of Government of India, Ministry of Culture in consultation with Ministry of Law, was signed with C the Calcutta Tercentenary Trust (for short, "CTT'), a trust registered in London. Under the said Memorandum of Understanding, CTI is to provide Rs.48 crores and only the cost of the area to be occupied by the administrative office of VMH is to be borne by the VMH. D 8. However, the matter was decided finally vide judgment and order dated 28th September, 2007, dealing mainly with the following issues: A. Removal of the hawkers from the vicinity of the Hall. E B. Modernisation of the Gallery.

C. Environmental Management Plan. D. Parking of vehicles, traffic signals and stopping F goods vehicle. E. Burning of dry leaves in the VMH Area. F. Shifting of Administrative Office. G. Further construction within the VMH Area. G 9. So far as issue at point (G) is concerned, the Court rejected the recommendations made by the Expert Committee, refusing the permission to raise the construction in the VMH Campus. H 202 SUP~EME COURT REPORTS (2010) 3 S.C.R. A 10. The appellant moved an application to modify the order dated 28.09.2007 only to the extent that it may be permitted to raise the construction upto the height of 30 ft. in an area where it already had cluster of constructions, which is being used as a non-residential staff quarters on various grounds, inter-alia, B that the appellant made a serious attempt to acquire the land/ building for having the museum and recreation centre in the close vicinity of the monument. The appellant also deposited Rupees one crore with Kolkata Municipal Corporation (hereinafter called as 'Corporation') to acquire the constructed c area, but it could not get any space. The amount was refunded by the Corporation for the reason that the construction raised by the Corporation was for residential purpose.

11. The High Court considered the matter at length, took into account various issues relating to maintaining ecological · D balance, environment, problems relating to vehicular traffic etc., but ultimately rejected the application for modification, so far as permitting the construction of building after demolition of non-residential staff quarters was concerned. Hence, this appeal. E 12. Shri Harish N. Salve, learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant, submitted that in all big museums throughout the world, administrative offices including Curators' and Director's offices are situated in the same campus. The F appellant tried its best to get an alternative accommodation nearby but could not succeed in spite of its best efforts. The Act does not restrain the appellant to use the campus for the purpose other than activities connected with the memories of Queen Victoria. More so, the Expert Committee appointed by G the High Court itself had made the recommendation for having such a building. The High Court rejected the application without taking into consideration the submissions raised by the appellant. The High Court did not record any reason for not granting the permission for construction. Thus, the appeal deserves to be allowed. H SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 203 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY [DR B.S. CHAUHAN, J.]

13. On the other hand, Shri Subhas Datta, Respondent A No.2 and General Secretary of Respondent No. 1, appearing in person, has vehemently opposed the appeal contending that permitting any construction in the said campus would cause serious prejudice to the monument. New building, if permitted to be raised, would adversely affect the protection and .B preservation of the monument. Hence, the appeal is liable to be dismissed. 14. We have considered the rival submissions canvassed on behalf of the parties and perused the record. c

15. The appellant submitted before the High Court that modification of the order was necessary and the appellant be permitted to raise the construction upto the height of 30 ft. at the same place where it has cluster of constructions which is being used as a non-residential staff quarters. The necessity D had arisen for the reason that VMH is basically a museum and the process of 'acquisition of various costly' objects of art or old documents, manuscript etc. had been initiated even prior to the actual construction of the VMH. Its recognized activities conform to the definition of a museum as given in Section 1 of E • Article 3 of the Statute of International Council of Museum, according to which, a Museum is a non-profit permanent institution in the service of society and its development, open to the public which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage F of humanity and its environment for the purpose of education, study and enjoyment. The appellant claimed that it is institutional member of International Council of Museums and had been paying subscription to the Indian branch of International Council of Museums; that approx. 29,000 items of objects of arts are stored within the VMH building and some of those were lying G, idle and not displayed to the public due to dearth of space. It was contended that the height of the monument is 56.0832 meters and, therefore, the construction, if permitted, to be raised would, by no means, adversely affect the grand view 0f H

204 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [201 OJ 3 S.C.R. A the monument and it would not hamper any activity of the monument. 16. Thus, the High Court had to determine mainly that if such a construction is permitted, whether it would, by any means, hamper the preservation or protection of the8 monument?

17. The High Court dealt with all other issues regarding pollution hazards etc. and took note of the fact that large number of art crafts have been collected for a long-long time and it C included art crafts not connected with Queen Victoria. The Act governing the VMH did not contain any provision permitting or restraining the use of any part of VMH compound for the purpose, other than connected with Queen Victoria. The Act contained the provisions that the Trustees may with previous D approval of the Central Government, by Notification in the Official Gazette, make Regulations not inconsistent with the Act and the Rules made thereon, for enabling the body to discharge its functions under the Act.· The Rules must be enacted substantially for erection, maintenance and management of E memorial and care and custody of the objects. The trustees have a right to acquire a new property for the purpose of better management bf the memorial. The High Court came to the conclusion that the Act "permits the trustees to acquire new property movable or immovable under the control and F supervision of the Central Govern.ment and thus there is no bar in running .its activities from different premises". Therefore, even for the purpose of carrying out the activities in relation to the monument, the trustees may acquire movable or immovable property outside the premises of said monument. The Court G observed that the structure wa!) unique in nature and it is one oJ the wonderful objects in the world and its t:?eauty and value should not be marred ip any way for the purpose of cons~ruction of auditorium, cafe, sitting area for guests, rest rooms etc. and anynew construction within the campus wquld be detrimental H

SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 205 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] to the present structure situated thereon. The Court A emphasised that the appellant should acquire property, movable or immovable outside the monument as has been done in Salar-Jung-Museum, Hyderabad and other places. 18. In fact, the High Court arrived at the conclusion, that if 8 construction is permitted it would not only adversely affect the ambience of the monument but would be detrimental to the present structure. However, such a conclusion has been reached without giving any plausible reason whatsoever.

19. The Expert Committee was appointed by the High C Court itself vide order dated 27.11.2003. It consisted of experts of various subjects, rendering services in different fields. Therefore, it is unfortunate that the High Court not only brushed aside its report, so far as the instant issue is concerned, rather labelled it as a "so-called Expert Committee". The High Court D failed to appreciate that the application was filed by the appellant as it was not possible for VMH to get appropriate space nearby the monument in Kolkata. More so, neither the Pollution Control Board, nor Kolkata Municipal Corporation, nor the Suptd. Archeologist of Archeological Survey of India of E Kolkata Circle, raised any objection in respect of the construction of a new building. The building was proposed to be constructed by replacing the old existing constructions at a distance of at least 160 mtrs. from the monument. The Court failed to consider that museum activities were to be expanded F by the appellant therein, which would not adversely affect the monument at all, particularly when there is no prohibition under the Act to carry out such activities.

20. The High Court failed to appreciate that the proposed building would be designed with great care, ensuring that the G new construction would not, by any means, disturb the existing landscape and would be in consonance with the existing ambience and compatible with the architecture and fa9ade of the existing monument. The height of the proposed building would not be more than 10 mtrs. while the height of the H - 206 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R. A monument is more than 50 mtrs. Thus, it would not prevent the view of the monument by any means. The High Court was not justified to impose a total prohibition of construction of the Annexe in place of the existing cluster of buildings, which are in a dilapidated condition. The High Court ought to have given B reasons for not accepting the report of the Expert Committee.

21. The High Court vide order dated 28:9.2007 directed to shift the administrative office outside the monument on wrong premises. The material on record suggests that all museums have this kind of accommodation within its campus. The entire C administrative office including Curators', Director's office of Salarjung Museum are located within the Main Museum building. Similar is the position with the Indian Museum at Kolkata, National Museum, National Gallery of Modern Art at New Delhi, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya D Museum (formerly the Prince of Wales Museum) at Mumbai, Nehru Memorial Museum & Library. and National Museum in New Delhi. Same is the position within internationally renowned museums, namely, British Museum, Victoria & Albert Museum, U.K., Louvre, Paris and Museums in Vienna. E 22. The Expert Committee had examined the issues at length and submitted its report before the High Court, making various recommendations including :-"That setting up structure and/or facility within the VMH F compound for commercial amusement and recreational activities will adversely impact the environment, will not be in consonance with the existing local ambience, and increase the visual pollution. The Committee recommends that no structure and/or facility should be built G within the VMH compound for the purpose of amusement and recreational activities.

However, the Committee found that the VMH being an eminent centre of art and culture focusing on the H heritage of 17th-20th century ·tndia and Bengal, lacks SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 207 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] several modern facilities like space/facility up to A international standard for visiting exhibitions, space/facility for education, research, lecture, library, meeting/reception, and space/facility to serve the public visiting the VMH. The Committee suggests that the VMH should 8 enhance its existing facility to take a shape of an eminent centre of art and culture of international standard. The feasibility of building visitors' centre and exhibition area in a separate building within the VMH compound to provide the above mentioned facilities should be explored. In any case, this should not disturb the existing C landscape, and should also be in consonance with the existing ambience and compatible with the existing architecture of the monument." (emphasis added) 23. The Court dealt with the aforesaid recommendations D on the issue observing:

"We, however, do not approve the suggestion of the experts appointed by this Court to find out the feasibility of building any visitor's centre and exhibition area in a E separate building to be constructed within the VMH compound. Such an idea is contrary to the concept of protection of historical monuments. For better utilisation of the space for modernization of gallery, the existing Administrative Office may be removed to some other place F and that space can be utilised for the extension of the Gallery but in no circumstances can we approve the idea of making any new construction within the VMH compound for the above purpose." (Emphasis added). 24. While deciding the application for modification, vide G · impugned judgment, the High Court held as under:-"lt appears that the prayer for review has been filed without appreciating the import of the said order regarding preservation of greenery. We find from the affidavit that H 208 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R.

A the sole object of the VMH Authority is to make the said campus a place of brisk activities and entertainment without caring for the protection of the monument itself which was constructed pursuant to the object of the Act. Moreover, for the purpose of the preservation of and display of the additional articles which have beenB subsequently acquired and which have no connection with the memory of Queen Victoria, we are of the view that there is no just reason for giving permission to construct a new building within the VMH campus. The VMH Authority is free c to extend its activity in accorqance with law after acquiring new property which is consistEtOt ~ith the object .of the Act, Rules and the Regulation, but there is no ground for restricting its extended activity within the original_ VMH complex itself which would be perilous to the existing structure.D We have already pointed out that the Act itself approves requisition of further property, either moveable ~ or immovable, and thus the order passed by this Court in the past has in no way created any impediment in the E activities of the VMH in accordance with law; on the other hand, if the prayer of further construction is allowed for the purpose of the activities mentioned hereinabove, the constant efforts of this Court in preserving the existing memorial for the last seven years by passing various F prohibitive orders would be totally frustrated." (Emphasis added).

25. In fact, the Expert Committee recommended that no part of VMH compound should be permitted to be used for any commercial amusement and recreational activities as it would G increase the visual pollution. But the Committee recommended for having a centre and exhibition area in a separate building within the VMH compound. The High Court while disposing of the Writ Petition dis-approved the recommendation for having a centre and exhibition area within the VMH compound merely H SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 209 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY [DR. S.S. CHAUHAN, J.] observing that such an area would be contrary to the concept A of protection of historical monument. The application for modification has been rejected by the High Court on the grounds that it would be contrary to preserving greenery; such a campus should not have the buildings for brisk activities and entertainment and if permission is granted, it would frustrate the B : effort of the High Court to preserve the existing memorial for last seven years by passing prohibitory orders.

The High Court failed to appreciate that in case a historical monument contains such a centre, it cannot be a danger for its C protection. More so, as explained hereinabove, most of such museums have such activities throughout the world. The ground of preserving the greenery is totally misplaced and mis-conceived for the reason that building is to be constructed by demolishing the servant quarters etc. which are in a dilapidated condition. As the greenery does not exist at this place the D' reason given by the High Court is untenable. The other ground that campus should not be used for brisk activities is unsustainable because having the activities in such centre and exhibition area cannot be termed as 'brisk activities'. More so, the High Court had never passed any interim order during the E pendency of the Writ Petition for removal of the cluster of buildings which in fact is in dilapidated condition. Therefore, the question of frustrating the entire effort of the High Court to protect the monument could not arise. Indisputably, the writ petitioners/respondents have not been able even to allege that Fi factual averments made in the application for modification were not correct. The impugned order rendered the Memorandum of Understanding of the appellant with CTT for providing a sum of Rs.48 crores, frustrated.

G 26. Thus, it is evident that the High Court did not give any specific/good or relevant reason for not accepting the recommendation made by Expert Committee at initial stage or while rejecting the application for modification vide impugned order. 210 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R. .A 27. The Constitution Bench of this Court in The University of Mysore vs. G.D. Govinda Rao and Anr. AIR 1965 SC 491 held that "normally the Court should be slow to intetiere with the opinions expressed by the experts." It would normally be wise and safe for the Courts to leave the decision to experts who B are more familiar with the problems they face than the Courts generally can be. 28. This view has consistently been reiterated by this Court as is evident from the Judgments in The State of Bihar & Anr. vs. A.K. Mukherjee & Ors. AIR 1975 SC 192; Dalpat Abasaheb C Solunke etc.etc. vs. Dr. B.S. Mahajan etc.etc. AIR 1990 SC 434; Central Areca Nut & Cocoa Marketing & Processing Co-operative Ltd. vs. State of Karnataka & Ors. (1997) 8 SCC 31; and Dental Council of India vs. Subharti K.K.B. Charitable Trust & Anr. (2001) 5 SCC 486. D / 29, However, if the provision of law is to be read or understood or interpreted, the Court has to-play an important role. [Read : P.M. Bhargava & Ors. vs. University Grants Commission & Anr. AIR 2004 SC 34 78 and Rajbir Singh i;: Dalal (Or.) vs. Chaudhari Devi Lal University, Sirsa & Anr. (2008) g sec 284.

30. In the instant case, the Expert Committee was appointed by the High Court itself. No allegation of malafide F or disqualification against any Member of that Committee had ever been made/raised. Thus, we fail to understand as on what basis, its recommendation on the issue involved herein, has been brushed aside by the High Court without giving any reason whatsoever, particularly, when the Act governing VMH does not prohibit the use of the part of the compound for the purpose G other than connected with Queen Victoria. 31. It is a settled legal proposition that not only administrative but also judicial order must be supported by reasons, recorded in it. Thus, while deciding an issue, the Court H is bound to give reasons for its conclusion. It is the duty and SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 211 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.]

obligation on the part of the Court to record reasons while A disposing of the case. The hallmark of an order and exercise of judicial power by a judicial forum is to disclose its reasons by itself and giving of reasons has always been insisted upon as one of the fundamentals of sound administration justice -delivery system, to make known that there had been proper and 8 due application of mind to the issue before the Court and also as an essential requisite of principles of natural justice. "The giving _of reasons for a decision is an essential attribute of judicial and judicious disposal of a matter before Courts, and which is the only indication to know about the manner and C quality of exercise undertaken, as a/so the fact that the Court concerned had really applied its mind." [Vide State of Orissa vs. Dhaniram Luhar AIR 2004 SC 1794; and State of Rajasthan vs. Sohan Lal & Ors. (2004) 5 SCC 573].

32. Reason is the heartbeat of every conclusion. It D introduces clarity in an order and without the same, it becomes lifeless. Reasons substitute subjectivity by objectivity. Absence of reasons renders the order indefensible/unsustainable particularly when the order is subject to further challenge before a higher forum. [Vide Raj Kishore Jha vs. State of Bihar & Ors. E AIR 2003 SC 4664; Vishnu Dev Sharma vs. State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors. (2008) 3 SCC 172; Steel Authority of India Ltd. vs. Sa/es Tax Officer, Rourke/a I Circle & Ors. (2008) 9 SCC 407; State of Uttaranchal & Anr. vs. Sunil Kumar Singh Negi AIR 2008 SC 2026; U.P.S.R. T.C. vs. Jagdish Prasad F Gupta AIR 2009 SC 2328; Ram Pha/ vs. State of Haryana & Ors. (2009) 3 SCC 258; Mohammed Yusuf vs. Faij Mohammad & Ors. (2009) 3 SCC 513; and State of Himachal Pradesh vs. Sada Ram & Anr. (2009) 4 SCC 422]. 33. Thus, it is evident that the recording of reasons is G principle of natural justice and every judicial order rnust be supported by reasons recorded in writing. It en&ures transparency ~nd fairness in decision making. The person who is adversely affected may know, as why his application has been rejected. H 212 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R.

A 34. Indisputably, the High Court did not assign valid and good reasons for rejecting the recommendation made by the Expert Committee for allowing the construction in question in its judgment and order dated 28.09.2007 nor the reasons have been recorded in the impugned judgment dated_21.08.2009 rejecting the application for modification of the earlier order.8 Thus, in view of the above, the orders, so far as this particular issue is concerned, remain unsustainable. 35. Thus, in view of the above, special facts and circumstances of the case warrant review of the impugned C order. The appeal stands allowed. The impugned judgment and order. dated 21.8.2009 is set aside. Application filed by the appellant for modification of the order dated 28.9.2007 stands allowed. o However, it is clarified that in case the proposed construction is raised it would be in consonance with the existing ambience and compatible with the architecture of the monument. The appellant shall ensure that landscape of the monument would also not be disturbed by any means. E The parties are left to bear their own costs. 8.8.8. Appeal allowed.

[2010] 3 S.C.R. 190 A THE SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY AND ORS. (Civil appeal No. 2225 of 2010) B MARCH 09, 2010 (K.G. BALAKRISHNAN, CJ., DEEPAK VERMA AND DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, JJ.] C Heritage - Monuments - Historic Museum - Writ petition filed alleging mismanagement, misuse and various types of abuses of the Victoria Memorial Hall (VMH) - High Court constituted Expert Committee for improving the environment of VMH - Recommendation made by Expert Committee D regarding further construction within VMH area, rejected by High Court while disposing of the writ petition - Application for modification of the order, also rejected - On appeal, held: High Court did not give any specific/good or relevant reason for rejecting the recommendation made by the Expert E Committee or while rejecting the application for modification - Special facts and circumstances of the case warrant review - Application for modification of the earlier order passed in the writ petition allowed, albeit with clarifications - Victoria Memorial Act, 1903 - Public Interest Litigation. F Administrative Law - Expert Body/Committee - Decision of- Scope for judicial review - Held: It would normally be wise and safe for the Courts to leave the decision to experts who are more familiar with the problems they face than the Courts generally can be. G

Judgment/Order - Duty and obligation of the Court to record reasons while disposing of the case - To show proper and due application of mind to the issue before the Court -H 190 SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 191 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY Administration of Justice - Justice Delivery system - A Principles of natural justice Victoria Memorial Hall (YMH) is a historic museum situated in Kolkata, administered and managed by an autonomous Board of Trustees constituted under the 8 Victoria Memorial Act, 1903. Respondent no.1 filed writ petition in the High Court (as a Public Interest Litigation) alleging mismanagement, misuse and various types of abuses of the VMH. The High Court constituted an Expert Committee for C improving the environment of VMH. The Expert Committee recommended for having a centre and exhibition area in a separate building within the VMH compound. The High Court rejected the recommendation made by the Expert Committee regarding further D construction within the VMH area and disposed of the writ petition. Appellant thereafter filed an application for modification of the said order passed by the High Court E in the writ petition, seeking permission to raise construction upto height of 30 ft after demolition of the existent non-residential staff quarters. The application for modification was rejected by the High Court. Hence the present appeal. F Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1.1. The conclusion of the High Court, that if construction is permitted, it would not only adversely affect the ambience of the monument but would be G detrimental to the present structure, has been reached without giving any plausible reason whatsoever. [Para 18] [205-B} 1.2. The Expert Committee was appointed by the High Court itself. It consisted of experts of various H 192 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R. A subjects, rendering services in different fields. Therefore, it is unfortunate that the High Court not only brushed aside its report, so far as the instant issue is concerned, rather labelled it as a "so-called Expert Committee". The High Court failed to appreciate that the application was B filed by the appellant as it was not possible for VMH to get appropriate space nearby the monument in Kolkata. More so, neither the Pollution Control Board, nor Kolkata Municipal Corporation, nor the Suptd. Archeologist of Archeological Survey of India of Kolkata Circle, raised any c objection in respect of the construction ~fa new building. The building was proposed to be constructed by replacing the old existing constructions at a distance of at least 160 mtrs. from the monument. The Court failed to consider that museum ~ctiyities were to be expanded by the appellant, which would not adversely affect the0 monument at all, particularly when there is no prohibition under the Victoria Memorial Act, 1903 to carry out such activities. [Para 19) [205-C-F]

1.3. The High Court failed ·to appreciate that the E proposed building would be designed with great care, ensuring that the new construction would not, by any means, disturb the ·existing landscape and would be in consonance with the existing ambience and compatible with the architecture and facade of the existing F monument. The height of the proposed building would not be more than 10 mtrs. while the height of the monument is more than 50 mtrs. Thus, it would not prevent the view of the monument by any means. The High Court was not justified to impose a total prohibition G of construction of the Annexe in place of the existing cluster of buildings, which are in a dilapidated condition. The High Court ought to have given reasons for not accepting the report of the Expert Committee. [Para 20) [205-G-H; 206-A-B] H SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 193 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY 1.4. The High Court had directed to shift the A administrative office outside the monument on wrong premises. The material on record suggests that all museums have this kind of accommodation within its campus. [Para 21] [206-B-C] B'

1.5. The High Court failed to appreciate that in case a historical monument contains such a centre, it cannot be a danger for its protection. More so, most of such museums have such activities throughout the world. The ground of preserving the greenery is totally misplaced c and mis-conceived for the reason that building is to be constructed by demolishing the servant quarters etc. which are in a dilapidated condition. As the greenery does not exist at this place the reason given by the High Court is untenable. The other ground that campus should not be used for brisk activities is unsustainable because D having the activities in such centre and exhibition area cannot be termed as 'brisk activities'. More so, the High Court had never passed any interim order during the pendency of the Writ Petition for removal of the cluster of buildings which in fact is in dilapidated condition. E Therefore, the ground taken that the entire effort of the High Court to protect the monument would be frustrated was not tenable. Indisputably, the respondents have not been able even to allege that factual avermenlscmade in the application for modification were notcorrect. [Para F 25] (209-C-F] 2.1.The High Court did not give any specific/good or relevant reason for not accepting the recommendation made by Expert Committee at initial stage or while G rejecting the application for modification vide the impugned order. [Para 26] (209-G-H]

2.2. It would normally be wise and safe for the Courts to leave the decision to experts who are more familiar H 194 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R. A with the problems they face than the Courts generally can be. [Para 27] [210-A-B] 2.3.ln the instant case, the Expert Committee was appointed by the High Court itself. No aHegation of malafide or disqualification against any Member of that8 Committee had ever been made/raised. Thus, one fails to understand as on what basis, its recommendation on the issue involved herein, has been brushed aside by the High Court without giving any reason whatsoever, particularly, when the Act governing VMH does not C prohibit the use of the part of the compound for the 'purpose other than connected with Queen Victoria. [Para 30] [210-E-GJ The University of Mysore v. C.D. Govinda Rao and Anr. D AIR 1965 SC 491; The State of Bihar & Anr. v. A.K. Mukherjee & Ors. AIR 1975 SC 192; Dalpat Abasaheb Solunke etc.etc. v. Dr. B.S. Mahajan etc.etc. AIR 1990 SC 434; Central Areca Nut & Cocoa Marketing & Processing Co-operative Ltd. v. State of Karnataka & Ors. (1997) 8 SCC 31 and Dental E Council of India v. Subharti K.K.B. Charitable Trust & Anr. (2001) 5 sec 486, relied on. P.M. Bhargava & Ors. v. University Grants Commission & Anr. AIR 2004 SC 3478 and Rajbir Singh Dalal (Dr.) v. F Chaudhari Devi Lal University, Sirsa & Anr. (2008) 9 SCC 284, referred to.

3.1. It is a settled legal proposition that not only administrative but also judicial order must be supported by reasons, recorded in it. Thus, while deciding an issue, G the Court is bound to give reasons for its conclusion. It is the duty and obligation on the part of the Court to record reasons while disposing of the case. The hallmark of an order and exercise of judicial power by a judicial forum is to disclose its reasons· by itself and giving of H reasons has always been insisted upon as one of the SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 195 GANATANTR.IK NAGRIK SAMITY fundamentals of sound administration justice - delivery A system, to make known that there had been proper and due application of mind to the issue before the Court and also as an essential requisite of principles of natural justice. [Para 31] [210-G-H; 211-A-B] B 3.2. Reason is the heartbeat of every conclusion. It introduces clarity in an order and without the same, it becomes lifeless. Reasons substitute subjectivity by objectivity. Absence of reas.ons renders the order indefensible/unsustainable particularly when the order is c subject to further challenge before a higher forum. [Para 32] (211-D-E]

3.3. The recording of reasons is principle of natural justice and every judicial order must be supported by reasons recorded in writing. It ensures transparency and D fairness in decision making. The person who is adversely affected may know, as why his application has been rejected. [Para 33] [211-G-H] 3.4. In the instant case, the High Court did not assign Evalid and good reasons for rejecting the recommendation made by the Expert Committee for allowing the construction in question in its earlier order passed in the writ petition nor reasons were recorded in the impugned judgment rejecting the application for modification of the Fsaid earlier order. Thus, in view of the above, the orders, so far as this particular issue is concerned, remain unsustainable. [Para 34] (212-A-B] 3.5. The special facts and circumstances of the case warrant review of the impugned on.: :?r passed by the High G Court. Application filed by the appellant for modification of the earlier order stands allowed. However, it is clarified that in case the proposed construction is raised it would be in consonance with the existing ambience and compatible with the architecture of the monument. The H • .. 196 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2Q10] 3 S.C.R. A appellant shall ensure that landscape of the monument would also not be disturbed by any means. [Para 35] [212-C; 212-D-E] State of Orissa v. Dhaniram Luhar AIR 2004 SC 1794;

State of Rajasthan v. Sohan Lal & Ors. (2004) 5 SCC 573;B Raj Kishore Jha v. State of Bihar & Ors. AIR 2003 SC 4664; Vishnu Dev Sharma v. State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors. (2008) 3 SCC 172; Steel Authority of India Ltd. v. Sales Tax Officer, Rourke/a I Circle & Ors. (2008) 9 SCC 407; State of c Uttaranchal & Anr. v. Sunil Kumar Singh Negi AIR 2008 SC 2026; U.P.S.R. T.C. v. Jagdish Prasad Gupta AIR 2009 SC 2328; Ram Pha/ v. State~of Haryana & Ors. (2009) 3 SCC 258; Mohammed Yusuf v. Faij Mohammad & Ors. (2009) 3 SCC 513 and State of Himachal Pradesh v. Sada Ram & Anr. (2009) 4 sec 422, relied on. D Case Law Reference: AIR 1965 SC 491 relied on Para 27 AIR 1975 SC 192 relied on Para 28 E AIR 1990 SC 434 relied on Para 28 (1997) 8 sec 31 relied on Para 28 (2001 > 5 sec 486 relied on Para 28 F AIR 2004 SC 3478 referred to Para 29 (2008) 9 sec 284 referred to Para 29 AIR 2Q04 SC 1794 relied on Para 31 (2004) 5 sec 573 relied on Para 31G AIR 2003 SC 4664 relied on Para 32 (2008) 3 sec 112 relied on Para 32 (200S) 9 sec 407 relied on Para 32 H SECRETARY & CU,RATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 197 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY AIR 2008 SC 2026 relied on Para 32 A AIR 2009 SC 2328 relied on Para 32 (2009) 3 sec 258 relied on Para 32 (2009) 3 sec 513 relied on Para 32 B (2009) 4 sec 422 relied on Para 32 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2225 of 2010. From the Judgment & Order dated 21.8.2009 of the High C ..Court at Calcutta in W.P. No. 79870/1/) of 2002.

Harish N~ Salve, Ahin Chawdhary, Sangeeta Manda!, Jayasree Singh, Swati Sinha, Utam Manda! (for Fox Mandal & Co,) for the Appellant. D Subhas Datta (Respondent No. 2-in-person), Soumya Chakraborty and Rajendra Banerjee (for D.B. Vohra) for the Respondent. E The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. The appellant has preferred this appeal against the judgment and order of the High Court of Calcutta dated F 21.8.2009 by which the application filed by the appellant for modification of order dated 28.9.2007 passed in Writ Petition No.7987(\1\f). of 2002, stood rejected. 3. Th~ facts and circumstances giving rise to this appeal are as under: G A foundation stone of Victoria Memorial Hall (hereinafter called 'VMH') was laid by the king George the Vth (the then Prince of Wales) on January 4, 1906. Between years 1908 and 1921 various objects of arts, manuscripts, medals, arms and H 198 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R.

A armours were collected and preserved for being transferred and displayed at VMH upon construction and on December 28, 1921 its construction was mostly completed. It was inaugurated by the Edward, the VII Ith (the then Prince of Wales) and was opened for public viewing. Afterwards, the Museum attained the B status of National Museum of modem Indian history starting from 18th century. In the year 1925, illustrated catalogue of exhibits in VMH was published. Between years 1934 and 1935 cupolas were added to the main monument. The memorial is the repository of a largest number of Daniells' paintings in the world. c It possesses the third largest painting in the world-Vassili Verestchagin's "The State Procession of the Prince of Wales into Jaipur in 1876". The memorial's·philatelic collection on Indian postal history is equally large. Among other important collections, one may refer tb Mughal emperor Aurangzeb's D hand-written Quran or Dara Sikoh's translation of the Upanishads. Equally important and fascinating are the works of Johann Zoffany, Tilly Kettle, Hodges, Samuel Davis, Robert Home, Reynolds, Charles D'oyly, Emily Eden, George Stubbs' painting of Hastings, and· Qazar, painting of Fatah Ali Shah, E Tipu Sultan's personal war-diary, and the Cannon-balls of the battle of Plassey.

Other than the Curzonian scheme of collection and arrangement of the exhibits, the post-independence collections include National Leaders' Gallery as well as collections of other F artifacts-Bankim Chandra's writing desk, Mahatma Gandhi's ashes, paintings of Abanindranath, Atul Bose and Jamini Roy, etc. A total of about 27,000 artifacts (e.g. painting, watercolours, stamps, coins, arms and armour) exists in the VMH. G VMH monument has a covered area of 1. 7632 acres and is situated in a p9rtion of a large campus having an area of about 57 acres. There have all along been within the Campus annexe buildings having total covered area of around 5000 Sq. meters. These annexe buildings were built for being used a~ non family duty quarters, garage for tractors and cars, stores H SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 199 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] of garden equipment, dormitory, staff canteen, recreation room, A union room and a block of toilets. The old annexe buildings have become dilapidated through passage of time. In December, 2000, the Government of India advised VMH to take steps for modernisation of VMH with the help of National B Institute of Design.

VMH is administered and managed by an autonomous Board of Trustees constituted under Victoria Memorial Act, 1903 (hereinafter called 'Act'). The Chairman of the Board of Trustees is the Governor of the State of West Bei;igal. Other C members include the Chief Justice, Kolkata High Court, Mayor, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, Principal Secretaries of the Departments of Culture, Finance, Tourism, Higher Education, Accountant General of West Bengal and various other prominent citizens. For better preservation and maintenance of D VMH, National ~nvironmental Engineering Research Institute (hereinafter called as 'NEERI') had given various suggestions in April 1992 but the same remained unattended. In February, 2002 West Bengal Pollution Control Board submitted a report on air quality around the VMH in whjch it was suggested to E make a further study into the matter by Expert Organization like NEERI.

4. Alleging mismanagement, misuse and various types of abuses of the historic museum and contending that the very F existence of VMH was at stake, Writ Petition No. 7987(W) of 2002 was filed as a Public Interest Litigation by the Howrah Ganafantrik Nagrik Samity, Respondent No. 1, which sought ,large number of reliefs, particularly, directing the respondents therein to preserve, protect and maintain the historical monument, to review present status and applicability of G recommendations made by NEERI in April, 1992 for protection of the museum and to start action thereon forthwith, to stop leaking of rain water through the rooftop, to repair the structure of the museum, to prepare a complete inventory/catalogue of all the objects of the museum based on record, to remove all H 200 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R.

A sorts of office accommodations and other occupancies not related to preservation and maintenance of the museum from inside the museum, to make arrangements for more and more display of all objects of the museum to visitors through rotational process, to make_ complete census and numbering of trees and B to prevent falling thereof, to arrange for the supply of potable water, to arrange the vehicular traffic in a manner not creating any kind of pollution and to take measures to prevent any kind of air pollution etc. etc. The High Court dealt with all the issues one by one and passed interim orders from time to time. c 5. At the time of initial hearing of the Writ Petition, the High Court, vide its order dated 27.11.2003, constituted an Expert Committee for improving the environment of VMH, the appellant herein. It consisted of 14 Members viz. Member of Heritage, Conservation Committee, Kolkata; Managing Director, Ghosh D Bose & Associates (P) Ltd., Kolkata; Scientist & Head, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Kolkata Zonal Laboratory; Suptd. Archeologist, Archeological Survey of India, Kolkata Zonal Office; Addi. Commissioner of Police, Kolkata; Chief Environmental Officer, Department of E Environment, Govt. of West Bengal; Secretary and Curator, Victoria Memorial Hall; Exe. Engineer, Calcutta Central Division, Central Public Works Department (Civil Wing), Govt. of India; Chief Traffic and Transportation Engineer, Govt. of West Bengal; Senior Environmental Engineer & lncharge, F Eastern Zon~I Office, Central Pollution Control Board; Exe. Engineer, Presidency Circle 1, Public Works Department, Govt. of West Bengal; Deputy Chief Municipal Architect and Town Pfanner, Kolkata Municipal Corporation; Senior Environmental Engineer, West Bengal Pollution Control Board; and Member d Secretary, West Bengal Pollution Control Board.

6. The Expert Committee made various recommendations including that the appellant should enhance its existing facilities so as to make it an eminent centre for art and culture of international standard and to find out possibility of erection of H SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 201 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] a new building within the same campus to provide facilities for A that purpose. 7. The Board of Trustees explored the means for implementation of the suggestions of the Expert Committee and held various meetings. After considering the views of the B Expert Committee, the Board of Trustees after due deiiberation accepted the proposal for construction of an annexe building replacing the existing cluster of annexe buildings which had become dilapidated. For this purpose, a Memorandum of Understanding with the approval of Government of India, Ministry of Culture in consultation with Ministry of Law, was signed with C the Calcutta Tercentenary Trust (for short, "CTT'), a trust registered in London. Under the said Memorandum of Understanding, CTI is to provide Rs.48 crores and only the cost of the area to be occupied by the administrative office of VMH is to be borne by the VMH. D 8. However, the matter was decided finally vide judgment and order dated 28th September, 2007, dealing mainly with the following issues: A. Removal of the hawkers from the vicinity of the Hall. E B. Modernisation of the Gallery.

C. Environmental Management Plan. D. Parking of vehicles, traffic signals and stopping F goods vehicle. E. Burning of dry leaves in the VMH Area. F. Shifting of Administrative Office. G. Further construction within the VMH Area. G 9. So far as issue at point (G) is concerned, the Court rejected the recommendations made by the Expert Committee, refusing the permission to raise the construction in the VMH Campus. H 202 SUP~EME COURT REPORTS (2010) 3 S.C.R. A 10. The appellant moved an application to modify the order dated 28.09.2007 only to the extent that it may be permitted to raise the construction upto the height of 30 ft. in an area where it already had cluster of constructions, which is being used as a non-residential staff quarters on various grounds, inter-alia, B that the appellant made a serious attempt to acquire the land/ building for having the museum and recreation centre in the close vicinity of the monument. The appellant also deposited Rupees one crore with Kolkata Municipal Corporation (hereinafter called as 'Corporation') to acquire the constructed c area, but it could not get any space. The amount was refunded by the Corporation for the reason that the construction raised by the Corporation was for residential purpose.

11. The High Court considered the matter at length, took into account various issues relating to maintaining ecological · D balance, environment, problems relating to vehicular traffic etc., but ultimately rejected the application for modification, so far as permitting the construction of building after demolition of non-residential staff quarters was concerned. Hence, this appeal. E 12. Shri Harish N. Salve, learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant, submitted that in all big museums throughout the world, administrative offices including Curators' and Director's offices are situated in the same campus. The F appellant tried its best to get an alternative accommodation nearby but could not succeed in spite of its best efforts. The Act does not restrain the appellant to use the campus for the purpose other than activities connected with the memories of Queen Victoria. More so, the Expert Committee appointed by G the High Court itself had made the recommendation for having such a building. The High Court rejected the application without taking into consideration the submissions raised by the appellant. The High Court did not record any reason for not granting the permission for construction. Thus, the appeal deserves to be allowed. H SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 203 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY [DR B.S. CHAUHAN, J.]

13. On the other hand, Shri Subhas Datta, Respondent A No.2 and General Secretary of Respondent No. 1, appearing in person, has vehemently opposed the appeal contending that permitting any construction in the said campus would cause serious prejudice to the monument. New building, if permitted to be raised, would adversely affect the protection and .B preservation of the monument. Hence, the appeal is liable to be dismissed. 14. We have considered the rival submissions canvassed on behalf of the parties and perused the record. c

15. The appellant submitted before the High Court that modification of the order was necessary and the appellant be permitted to raise the construction upto the height of 30 ft. at the same place where it has cluster of constructions which is being used as a non-residential staff quarters. The necessity D had arisen for the reason that VMH is basically a museum and the process of 'acquisition of various costly' objects of art or old documents, manuscript etc. had been initiated even prior to the actual construction of the VMH. Its recognized activities conform to the definition of a museum as given in Section 1 of E • Article 3 of the Statute of International Council of Museum, according to which, a Museum is a non-profit permanent institution in the service of society and its development, open to the public which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage F of humanity and its environment for the purpose of education, study and enjoyment. The appellant claimed that it is institutional member of International Council of Museums and had been paying subscription to the Indian branch of International Council of Museums; that approx. 29,000 items of objects of arts are stored within the VMH building and some of those were lying G, idle and not displayed to the public due to dearth of space. It was contended that the height of the monument is 56.0832 meters and, therefore, the construction, if permitted, to be raised would, by no means, adversely affect the grand view 0f H

204 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [201 OJ 3 S.C.R. A the monument and it would not hamper any activity of the monument. 16. Thus, the High Court had to determine mainly that if such a construction is permitted, whether it would, by any means, hamper the preservation or protection of the8 monument?

17. The High Court dealt with all other issues regarding pollution hazards etc. and took note of the fact that large number of art crafts have been collected for a long-long time and it C included art crafts not connected with Queen Victoria. The Act governing the VMH did not contain any provision permitting or restraining the use of any part of VMH compound for the purpose, other than connected with Queen Victoria. The Act contained the provisions that the Trustees may with previous D approval of the Central Government, by Notification in the Official Gazette, make Regulations not inconsistent with the Act and the Rules made thereon, for enabling the body to discharge its functions under the Act.· The Rules must be enacted substantially for erection, maintenance and management of E memorial and care and custody of the objects. The trustees have a right to acquire a new property for the purpose of better management bf the memorial. The High Court came to the conclusion that the Act "permits the trustees to acquire new property movable or immovable under the control and F supervision of the Central Govern.ment and thus there is no bar in running .its activities from different premises". Therefore, even for the purpose of carrying out the activities in relation to the monument, the trustees may acquire movable or immovable property outside the premises of said monument. The Court G observed that the structure wa!) unique in nature and it is one oJ the wonderful objects in the world and its t:?eauty and value should not be marred ip any way for the purpose of cons~ruction of auditorium, cafe, sitting area for guests, rest rooms etc. and anynew construction within the campus wquld be detrimental H

SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 205 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] to the present structure situated thereon. The Court A emphasised that the appellant should acquire property, movable or immovable outside the monument as has been done in Salar-Jung-Museum, Hyderabad and other places. 18. In fact, the High Court arrived at the conclusion, that if 8 construction is permitted it would not only adversely affect the ambience of the monument but would be detrimental to the present structure. However, such a conclusion has been reached without giving any plausible reason whatsoever.

19. The Expert Committee was appointed by the High C Court itself vide order dated 27.11.2003. It consisted of experts of various subjects, rendering services in different fields. Therefore, it is unfortunate that the High Court not only brushed aside its report, so far as the instant issue is concerned, rather labelled it as a "so-called Expert Committee". The High Court D failed to appreciate that the application was filed by the appellant as it was not possible for VMH to get appropriate space nearby the monument in Kolkata. More so, neither the Pollution Control Board, nor Kolkata Municipal Corporation, nor the Suptd. Archeologist of Archeological Survey of India of E Kolkata Circle, raised any objection in respect of the construction of a new building. The building was proposed to be constructed by replacing the old existing constructions at a distance of at least 160 mtrs. from the monument. The Court failed to consider that museum activities were to be expanded F by the appellant therein, which would not adversely affect the monument at all, particularly when there is no prohibition under the Act to carry out such activities.

20. The High Court failed to appreciate that the proposed building would be designed with great care, ensuring that the G new construction would not, by any means, disturb the existing landscape and would be in consonance with the existing ambience and compatible with the architecture and fa9ade of the existing monument. The height of the proposed building would not be more than 10 mtrs. while the height of the H - 206 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R. A monument is more than 50 mtrs. Thus, it would not prevent the view of the monument by any means. The High Court was not justified to impose a total prohibition of construction of the Annexe in place of the existing cluster of buildings, which are in a dilapidated condition. The High Court ought to have given B reasons for not accepting the report of the Expert Committee.

21. The High Court vide order dated 28:9.2007 directed to shift the administrative office outside the monument on wrong premises. The material on record suggests that all museums have this kind of accommodation within its campus. The entire C administrative office including Curators', Director's office of Salarjung Museum are located within the Main Museum building. Similar is the position with the Indian Museum at Kolkata, National Museum, National Gallery of Modern Art at New Delhi, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya D Museum (formerly the Prince of Wales Museum) at Mumbai, Nehru Memorial Museum & Library. and National Museum in New Delhi. Same is the position within internationally renowned museums, namely, British Museum, Victoria & Albert Museum, U.K., Louvre, Paris and Museums in Vienna. E 22. The Expert Committee had examined the issues at length and submitted its report before the High Court, making various recommendations including :-"That setting up structure and/or facility within the VMH F compound for commercial amusement and recreational activities will adversely impact the environment, will not be in consonance with the existing local ambience, and increase the visual pollution. The Committee recommends that no structure and/or facility should be built G within the VMH compound for the purpose of amusement and recreational activities.

However, the Committee found that the VMH being an eminent centre of art and culture focusing on the H heritage of 17th-20th century ·tndia and Bengal, lacks SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 207 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.] several modern facilities like space/facility up to A international standard for visiting exhibitions, space/facility for education, research, lecture, library, meeting/reception, and space/facility to serve the public visiting the VMH. The Committee suggests that the VMH should 8 enhance its existing facility to take a shape of an eminent centre of art and culture of international standard. The feasibility of building visitors' centre and exhibition area in a separate building within the VMH compound to provide the above mentioned facilities should be explored. In any case, this should not disturb the existing C landscape, and should also be in consonance with the existing ambience and compatible with the existing architecture of the monument." (emphasis added) 23. The Court dealt with the aforesaid recommendations D on the issue observing:

"We, however, do not approve the suggestion of the experts appointed by this Court to find out the feasibility of building any visitor's centre and exhibition area in a E separate building to be constructed within the VMH compound. Such an idea is contrary to the concept of protection of historical monuments. For better utilisation of the space for modernization of gallery, the existing Administrative Office may be removed to some other place F and that space can be utilised for the extension of the Gallery but in no circumstances can we approve the idea of making any new construction within the VMH compound for the above purpose." (Emphasis added). 24. While deciding the application for modification, vide G · impugned judgment, the High Court held as under:-"lt appears that the prayer for review has been filed without appreciating the import of the said order regarding preservation of greenery. We find from the affidavit that H 208 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R.

A the sole object of the VMH Authority is to make the said campus a place of brisk activities and entertainment without caring for the protection of the monument itself which was constructed pursuant to the object of the Act. Moreover, for the purpose of the preservation of and display of the additional articles which have beenB subsequently acquired and which have no connection with the memory of Queen Victoria, we are of the view that there is no just reason for giving permission to construct a new building within the VMH campus. The VMH Authority is free c to extend its activity in accorqance with law after acquiring new property which is consistEtOt ~ith the object .of the Act, Rules and the Regulation, but there is no ground for restricting its extended activity within the original_ VMH complex itself which would be perilous to the existing structure.D We have already pointed out that the Act itself approves requisition of further property, either moveable ~ or immovable, and thus the order passed by this Court in the past has in no way created any impediment in the E activities of the VMH in accordance with law; on the other hand, if the prayer of further construction is allowed for the purpose of the activities mentioned hereinabove, the constant efforts of this Court in preserving the existing memorial for the last seven years by passing various F prohibitive orders would be totally frustrated." (Emphasis added).

25. In fact, the Expert Committee recommended that no part of VMH compound should be permitted to be used for any commercial amusement and recreational activities as it would G increase the visual pollution. But the Committee recommended for having a centre and exhibition area in a separate building within the VMH compound. The High Court while disposing of the Writ Petition dis-approved the recommendation for having a centre and exhibition area within the VMH compound merely H SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 209 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY [DR. S.S. CHAUHAN, J.] observing that such an area would be contrary to the concept A of protection of historical monument. The application for modification has been rejected by the High Court on the grounds that it would be contrary to preserving greenery; such a campus should not have the buildings for brisk activities and entertainment and if permission is granted, it would frustrate the B : effort of the High Court to preserve the existing memorial for last seven years by passing prohibitory orders.

The High Court failed to appreciate that in case a historical monument contains such a centre, it cannot be a danger for its C protection. More so, as explained hereinabove, most of such museums have such activities throughout the world. The ground of preserving the greenery is totally misplaced and mis-conceived for the reason that building is to be constructed by demolishing the servant quarters etc. which are in a dilapidated condition. As the greenery does not exist at this place the D' reason given by the High Court is untenable. The other ground that campus should not be used for brisk activities is unsustainable because having the activities in such centre and exhibition area cannot be termed as 'brisk activities'. More so, the High Court had never passed any interim order during the E pendency of the Writ Petition for removal of the cluster of buildings which in fact is in dilapidated condition. Therefore, the question of frustrating the entire effort of the High Court to protect the monument could not arise. Indisputably, the writ petitioners/respondents have not been able even to allege that Fi factual averments made in the application for modification were not correct. The impugned order rendered the Memorandum of Understanding of the appellant with CTT for providing a sum of Rs.48 crores, frustrated.

G 26. Thus, it is evident that the High Court did not give any specific/good or relevant reason for not accepting the recommendation made by Expert Committee at initial stage or while rejecting the application for modification vide impugned order. 210 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R. .A 27. The Constitution Bench of this Court in The University of Mysore vs. G.D. Govinda Rao and Anr. AIR 1965 SC 491 held that "normally the Court should be slow to intetiere with the opinions expressed by the experts." It would normally be wise and safe for the Courts to leave the decision to experts who B are more familiar with the problems they face than the Courts generally can be. 28. This view has consistently been reiterated by this Court as is evident from the Judgments in The State of Bihar & Anr. vs. A.K. Mukherjee & Ors. AIR 1975 SC 192; Dalpat Abasaheb C Solunke etc.etc. vs. Dr. B.S. Mahajan etc.etc. AIR 1990 SC 434; Central Areca Nut & Cocoa Marketing & Processing Co-operative Ltd. vs. State of Karnataka & Ors. (1997) 8 SCC 31; and Dental Council of India vs. Subharti K.K.B. Charitable Trust & Anr. (2001) 5 SCC 486. D / 29, However, if the provision of law is to be read or understood or interpreted, the Court has to-play an important role. [Read : P.M. Bhargava & Ors. vs. University Grants Commission & Anr. AIR 2004 SC 34 78 and Rajbir Singh i;: Dalal (Or.) vs. Chaudhari Devi Lal University, Sirsa & Anr. (2008) g sec 284.

30. In the instant case, the Expert Committee was appointed by the High Court itself. No allegation of malafide F or disqualification against any Member of that Committee had ever been made/raised. Thus, we fail to understand as on what basis, its recommendation on the issue involved herein, has been brushed aside by the High Court without giving any reason whatsoever, particularly, when the Act governing VMH does not prohibit the use of the part of the compound for the purpose G other than connected with Queen Victoria. 31. It is a settled legal proposition that not only administrative but also judicial order must be supported by reasons, recorded in it. Thus, while deciding an issue, the Court H is bound to give reasons for its conclusion. It is the duty and SECRETARY & CURATOR, VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL v. HOWRAH 211 GANATANTRIK NAGRIK SAMITY [DR. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.]

obligation on the part of the Court to record reasons while A disposing of the case. The hallmark of an order and exercise of judicial power by a judicial forum is to disclose its reasons by itself and giving of reasons has always been insisted upon as one of the fundamentals of sound administration justice -delivery system, to make known that there had been proper and 8 due application of mind to the issue before the Court and also as an essential requisite of principles of natural justice. "The giving _of reasons for a decision is an essential attribute of judicial and judicious disposal of a matter before Courts, and which is the only indication to know about the manner and C quality of exercise undertaken, as a/so the fact that the Court concerned had really applied its mind." [Vide State of Orissa vs. Dhaniram Luhar AIR 2004 SC 1794; and State of Rajasthan vs. Sohan Lal & Ors. (2004) 5 SCC 573].

32. Reason is the heartbeat of every conclusion. It D introduces clarity in an order and without the same, it becomes lifeless. Reasons substitute subjectivity by objectivity. Absence of reasons renders the order indefensible/unsustainable particularly when the order is subject to further challenge before a higher forum. [Vide Raj Kishore Jha vs. State of Bihar & Ors. E AIR 2003 SC 4664; Vishnu Dev Sharma vs. State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors. (2008) 3 SCC 172; Steel Authority of India Ltd. vs. Sa/es Tax Officer, Rourke/a I Circle & Ors. (2008) 9 SCC 407; State of Uttaranchal & Anr. vs. Sunil Kumar Singh Negi AIR 2008 SC 2026; U.P.S.R. T.C. vs. Jagdish Prasad F Gupta AIR 2009 SC 2328; Ram Pha/ vs. State of Haryana & Ors. (2009) 3 SCC 258; Mohammed Yusuf vs. Faij Mohammad & Ors. (2009) 3 SCC 513; and State of Himachal Pradesh vs. Sada Ram & Anr. (2009) 4 SCC 422]. 33. Thus, it is evident that the recording of reasons is G principle of natural justice and every judicial order rnust be supported by reasons recorded in writing. It en&ures transparency ~nd fairness in decision making. The person who is adversely affected may know, as why his application has been rejected. H 212 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 3 S.C.R.

A 34. Indisputably, the High Court did not assign valid and good reasons for rejecting the recommendation made by the Expert Committee for allowing the construction in question in its judgment and order dated 28.09.2007 nor the reasons have been recorded in the impugned judgment dated_21.08.2009 rejecting the application for modification of the earlier order.8 Thus, in view of the above, the orders, so far as this particular issue is concerned, remain unsustainable. 35. Thus, in view of the above, special facts and circumstances of the case warrant review of the impugned C order. The appeal stands allowed. The impugned judgment and order. dated 21.8.2009 is set aside. Application filed by the appellant for modification of the order dated 28.9.2007 stands allowed. o However, it is clarified that in case the proposed construction is raised it would be in consonance with the existing ambience and compatible with the architecture of the monument. The appellant shall ensure that landscape of the monument would also not be disturbed by any means. E The parties are left to bear their own costs. 8.8.8. Appeal allowed.